Review of L Omidiora, Elijah Olusayo 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LAUTECH, Nigeria; 2 School of Engineering, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nige 3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, * E-mail of the corresponding author: adegokebo@yahoo.com Abstract This paper reviews animal feed formulation methods, the convent Highlighting their cons and pros. The intelligent system method (neuro levenberge training of artificial neural network. The neuro Amino acid elements of chicks feed. With 0.05 level of significance on NCCS 2000 platforms, output of the neuro-fuzzy system produced a correlation coefficient of 0.888608 and p employed to increase productivity in the field of animal feed formulation. Keywords: animal feed formulation, linear programming, neuro
1. Introduction Ration can be defined as the total amount of feed given to the animals on daily basis. Animal feed formu defined as the process by which different feed ingredients are combined in a proportion necessary to provide the animal with proper amount of nutrients needed at a particular stage of production, (Afolayan and Afolayan 2008). As the world population increases, one of the major problem facing developing countries of the world is their ability to cope with protein requirement for the growing population, (Oladoja and Olusanya, 2009). Poultry, which offer meat and egg on account of its short gesta role in the bid to provide protein of animal source, (Oladoja and Olusanya). It is reported that the most commonly kept livestock is poultry and that over 70% of those farmers kept is very important in raising animals because feed cost between 65% and 70% of the total cost of production in poultry production as identified by literatures (Bamiro
2 Livestock Feed Formulation Methods There are about six conventional livestock feed formulation methods identified by Imamidoost, 1992 and Jerry, 2003. These methods include; Pearson Square method, 2.1.1 Pearson Square Method. This method is relatively simple and easy to follow. Some of its merits as identified by Afolayan and Afolayan include: its simplicity of use and secondly its usefulness for balancing protein requirement. Its disadvantages include, its usability for only two(2) requirements at the same t nutritive requirements especially, vitamins and minerals 2.1.2 Simultaneous Equation Method This is an alternative method for the square method using a simple algebraic equation. Here, a particul requirement is satisfied using a combination of two feed ingredients. Merits of Simultaneous Method The system is easy to use both by beginners and the experienced feed millers. It is used to introduce feed formulation to students in teaching classes. Advantages of simultaneous equation over Pearson method are: Firstly, farmer can balance for both protein and energy. Secondly, it is useful in considering more than two feed ingredients at once when balancing more complex ration. Finally, as th equation increases. Limitations of Pearson Square and Simultaneous Method The limitations includes firstly, it satisfies only one nutrient requirement and uses only two feed ingredients. Another limitation is that the level of the nutrient being computed should be intermediate between the nutrient concentrations Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 69 Livestock Feed Formulation Techniques
Omidiora, Elijah Olusayo 1 , Adegoke, Benjamin Olusesan 2* & Aderounmu Ganiyu Adesola. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LAUTECH, Nigeria; School of Engineering, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria.. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. mail of the corresponding author: adegokebo@yahoo.com
This paper reviews animal feed formulation methods, the conventional methods and intelligent system method. Highlighting their cons and pros. The intelligent system method (neuro-fuzzy) incorporated fuzzy conjunctive into levenberge training of artificial neural network. The neuro-fuzzy system was trained with dataset Amino acid elements of chicks feed. With 0.05 level of significance on NCCS 2000 platforms, output of the fuzzy system produced a correlation coefficient of 0.888608 and p-value of 0.97. Intelligent system can be ease productivity in the field of animal feed formulation. animal feed formulation, linear programming, neuro-fuzzy, ration. Ration can be defined as the total amount of feed given to the animals on daily basis. Animal feed formu defined as the process by which different feed ingredients are combined in a proportion necessary to provide the animal with proper amount of nutrients needed at a particular stage of production, (Afolayan and Afolayan 2008). ulation increases, one of the major problem facing developing countries of the world is their ability to cope with protein requirement for the growing population, (Oladoja and Olusanya, 2009). Poultry, which offer meat and egg on account of its short gestation, short generative interval and handy size is expected to play a major role in the bid to provide protein of animal source, (Oladoja and Olusanya). It is reported that the most commonly kept livestock is poultry and that over 70% of those farmers kept chickens (Udoh and Etim 2008). Feed formulation is very important in raising animals because feed cost between 65% and 70% of the total cost of production in poultry production as identified by literatures (Bamiro et al. 2001; Bamiro et al. 2009). tock Feed Formulation Methods There are about six conventional livestock feed formulation methods identified by Imamidoost, 1992 and Jerry, 2003. These methods include; Pearson Square method, Pearson Square Method. and easy to follow. Some of its merits as identified by Afolayan and Afolayan include: its simplicity of use and secondly its usefulness for balancing protein requirement. Its disadvantages include, its usability for only two(2) requirements at the same time and secondly, its reduced consideration given to other nutritive requirements especially, vitamins and minerals Simultaneous Equation Method This is an alternative method for the square method using a simple algebraic equation. Here, a particul requirement is satisfied using a combination of two feed ingredients. The system is easy to use both by beginners and the experienced feed millers. It is used to introduce feed formulation classes. Advantages of simultaneous equation over Pearson method are: Firstly, farmer can balance for both protein and energy. Secondly, it is useful in considering more than two feed ingredients at once when balancing more complex ration. Finally, as the requirement increases, the system of Square and Simultaneous Method The limitations includes firstly, it satisfies only one nutrient requirement and uses only two feed ingredients. Another level of the nutrient being computed should be intermediate between the nutrient concentrations www.iiste.org echniques & Aderounmu Ganiyu Adesola. 3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LAUTECH, Nigeria; ria.. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, mail of the corresponding author: adegokebo@yahoo.com ional methods and intelligent system method. fuzzy) incorporated fuzzy conjunctive into fuzzy system was trained with dataset and validated using Amino acid elements of chicks feed. With 0.05 level of significance on NCCS 2000 platforms, output of the value of 0.97. Intelligent system can be Ration can be defined as the total amount of feed given to the animals on daily basis. Animal feed formulation can be defined as the process by which different feed ingredients are combined in a proportion necessary to provide the animal with proper amount of nutrients needed at a particular stage of production, (Afolayan and Afolayan 2008). ulation increases, one of the major problem facing developing countries of the world is their ability to cope with protein requirement for the growing population, (Oladoja and Olusanya, 2009). Poultry, which offer tion, short generative interval and handy size is expected to play a major role in the bid to provide protein of animal source, (Oladoja and Olusanya). It is reported that the most commonly chickens (Udoh and Etim 2008). Feed formulation is very important in raising animals because feed cost between 65% and 70% of the total cost of production in There are about six conventional livestock feed formulation methods identified by Imamidoost, and easy to follow. Some of its merits as identified by Afolayan and Afolayan include: its simplicity of use and secondly its usefulness for balancing protein requirement. Its disadvantages include, ime and secondly, its reduced consideration given to other This is an alternative method for the square method using a simple algebraic equation. Here, a particular nutrient The system is easy to use both by beginners and the experienced feed millers. It is used to introduce feed formulation classes. Advantages of simultaneous equation over Pearson method are: Firstly, farmer can balance for both protein and energy. Secondly, it is useful in considering more than two feed e requirement increases, the system of The limitations includes firstly, it satisfies only one nutrient requirement and uses only two feed ingredients. Another level of the nutrient being computed should be intermediate between the nutrient concentrations Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225 Vol.3, No.4, 2013
of the two feed ingredients being used. 2.1.3 Two-By-Two Matrix Method. This method solves two nutrients requirement using two different feed ingredients. A and a series of equations are solved to come up with the solution to the problem. 2.1.4 Trial and Error Method. This is the most popular method of formulating ration for the swine and poultry. It is a type of feed formulati in many developing nations of the world (Adejoro 2004), Nigeria inclusive. As the name implies, the formulation is manipulated until the nutrient requirements of the animal are met. This method makes possible the formulation of a ration that meets all the nutrient requirements of the animal. In poultry feed formation, various cases of mineral deficiency such as osteomalacia, rickets and shellessness or soft shell formation may not be properly addressed if care is not taken to comprehensively analyz question. 2.1.5 Imami Method. This is an educational way to describe and balance simple rations by a common calculator with a high accuracy for farmers who do not have access to the com 2.1.6 Linear Programming (LP) Method. This is otherwise called, least cost computerized feed formulation. This method of determining the least cost combination of ingredients using a series of equations which employs Linear Programming methods. Th can employed in feed formulation takes basic seven steps. Advantages of Linear Programming Mark, (1998); Onwurah, (2005); highlight some advantages and disadvantages of Linear Programming. Some of the advantages of Linear Programming method are: i. Scientific Approach to Problem Solving Hence it results in a better and true picture of the problems which can then be minutely analyzed and solution ascertained. ii. Quality of Decision. LP provides practical and better quality of decisions that reflect very precisely the limitation of the system i.e; the various restrictions under which the system must operate for the solution to be optimal. If it becomes necessary to deviate from t associated costs or penalty It guaranteed the finding of optimal solution iii. Evaluation of All Possible Alternatives. complicated. LP method ensu is selected. iv. Flexibility. LP is flexible mathematical method. Disadvantages of Linear Programming Method Although Linear Programming (LP) is a highly successful techniques hav demerits which are as follows: i. Absence of risk ii. Linear Relationship: It can only be applied to situations where the given problem can be represented in the form of linear relationship. Hence it is based on implicit as constraints or the limiting factors can be stated in the form of linear expression. Many practical problems like feed mix problem can be better expressed with a minimum of quadratic equation. iii. Constant Value of objective and Constraint Equations mix problem, the values or the coefficients of the objective and constraints functions must be completely known and be constant over a period of time. If the values cha loose its effectiveness and may fail to provide optimal solution to the problem. However, in practical sense it is not possible to determine the coefficients of objective function and the constraint equations wi absolute certainty. These variables may lie on probability distribution curve and hence at best, only the likelihood of their occurrence can be predicted. Moreover, the values change due to extremely as well as internal factors during the period of stud may be restricted. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 70 of the two feed ingredients being used. Two Matrix Method. This method solves two nutrients requirement using two different feed ingredients. A 2 by 2 matrix is formed a set and a series of equations are solved to come up with the solution to the problem.
This is the most popular method of formulating ration for the swine and poultry. It is a type of feed formulati in many developing nations of the world (Adejoro 2004), Nigeria inclusive. As the name implies, the formulation is manipulated until the nutrient requirements of the animal are met. This method makes possible the formulation of a all the nutrient requirements of the animal. In poultry feed formation, various cases of mineral deficiency such as osteomalacia, rickets and shellessness or soft shell formation may not be properly addressed if care is not taken to comprehensively analyze or calculate the level of calcium and phosphorus of the ration in This is an educational way to describe and balance simple rations by a common calculator with a high accuracy for farmers who do not have access to the computer. Linear Programming (LP) Method. This is otherwise called, least cost computerized feed formulation. This method of determining the least cost combination of ingredients using a series of equations which employs Linear Programming methods. Th can employed in feed formulation takes basic seven steps. Linear Programming Method Mark, (1998); Onwurah, (2005); highlight some advantages and disadvantages of Linear Programming. Some of the method are: Scientific Approach to Problem Solving. It is the application of scientific approach to problem solving. Hence it results in a better and true picture of the problems which can then be minutely analyzed and LP provides practical and better quality of decisions that reflect very precisely the limitation of the system i.e; the various restrictions under which the system must operate for the solution to be optimal. If it becomes necessary to deviate from the optimal path, LP can quite easily evaluate the associated costs or penalty It guaranteed the finding of optimal solution Evaluation of All Possible Alternatives. Majority of the problems in animal feed formulation are somehow complicated. LP method ensures that all possible solutions are generated, out of which the optimal solution LP is flexible mathematical method. Linear Programming Method Although Linear Programming (LP) is a highly successful techniques having wide applications, yet it has some : It can only be applied to situations where the given problem can be represented in the form of linear relationship. Hence it is based on implicit assumption that the objective as well as all the constraints or the limiting factors can be stated in the form of linear expression. Many practical problems like feed mix problem can be better expressed with a minimum of quadratic equation. objective and Constraint Equations. Before a LP technique could be applied to any feed mix problem, the values or the coefficients of the objective and constraints functions must be completely known and be constant over a period of time. If the values change during the period of study, the LP would loose its effectiveness and may fail to provide optimal solution to the problem. However, in practical sense it is not possible to determine the coefficients of objective function and the constraint equations wi absolute certainty. These variables may lie on probability distribution curve and hence at best, only the likelihood of their occurrence can be predicted. Moreover, the values change due to extremely as well as internal factors during the period of study. \due to this, the actual application of Linear Programming tools www.iiste.org 2 by 2 matrix is formed a set This is the most popular method of formulating ration for the swine and poultry. It is a type of feed formulation used in many developing nations of the world (Adejoro 2004), Nigeria inclusive. As the name implies, the formulation is manipulated until the nutrient requirements of the animal are met. This method makes possible the formulation of a all the nutrient requirements of the animal. In poultry feed formation, various cases of mineral deficiency such as osteomalacia, rickets and shellessness or soft shell formation may not be properly addressed if e or calculate the level of calcium and phosphorus of the ration in This is otherwise called, least cost computerized feed formulation. This method of determining the least cost combination of ingredients using a series of equations which employs Linear Programming methods. This least cost Mark, (1998); Onwurah, (2005); highlight some advantages and disadvantages of Linear Programming. Some of the It is the application of scientific approach to problem solving. Hence it results in a better and true picture of the problems which can then be minutely analyzed and LP provides practical and better quality of decisions that reflect very precisely the limitation of the system i.e; the various restrictions under which the system must operate for the solution to he optimal path, LP can quite easily evaluate the Majority of the problems in animal feed formulation are somehow res that all possible solutions are generated, out of which the optimal solution ing wide applications, yet it has some : It can only be applied to situations where the given problem can be represented in the sumption that the objective as well as all the constraints or the limiting factors can be stated in the form of linear expression. Many practical problems like feed mix problem can be better expressed with a minimum of quadratic equation. . Before a LP technique could be applied to any feed mix problem, the values or the coefficients of the objective and constraints functions must be completely nge during the period of study, the LP would loose its effectiveness and may fail to provide optimal solution to the problem. However, in practical sense it is not possible to determine the coefficients of objective function and the constraint equations with absolute certainty. These variables may lie on probability distribution curve and hence at best, only the likelihood of their occurrence can be predicted. Moreover, the values change due to extremely as well as due to this, the actual application of Linear Programming tools Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225 Vol.3, No.4, 2013
iv. Fractional solutions often have no meaning. mix problem can always be quantified as an integer quite ofte rounded off to the next integer. Hence, the solution would not be the optimal one. v. Flexibility Limitation. Once a problem has been properly quantified in terms of objective function and constraint equations and the tools of Linear Programming are applied to it, it becomes very difficult to incorporate any changes in the system arising on account of any change in decision parameter. Hence, it lacks the desired operational flexibility. Reducing the world to a set o difficult. vi. Multiplicity of Goal. The long any point of time in its operations has a multiplicity of goals or the goals hierarchy attained on a priority wise basis for its long term growth. In a case where farm managers goals are multiple and conflicting, the LP method fails. vii. Degree of Complexity. Many large techniques even with the help of a computer due to high complexity and lengthy calculations involved. Assumptions and approximations are required to be made so that the given problem can be broken down into several smaller problems and, then solved separately cases, may be doubtful. 2.2 Limitations of Existing Feed Formulation Methods. Computer allows rapid formulation of rations that meet nutrient specifications at minimum cost. Because of the precision possible with the use of computers, it is tempting to forget that the formula produced is only reliable as the input data given to the computer. Nutritional specifications must be reviewed to take care of changes due to new research findings. Close attention to ingredient quality is essential for reliable formulation. Madueke (2004) while trying to look at the way to solve the problem of an ever increasing animal protein gap in Nigeria, recommended that there should be massive increase in livestock production Nigeria Livestock Industry are still centered on the conventional livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry) , their production has consistently remained low. The reason for this has being the h feed costs and poor management (Madubuike poultry as being animal produced in more percentage in Nigeria. Esonu percent of Nigerias poultry farms have closed down and another 30 percent forced to reduce their production capacity due to high costs of livestock feeds. This livestock feed actually account for 70 to 80 percent of cost of livestock production against the 55 Ekenyem, 2001).
3. Material and Methods Neuro-fuzzy Animal Feed Formulation Neuro-fuzzy animal feed formulation employs hybridization of two synergies in formulation of the animal fe Lakhmi and Martin (1998) stressed the fact of the hybridization has many advantages over individual paradigms. Robbert (2001) described the OR and AND fuzzy neuron. Akinyokun (2002) employed the hybridized strength of neuro-fuzzy for evaluating human resources performance of academic staff of higher institution of learning. Rahib et. al (2005) developed neuro-fuzzy system for electricity comsumption prediction model. Neuro-fuzzy algorithm for animal feed formulation Enumerated below is the algorithm fo Step 1: Start Step 2: (Select the target vector from the recommended component levels for the animal type to be formulated for, which invariably forms the target vector) - Capture the recommended percentage nutrient level for the type of ratio Specifically, those to be used as the control parameters. - Organize the percentage parameters into a vector. The target will generate an input vector to be satisfied in the feed formula Step 3: (Select the available feed ingredients to be used in the feed formulation). - Select the feed ingredients to be used in the formulation Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 71 Fractional solutions often have no meaning. There is absolutely no certainty that the solution to a LP feed mix problem can always be quantified as an integer quite often. It can give fractional answers which are rounded off to the next integer. Hence, the solution would not be the optimal one. Once a problem has been properly quantified in terms of objective function and the tools of Linear Programming are applied to it, it becomes very difficult to incorporate any changes in the system arising on account of any change in decision parameter. Hence, it lacks the desired operational flexibility. Reducing the world to a set of linear equations is usually very The long-term objectives of any farm are not confined to a single goal. Any farm, at any point of time in its operations has a multiplicity of goals or the goals hierarchy attained on a priority wise basis for its long term growth. In a case where farm managers goals are multiple and conflicting, the LP method fails. Many large-scale real life practical problems can be solved by employing LP hniques even with the help of a computer due to high complexity and lengthy calculations involved. Assumptions and approximations are required to be made so that the given problem can be broken down into several smaller problems and, then solved separately. Hence, the validity of the final result, in all such Limitations of Existing Feed Formulation Methods. Computer allows rapid formulation of rations that meet nutrient specifications at minimum cost. Because of the ssible with the use of computers, it is tempting to forget that the formula produced is only reliable as the input data given to the computer. Nutritional specifications must be reviewed to take care of changes due to new to ingredient quality is essential for reliable formulation. Madueke (2004) while trying to look at the way to solve the problem of an ever increasing animal protein gap in Nigeria, recommended that there should be massive increase in livestock production at lowest possible cost. Though policy programmes in Nigeria Livestock Industry are still centered on the conventional livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry) , their production has consistently remained low. The reason for this has being the huge capital requirements, high feed costs and poor management (Madubuike et. al. 2003; Mbanasor and Nwosu 2003). Oyenuga (1968) identified poultry as being animal produced in more percentage in Nigeria. Esonu et al (2001) reported that more than 50 t of Nigerias poultry farms have closed down and another 30 percent forced to reduce their production capacity due to high costs of livestock feeds. This livestock feed actually account for 70 to 80 percent of cost of livestock production against the 55 percent to 70 percent earlier reported by Pond and Maner, (Madubuike and fuzzy Animal Feed Formulation fuzzy animal feed formulation employs hybridization of two synergies in formulation of the animal fe Lakhmi and Martin (1998) stressed the fact of the hybridization has many advantages over individual paradigms. Robbert (2001) described the OR and AND fuzzy neuron. Akinyokun (2002) employed the hybridized strength of esources performance of academic staff of higher institution of learning. Rahib et. fuzzy system for electricity comsumption prediction model. fuzzy algorithm for animal feed formulation Enumerated below is the algorithm for the system (Select the target vector from the recommended component levels for the animal type to be formulated for, which invariably forms the target vector). Capture the recommended percentage nutrient level for the type of ratio Specifically, those to be used as the control parameters. Organize the percentage parameters into a vector. The target will generate an input vector p= (1x m) where m is the number of feed requirement to be satisfied in the feed formulation. (Select the available feed ingredients to be used in the feed formulation). Select the feed ingredients to be used in the formulation www.iiste.org There is absolutely no certainty that the solution to a LP feed n. It can give fractional answers which are rounded off to the next integer. Hence, the solution would not be the optimal one. Once a problem has been properly quantified in terms of objective function and the tools of Linear Programming are applied to it, it becomes very difficult to incorporate any changes in the system arising on account of any change in decision parameter. Hence, it f linear equations is usually very term objectives of any farm are not confined to a single goal. Any farm, at any point of time in its operations has a multiplicity of goals or the goals hierarchy- all of which must be attained on a priority wise basis for its long term growth. In a case where farm managers goals are multiple scale real life practical problems can be solved by employing LP hniques even with the help of a computer due to high complexity and lengthy calculations involved. Assumptions and approximations are required to be made so that the given problem can be broken down . Hence, the validity of the final result, in all such Computer allows rapid formulation of rations that meet nutrient specifications at minimum cost. Because of the ssible with the use of computers, it is tempting to forget that the formula produced is only reliable as the input data given to the computer. Nutritional specifications must be reviewed to take care of changes due to new to ingredient quality is essential for reliable formulation. Madueke (2004) while trying to look at the way to solve the problem of an ever increasing animal protein gap in Nigeria, recommended that at lowest possible cost. Though policy programmes in Nigeria Livestock Industry are still centered on the conventional livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry) , uge capital requirements, high 2003; Mbanasor and Nwosu 2003). Oyenuga (1968) identified (2001) reported that more than 50 t of Nigerias poultry farms have closed down and another 30 percent forced to reduce their production capacity due to high costs of livestock feeds. This livestock feed actually account for 70 to 80 percent of cost of percent to 70 percent earlier reported by Pond and Maner, (Madubuike and fuzzy animal feed formulation employs hybridization of two synergies in formulation of the animal feed. Lakhmi and Martin (1998) stressed the fact of the hybridization has many advantages over individual paradigms. Robbert (2001) described the OR and AND fuzzy neuron. Akinyokun (2002) employed the hybridized strength of esources performance of academic staff of higher institution of learning. Rahib et.
(Select the target vector from the recommended component levels for the animal type to be Capture the recommended percentage nutrient level for the type of ration to be formulated. is the number of feed requirement Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225 Vol.3, No.4, 2013
- Enter their percentage nutrient contents levels - Organize these parameters into an m by n vector Vector q= m x n where m is the number of ingredients to be used in the formulation n in the number of the control parameters which is determined by the number of feed requirement to be satisfied in the formulation. Step 4: Normalize the input vector Step 5: Fuzzify the input vector using sigmoidal membership function
(x k , a, b) = 1+ c - where a is the maximum value for feed ingredient b is minimum value for feed ingr and 1 < k Step 6: Adjust the weight of the elements of the network by training the i. Network using the Levenberge training algorithm Qx where x k+1 is the output of (i+1) x k is the output of the previous iteration J is the Jacobian matrix that contains the first derivatives of the network J T is the transpose of the Jacobian matrix e is the vector of the network errors. I is a scalar which is usually decreased at each consecut ii. Employ fuzzy multiple conjunctive antecedent inference method to form the inference layer of the system. IF x is P 1,1 AND IF x is P 2,1 AND : : IF x is P n,1 AND where P n, = P n,1 AND P n, (x) = min |p n,1 membership value for nutrient content Step 7: Deffuzify the output of the training ( (x
) = ] p k (x) n k=1 ] p k (x) m k=1 where (x
) is the defuzzified output value of feed ingredient
Step 8: Generate the percentages combination for the feed formulated for each components x (x 2 ), . ., (x n ) Step 9: Multiply each (x 1 ) by component digestible nutrients of individual ingredients in the feed (y (x 1 )*{ (y 1 ), (y 2 ), . ., (y (x 2 )*{ (y 1 ), (y 2 ), . ., (y (x n )*{ (y 1 ), (y 2 ), . ., (y Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 72 Enter their percentage nutrient contents levels Organize these parameters into an m by n vector x n is the number of ingredients to be used in the formulation in the number of the control parameters which is determined by the number of feed requirement to be satisfied in the formulation. Normalize the input vector p (using minmax pre-processing function) Step 5: Fuzzify the input vector using sigmoidal membership function 1 -c(x k -b)
where a is the maximum value for feed ingredient x k
b is minimum value for feed ingredient x k
m Adjust the weight of the elements of the network by training the using the Levenberge training algorithm Qx k+1 = x k [J T J + I] -1 J T e is the output of (i+1) th iteration s the output of the previous iteration is the Jacobian matrix that contains the first derivatives of the network is the transpose of the Jacobian matrix is the vector of the network errors. is a scalar which is usually decreased at each consecutive iterations. Employ fuzzy multiple conjunctive antecedent inference method to form the inference layer of the AND P 1,2 AND P 1,m THEN y is 1
AND P 2,2 AND P 2,m THEN y is 2
AND P n,2 AND P n,m THEN y is m
AND P n,2 AND P n,m
1 (x), p n,2 (x), . . , p n,m (x) ] (3) membership value for nutrient content n of feed ingredient i 1 < i m ; Deffuzify the output of the training (Simulated output) using (minmax post-processing function ( )dx ( )dx (4) is the defuzzified output value of feed ingredient . s combination for the feed formulated for each components x ) by component digestible nutrients of individual ingredients in the feed (y ), . ., (y m )} ), . ., (y m )} ), . ., (y m )} www.iiste.org
in the number of the control parameters which is determined by the number of feed (1) (2) Employ fuzzy multiple conjunctive antecedent inference method to form the inference layer of the (3) wher p n, is ; 1 < n m processing function). (4) s combination for the feed formulated for each components x i for i = 1 to n. (x 1 ), ) by component digestible nutrients of individual ingredients in the feed (y i ). Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225 Vol.3, No.4, 2013
where ( ) the percentage of the digestible nutrient Step 10: Calculate the percentage nutrient and digestible nutrient contents. Percentage digestible nutrient is ca q
= y
n k=1
where q
is the total digestible nutrient
Stop11: Stop This study employs the output from the neuro Registration Council (NRC) standards for chicks feed standard. The specific research questions in this paper are listed below. They are tested at 0.05 levels of significance. i) What type of relationship exist between the output of Neuro ii) What is the degree of relationship between the two (2) results ie. NF & NRC 1994. To examine the above research question, statistical analysis tools to be employed are: i) Scatter diagram will be used to depict the direction and t NF and NRC 1994. ii) T- test will be used to examine the nature of the relationship
t n-1 = x
4. Results and discussion The output of the neuro-fuzzy system compared with National Registration Council (NRC, 1994) is shown in table 1. Integrity of the system is test by comparing it with the control (NRC 1994).Analysis of the result is done on NCSS 2000 with alpha =0.05. (i) Plot section The normal distribution plot of differences in fig 1a indicates normality that exist between the data (treatments). (ii) Assumptions section: The test of assumption in fig 2 indicates that normality cannot be rejected for the treatments and that 0.889 correlation exist between the treatments. (iii) T-test section : From fig 3, the p the conclusion of this hypothesis is acceptance, i. e. there is no difference in the two treatments. ( i e. NF and NRC 1994). iv) Descriptive statistics: Fig 4 showed that the mean difference is 3.138375E being 4.315441. the 95% interval estaimate for the mean difference ranges from Advantages of neuro-fuzzy animal feed formulation system. Some of the advantages of neuro-fuzzy system which neuro follows: i. A multi-objective, purpose- ii. It is simpler to use because it involve simple input from the users while the system does the complex computations) and produces the desired output to the system users. iii. It incorporates the knowledge of millers expertise into the feed formulation. iv. It can compound as many target nutrient components as possible with a number ingredients v. It combines the feed ingredients within a reasonable affordable limit. vi. It can be applied for any type of animal feed once the recommended nutrient level and the nutrient contents of the available feed ingredients are known. Limitation With the neuro-fuzzy system, the number of targeted feed nutrients contents determines the number of feed ingredients to be employed in the formulation. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 73 ) the percentage of the digestible nutrient i in each feed ingredient. Calculate the percentage nutrient and digestible nutrient contents. Percentage digestible nutrient is calculated by equation (5)
is the total digestible nutrient i in the formulated feed. This study employs the output from the neuro-fuzzy animal feed formulation method in its study ag Registration Council (NRC) standards for chicks feed standard. The specific research questions in this paper are listed below. They are tested at 0.05 levels of significance. What type of relationship exist between the output of Neuro-fuzzy (NF), NRC 1971 and NRC 1994. What is the degree of relationship between the two (2) results ie. NF & NRC 1994. To examine the above research question, statistical analysis tools to be employed are: Scatter diagram will be used to depict the direction and the nature of the relationship that exist between test will be used to examine the nature of the relationship E 0 : d = u vs E 1 : d = u - 0 sn
fuzzy system compared with National Registration Council (NRC, 1994) is shown in table 1. Integrity of the system is test by comparing it with the control (NRC 1994).Analysis of the result is done on NCSS The normal distribution plot of differences in fig 1a indicates normality that exist between the data (treatments). The test of assumption in fig 2 indicates that normality cannot be rejected for the that 0.889 correlation exist between the treatments. From fig 3, the p-value for this test is 0.977, which is much greater alpha () 0.005. Thus, the conclusion of this hypothesis is acceptance, i. e. there is no difference in the two treatments. ( i e. NF and NRC 4 showed that the mean difference is 3.138375E-02 %, with standard deviation being 4.315441. the 95% interval estaimate for the mean difference ranges from -2.268152 to 2.33092. fuzzy animal feed formulation system. fuzzy system which neuro-fuzzy animal feed formulation system inherited are as -driven animal feed formulation method. It is simpler to use because it involve simple input from the users while the system does the complex computations) and produces the desired output to the system users. It incorporates the knowledge of millers expertise into the feed formulation. It can compound as many target nutrient components as possible with a number It combines the feed ingredients within a reasonable affordable limit. It can be applied for any type of animal feed once the recommended nutrient level and the nutrient contents of the available feed ingredients are known. fuzzy system, the number of targeted feed nutrients contents determines the number of feed ingredients to be employed in the formulation. www.iiste.org
(5) fuzzy animal feed formulation method in its study against National The specific research questions in this paper are listed below. They are tested at 0.05 levels of significance. (NF), NRC 1971 and NRC 1994. What is the degree of relationship between the two (2) results ie. NF & NRC 1994. he nature of the relationship that exist between fuzzy system compared with National Registration Council (NRC, 1994) is shown in table 1. Integrity of the system is test by comparing it with the control (NRC 1994).Analysis of the result is done on NCSS The normal distribution plot of differences in fig 1a indicates normality that exist between the data (treatments). The test of assumption in fig 2 indicates that normality cannot be rejected for the value for this test is 0.977, which is much greater alpha () 0.005. Thus, the conclusion of this hypothesis is acceptance, i. e. there is no difference in the two treatments. ( i e. NF and NRC 02 %, with standard deviation 2.268152 to 2.33092. fuzzy animal feed formulation system inherited are as It is simpler to use because it involve simple input from the users while the system does the processing (all
It can compound as many target nutrient components as possible with a number of available feed It can be applied for any type of animal feed once the recommended nutrient level and the nutrient contents fuzzy system, the number of targeted feed nutrients contents determines the number of feed Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225 Vol.3, No.4, 2013
References Adejoro S. O. (2004). A Hand Book of Poultry Feed Formulation in the Tropics. SOAV Center for Livestock Management Training Courses: 37 Afolayan, M. O. and Afolayan, M.,(2008). Nigeria oriented poultry feed formulation software requirements. Journal of applied Sciences Research, 4(11), 1596 Akinyokun O. Charles. (2002). Neuro Bank of Nigeria Plc Endowment Fund Lecture, FUTA: 3, 7. Bamiro, M.O., Shittu A. M. and Kola Olutokun, A. S. (2001). Private feed production as cost Effects on profitability of poultry business in Ogun state, Nigeria. The Ogun Journal ofAgricultural Sciences, 1(1):37 -51. Bamiro, M. O., Momoh S. and Philip, A. O., (2009). Vertical integration and profitability in Poultry industry in and Oyo states, Nigeria, Journal of Hum Ecol, 27(2): 149 Imamidoost, K. (1992). Using IMAMI Method in Ration Formulation. Jerry, D. (2003). Feed Reference Standards Lakhmi C. Jain and Martin N. M (1998). Fussion of Neural Industrial Applications. CRC Press LLC. Santa Clara, CA 95052, USA. pp. 90 Madubuike, F. N. (2003). The Potential use of white Star Apple seed (Chrisophyllum albidum) an Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) as feed ingredients for rats. Madubuike, F. N. (2004). Arresting Animal Protein Insufficiency in Nigeria Agriculture and Food Science. 2(2); 141 Madubuike, F. N. and Ekenyem. B. U. (2001). Alphabet Nigeria Publisher, Owerri, Nigeria. Mark A. Schulze, (1998). Linear Programming for Optimization. Nbanasor, J. A. and Nwosu. A. C (2003). Agriculture and Food Science. 1(2); 141 Oladoja, M.A. and Olusanya, T.P., (2009). Impact of private feed formulation and production as a tool for poverty alleviation among poultry farmers in Ogun state, International Journal -1010. Onwurah, F. B., (2005). Excel Feed Formulation and Feeding Models, Proceeding of 1 Technology, Education and Environment Conference, Afri Oyenuga V. Adenuga (1968), Nigerias Feeds and Feeding Press, Ibadan; 6-8. Rahib A.;Vasif H. A. and Cemal Ardil (2005). Electricity Consumptio Neuro-Fuzzy System. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 8: 128 Thomas S. Ferguson, (). Linear Programming: A Concise Introduction. Udoh, E. I. and N. A. Etim, (2008). Determinants of technical efficiency in study of Urban Broiler Farms in Calabar, Nigeria.33 Production. Ogun-NSAP, 320
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 74 Adejoro S. O. (2004). A Hand Book of Poultry Feed Formulation in the Tropics. SOAV Center for Livestock Management Training Courses: 37-53. Afolayan, M. O. and Afolayan, M.,(2008). Nigeria oriented poultry feed formulation software requirements. Journal of applied Sciences Research, 4(11), 1596-1602. Neuro-Fuzzy Expert System for Evaluation of Human Resources Performance, Bank of Nigeria Plc Endowment Fund Lecture, FUTA: 3, 7. Bamiro, M.O., Shittu A. M. and Kola Olutokun, A. S. (2001). Private feed production as cost Effects on profitability of poultry business in Ogun state, Nigeria. The Ogun Journal ofAgricultural Sciences, 1(1):37 Bamiro, M. O., Momoh S. and Philip, A. O., (2009). Vertical integration and profitability in Poultry industry in and Oyo states, Nigeria, Journal of Hum Ecol, 27(2): 149-154. . Using IMAMI Method in Ration Formulation. Feed Reference Standards, Philippine, PHILSAN. Lakhmi C. Jain and Martin N. M (1998). Fussion of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems and Genetic Algorithms: Industrial Applications. CRC Press LLC. Santa Clara, CA 95052, USA. pp. 90 96. The Potential use of white Star Apple seed (Chrisophyllum albidum) an Physic nut feed ingredients for rats. Journal of Agriculture and Food Science. 1(2); 97 Arresting Animal Protein Insufficiency in Nigeria: A Multi-Sectorial Approach. and Food Science. 2(2); 141-145. . N. and Ekenyem. B. U. (2001). Ruminant Animal Production and Handling in the Alphabet Nigeria Publisher, Owerri, Nigeria. Mark A. Schulze, (1998). Linear Programming for Optimization. Perspective Scientific Instruments, Inc. nd Nwosu. A. C (2003). Livestock Sector in Nigeria Economy:Policy Direction. Agriculture and Food Science. 1(2); 141-147. Oladoja, M.A. and Olusanya, T.P., (2009). Impact of private feed formulation and production as a tool ion among poultry farmers in Ogun state, International Journal of Poultry Science 8(10), 1006 Onwurah, F. B., (2005). Excel Feed Formulation and Feeding Models, Proceeding of 1 st
Technology, Education and Environment Conference, African Society for Scientific Research (ASSR), Nigerias Feeds and Feeding-Stuffs: Their Chemistry and Nutritive Value Rahib A.;Vasif H. A. and Cemal Ardil (2005). Electricity Consumption Prediction Model using Fuzzy System. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 8: 128- 131. Thomas S. Ferguson, (). Linear Programming: A Concise Introduction. Udoh, E. I. and N. A. Etim, (2008). Determinants of technical efficiency in poultry production. The case study of Urban Broiler Farms in Calabar, Nigeria.33 rd Annual conference of the Nigeria Society for Animal
www.iiste.org Adejoro S. O. (2004). A Hand Book of Poultry Feed Formulation in the Tropics. SOAVET Nig. Ltd, Ibadan and Afolayan, M. O. and Afolayan, M.,(2008). Nigeria oriented poultry feed formulation software Fuzzy Expert System for Evaluation of Human Resources Performance, First Bamiro, M.O., Shittu A. M. and Kola Olutokun, A. S. (2001). Private feed production as cost Reduction strategy: Effects on profitability of poultry business in Ogun state, Nigeria. The Ogun Journal ofAgricultural Sciences, 1(1):37 Bamiro, M. O., Momoh S. and Philip, A. O., (2009). Vertical integration and profitability in Poultry industry in Ogun Networks, Fuzzy Systems and Genetic Algorithms: The Potential use of white Star Apple seed (Chrisophyllum albidum) an Physic nut Journal of Agriculture and Food Science. 1(2); 97-105. Sectorial Approach. Journal of Ruminant Animal Production and Handling in the Tropics. Perspective Scientific Instruments, Inc. Livestock Sector in Nigeria Economy:Policy Direction. Journal of Oladoja, M.A. and Olusanya, T.P., (2009). Impact of private feed formulation and production as a tool of Poultry Science 8(10), 1006 International can Society for Scientific Research (ASSR), pp 192-199. and Nutritive Value. University n Prediction Model using 131. poultry production. The case Annual conference of the Nigeria Society for Animal Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225 Vol.3, No.4, 2013
Table 1 Output from Neuro-fuzzy (NF) and NRC 1994 for amino acid content in chicks feed. Ingredients Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Cystine Methonine Threonine Tryptopha Valine Crude protein Ether Extract Crude Fiber Metabolizable Energy (Kj/g)
(a)
(b) (c) Fig 1a. Norm probability plot of difference Average-difference plot
-10.0 -3.8 2.5 8.8 15.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 Normal Probability Plot of Differences Expected Normals D i f f e r e n c e s 0.0 6.3 12.5 18.8 25.0 0.0 8.8 17.5 26.3 Scatter Plot C1 C 2 Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 75 fuzzy (NF) and NRC 1994 for amino acid content in chicks feed. Ingredients NF NRC (1994) Arginine 0.558 1.4 Histidine 0.127 0.65 Isoleucine 0.28 10.18 Leucine 0.4588 2.2 Lysine 0.33234 1.22 Phenylalanine 0.3049 1.41 Tyrosine 0.184 0.79 Cystine 0.075 0.53 Methonine 0.1334 0.52 Threonine 0.2316 0.94 Tryptophan 0.073 0.39 Valine 0.3111 1.3 Crude protein 31.71 23.85 Ether Extract 16.97 6.5 Crude Fiber 9.54 8.38 Metabolizable Energy (Kj/g) 2.749 3.276
(b) (c) Norm probability plot of difference b. Scatter plot of NRC 1994 against NF
1.0 2.0 Normal Probability Plot of Differences Expected Normals 26.3 35.0 -1.0 0.1 1.3 2.4 3.5 0.0 6.3 12.5 Average-Difference Plot Difference A v e r a g e www.iiste.org fuzzy (NF) and NRC 1994 for amino acid content in chicks feed.
(b) (c) Scatter plot of NRC 1994 against NF c.. 18.8 25.0 Average-Difference Plot Difference Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225 Vol.3, No.4, 2013
Assumption Skewness Normality Kurtosis Normality Omnibus Normality Correlation Coefficient Fig 2. Test of assumptions about differences
Alternative Hypothesis C1-C2<>0 C1-C2<0 C1-C2>0 Fig 3. T-test for differencebetween means
Standard Standard 95% LCL Variable Count Mean C1 16 4.002384 C2 16 3.971 Difference 16 3.138375E T for Confidence Limits = 2.1314 Fig 4. Descriptive statistics
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 76 Value Probability Decision (5%) 1.0936 0.274152 Cannot reject normality 2.2865 0.022227 Reject normality 6.4238 0.040280 Reject normality 0.888608 Fig 2. Test of assumptions about differences Prob Decision T-Value Level (5%) 0.0291 0.977177 Accept Ho 0.0291 0.511412 Accept Ho 0.0291 0.488588 Accept Ho test for differencebetween means 95% LCL 95% UCL Mean Deviation Error of Mean 4.002384 8.705559 2.17639 -0.6364809 3.971 6.098962 1.524741 0.7210924 16 3.138375E-02 4.315441 1.07886 -2.268152
www.iiste.org (5%) Cannot reject normality Reject normality Reject normality Power Power (Alpha=.05) (Alpha=.01) 0.050085 0.010025 0.047197 0.009312 0.052934 0.010732 of Mean 0.6364809 8.641249 0.7210924 7.220908 2.268152 2.33092 This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
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