Ac harmonic filters

HVDC Main Components

FILTER

FILTER

T8396

AC Harmonic Filters

Filter Design Objectives

Limit voltage distortion Minimise reactive power imbalance Minimise losses Improve system performance

Types of Harmonic
Idealised harmonic currents Practical harmonic currents Characteristic harmonics Theoretically cancelled harmonics Non-characteristic harmonics
T8395

Types of Harmonic Idealised harmonic currents Practical harmonic currents Characteristic harmonics Theoretically cancelled harmonics Non-characteristic harmonics

T8395

Idealised Current Waveforms.

T8397

Combined Waveform..

T8399

Practical Harmonic Currents.

12 Pulse

T8402

Fourier Analysis
/
1 1 1 1 I= I (cos t cos5 t + cos7 t cos11 t + cos13 t... 5 7 11 13 D 2 3

/
1 1 1 1 I= I (cos t + cos5 t cos7 t + cos11 t cos13 t... 5 7 11 13 D 2 3

T8398

Fourier Analysis

I =

1 1 I (c o s t c o s 1 1 t + c o s 1 3 t D 11 13 1 1 c o s 2 3 t + c o s 2 5 t . . . 23 25

T8400

11th Harmonic as a Percentage of Fundamental

9 8 7 6 I11 5 I1 4 3 2 1 10 20 Overlap angle 30 40 (degrees)

T8404

Characteristic Harmonic Generation

5 Harmonic line current % of rated fundamental 11th 4

3 13th 2

0.2
T8405

0.4 0.6 0.8 Transmitted power (PU)

1.0

Theoretically Cancelled Harmonic Generation

0.5 Harmonic line current % of rated fundamental

0.4

5th 7th

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.2
T8407

0.4 0.6 0.8 Transmitted Power(PU)

1.0

Typical Spectrum

100 10

In I1

1.0 % 0.1 0.01

0.001

10

20 30 Harmonic Number

40

50

T8409

Non - Characteristic Harmonics

Orders n = 1, 2, 3, 4 etc. AC system unbalance (NPS) Transformer reactance phase unbalance Pre-existing distortion firing angle jitter

T8408

Ifn

ISn

Icn

Filter Zfn

VSn

System ZSn

T8378

400kV System Harmonic Impedance

Rmin

X(Ohms)

Rmax 2 R(Ohms)

T8381

Sasaram Filters
400kV 400kV

Double Damped Filter

Double Tuned Filter

T8379

AC Filter Layouts
Components mounted on the ground Insulation and magnetic clearances Two types of harmonic filter Double damped filter Double tuned filter Key Interlocking System for safety - to permit access only when filter is de-energised and earthed.

AC Filter Layouts Double Damped Filter

3/13th Double-Frequency Filter

Adm itta nce vs fre que ncy for 400kV 112Mva r 3/13 double fre que ncy filte r
0.0350

0.0300

0.0250

Admitance

0.0200

0.0150

0.0100

0.0050

0.0000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Harm onic

11/25th Double-Frequency Filter

Adm itta nce vs fre que ncy for 400kV 112Mva r 11/25 double fre que ncy filte r
0.0450

0.0400

0.0350

0.0300

Admitance

0.0250

0.0200

0.0150

0.0100

0.0050

0.0000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 Harm onic

Types of Filter

Single frequency tuned filter

2nd Order broadband damped filter

3rd Order broadband damped filter

C Type broadband damped filter

T8412

Single Tuned
Advantages Maximum attenuation at single harmonic Low loss Disadvantages May be de-tuned Off-circuit adjustment

T8413

Effect of De-tuning
Y High Q

Low Q

T8414

f1 f0 f2

Frequency

2nd Order Damped

Advantages Attenuation over a spectrum of harmonics Less sensitive to de-tuning Disadvantages Needs higher Mvar to achieve same performance as single tuned Additional losses in resistor

T8416

Tuned / Damped Filters

Filter admittance

Tuned filter

Damped filter

T8417

f1 f0 f2

Frequency

Types of Filter

Single frequency tuned filter

2nd Order broadband damped filter

3rd Order broadband damped filter

C Type broadband damped filter

T8418

3rd Order Damped

Advantages Lower losses in resistor Disadvantages Poorer performance than 2nd order Additional cost of capacitor

T8419

C - Type
Advantages lower losses in resistor Better performance than 3rd order Disadvantages Poorer performance than 2nd order Additional cost of capacitor May require off-circuit adjustment

T8421

Multiple Tuned Filters

Advantages Only one HV capacitor bank Only one reactor subject to HV tests Reduced number of filter arms No minimum size Improved redundancy Low fundamental losses (double tuned)

T8422

Double Tuned Filters

Double Tuned
T8423

Double Tuned

Admittance Characteristic (G= conductance, B= susceptance)

0.03

Admittance (mhos)

0.02 G 0.01

0 B -0.01 0 10 20 30 Harmonic 40 50

T1774

Main Capacitor
Corona Rings

HV Terminal

Base Insulators

Horizontal Mounted Cans

LV Terminal

Auxiliary Capacitor
HV terminal

Steel Frames

LV terminal

Base Insulators

Reactors
Terminal Spiders

Coil

Base Insulators

Pedestals

Resistors
Roof

Bushings

Base Insulators

Thank You