History 172 Native Americans, European Settlement I. Native Americans A.

11000-25000 years ago; arrival from Siberia across the Bering Sea; not really native 1. Originally no humans living in the Americas 2. Original people from Asia 3. During Ice Age, decline in sea levels and froze. Made a land bridge b/w Alaska and parts of Asia. B. 500-1500 CE; complex societies developing 1. Esp. in North America C. Mogollon, Hohokam, Anasazi SouthWest 1. People in North Americas were very diverse in culture and habitats 2. Mogollon i. Live in E. Arizona and S. New Mexico 3. Hohokam i. Live in North of Mogollon a. Phoenix and Sedona; Central, S. Central Arizona ii. Lived in Pit Houses, below ground a. Provides a degree of cooling in summer and kept a bit warmer in winter 4. Anasazi i. Lived further to North, in 4-Corner Region of where states meet ii. 1100s or so: lived in Cliff dwellings, after living in above ground houses D. Hopewell, Mississippian, Northern Iroquoian 1. Hopewell, Midwest i. Southern Ohio, W. Illinois ii. Vast trade network 2. Mississippian i. Lived along Mississippi, in: Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri ii. Did use bow and arrow iii. Major Crop: Corn iv. Build Mounds a. Thought to have religious connotations but is uncertain 3. Northern Iroquoian i. Northeaster part of US, New England, to Canada ii. Mix of various different tribes iii. Complex culture iv. No communication with other tribes/ somewhat isolated v. Lots of agriculture II. Europeans 1. Early explorers, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, John Caboto i. All Italian ii. Late 15th century and forward 2. Why the exploration at this juncture? i. Moving European culture out of Europe ii. Increased wealth iii. Look outside of Europe, rather than within iv. Technology: sails, compasses, navigation 3. Three Major Rivals: Rise of England i. Spain a. Leading European Spain b. Newly unified ii. French a. Share border with Spain b. Not as powerful as Spain until 16th century

History 172 iii. England a. Become powerful later part of 16th century and later in 17th century 4. Protestant Reformation key player, John Calvin and Calvinism, French Huguenots (Calvinist that settle in France and have a big issue with the Catholic majority, ~15% of population), English Pilgrims, Scottish Presbyterians (Calvinists, 16th, 17th c.), Dutch Reformed (harsher ideas of Calvinism), Martin Luther, 95 Theses i. Religious Reformation in W. Europe a. Movements began with Martin Luther (Germany) i. Lutheran Protestant Tradition ii. Roman Catholicism before Protestant (1600s) iii. 1517 95 Theses 1. First major challenge to the control, the unity, o the central catholic church b. Calvin i. Calvinist Tradition (Reformed Group) ii. Wants to break away from Catholicism in a more radical way than Luther iii. Start coming over in more a rush than Lutherans c. People start following these new religious leaders 5. Europe is being transformed i. In chaos, uncertainty (of religious beliefs, social, cultural, economics). Leads to desire to immigrate to Americas ii. Leads to direct conflict in European spaces a. War b/w nations and within states 6. Reasons for Immigrating to Americas i. Religious Reasons ii. Ideological/Political beliefs (escape pol. Persecution, pol. Freedom) iii. Economic concerns/rational (New Job, etc.) 7. Test case of conflict: FLORIDA i. Among the first of colonial conflict B. Florida in the 16th Century 1. 1564: Fort Caroline, Admiral de Coligny i. Spain were bringing goods back to Spain but had not yet permanently settled in Florida nor North America ii. French decide that they will permanently settle in Florida and claim it as a French possession a. Humeno (?) (Calvinist) settled for more freedom/independence b. Admiral Coligny his idea to settle there c. Settle at St. Johns River that flows along E. border of Florida d. Spanish settle more S. of St. Johns River 2. 1565: St. Augustine; importance of its founding i. 1665, King Phillip II hears there are less than 500 that have settled, so he sent 300 soldiers and 700 colonists to settle more S. of St. Johns River ii. French and St. Augustine decided to attack each other at the same time a. Amerindians were allies/spies; traveled up the river to attack b. French decided to travel/attack by ocean c. Hurricane intervened, knocks French off course and Spaniards are more protected. French (300 or so) crash at Matanzas Inlet. When they crashed, they were given a choice to convert or be killed. None converted, all stabbed (with the exception of a few musicians) to death and thrown at the Matanzas Bay. iii. Important Points a. Founding of St. Augustine show the tensions b/w Catholics and protestants

History 172 b. St. Augustine becomes the longest European settlement in the US c. Spain controls Florida after 1965 for the next 200 yrs d. Attempt of Christianization of Amerindians in Florida 3. Early explorations in the 17th century 4. 1607: Jamestown, Chesapeake region of VA English settlement i. Settled for economic purposes (gain, influence), getting out of prison, etc., not for religious freedom 5. 1609: New Amsterdam (today New York) Dutch settlement i. Later bought by English settlers, changed name to New York 6. 1620: Plymouth at Cape Cod, MA English settlement i. Pilgrims settled here, later the Puritans ii. Settled specifically for religious reasons for themselves th C. 17 Century New England 1. Myths, what did they actually encounter? i. Journalist: when they came to the new world they found a hideous and desolate wilderness full of wild beasts and wild men. ii. Native Americans had been living around Plymouth plantation and the first set of land the pilgrims set foot, land had been cleared, there was agriculture by the Amerindians iii. Amerindians, by 1620, had already been killed off and there were very few left. Many died of smallpox iv. First Europeans pilgrims were met by 2 Amerindians. Both Amerindians walked out and spoke English to the settlers 2. Pests and disease i. World the Europeans saw was less strange than expected; no new diseases to them ii. Europeans brought over new diseases, Black Fly, cockroach, Gray Rat, new forms of weeds that didnt mingle well with other plants in North America 3. Three key differences from England i. Similarities: climate and land in Massachusetts is very similar to that of Southern England; lots of valleys and rolling hills; winters were colder in New England than in England ii. Abundance of Wood/Timber a. Huge commodity in England; by 1600s, most forests had vanished in England and access to trees was much more difficult (only for the wealthy) b. Provide warmth in winter and fire for food c. First crop sent to England: Lumber, not agricultural goods nor minerals (e.g. gold) iii. Fast Running Streams/Bodies of Water a. Made parts of land (e.g. distant forests) much more accessible (transportation) b. Sawmills: Developed the technology to derive energy from these streams i. Provided an economic base c. Moved people to the interior into vacant lands iv. Lots of Vacant Land a. Encouraged dispersion of settlement b. Becomes a fundamental difference between American culture and European society; you dont have to live right next to your neighbor, in a town nor settlement i. Allowed you to have farmland c. Creates people who are not under surveillance/being observed in the same way i. Allowed new English people to have a new identity; didnt have to be like the Europeans 1. Europeans more corporate, communal 2. Americans independent, individuality

History 172 4. Long-term questions and significance i. In some ways was a continuation of European culture ii. In others, broke away from European culture

History 172 16th Century European Strife; Queen Margot 16th Century France A. One way of explain European context 1. Problems, religious wars i. Led to huge emigration, led into politics and economics 2. French Wars of Religion 1562-1598 i. 15-20% converted to Calvinists (Huguenots); 80-85% were still Catholic ii. Many noble families had converted to Calvinists iii. Still illegal for Calvinists to worship openly (still not freedom of religion) 3. Tremendous problems between French Hugeenots and French Roman Catholics 4. Three major families: Valois (valva), the French Royal Family; Bourbon (baw-bawn), French Huguenot family from Navarre (kings of French Province of Navarre; Guise (geese) family, French Noble Family strongly Roman Catholic i. House of Valois a. Controlled the throne b. Catholic; have not converted to Protestantism c. If the Valois family died out, would have had no heirs the Bourbon would rule d. Catholic, but cared more about the crown ii. House of Bourbon a. Also royal, but not the French Royal Family b. Next in line if Valois died out c. Royal family of a province of France iii. House of Guise a. Not royal, but noble b. Very Catholic II. Queen Margot (1994) A. This film develops many of these themes: 1. Major Characters: Henri de Bourbon (new king of Navarre) and is married off to Margot (Catholic) (marriage between Catholic/Cavinist and Protestant); marriage arranged by mother of Margot; sister of French King, Charles (heirs died out) the mother of Margot and Charles, Catherine de Medici, she arranges the marriage 2. Admiral Gasard de Coligny, Huguenot advisor to the King, even though he is protestant 3. The marriage is a huge moment in French history, and in French history, and inreligious strife.. takes place at Notre Dame 4. Leads to the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre, August 1572; takes place at the Louvre, palace of the French kings 5. Massacre of several thousand Hugenoughs Protestants; sanctioned by French King i. Hugenoughs Protestants are Calvinists 6. Full-scale massacre in coming weeks throughout France until September of 1572, up to 50,000 7. Heirs die out and eventually Henri de Navarre (de Bourbon) (Protestant) inherits the French throne, but converts back to Roman Catholicism in order to do so 8. Paris is worth a mass he says shows religious flexibility B. Larger Themes 1. Religious intolerance, political instability, economic issues all lead to immigration 2. Examples of why various European people would have immigrated i. Many reasons/rationales why people emigrated to Americas 3. Edict of Nantes, 1598; issues by Henri de Navarre when he is French king; gives limited religious toleration to French Huguenots i. Royal Proclamation; allows public worship and ability to hold civil office ii. Idea of Religious Pluralism regardless of religion, should be treated equally under law moving towards that idea I.

History 172 4. 1685: it is repealed by future French Bourbon kings leads to persecution of Huguenots and emigration to North America (along other places) by French colonists i. Settled in New York and South Carolina

History 172 17th & 18th Century Settlement; Ethnic Groups I. Immigration from Europe A. Talked about this two last classes, themes of religious strife, possible economic opportunity (land) B. 1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony 1. Pilgrims (group founded by protestant movement; bran of Anglican church of England; term from wanting to purify the Anglican church, de-Romanize, more protestant) settled for specifically religious reasons, others then started to settle there as well C. Colonies controlled by British or French crown, mostly D. Movement to New England 1. North East New England 2. Southern Mid-East New Spain 3. East of Maine New France E. Variety of reasons, some religious, political, economic problems hope for opportunity there is complexity about why people immigrated II. Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson A. Roger Williams challenged Puritans 1. Englishman who comes to Mass. Bay Colony in 1630s and argues that civil authorities had no right to judge in religious matters (against Puritan views) 2. Believed English king had no right to Native American land; believed to offer to buy or rent the land i. Becomes unpopular with the puritans 3. The Magistrates exile him; lives with Amerindians for a while and then goes back to Britain 4. Convinces King to allow him to give him a royal charter and he founds Rhode Island 5. Founding of Rhode Island, 1635, first Baptist Church, idea of separation of church and state on a basic level 6. It didnt matter what your religious background was nor what you believed (even non Christians), you could worship freely in Rhode Island Religious Haven B. Anne Hutchinson, English, tries to reform the Puritan movement itself 1. Also from Mass. Bay Colony from 1634 (moves there) and challenges the Puritans 2. Well educated 3. Follows John Cotton (Puritan Minister) and separates when she gets to Americas 4. Believed Inner Grace was more important (more Calvinist than Puritan) 5. Downplayed outward conformity 6. Starts to attract followers, started preaching i. Attracted merchants (chafing under econ. restrictions of the puritan leadership), women (questioned male domination of puritan church), Young People (chafing against control of authority figures (e.g. puritan church, parents)) 7. Puritan church tries to limit her i. Found a place of higher education: Harvard ii. Founded for young men to be trained in puritan tradition; rigourous, orthodox puritan ideas 8. Put on trial; charged with contempt against puritan leadership; found guilty; forced to exile 9. Moved to Rhode Island, then to Dutch (New Amsterdam (New York)) 10. 43 Killed by Natives C. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson 1. Pushing back against religious conformity 2. Woman interested in challenging the male domination of puritan officials D. Importance: Not religious liberty for all, they wanted liberty to worship they wanted, particularly New England Puritans, but to not let any type of religiosity to flourish E. Wanted Religious Freedom for themselves, the Puritans 1. Not Religious Pluralism III. Chesapeake Colonies

History 172 A. Virginia, from 1607 1. Controlled by the English 2. Named after the queen of England, Queen Elizabeth I, the Virgin 3. Founded largely by economic reasons B. Maryland, from 1643 1. Origins to a family: George Calvert and the Calvert family 2. He was elite roman catholic in Anglican England (very anti-catholic) 3. Rose to power in English government and was given an aristocratic title i. Baron ii. Given a section of Ireland Baron of Baltimore 4. 1632 petitions king Charles I and is granted a royal charter for 10,000,000 acres of land adjacent to the North of Virginia 5. In honor of Charles Is wife, Maria, supposedly catholic, names it Maryland 6. He says that anyone who comes to Maryland, can worship freely i. Limited it to people who professed their belief in christ 7. His family flag is Marylands state flag C. French, Dutch, English all move to challenge Spanish claims in North America, this is done by 1660 D. Occasional attempts to persistent ones to accomplish permanent colonization E. Competing versions of Christianity 1. 17th and 18th century, one version becomes predominant F. English colonial claims develop, numbers, economic production, etc. 1. Demographic shifts i. More English women begin to settle in the colonies in the 60s (population increase); more children than French, Dutch, Spanish ii. Began to help in productions/jobs economic growth IV. Different Ethnic Groups A. 160,000 in 17oos in colonies 1. 1.2 million in 50 years i. 140,000 of those, Slaves B. New York City (New Amsterdam) 1. City of diversity, even in the 18th century 2. 42% Dutch 3. 30% English 4. 18% African 5. 9% French Huguenots 6. 1% Jewish C. French Huguenots and also 1. Fled after 1685 2. Settled in NY and S. Carolina D. French Catholic Acadians 1. Settle in Acadia (Canada) 2. Mid 18th Century, begin to be attacked by English settlers and harassed by English govt and are deported 3. Indentured Servitude; sold 4. Decide to settle elsewhere; some go back to France and others settle in Louisiana i. Bring their language, culture, education, law ii. Cajuns: their culture blends into local culture a. Reason why in every other state, there are counties but in Louisiana, there are parishes E. Scots 1. Largely Calvinists, but some protestant 2. 30,000 immigrated by the 70s

History 172 3. Came largely for economic reasons (very poor), land scarcity (mostly owned by big families), famines, and political problems (Scots vs. English) F. Scots-Irish 1. From Northern Ireland 2. Also Calvinist (follow presbyterian version) 3. By 70s, 60,000 immigrants 4. Mostly move into Pennsylvania and Kentucky G. Germans, German-speaking groups 1. Settle in 1700s 2. From s. Germany (more catholic) in 1720s; in 1780s 85,000 German bg i. Largely settled in New York, Virginia, Pennsylvania 3. Switzerland i. Settled in N. Carolina 4. Austria i. Settled in Georgia H. All of these groups settle on the Eastern seaboards

History 172 Jamestown and Settlers V. Jamestown, 1607 A. Arrival of the English B. Finding what becomes the James River 1. Close to turning back when they arrive at Virginia 2. Broad River, named after James I of England/James VI of Scotland 3. Build fort C. Importance of early settlers and eventually captain John Smith 1. Not the head of the expedition (Christopher Newport) 2. Experienced Military Man 3. Charged with mutiny and chained up when they finally arrived at the Americas 4. Wrote diary entries after living in Jamestown i. Mentions settlers relationships with the Natives ii. Lied, bragged, overclaimed/overexaggerated so is a bit unreliable iii. Main source of information D. the Naturals 1. The Natives E. Interaction with the Powhatan tribe 1. Also name of Tribal leader 2. More difficult with the Plymouth than with Jamestown F. The life, legacy of myths of Pocahontas VI. Tobacco and John Rolfe A. Pocahontas actually marries John Rolfe, not John Smith 1. Rolfe arrives in 1612/13 2. Among the most influential in English History 3. Becomes Rebecca Rolfe and has a child 4. Comes back to North America but dies on the trip here B. Real name is Matoaka 1. Bridges the culture of the English and the Natives C. Introduction of tobacco 1. Went as a settler to the Carrabin islands and lived there in plantations 2. Wife died in childbirth and decided to start anew near Jamestown 3. Rolfe brings a different strain of tobacco with him and it became a hit D. Long-term significance 1. Labor 2. Indentured servitude to slavery 3. Mostly undertaken for economic reasons i. Most worked for Virginia Company and wanted to make money ii. European culture is going to overtake the Native culture E. Pocahontas 1. 17th century didnt label people by skin color 2. modern ideas of racism imposed on this film 3. proto-ecological ideas imposed on the natives but they were also harsh on the land F. The New World 1. More accurate

History 172 Salem Witchcraft and War I. Salem, 1690s A. Issues of frontier wars 1. Frontier: Anything to the east of the bay 2. Differences in New England and also differences with the Natives 3. Trials were a result of tensions between differences between all groups B. Trials take place in Salem Village, not the same as Salem Town, in Essex County, MA 1. Renamed Danvers because of shame, repercussions 2. Disassociate itself from Salem Witch trials C. Troubling episode in American history 1. We now have a good understanding of this event D. Concepts of witchcraft 1. Ideas existed in the 17th century and 15th century and were brought along with the immigration to the New World 2. Premodern cultures believed in witchcraft (including Asians and Africans) 3. Honest belief in possession of supernatural powers and could impose harm with those i. Spells, curses 4. In 17th c. new England 36 or 37 people were killed in England for witchcraft (1 male, maybe 2) i. 1692-1693: 20 happened in Salem in one year E. It fits into this puritan culture they believed it was very real 1. People involved and executed were Puritan 2. Others werent allowed to openly worship 3. Puritan culture: Heavily patriarchal society, heavily ageist (children were not a part of this world to be heard, predicated with concern; did not have rights in the same way todays children have) i. Accusations made by girls less than 20 years of age ii. People in power took their accusations seriously and people were killed F. How do we make sense of it? II. Key Statistics A. 75% of those accused were women 1. Over 90% killed are women B. Most beyond child-bearing age 1. Most women over 35 years of age 2. Often poor 3. Often single (have never married or were widowed) 4. They didnt have a male in their nuclear family to protect them publicly C. Over 200 accused, over 20 executed D. 1692, young girls afflicted E. Accusations emerge from the household of Rev. Samuel Parris F. Tituba and John G. Allowing of spectral evidence changing judicial precedent III. Historical Narrative of the Salem Witch Trials A. Hysteria began in winter of 1692 B. Over 200 of this village and surrounding area are going to end up being accused and 20 are executed C. Starts with two girls (original peprvatyors of accusations) 1. Came from two kids living in the puritan minister household, Rev. Samuel Pariss 2. One was daughter, other was niece 3. Under age of 12 D. Pariss was not well liked in village by older and more established Villagers 1. Weak minister, not much confidence in him (few years in the village) 2. Accusations weakened trust in him 3. 2 slaves: Tituba and husband/partner John i. Shows that slavery existed outside the south in the 16th and 17th centuries

E. F. G.

H.

I.

J.

History 172 ii. Accused of practicing witchcraft by the two young girls iii. Because from the Caribbeans, are prime candidates iv. Tituba is directly accused and spreads to the rest of the village Starts local and spreads like wildfire Few women actually admitted to being witches 1. Accusations just snowballed (accelerated) Magistrates 1. Come from MA Bay colony (many from Boston) 2. Accepted Spectral Evidence as much as physical evidence Starts trials that develop outside the accusation for practicing w/c 1. Come up with great stories of what these witches were supposedly doing 2. Appeared as apparitions (ghosts), caused crops to fail, claimed that the spectral existed (over shoulder, overhead, etc) and was haunting them while the witch was in jail or out of town etc. 3. People started to be found guilty and began to be executed 4. Almost every execution was by public hanging i. Exception: Giles Cory. a. Elderly man was killed by stoning; lay underneath boulders until pressure kills them b. Because he refused to enter a plea (guilty, not guilty, no contest (usually means guilt)), meant that when he died, the magistrates were unable to take his estate (meant his family could inherit his land) Early 1963, accusations trickles to higher levels of society 1. New Royal Governor appointed and local elite officials pressure him to stop accusations i. About May 1693 it ends Five interpretations of Salem W/ trials 1. Food poisoning was to blame i. Medical historians have argued that these young girls were suffering from encephalitis ii. Causes brain to swell, caused insanity/psychological disturbance, caused crazed behavior (afflictions) (hallucinations, temp sight loss) iii. Doesnt account for why only girls were affected, and not women; sex and age 2. Political order in town/power/factions i. Some that were accused were on the same beliefs/same side ii. Town pol. Aspect were one group against the other 3. Social Interpretation/Class Interpretation i. Where they lived ii. Majority of people accused lived along one road that connected Salem Village to Salem town iii. Lived along more rural areas an land was targeted iv. Family usually didnt have money, but did have land a. Witchcraft would have the land taken by govt and auctioned and money would go to govt v. Social warfare between these different families in the village 4. PTSD i. Girls that were experiencing these fits, were being bewitched, all came from the main frontier, came from outskirts of MA; frontier wars a. King Williams war: 1690s against natives b. War against York and Maine c. 48 people killed as a result, 75 captive, in this town d. Half of the young women who did the accusations had lost at least one parent in the war and were orphans, including the niece ii. His niece is living with her uncle because both parents were killed in war and was an orphan

History 172 iii. Way of coping was coming up with these accusations 5. Scholars have argued different things; not entirely certain why these trials happened; no one definitive interpretation IV. Three Sovereigns for Sarah A. Womans two sisters are accused of witchcraft

History 172 Slavery, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade I. Slavery A. 16th and 17th century in Spain and Portugal; set up precedent B. Initially, slavery was due to religion changes 1. Shift to racial changes i. 1640s-60s; transition to how race becomes the factor that influences slavery; not religion 2. Did not want to put Christians into slavery i. Christians could not be enslaved th 3. 17 century, N. America i. Slavery - not religious bg, but racial C. Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) 1. 1440-1840 2. Majority of time TAST was being participated in by the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Caribbean and south America 3. 1650-60s i. North America begins to become a more embedded system in Slave Trade ii. N.A comes into slave trade later than Carribean and S.America and to a lesser extent iii. 1600s unclear that North America would become embedded into slavery until middle of 17th century a. What happened between that time that made America into a place that slavery would take off for the next several hundred years II. 1615 A. Tabacco is brought from carribean into the Chesapeake Bay by John Rolfe B. Largely indentured Servants (usually poor white from various European sttes) would settle in North America and would gt a master to pay for them to cross the ocean and would work until debt is payed 1. Usually 3-7 years 2. How the majority of poor white start settleing there om the 1620s-60s 3. Natives were used to be indentured servents as well (1620s-30s) i. Often died from diseases C. Even as late as 1650s and 60s it wasnt clear that African forms of slavery were going to be a prominent place in North American colonies D. Series of Laws in 1640s-60s 1. Most passed in Colonial Virginia, to a smaller degree in Maryland 2. Causes a shift from religious concerns (didnt matter if Christians or infidel) 3. Relationship of freedom based on race 4. 1640s i. prevents men of African background from bearing a weapon ii. Tax and Field Labor on black women; Other women (black, native) didnt apply to them a. Had to pay taxes before receiving full wage E. Transition away from indentured servitude to slavery F. Landowners in VA and MD have to come up with new form of labor after indentured servitude dies down 1. 20-30 year from 1640s to become big on slavery G. General Assembly (VA) 1. Common Law is put into place by precedent (about 700 yrs, about from 10th century) i. Child takes position of father 2. 1662 Pass a law defining the status of a child i. Anybody born in the colonies from now, is not distinguished by the legal position of their father but rather their mother ii. Creates a transition into hereditary slavery

History 172 iii. 1640-70s - Shift in categorization where prior to this it was based on a religious marker but was now based on skin color iv. Affected economic development, social history, racial understandings (categories of race develop), political history H. Tidewater Elite 1. Along Virginia and Maryland 2. Tighten hold on economic power, political power, becomes established power 3. Use carabbean slavery-based societies (esp. Barbados, English-held) as a model and used them to create huge sugar plantations; treated Africans completely seperatley; used same model for tabacco, indigo, and other crops 4. Transforms economy of North America i. Econ. structure of US develop related to the 17th centuries of the Tidewater ii. Both North and South US 5. 18th century i. Slavery becomes more located in South and demographics shift to Southern States ii. Middle of 18th Century, mostly southern phenomena iii. 19th century: States start to outlaw slavery I. Visibility 1. Huge marker of Status 2. Could spot runaways 3. Changes dynamic on how one is looked, and perceived, and difficulty to escape J. 1660s-1865: Run of Slavery III. TAST A. Five Stages of TAST 1. 400 year phenomena (1440-1840) 2. Involves Europe, Africa, Carrabeans, Americas 3. Begins a journey to last up to two years i. From being captured to being in America for slavery 4. Stages (Deportation and Forced Migration) i. Capture to the Coast a. When African traders would go to West African Slave coast) and contract out African traders who then go to interior and go to small villages and such to capture Africans on the spot (usually net thrown over to limit mobility and were bounded and forced to march from the interior to the coast) b. Usually didnt travel 5 miles from their village so it was usnusally after a bit ii. Sale and Imprionment a. Brought to fortresses on W. African slave coast and were inspected and ownership transferred to European traders (usually for weapons) b. When they reach the sea, they would be kept there for up to 6 months c. Were branded and marked as slave from then forward d. Transferred from the fortress to the ship that would take them across the ocean e. Some tried to escape and drowned f. They were cargo g. Africans began to realize that their situation was very dire and many committed suicide i. Traders started to put net outside around ship to keep Africans from escaping iii. Middle Passage a. Actual trip across the ocean on the ship b. Usually took 6 weeks c. Typically attempted to leave in times wehere they would not meet major storms (june-november) and winter time

History 172 i. Either late fall or March-May d. Enslaved people were forced into the hull (bottom of ship made of planks of wood) and were layed one-by-one, usually in chains i. Exposed to planks (little to no clothes) and would get rashes and splinters ii. Smell would be overwealming; sweat, retrine in the middle of hull (would also cause disease) e. First time majority of them would be in the open ocean i. Sea-sickness, painful ii. Sharp change in temperature, extreme heat during day, chilly at night iii. Women who were pregnant on ship, gave birth on ship or would miscarriage iv. Women were subjected to physical and sexual abuse; rape was common from European men v. Men also experience physical abuse (whipping, threats, violence) f. Annedote later 16th century to middle of 17th century around the death i. Dead bodies would be thrown overboard and shark patterns changed ii. Shark moved along ship path to feed iii. Changed shark migratory patterns iv. 18th century European thought they would capture and eat shark with thick fishing rod 1. Tried to capture them with hooking up dead bodies and, instead of throwing them overboard, they hooked them up to be the bait g. Notes i. Shows adaptability of the European system to change/transform to use bodies in new ways (nets, sharks, etc.) 1. Want bodies to make the trip alive ii. 27,000 trips existed iii. High point: 1760-90s; most trips iv. 12-15 million were brought across 1. 3-5 million perished v. By 1750: 247,000 who are being enslaved in North America 1. 217,000 of them were already in the south 2. A bit over 30,000 were in the North iv. Arrival and Sale in the New World a. Would again be examined, be cleaned up with water soap, sometimes butter or oil to make the muscles look more defined i. More appealing higher bid b. Touched, prodded, as such c. Put on stage and displayed as objects, and would be bid upon v. Seasoning a. Mostly north American b. Would take place where they would be doing enslaved labor c. Would be given time to physically recover, usually fed well, regain strength physically and psychologicall d. Learn enough English to follow orders and overhear what they were saying to others (prevent escape) e. At end, harassment would begin (psychological and sometimes phsycial violence) i. Ususally done by over-see-er ii. Salt-water slaves: slaves who come over by ocean

History 172 1. Children of these: country born slaves iii. To see who will be obedient/disobedient iv. Done to destroy any hopes of rebellions, brake spirits 5. Conclusions i. Forced migration, not immigration ii. 12-13% of population until 1750 (20%, at its highest) iii. North American slave trade starts late, later than spanish and Portuguese, carribean and south America a. Starts to take off in 1660s to 1760s iv. In North America: Hereditary Slavery a. Level of exploitation, violence increases b. Affects social relations, economics (why occur for so long), political representations, history of race c. 1860s Civil war slavery is abolished with 13th amendment i. 1960s laws enforce abolition of slavery (voting issues, etc.) v. IV. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade A. Along the West African Coast, 1440-1840