Problem 1. Consider the limacon = 1 + 2cos ( ).

. a) Make the sketch of the curve, being sure to clearly label important values of and points on the curve. b) The smaller loop of the limacon is traced for what values of in 0 2? c) Find the area inside the smaller loop. Solution. = 1 + 2cos () a) = 0 when cos = 2 or = So, from = 0 to =
2 3 1 2 4 3

is changing from 3 to 0 (red part of graph).

2 3

Then is changing from 0 to -1 while is changing from

to (second quadrant). Since r is

negative, we use opposite fourth quadrant (blue part of graph). Here begins inner loop. Now is changing from -1 to 0 while is changing from to
4 3

(third quadrant). Since r is

negative, we use opposite first quadrant (green part of graph). Here ends inner loop. Finally, from =
4 3

to = 2 is changing from 0 to 3 (red part of graph).

b) As was said in a) inner loop is traced for

2 3

4 3

c) We already have bounds for inner loop, so it will be easy to find area using formula =
1 2 . 2

4 3 2 3

1 1 + 2 cos 2 =
4 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 2 3

4 3 2 3

1 (1 + 4 cos + 4 cos 2 ( )) 2

1 (1 + 4 cos + 4 cos 2 ()) 2 1 1 + cos 2 1 + 4 cos + 4 2 2

4 |23 3

= =

3 3 1 ( + 2 cos + cos (2)) = + 2 sin + sin 2 2 2 2

3 4 4 1 4 + 2 sin + sin 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 = 2 =

3 2 2 1 2 + 2 sin + sin 2 2 3 3 2 3

Problem 2. An infinite spiral (starting at the point (1,0) and spiraling, counterclockwise, in towards the origin) is defined using the parametrization = cos , = sin () from = 0 to = . Use the arc length formula to find the length of the of this infinite spiral. Solution. = cos , = sin () Arc length is given as =

()

+ () 2 .

= cos sin = (cos + sin ()) = sin + cos = (cos sin ()) () = =
2

+ ()

(cos + sin ())

+ (cos sin ())

2 cos 2 + 2 sin cos + sin2 2 (2 cos 2 + 2 sin2 ()) =

+ 2 cos 2 2 sin cos + sin2

2 2 = 2

=
0

2 = lim

2 = lim 2 | + 2 0 ) 0 = lim ( 2

= lim ( 2

+ 2) = 2 =

Problem 3. The position of a certain particle at time is given by the polar coordinates , = (2 cos 3 , ). a) Express this as a single equation in the form = ()

b) Find the slope of the line tangent to the particles path at time = 2 c) Find an equation for the position of the particle in Cartesian coordinates at time . Solution. = 2 cos 3 , = a) We have that = So, = 2 cos 3 = 2 cos (3) = () b) when = 2 we have that = Now, lets find . = 3sin (3) Slope of tangent line is given by sin + ( ) 3 sin 3 sin + (2 cos (3))() = = cos () 3 sin 3 cos (2 cos (3))() Slope of tangent line at point = 2 is 3 3 sin 2 sin 2 + 2 cos = | = = 2 3 sin 3 cos 2 cos 2 2 3 = 2 When = 2 we have that = 2 cos = = 2 sin
2 3 2 1 2

3 2 3 2

2 3 1 1 + 2 0 0 = 3 1 0 2 0 1 2

= 2, = = 2 cos

= 0 and

= 2.

So, line should pass through point , = (0,2). So, equation of tangent line is 2 = ( 0).
2 3

= c) We have that

= = 2 cos 3 cos ()

 = = 2 cos 3 sin () , = ( 2 cos 3 Problem 4. a) Sketch and carefully label the region that lies inside the circle, = 1, and outside the cardioid, = 1 cos () b) Find the area of this region. Solution. a) Cardioid is in red, circle is in blue, required region is yellow. cos , 2 cos 3 sin ())

b) First we find at what values of circle intersects cardioids: 1 = 1 cos () cos = 0 = 3 , 2 2

To find area of yellow region, notice that it is symmetric about x-axis. So, we find area in first quadrant and then multiply result by 2. To find area in first quadrant observe that it is area of circle in first quadrant minus area of cardioid in first quadrant.

Area of quarter of circle is 4 and area of cardioids in first quadrant is = 4

2 0

1 0 2

1 cos

1 1 cos 2 4
2 0 2

2 = 4

2 0

1 (1 2 cos + cos 2 ()) 2

1 1 + cos 2 1 2 cos + 2 2

3 1 3 1 2 = cos + cos (2) = sin + sin 2 |0 4 4 4 4 4 8 0 3 1 3 1 = sin + sin 2 + 0 sin 0 + sin 20 = 1 4 42 2 8 2 4 8 8

Finally, = 2 = 2 1 8 = 2 4 =