THE SINE WAVE FORMULA

All sine wave curves follow a specific mathematical formula. The general expression for the sine wave curve is

where:

v = instantaneous value A = max/peak value

When a sine wave is shifted to the right of the reference (lagging) by a certain angle, , the general expression is

where:

v = instantaneous value A = max/peak value

When a sine wave is shifted to the left of the reference (leading) by a certain angle, then the expression is

January 29, 2011

ADDITION OF A SINE WAVE AND A COSINE WAVE OR OF TWO SINE WAVES DIFFERING IN PHASE BY 90
General Equation:

A sinx + B cosx = C sin (x+)

Derivation:

sin(x+y) = sinxcosy + cosxsiny Asinx + Bcosx = Csinxcosy + Ccosxsiny

Equate:

January 29, 2011

CURRENT i, VOLTAGE v, AND POWER p INPHASE

Note: When current and voltage are in phase, the circuit is purely resistive

Derivation:

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DIFFERING IN PHASE BY 90
Note: When voltage and current differ in phase by 90 or in quadrature, the average instantaneous equation for power is given by

Derivation:

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DIFFERING IN PHASE BY ANGLE

Derivation:

January 29, 2011