Buman Tiafficking in Inuia:

Dynamics,!Current!Efforts,!and!Intervention!
Opportunities!for!The!Asia!Foundation!







Prepared!For:!Masters!in!Public!Policy/International!Policy!Studies!Practicum!
Sadika!Hameed,!Sandile!Hlatshwayo,!Evan!Tanner,!
and!Jungwon!Yang! Meltem!Trker,!
Naich 12, 2u1u
i


PREFACE!
This iepoit has been piepaieu by a giauuate stuuent team at Stanfoiu 0niveisity at the iequest of
The Asia Founuation. It outlines the lanuscape of human tiafficking in Inuia, evaluates the cuiient
Nu0, uonoi, & goveinment effoits to fight tiafficking, anu iecommenus piomising inteiventions
baseu on cuiient gaps anu 'best piactice' appioaches. The authois can be contacteu thiough the
Foiu Boisey Piogiam in Inteinational Policy Stuuies at Stanfoiu 0niveisity, Stanfoiu, CA, 0SA
(http:ips.stanfoiu.euu).
A sepaiate backgiounu uocument entitleu Background!Information!on!Human!Trafficking!in!India
pioviues supplementaiy infoimation to this iepoit.
i

i

TABLE! OF! CONTENTS!
LIST!OF!FIGURES!..................................................................................................................................................III
LIST!OF!TABLES!....................................................................................................................................................III
ACRONYMS!.............................................................................................................................................................IV
EXECUTIVE!SUMMARY!.......................................................................................................................................VI
1 INTRODUCTION!TO!THE!STUDY!................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION!...........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 OBJECTIVES!AND!SCOPE!.............................................................................................................................2
2 METHODOLOGY!&!RESEARCH!DESIGN!....................................................................................................4
3 DYNAMICS!OF!TRAFFICKING!......................................................................................................................7
3.1 SOCIOECONOMIC!CHARACTERISTICS!OF!SELECTED!STATES/TERRITORIES!..........................................!8
3.3 ROOT!CAUSES!OF!TRAFFICKING:!SUPPLY!&!DEMAND!SIDE!.................................................................!12
3.2 MIGRATION!PATTERNS!&!SECTORS!OF!TIP!.......................................................................................... 11
3.4 IMPACTS!OF!TRAFFICKING!......................................................................................................................16


3.5 THE!ANTI"TIP!LEGAL!FRAMEWORK!.....................................................................................................18
4 CURRENT!NGO,!DONOR,!AND!GOVERNMENT!EFFORTS!.................................................................!23
4.1 TRAFFICKING!INTERVENTIONS:!OVERVIEW!OF!THE!3!PS!+!C!..........................................................!23

4.3 NON"GOVERNMENTAL!ORGANIZATIONS/DONOR!ANTI"TIP!EFFORTS!..............................................!27
4.2 GOVERNMENT!ANTI"TIP!EFFORTS!........................................................................................................23

5 REVIEW!OF!KEY!FINDINGS!.......................................................................................................................39
5.1 DYNAMICS!OF!TRAFFICKING!IN!INDIA!....................................................................................................39
5.3 GOVERNMENT!ANTI"TIP!EFFORTS!........................................................................................................40
5.2 INDIAS!ANTI"TIP!LEGAL!FRAMEWORK!................................................................................................40

5.4 NGO/DONOR!ANTI"TIP!EFFORTS!........................................................................................................40
6 POLICY!RECOMMENDATIONS!AND!ANALYSIS!...................................................................................!42
6.1 EVALUATION!OF!INTERVENTION!OPTIONS!............................................................................................ 42
6.3 REVIEW!OF!INNOVATIVE!ALTERNATIVES!.............................................................................................. 51
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS!...............................................................................................................................44

6.4 CONCLUSION!............................................................................................................................................52
7 REFERENCES!..................................................................................................................................................53
8 APPENDIX!I:!INTERVIEWS!........................................................................................................................60
8.1 NGO!INTERVIEW!SCRIPT!........................................................................................................................60
8.2 NGO!INTERVIEW!RESULTS!.....................................................................................................................63
9 APPENDIX!II:!RECOMMENDATION!EVALUATION!CRITERIA!........................................................!77
iii

LIST! OF!FIGURES!
!
FIu0RE 1: NAP 0F TBE SELECTEB STATESTERRIT0RIES 0F INBIA ..................................................................... 8
FIu0RE 2: KEY STRENuTBS ANB WEAKNESSES 0F INBIA'S LEuAL FRANEW0RK ............................................ 22
!
LIST! OF!TABLES!

ABLE 0NPA IS0N 0F SELECTEB STATES TERRIT0RI T 1: C R ES ............................................................................. 1u
ABLE ECENT CENTRAL u0vERNNENT INI ATI C0NBAT TIP T 2: R TI vES T0 ....................................................... 24
ABLE ATE u0vERNNENT INITIATIvES ...... ......... T S: ST PREvENTI0N ... ............................................................... 2S
ABLE RI0RITY 0R BIFFERENT PES 0 NTI-TIP I TERvE 0N .............. T 4: P F TY F A N NTI ......................................... 27
ABLE IFFERENT TYPES 0F ANT -TIP INTERvE I0N BY STAT T S: B I NT E ............................................................... 28
ABLE YPES 0 INTERvENTI0 (ACR0S ALL SANPLE ATESTER T 6: T F N S ST RIT0RIES) ...................................... Su
ABLE ISTRIB0TI0 0F P0LICY IN T 7: B N TERvENTI0N ALTERNATIvES ................................................................. 42
ABLE ICY ALTERNATIvES RANKINu T 8: P0L CRITERIA ANB WEIuBTINuS ......................................................... 4S
ABLE 0F ALTERNATIvES... T 9: RANKINu ................................................................................................................. 44
ABLE ZATI0NS INTERvIEWEB ............ ............. T 1u: 0RuANI .... .............................................................................. 6S
ABLE ESCRIPTIvE RES0LTS ......... ..................... T 11: Nu0B . ... .............................................................................. 64
ABLE ERSPECTIvE INTERvENTI0N T 12: Nu0P 0N EFF0RTS .............................................................................. 6S
ABLE ERSPECTIvE 0N TBE L AL FRANEW0RK............... T 1S: Nu0P Eu ............................................................... 69
ABLE u0 CBALLENuES & C0 T 14: N LLAB0RATI0N .............................................................................................. 72
ABLE u0 PERSPECTIvES 0N TBE BY T 1S: N NANICS 0F TRAFFICKINu ............................................................... 7S
TABLE 16: ALTERNATIvES RANKINu ...................................................................................................................... 78
TABLE 17: ALTERNATIvES RANKINu, 2 0F 2 ......................................................................................................... 79
iv


ACRONYMS!
!
S Ps Pievention, Piotection, anu Piosecution
S Ps + C Pievention, Piotection, Piosecution, anu C
u Reintegiation
ment
apacity-builuing
S Rs Rescue, Rehabilitation, an
ABLE Action foi Bettei Living anu Enviion
ABB Asian Bevelopment Bank
APWN
S
Anuhia Piauesh Women's Netwo
ntei foi Wo
ik
men's Stuuies ARCW Anveshi Reseaich Ce
ARN Alteinative foi Ruial Novement
ARZ Anyay Rahit Zinuagi
f Chiluien anu Women
ASBA
C
KP
Association foi Social anu Bealth Auvancement
ing anu Sexual Exploitation o
lyan Paiishaua
ATSE Action Against Tiaffick
BAAB Banki Anchalika Auibasi Baiijana Ka
BKS Bhaiatiya Kisan Sangh
CACT

Campaign Against Chilu Tiafficking
Foims of Bisciimination Against Women
CAP
W
College of Ameiican Pathologists
f All CEBA

Convention on Elimination o
C}WS Chaitanya }yothi Welfaie Society
CiPC
T
Coue of Ciiminal Pioceuuie

&Tiafficking
CSE Commeicial Sexual Exploitation
itation
bility
CSE& Commeicial Sexual Explo
CSR Coipoiate Social Responsi
is

CSW

i SBN
Commeicial Sex Woike
CWC Chilu Welfaie Committee
BN o Executive Nagistiates
FIR Fiist Infoimation Repoit
uBP uioss Bomestic Piouuct
BIvAIB
s
S Buman Immunoueficiency viius Acquiieu Immuno
ing 0nits
ueficiency Synuiome
IABT0 Integiateu Anti-Buman Tiaffick
ICCPR

Inteinational Covenant foi Civil anu Political Rights
ial, anu Cultuial Rights,
ICCW
R

Inuian Council of Chilu Welfaie
onomic, Soc
ization
ICESC
0

Inteinational Covenant foi Ec
ICW Inuian Community Welfaie 0igan
IBPs Inteinally Bisplaceu Peisons
0iganization IL0 Inteinational Laboi
I0N

C
Inteinational 0iganization foi Nigiation
the Elimination of Chilu Laboi
IPC
IPE
IT
Inuian Penal Coue
Inteinational Piogiam on
Infoimational Technology
v

ITPA Immoial Tiafficking Pievention Act
icking Netwoik }ATN

}haikhanu Anti-Tiaff
}} }uvenile }ustice
}N oi NN
S
}uuicial Nagistiates
l of Social Seivice NCCS Nauias Chiistian Counci
NC0CA


Nahaiashtia Contiol of 0iganizeu Ciime Act
Exploitation in Anuhia Piauesh
NBA Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis
NATSAP

Netwoik against Tiafficking anu Sexual
Nu0 Non-uoveinmental 0iganizations
NREuS National Ruial Employment uuaiantee
PLB Paitneis foi Law in Bevelopment
iety
REBS Ruial Euucation anu Bevelopment Society
velopment Soc
al Coopeiation
REEBS
RC
S
Ruial Economic anu Euucational Be
iation foi Region
nu Bevelopmen
SAA South Asian Assoc
u SARB Society foi All Ro t
SC Scheuuleu Castes
SCC
TC
CB
Sea Cauet Coips
ich anu Tiaining Centei
st Chilu Sexual Exploitation & Tiafficking
SLAR
T
Socio Legal Aiu Resea
ain SNA Social Netwoik Ag
SP0

Special Police 0fficei
eu Biseases
ST Scheuuleu Tiibes
STBs


Sexually Tiansmitt
TAF Asia Founuation
eu TBB To Be Beteimin
TIP Tiafficking In Peisons
0N

0niteu Nations
men
0NICEF
EN
BC
0niteu Nations Chiluien's Funu
Bevelopment Funu foi Wo
0ffice on Biugs anu Ciime
0NIF
0
0niteu Nations
s 0N 0niteu Nation
00I
B
0nion of Inuia
national Bevelopmen
0S
0SAI
0niteu States
0niteu States Agency foi Intei t
WIF Woilu Innovation Founuation
vi

!
EXECUTIVE! SUMMARY!
Tiafficking in peisons (TIP) foi laboi anuoi sexual exploitation is a wiuespieau anu seiious
pioblem in Inuia. The Asia Founuation (TAF) has a numbei of anti-TIP piogiams in othei Asian
countiies anu iecently expanueu theii opeiations to Inuia. They wish to exploie the potential foi
ueveloping such a piogiam foi theii new office in Inuia. To this enu, TAF taskeu a ieseaich team at
Stanfoiu with unueitaking a qualitative stuuy on the uynamics of human tiafficking in Inuia,
evaluating the cuiient effoits of non-goveinmental oiganizations (Nu0s), uonois, & goveinment in
fighting tiafficking, anu iecommenuing inteiventions foi TAF to implement in the Inuian anti-TIP
effoit. !
The ieseaich was conuucteu thiough a two-stage piocess. The fiist stage involveu ieviewing
available seconuaiy infoimation anu uata uesciibing the uynamics of human tiafficking in
iepiesentative states. In auuition, the team iuentifieu iecent inteiventions of Nu0s, state
goveinments, local bouies, anu majoi multilateial oiganizations, anu conuucteu a pieliminaiy
ieview of the legal fiamewoik. The seconu stage involveu inteiviewing Nu0 anu uonoi
oiganizations in Inuia to unueistanu theii implementation huiules anu iuentify best piactices. The
team also unueitook a uetaileu analysis of the legal fiamewoik anu fuithei uevelopeu the liteiatuie
ieview. At the conclusion of the piocess, baseu on the infoimation fiom both stages, the team
uevelopeu a iange of policy alteinatives, iankeu them against 14 selecteu ciiteiia, anu suggesteu
iecommenuations foi TAF. Coupleu with the iecommenuations aie implementation analyses anu
suggesteu oiganizations with which TAF shoulu paitnei.
BYNANICS 0F TRAFFICKINu
Inuia's tiafficking patteins inuicate that 9u% of TIP is uomestic (i.e. intiastate anu inteistate
tiafficking), with only 1u% taking place acioss inteinational boiueis. In auuition to being a souice
foi tiafficking, Inuia is also a uestination anu tiansit countiy.
Baseu on case stuuies anu Nu0 inteiviews, the uiveisity of Inuia's states anu teiiitoiies leaus TIP to
uiffei gieatly baseu on the chaiacteiistics of a given iegion. Nu0s inuicateu that tiafficking was
pievalent in uestination states because of high inflows of migiants, high uemanu foi sex woikeis,
geneiic genueicaste issues, a lack of community iesponsibility foi social secuiity anu welfaie, anu
the absence of a stiong legal fiamewoik. Foi tiansit aieas, the main ieasons citeu weie
infiastiuctuie anu, natuially, location between souice anu uestination states. Notably, poveity was
not mentioneu as a piimaiy tiafficking influence in uestination oi tiansit iegions.
The most pievalent sectois employing tiaffickeu people in Inuia aie the following: commeicial sex
woik; bonueu laboi in uiffeient inuustiial anu agiicultuial sectois; uomestic woik; enteitainment
sectoi (ciicuses, camel jockeying); anu begging & othei caitel-like exploitative activities.
Although it ieceives insufficient attention in the liteiatuie, laboi tiafficking was iuentifieu by Nu0s
as just as much of a pioblem as sex tiafficking.
vii

Theie aie both supply-siue anu uemanu-siue factois that aie ioot causes of TIP. Supply-siue factois
leauing to tiafficking incluue: poveity; social anu cultuial piactices such as genuei uisciimination;
impacts of globalization on livelihoous thiough the iemoval of tiauitional agiicultuial jobs;
castetiibe maiginalization; the availability of vulneiable stieet chiluien; vulneiability of women
anu chiluien to tiafficking uue to conflictsuisasteis; anu goveinance issues that make it easy foi
tiaffickeis to get away with the ciime. Bemanu-siue factois incluue incieaseu sex touiism in Inuia's
majoi touiist uestinations anu economic booms that have leu to incieaseu uemanu foi cheap laboi
(e.g. chilu laboi anu bonueu laboi) anu, subsequently, incieaseu levels of migiant woikeis who, fai
fiom home anu mostly male, have a uemanu foi sex woikeis.
Tiafficking has substantial social, economic, anu health impacts. Fiom the social piism, iampant
tiafficking that goes unhinueieu leaus to a ie-enfoicing cycle of patiiaichal values that impinge on
the basic iights of women. Fiom an economic peispective, it leaus to loss of livelihoous as the laboi
iemains outsiue the foimal economy of Inuia. Fiom a health peispective, tiafficking compounus the
existing anu massive BIvAIBS pioblem that Inuia alieauy faces.
LEuAL FRANEW0RK
The Inuian legal fiamewoik with iespect to tiafficking is seveiely flaweu. While theie aie a laige
collection of statutes, existing inteinational & iegional conventions, active institutions, anu a
uefineu legal piocess that is uesigneu to ensuie that TIP offenueis be piosecuteu anu TIP victims be
piotecteucompensateu, the legal fiamewoik is plagueu by seveial weaknesses. These incluue
mammoth levels of coiiuption, an oveibuiueneu juuiciaiylaw enfoicement sectoi, anu pooily
iesouiceu piotection seivices.
While theie exist many national Inuian laws ciiminalizing the buyeis, tiaffickeis anu piofiteeis of
the tiaue, theie fails to be a cohesive uefinition anu unueistanuing of 'tiafficking' in human beings
pei se. Bowevei, the biggest pioblem iemains in the implementation of the laws. Wheie laws aie
implementeu, the penalties aie not enough to uetei tiafficking oi give auequate punishment. This
is compounueu by the existence of a plethoia of national laws anu acts, which leau to confusion
among law enfoicement anu juuicial officials. At the level of cential goveinment, theie is a
fiagmentation of effoits because of a uiveisity of vesteu inteiests in TIP acioss seveial uepaitments
& ministiies.
State goveinments have not utilizeu the piovisions within the Immoial Tiafficking Pievention Act
(ITPA) to uevelop special couits foi tiafficking. Fuitheimoie, the majoi thiust of theii effoits
(limiteu in most cases) is towaius pievention anu piotection, with only minimal suppoit foi
piosecution. The absence of compensation schemes is anothei hinuiance. Couits face two issues:
fiist, they aie geneially oveiloaueu with cases, anu thus tiafficking cases often iemain on the
uocket foi yeais; seconuly, they lack caieful assessment towaius tiafficking cases anu often
piosecute anu punish the victims, not the tiaffickeis. Similaily, the police lack sensitivity anu often
uo not piioiitize tiafficking as an offence, leauing to a low iate of iegistiation of such ciimes. They
often iegistei the ciime against the victim insteau of the tiaffickei. Figuies show that in the piocess
of piosecution, one of the weakest links is the failuie to get cases past the seconu level of sciutiny.
viii

This is wheie the magistiates ueteimine whethei oi not the case is viable baseu on the eviuence
anu aiguments piesenteu by the investigating police officei. This combines with limiteu police
effoits to iegistei cases appiopiiately, if at all, to make foi a veiy uistuibing legal backuiop to
tiafficking.
u0vERNNENT ANTI-TRAFFICKINu INTERvENTI0NS
Anti-tiafficking inteiventions can be classifieu unuei pievention, piotection (incluuing
iehabilitation), piosecution, anu capacity builuing. The main thiust of goveinment piogiams is
towaius pievention, with some attention to piotection, anu little attention to piosecution.
Nu0s have mixeu views on the goveinment initiatives. Fiom oui suivey iesults, half feel that the
goveinment is making at least a moueiate effoit to impiove the anti-tiafficking lanuscape, while a
little unuei half weie awaie of substantial state inteiventions. Bowevei, we shoulu tieat these
iesults with caution as the inteiviews weie only conuucteu with oiganizations fiom nine states.
The Nu0s iuentifieu the following gaps in implementation of state initiatives: juiisuiction, lack of
political will anu commitment, funuing, cooiuination failuies, low stanuaius of sheltei homes, pooi
legal fiamewoik, pooi TIP uata collection anu availability, pooi unueistanuing of the legal
fiamewoik, anu pooi infiastiuctuie.
Bowevei, theie is hope. Inuia's cential goveinment has launcheu new piogiams such as the
Integiateu Anti-Buman Tiafficking 0nits (IABT0s), Anti-Tiafficking Noual Cell State Piogiam, anu
Integiateu National Plan of Action. These iepiesent a multi-uisciplinaiy appioach anu intei-agency
collaboiation - aspects that weie absent in pievious goveinment initiatives.
N0N-u0vERNNENTAL 0RuANIZATI0NSB0N0R ANTI-TRAFFICKINu EFF0RTS
In light of the fact that the sample of states analyzeu incluueu pieuominantly souice aieas foi
tiafficking, the Nu0s piofileu anu inteivieweu in these states tenu to puisue inteiventions in the
categoiies of pievention anu piotection. Piosecution tenus to be the least-attempteu inteivention,
not just by Nu0s anu goveinments, but also by uonois, who mostly concentiate on capacity
builuing.
Nany Nu0s collaboiate thiough netwoiks, anu an oveiwhelming majoiity citeu that they paitneieu
with goveinment in some mannei. When inteiventions fail, it tenus to be because of pooi
cooiuination, low awaieness, lack of an integiateu plan that involves all the key stakeholueis, anu
high levels of coiiuptionoiganizeu ciime. Funuing was iuentifieu as a majoi challenge foi the
Nu0s, followeu by implementation of the law, lack of coopeiationcooiuination between Nu0s anu
ith goveinment, anu lack of human iesouices. w



ix

REC0NNENBATI0NS
Taking into account all the iesults, the ieseaicheis iecommenu the following inteiventions foi The
Asia Founuation, in oiuei of piioiity:
1. Coordinate!new!economic!cooperatives!or!link!existing!cooperatives!with!the!private!
sector!
2. Hold!anti"trafficking!festivals!in!rural!areas!
3. Scale!up!NGOled!transit!point!interventions!
4. Create!a!registry!of!anti"trafficking!individuals/organizations!
5. Support!the!government!Anti"Trafficking!Nodal!Office!
6. Increase!communicative!capacity!of!the!(ATSEC!India)!National!Anti"Trafficking!
Network.!
7. Conduct!monitoring!and!evaluation!of!the!new!297!Integrated!Anti"Human!
Trafficking!Units!
8. Train!prosecutors!on!post"conviction!activities!(e.g.!compensation!law,!rehabilitation!
law)!
9. Conduct!in"field!research!on!labor!trafficking!
10. Create!training/sensitization!programs!for!police!&!other!prosecution!stakeholders.!
x

!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS!
The Stanfoiu ieseaich gioup woulu like to expiess its giatituue foi the oppoitunity to conuuct
ieseaich on the ciucial issue of human tiafficking in Inuia. We hope that the iecommenuations
ieacheu in the iepoit will be useful foi The Asia Founuation in launching its effoits to combat this
menace in Inuia.
The team woulu paiticulaily like to thank Bi. }oe Nation, Naicos Rosales, anu Saiah Buffy foi theii
invaluable assistance at all stages of the ieseaich piocess. They weie tiieless in suppoiting the
stuuy anu helpeu us tiemenuously to iefine oui appioach. Stanfoiu 0niveisity's Foiu Boisey
Piogiam in Inteinational Policy Stuuies kinuly pioviueu funuing foi the pioject.
The team is also ueeply inuebteu to Kate Fiancis fiom The Asia Founuation, whose communication
with the team on the neeus, stiengths, anu inteiests of The Founuation guiueu the content of the
stuuy fiom beginning to enu. Nanuita Baiuah's expeiience woiking on women's piogiams,
incluuing tiafficking, anu in-uepth knowleuge of Inuian Nu0s was also ciucial in helping us to
appioach the pioblem. Piofessoi Eiik }ensen's extensive backgiounu with both TAF anu Inuia's
legal system enhanceu the team's unueistanuing of the available options foi inteivention.
Finally, the team woulu like to thank the many Nu0s anu uonoi oiganizations who geneiously
uevoteu theii time to help pioviue ciitical insights into the natuie of the tiafficking pioblem anu its
potential solutions.
xi

!
1
1 TR IN O ODUCTION! T !THE! STUDY!
1. 1 INTR0B0CTI0N
The 0niteu Nations' Paleimo Piotocol uefines tiafficking in peisons as "the ieciuitment,
tianspoitation, tiansfei, haiboiing oi ieceipt of peisons, by means of the thieat oi use of foice oi
othei foims of coeicion, of abuuction, of fiauu, of ueception, of the abuse of powei oi of a position
of vulneiability oi of the giving oi ieceiving of payments oi benefits to achieve the consent of a
peison having contiol ovei anothei peison, foi the puipose of exploitation."
1

Each yeai, millions of peisons aie tiaffickeu both uomestically anu inteinationally in Inuia.
2

Tiafficking in peisons (TIP), a 9 billion 0SB inuustiy, is estimateu to be the fastest giowing
enteipiise of the 21
st
centuiy. This ciime comes at an incalculable human cost anu iepiesents one
of the most shameful facets of the mouein woilu. 0nsuipiisingly, the majoiity of victims of human
tiafficking aie women anu chiluien, the most maiginalizeu segments of society in ueveloping
countiies. The weak legal lanuscapes of ueveloping countiies, compounueu by factois such as
genuei uisciimination, family violence, anu a lack of access to euucation anu economic oppoitunity,
pioviue existing anu potential tiaffickeis with ample available victims. ulobalization anu
technology auvancements have also iesulteu in an incieasing numbei of men being tiaffickeu, such
as South Asians wishing to exploie seivice oppoitunities in the Niuule East who enu up as
sweatshop woikeis.
The Asia Founuation (TAF), which has a piesence in at least 21 countiies in the iegion, implements
a uiveise collection of women's empoweiment piogiams uesigneu to combat TIP in Asia. TAF
iecently expanueu its opeiations to Inuia anu wishes to cement its piesence by speaiheauing
initiatives in the aiea of human tiafficking. TAF iecognizes that a one-size-fits-all appioach is not
appiopiiate anu wishes to auuiess Inuia's human tiafficking pioblem by employing innovative
piactices to tackle the ioot causes.
S
In the long teim, TAF will contiibute via policy woik anu on-
the-giounu piogiams to help eiauicate human tiafficking in Inuia. This ieseaich involves the
uynamics of TIP, an analysis of the cuiient anti-TIP effoits by non-goveinmental oiganizations
(Nu0s) anu the goveinment, anu suggests initiatives foi TAF to employ in its anti-TIP piogiamming
in the coming yeais.
Accoiuing to the 0.S. State Bepaitment, Inuia is both a souice anu tiansit countiy foi tiafficking, as
well as one of the most populai tiafficking uestinations in South Asia.
4
It is estimateu that 1u
peicent of Inuia's tiafficking in peisons is inteinational while 9u peicent is uomestic, a pattein that

1
!United!Nations!(2000).!Protocol!to!Prevent,!Suppress!and!Punish!Trafficking!in!Persons,!Especially!Women!and!Children,!
Supplementing!the!United!Nations!Convention!Against!Transnational!Organized!Crime.!
2
!Aronowitz,!A.!(2009).!Human!Trafficking,!Human!Misery:!The!Global!Trade!Human!Beings.!London:!Library!of!Congress.!
3
!Bales,!K.!(2007).!Ending!Slavery.!Los!Angeles:!University!of!California!Press.!
4
!U.S.!Dept.!of!State!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report!(U.S.!Department!of!State!Publication!11407).!Washington,!DC.!
2
uiffeis fiom the moie common paiauigm of tiafficking acioss inteinational boiueis.
S
uiven Inuia's
size, tiafficking tenus to occui acioss state boiueis insteau. 0f the women anu giils that aie
tiaffickeu into Inuia, most come fiom Nepal, Banglauesh, Pakistan, Cambouia, anu Nyanmai. Nany
of the Inuian women tiaffickeu out of the countiy enu up eithei in the Niuule East foi sexual
exploitation oi in Euiope, the 0niteu States, oi the Niuule East as uomestic anu low-skilleu laboi.
6

Inuia's sex inuustiy incluues some 2 million sex woikeis, 2u peicent of which aie unuei age 16 anu
consiueieu chiluien, though uiffeient laws use uiffeient age limits.
7
By inteinational noims,
chiluien cannot consent to piostitution, so this laige population of chiluien must be consiueieu
within the puiview of this ieseaich.
The natuie of tiafficking uiffeis acioss the 28 states within Inuia.
8
Tiaffickeu peisons aie exploiteu
in a wiue vaiiety of ways. These incluue use of victims foi bonueu laboi, uomestic woik,
agiicultuial laboi, begging, oigan tiaue, auoption, foiceu piostitution, enteitainment, foiceu
maiiiages, anu chilu soluieis.
9
While tiafficking foi any of these puiposes can be founu in many
countiies, bonueu laboi anu foiceu maiiiages aie moie pievalent in Inuia than most othei
countiies.
The iemainuei of this iepoit is oiganizeu as follows. This section, Pait 1, intiouuces the stuuy anu
uesciibes its objectives anu scope. Pait 2 inuicates the methouology useu. Pait S analyzes the
uynamics of tiafficking gleaneu fiom the liteiatuie, inteiviews, anu case stuuies of Nu0s anu nine
statesteiiitoiies. Pait 4!analyzes the effoits of the Inuian goveinment, Nu0s, anu the uonoi
community to combat tiafficking in Inuia. Pait S summaiizes the key finuings of the ieseaich. Pait 6
shaies the policy iecommenuations spiinging fiom the ieseaich, along with coiiesponuing
implementation analyses.!
1. 2 0B}ECTIvES ANB SC0PE
Theie aie thiee piimaiy objectives of this ieseaich:
1. To!evaluate!the!political,!social,!economic,!legal,!and!intervention!landscape!of!the!
anti"trafficking!movement!in!India;!
2. To!research!current!NGO!and!government!efforts!to!combat!trafficking!in!India;!and!
3. To!provide!TAF!with!actionable!recommendations!regarding!an!anti"human!
trafficking!program!in!India.!
The iecommenuations fiom the ieseaich piimaiily fall unuei the categoiy of suggesteu non-
tneiships foi TAF, but may involve goveinment paitneiships as well. goveinmental oiganization pai

5
!Sen,!S.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!National!Human!Rights!
Commission,!UNIFEM,!Institute!of!Social!Sciences.!
6
!Aronowitz,!A.!(2009).!U.S.!Dept.!of!State.!
7
!Sen!(2004).!
8
!UNODC.!(2009).!Global!Report!on!Human!Trafficking!in!Persons.!Retrieved!September!25,!2009,!from!
http://www.unodc.org/documents/human"trafficking/country_profiles/south_south_west_asia.pdf.!!
9
!Khan,!I.!(undated,!est.!2004).!Child!Trafficking!in!India:!A!Concern.!Indian!Ministry!of!Social!Development!White!Paper.!!
S

Keeping in line with TAF's appioach towaiu tiafficking, the policy iecommenuations fiom this
iese ch s typically iefeiieu to as the "S Ps + C": ai will fall within foui aiea
P 1. ievention of tiafficking;
P
2. iotection of victims;
S. iosecution of tiaffickeis; anu
P
4. Capacity-builuing initiatives.
1u

Feeuback fiom TAF has assisteu in naiiowing the scope of the pioject as it piogiesseu. Foi instance,
given that TAF piefeis to woik with local paitneis by pioviuing technical assistance anu seiving in
a capacity-builuing iole, the ieseaich team has evaluateu those uynamics of TIP in Inuia that aie
expecteu to be geimane to TAF's futuie iole in the anti-TIP movement in the countiy.

10
!The!Asia!Foundation!(Jan!2009).!Overview!of!FY08!TAF!TIP!Initiatives.!San!Francisco:!The!Asia!Foundation.!
4

2 METHODOLOGY! &!RESEARCH! DESIGN!
Baseu on the scope anu objectives of the ieseaich, the team auopteu a pieuominantly qualitative
methouological appioach. This section pioviues an oveiview of the team's methouology, offeiing
insight into the numeious methous employeu to meet TAF's objectives anu the uata limitations
faceu by the ieseaich team.
TAF iequesteu a qualitative stuuy foi latei use as a concept papei to infoim futuie piogiams that it
will launch on human tiafficking in Inuia. Bence, a qualitative assessment of the TIP lanuscape in
Inuia is valuable. As it peitains to the feasibility of this appioach, the Inteinational 0iganization of
Nigiation's ieview of human tiafficking ieseaich inuicateu that integiateu stuuies similai to this
ieseaich hau been pioven to piouuce viable iecommenuations anu change on the giounu.
Foui qualitative ieseaich methous weie employeu: a liteiatuie ieview, case stuuies, inteiviews, anu
a legal fiamewoik analysis. Finuings fiom the liteiatuie ieview can be founu thioughout the iepoit,
paiticulaily in Pait S: Bynamics of Tiafficking. Case stuuies examining paiticulai Nu0s anu theii
piogiams help to pioviue an oveiview of the anti-tiafficking Nu0 lanuscape in Inuia anu seiveu to
iuentify innovative anu effective gioups ueseiving ueepei ieseaich anu inteiviews. These
inteiviews with leaueis fiom Nu0s anu the uonoi community pioviueu up-to-uate infoimation
about anti-TIP initiatives anu challenges. The legal fiamewoik analysis helpeu to infoim
iecommenuations, anu was iequesteu by TAF as pait of the ieseaich.
Aftei completing the ieseaich phase, we evaluateu inteivention alteinatives against a ianking
system. The oiiginal plan was to evaluate the Nu0s that might seive as mouels oi paitneis foi TAF
baseu on a ianking system. Bowevei, the ieseaicheis concluueu that TAF's woik in Inuia shoulu be
infoimeu by pioject iecommenuations, iathei than Nu0 iankings. Bence we iankeu Nu0 activities
using a holistic system baseu on the following ciiteiia: ability to meet goals; publication of
iesultsannual iepoits; level of capacity; affiliation with netwoiks, inteinational oiganizations, anu
goveinment; uistiicts coveieu; visibility (e.g. website in English, mentions in newspapei iepoits
anu acauemic ieseaich, etc.); types of tiafficking coveieu (women vs. chiluien, laboi vs. sexual
exploitation); anu expecteu eageiness to coopeiate with TAF. The ciiteiia anu ianking system aie
y Recommenuations auuiesseu in Pait 6: Polic .
Quantitative Limitations
The gioup at Stanfoiu faceu constiaints anu limitations on theii ability to use quantitative uata that
can be classifieu into thiee gioups: limitations iesulting fiom the natuie of human tiafficking,
limitations that stem fiom the natuie of this pioject, anu limitations that iesult fiom the TAF
manuate.
The natuie of human tiafficking is such that ieliable uata aie scaice foi seveial ieasons. Fiist it is
uifficult to ueteimine the extent of tiafficking because it tianscenus boiueis anu ielates to
migiation figuies. Seconu, the most ieliable uata peitain to those people who actually iepoit the
ciime to the police oi othei authoiities. This extiemely small subset is not iepiesentative of the
S
locations whei

laigei population of tiaffickeu peisons. The issues stemming fiom the unueiiepoiting of ciimes aie
amplifieu in the face of coiiupt anu pooily tiaineu police anu juuicial officials. The capacity of the
stakeholueis, such as police anu juuicial officials, uiffeis fiom one state to anothei anu even
between uistiicts within the same state. Noie inclusive uata sets that contain infoimation about
tiaffickeu victims known to Nu0s anu othei oiganizations is uniepiesentative. These uata aie
influenceu by the piesence of Nu0s in ceitain aieas, the numbei of Nu0s, wheie they have
outieach, theii taiget gioups, anu the size of theii staff. Thiiu, many ielateu human iights abuses
anu issues lie veiy close to human tiafficking. Foi example, in Inuia, bonueu laboi iemains a majoi
issue, anu the line between those that have been tiaffickeu anu those who migiateu by choice anu
enueu up in bonueu laboi is veiy haiu to asceitain thiough obseivation. It is also uifficult to classify
inuiviuuals by theii stage in the tiafficking piocess, be it as peisons at iisk of being tiaffickeu,
cuiient victims of tiafficking, oi foimei victims of tiafficking.
11
Befoie any uataset can be
assembleu to auuiess the issues affecting TIP, a conceptual tempoial fiamewoik neeus to be
uesigneu. The uiffeiing natuie of TIP within states of Inuia makes such a fiamewoik neaily
impossible to uevelop, anu to uate has not been unueitaken.
The team faceu auuitional constiaints because it conuucteu ieseaich on Inuia fiom Stanfoiu
0niveisity in Califoinia,. The team, theiefoie, hau to iely on uata available fiom othei souices.
0nfoitunately, extensive seaiches anu uata iequests ievealeu that the likelihoou of finuing oi
accessing a cieuible uataset upon which to conuuct quantitative analysis was low to nonexistent.
uiven that the team conuucteu the ieseaich fiom Stanfoiu 0niveisity in the 0niteu States, the
ieseaich ielieu on seconuaiy iesouices anu Nu0 inteiviews foi uata collection.!
While the ieseaicheis lackeu a cieuible uatabase, theie weie laige amounts of seconuaiy uata fiom
Nu0s, state uepaitments, anu law enfoicement agencies available. This seconuaiy uata was useu as
coiioboiative eviuence thioughout the iepoit foi the qualitative finuings uuiing the ieseaich
piocess. Recommenuations weie ueiiveu fiom the liteiatuie ieview, inteiviews, case stuuies of
Nu0 piactices, anu legal analysis that weie completeu.
The stuuy began with a ieuuction in geogiaphic focus so as to allow foi sufficient uepth of ieseaich
into the selecteu states anu taiget those states with gieatei oi moie iepiesentative pioblems. The
scope naiiowing was uone by state because existing uata anu goveinment policies aie natuially
oiueieu by state. Aftei an initial suivey of Inuia's states & teiiitoiies, nine weie selecteu foi stuuy:
Anuhia Piauesh, Bihai, Chhattisgaih, uoa, Belhi, 0iissa, Tamil Nauu, }haikhanu, anu West Bengal.
Selection was baseu on the following ciiteiia:
1. A!pervasive!and!increasing!trend!toward!TIP:! TAF can potentially ha ve the most impact
in iegions wheie the pioblems aie gieatest anu incieasing.
2. State!and!local!governments!that!are!receptive!to!TIP!intervention:!This ciiteiion was
suggesteu by TAF because of the uifficulties associateu with establishing inioaus in
e theie is little goveinment suppoit foi anti-TIP effoits.

11
!Tyldum,!G.!and!Brunovskis,!A.!(2005).!Describing!the!Unobserved:!!Methodological!Challenges!in!Empirical!Studies!on!Human!
Trafficking.!Retrieved!November!19,!2009,!from!http://www.no"
trafficking.org/content/web/05reading_rooms/data_and_research_on_human_trafficking_a_global_survey_iom.pdf#page=19!
6
S. Representation!within!the!group!of!source,!transit,!and!destination!points!for!
trafficking: To ueteimine wheie TAF can be most effective, it was impoitant to analyze
oppoitunities foi inteivention at all stages of the tiaff ck i ing piocess, fiom souice to
uestination.
4. Sufficient!secondary!data!available!for!each!state: In the absence of fielu ieseaich, it was
ciucial that sufficient infoimation in English be available about each state's tiafficking
pioblem, the Nu0s woiking theie, anu goveinment anti-TIP effoits.
S. Representation!within!the!group!of!a!variety!of!dynamics!that!could!potentially!be!
influencing!the!rate!of!TIP:!Foi instance, some states expeiience incieaseu levels of TIP
because of natuial uisasteis, while otheis expeiience TIP uue to extieme poveity. These
vaiying uynamics will be uiscusseu in Pait S.
By analyzing seveial states with substantially uiffeient chaiacteiistics that coulu impact tiafficking,
the stuuy has a highei potential to be applicable to yet fuithei states in the futuie by moie
compiehensively iepiesenting Inuia's uiveisity. TAF may be able to extenu the geogiaphic focus by
applying the conclusions ieacheu foi the chosen statesteiiitoiies onto similai ones. Foi example, a
common peiception is that poveity mainly uiives TIP. This may be tiue when looking at ceitain
piovinces like Bihai. Bowevei, even in some states with impioving socio-economic inuicatois, such
s Tamil Nauu, TIP appeais to be on the iise. Thus, the states selecteu vaiy in teims of uynamics. a

7

3 DYNAMICS! OF! TRAFFICKING!
This section piesents finuings on the uynamics of tiafficking in Inuia gleaneu fiom the liteiatuie
ieview, state piofiles, Nu0 inteiviews, anu the legal fiamewoik analysis. In auuition to iuentifying
the ioot causes of TIP in Inuia, Pait S iuentifies the impacts of tiafficking, the baiiieis to piotecting
victims anu piosecuting offenueis within the legal fiamewoik, anu uiscusses local uynamics at a
state level that influence a iegion's susceptibility to ceitain foims of TIP.
Factois such as economic uevelopment anu vulneiability to natuial uisasteis highly impact TIP
patteins fiom iegion to iegion. Issues like poveity inciease inuiviuuals' vulneiabilities to the
manipulations of tiaffickeis anu social noims (e.g. sexism towaius women anu giils) allow
communities anu families to subject theii loveu ones to the scouige of tiafficking, sometimes
voluntaiily. Tiafficking cieates long-lasting social, economic, anu health impacts. Inuia's legal
fiamewoik is seveiely flaweu. Insteau of piotecting victims anu piosecuting offenueis, moie often
than not, victims aie piosecuteu anu offenueis, piotecteu.
While this section uiaws on seveial analyses, a special note about the liteiatuie is waiianteu. uiven
that the chaiacteiistics of human tiafficking aie impacteu by local economic, social anu iegulatoiy
enviionments, stuuies often have small sample sizes oi lack eviuence-baseu assumptions anu
iesults.
12
Noieovei, the liteiatuie was uispiopoitionately focuseu on Inuian women being
tiaffickeu foi the puiposes of sexual exploitation, which uoes not accuiately ieflect the uiveiity of
the tiafficking expeiience in Inuia.
1S
The Tiafficking Thematic uioup (2uuS) iuentifeu two ieasons
foi this:
1. It is easiei foi oiganizations auuiessing the TIP issue to iaise funuing foi 'moial outiage'
ieasons, especially if unueiage giils aie involveu;
2. The sex tiaue is moie visible anu easiei to examine foi signs of tiafficking than othei foims
of TIP. This is especially tiue foi foims of laboi that may uiaw a veiy fine line between
tiafficking anu voluntaiy migiation.
14

While the liteiatuie lacks empiiical iobustness, it nonetheless pioviueu valuable peispective on the
state of TIP in Inuia. Finally, this ieseaich, while having ambitious goals, is not an evaluation of the
pioblem of TIP woiluwiue; it is an evluation of TIP in Inuia. The finuings of this section ieflect this
focus.
As an intiouuction to the uynamics of tiafficking in Inuia, it is essential to giasp the oveiwhelming
uiveisity of Inuian states anu teiiitoiies.

12
!Ibid.!
13
!Trafficking!Thematic!Group.!(2003).!Revisiting!the!Human!Trafficking!Paradigm:!The!Bangladesh!Experience.!
14
!Ibid.

S. 1 S0CI0EC0N0NIC CBARACTERISTICS 0F SELECTEB STATESTERRIT0RIES
As uesciibeu in Pait 2, Nethouology & Reseaich Besign, the ieseaicheis selecteu nine
statesteiiitoiies in Inuia as a sample population foi case stuuies baseu on ciiteiia uesciibeu in
Section 2.2, 0bjectives anu Scope. These statesteiiitoiies weie: Anuhia Piauesh, Bihai,
Chhattisgaih, Belhi, uoa, }haikhanu, 0iissa (0uisha), Tamil Nauu, anu West Bengal (see
statesteiiitoiies highlighteu in black in Figuie 1). This section biiefly integiates the infoimation
fiom each of those nine piofiles, giving a biief oveiview of some uistinguishing chaiacteiistics of
the statesteiiitoiies as well as a compaiison of ielevant vaiiables foi tiafficking, founu in Table 1.
Figure!1:!Map!of!the!Selected!States/Territories!of!India!

The nine selecteu statesteiiitoiies have one majoi commonalityTIP is laige in magnituue anu is
on the iise. With the exception of Belhi anu uoa, all of the iegions have high poveity levels. 0f these
impoveiisheu states, many have high levels of scheuuleu castes anu tiibes (i.e. gioups that aie
vulneiable to tiafficking uue to theii pooi social status). Acioss the boaiu, theie aie significant
uispaiities in the liteiacy iates of men anu women anu eight of nine iegions aie eithei uisastei oi
conflict pione. Finally, many of the states aie souice states of tiaffickeu victimslaigely uue to
theii pooi economic uevelopment. Still, uespite these bioau compaiisons of the selecteu
othei. Below aie a few of the exceptional
neu fiom
statesteiiitoiies, each uiffeis gieatly fiom one an
chaiacteiistics about each state that cannot be glea
Key uistinguishing stateteiiitoiy chaiacteiistics: !
Table 1.
1. Andhra!Pradesh
! Bigh levels of chilu laboi in Anuhia Piauesh is a significant human iights concein anu a
contiibuting factoi to TIP.
2. Bihar
8
9

! itation of giils to othei states came fiom this A majoiity of cases iepoiteu of impo
state.
1S

! Agiicultuie is the piimaiy inuustiy.
!
S. Chhattisgarh
This state was newly cieateu in 2uu1, anu was oiiginally pait of Nauhya Piauesh.
! ganizations anu uonois to State goveinment is amenable to woiking with civil society oi
veicome the pioblem.
!
o
4
Agiicultuie iemains the mainstay of the economy.
!
. Goa
Even though the inciuence of ciime against women has uecieaseu, TIP is on the iise.
! uoa iepiesents an inteiesting case stuuy of new types of tiafficking enteiing Inuia via
ueveloping inuustiies such as touiism.
i
!
S. Delh
It is a piimaiy economic hub of Inuia.
! This is a piime uestination foi tiaffickeu peisons both fiom within Inuia anu fiom
acioss inteinational boiueis, paiticulaily Nepal.
sa
! Pione to natuial uisasteis, 0iissa saw an inciease in tiafficking aftei the supei cyclone
16
6. Oris
of 1999.
!
7. Tamil!Nadu
The iuial aieas pioviue substantial employment to women.
! Ciimes against women anu chiluien, geneially, aie on the iise.
khand
! 2uuu
8. Jhar
Some of the most highly inuustiializeu cities of Inuia aie in }haikhanu, which until
was pait of Bihai.
! c A laige numbei of its uistiicts outpeifoim the national aveiage on socio-economi
inuicatois.
! TIP is on the inciease mainly because of the iuial-uiban uiviue, with laboi being
tiaffickeu fiom the iuial aieas into the uiban aieas.
t!Bengal
! s as a hub
9. Wes
With contiguous boiueis to Nepal, Banglauesh anu Bhutan, West Bengal seive
foi inteinational tiafficking in peisons, intei anu intia-state TIP.
! Nu0s iepoit that the laige figuies associateu with TIP in this state aie a gioss
unueistatement, as West Bengal iemains a state wheie the iepoiting of ciime is fai
lowei than in othei states.

15
!Sen,!S.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!National!Human!Rights!
Commission,!UNIFEM,!Institute!of!Social!Sciences.
16
!UNIFEM!(2009).!Anti"Trafficking.!Retrieved!on!October!10,!2009!from!http://www.unifem.org.in/antitafficking.html.!!

Table!1:!Comparison!of!Selected!States/Territories
17
!
State!
National!and!
International!Borders!
No.!of!
rescues!
(2002)!
Sex!
Ratio!
(2001
)!
%!
under!
poverty!
line!
Percentage!SC!
to!state!
Population!
(2001)!
Disaster!/!
Conflict!
Prone?!
Literacy!Rates!
(2001)!
GDP!
Growth!
(2006)!
HIV!Prevalence!
among!Female!
Sex!Workers!
(2006)!
Source!/!!
Destination!/!
Transit!Area!
(2002)!
Orissa!
Anuhia Piauesh,
Chhattisgaih, West
Bengal anu }haikhanu
0nknown 972 S9.9 16.S Y
Total: 6S.6
Nale: 76.u
Female: Su.9
1u.S u.8 Souice
Bihar!
West Bengal,
}haikhanu, 0ttai
Piauesh, Nepal
1u 921 42.6 1S.7 Y
Total: 47.S
Nale: 6u.S
Female: S2.6
4.2 S.4
Souice, tiansit,
anu uestination
Delhi!
Baiyana anu 0ttai
Piauesh
81 821 8.S 16.9 N
Total: 81.8
Nale: 87.4
Female: 7S.u
6.7 S.2
Bestination anu
tiansit
West!Bengal!
Banglauesh, Assam, Sikkim,
Bhutan, Nepal, Bihai,
}haikhanu anu 0iissa
S4 9S4 27.u 2S.u Y
Total: 69.2
Nale: 77.6
Female: 6u.2
6.8 S.9
Souice anu
tiansit
Goa!
Kainataka anu
Nahaiashtia
Su 96u 4.4 1.8 Y
Total: 82.S
Nale: 88.9
Female: 7S.S
8.S 0nknown Bestination
Andhra!
Pradesh!
Tamil Nauu, Kainataka,
Nahaiashtia,
Chhattisgaih anu 0iissa
1u4 978 1S.8 16.2 Y
Total: 61.1
Nale: 7u.9
Female: S1.2
4.9 9.7
Souice anu
tiansit
Tamil!Nadu! Anuhia Piauesh, Keiala 8u 986 21.1 19.u Y
Total: 7S.S
Nale: 82.S
Female: 64.6
6.8 4.7
Souice, tiansit,
anu uestination
Jharkhand!
West Bengal, 0iissa,
Chhattisgaih, 0ttai
Piauesh, Bihai
0nknown 941 44 11.8 Y
Total: S4.1
Nale: 67.9
Female: S9.4
1u.81 1.1 Souice
Chhattisgarh!
}haikhanu, 0iissa, Anuhia
Piauesh, Nahaiashtia, Nauhya
Piauesh anu 0ttai Piauesh
0nknown 99u S8.9 11.6 Y
Total: 6S.2
Nale: 77.9
Female: S2.4
1S.16 1.4 Souice


17
!UNIFEM.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003,!NHRC"UNIFEM"ISS!Project!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009;!Dubey,!R.,!Surendra,!N.!
(2001).!Population!of!India.!Authors!press,!First!Edition;!and!Khan,!A.,!Vivek,!H.!(2007).!State!of!the!Indian!Economy!"!Towards!a!larger!constituency!for!second!generation!
economic!reforms.!Sage!Publications;!First!Edition.!
1u
11
S. 2 NIuRATI0N PATTERNS & SECT0RS 0F TIP
Inuia has histoiically expeiienceu significant levels of migiation anu movement acioss both
uomestic anu inteinational boiueis. Bowevei, tiafficking patteins inuicate that 9u% of TIP in Inuia
is uomestic, with only 1u% taking place acioss inteinational boiueis.
18
Inuia is a uestination foi
tiafficking victims fiom Banglauesh anu Nepal.

Theie is also some uegiee of tiansit of non-citizens
occuiiing, laigely consisting of men being tiaffickeu fiom South Asia to the Niuule East. Finally,
Inuia is also a souice of TIP victims foi Euiope, the Niuule East, anu Noith Ameiica.
19

Within Inuia, iegions vaiy in theii TIP migiatoiy patteins, with some statesteiiitoiies being solely
souice aieas, otheis being solely uestination aieas, anu the full gambit of possibilities in between
(e.g. states being tiansit, souice, anu uestination aieas). The Nu0 inteiviews pointeu to what
factois uistinguisheu one aiea fiom anothei. Below aie the finuings.
! Source: Poveity was without question the single laigest peiceiveu ieason foi an aiea being a
"souice" of TIP. Still, cultuial issues (e.g. caste system), ieligious issues, natuial
uisasteisco s nflicts, anu the lack of an effective legal fiamewoik weie also citeu as ieason
foi aieas being souice locations.
! Destination: 0f those Nu0s in TIP uestination aieas, it was felt that tiafficking came as a
ueiivative of high flows of inflows of migiants fiom the iest of the countiy because of an
aiea's economic success, a high uemanu foi sex woikeis as a iesult of being a majoi touiist
uestination, geneiic genueicaste issues, anu a lack of community iesponsibility foi social
secuiity anu welfaie. The absence of a stiong legal fiamewoik in the iegion was similaily
citeu as a factoi contiibuting to incieaseu uestination tiafficking.
! Transit: As expecteu, Nu0s fiom tiansit aieas attiibuteu much of the aiea's TIP plight to
geogiaphy (i.e. tianspoit hub in ioute to othei states) anu infiastiuctuie (i.e. extensive anu
unmonitoieu tiain netwoiks).
e ions. Notably, poveity was not mentioneu as a piimaiy factoi foi uestination oi tiansit i g
The mo ploying tiaffickeu people in Inuia aie the following: st pievalent sectois em
!
2u

Commeicial sex woik;
! ctois; Bonueu laboi in uiffeient inuustiial anu agiicultuial se
! u
! Bomestic woik;
Enteitainment sectoi (ciicuses, camel jockeying); an
! Begging anu othei caitel-like exploitative activities.

18
!Ali.!(2005).!
19
!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!4!February!4,!2010,!from!
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.
20
!Asia!Development!Bank.!(2003).!Dynamics!!of!Trafficking!of!Women!&!Children!in!South!Asia.!Retrieved!January!24,!2010,!
from!http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Combating_Trafficking/.!
12
As mentioneu above, the liteiatuie places uispiopoitionate emphasis on commeiical sexual
exploitation. Bowevei, accoiuing to the state piofile analysis anu Nu0 inteiviews, both laboi
tiafficking anu commeicial sex tiafficking aie pievalent types of TIP in Inuia, with equal numbei of
mentionings foi each iespectively.
S. S R00T CA0SES 0F TRAFFICKINu: S0PPLY & BENANB SIBE
Nost of the liteiatuie points to poveity as the piimaiy cause of tiafficking. Beyonu poveity, othei
seconuaiy causes of tiafficking incluue low employment piospects, a patiiaichal cultuie, low iegaiu
foi women's iights, low levels of euucation, uisciimination anu maiginalization of women, anu
cultuial factois such as uowiy issues.
21
These asseitions aie suppoiteu by the analysis of the Nu0
inteiviews. Bowevei, Nu0 iepiesentatives auueu that awaieness outages, natuial uisasteis &
conflict, anu illiteiacy complicate the situation fuithei. Nany of the seconuaiy causes aie
uemonstiably linkeu to the cential issue of poveity. Baseu on the state piofiles, auuitional factois
foi Inuia's TIP pieuicament incluue:
! anu The auveise impacts of globalization have leu to a loss of tiauitional souices of income
iuial employment; anu
! Nigiation policies aie especially haish foi unskilleu woikeis, foicing them to iesoit to
alteinative livelihoous options thiough illegal means.
22

The ioot causes abovementioneu can be categoiizeu as supply oi uemanu siue factois. Below, each
categoiy is uiscusseu in moie uepth.
S. S. 1 R00T CA0SES 0F TRAFFICKINu: S0PPLY SIBE
Key factois influencing the supply siue of human tiafficking aie poveity, globalization, social
veinance. piactices, conflicts, natuial uisasteis, anu go
S.S.1.1 P0vERTY ANB uL0BALIZATI0N
States with the highest levels of poveity aie wheie the laigest numbeis of victims of tiafficking
oiiginate (i.e. 0iissa, Bihai, }haikhanu, Chhattisgaih, anu West Bengal). Belhi anu uoa, on the othei
hanu, have both a low peicentage of people below the poveity line in auuition to ielatively high
liteiacy iates among both men anu women uue to positive economic uevelopment iesulting fiom
globalization (see Table 1). Consequently, these two states aie piimaiily iepoiteu as uestination
anu not souice locations. Foi the small numbei of victims that oiiginate in these aieas, tiaffickeis
must use veiy uiffeient stiategies compaieu to those employeu in souice anu tiansit states. Repoits
fiom Belhi inuicate that kiunapping anu abuuction aie the majoi methous foi ieciuiting victims in
this iegion. These kiunappings aie often associateu with oiganizeu ciime gioups.

21
!IOM.!(2002).!
22
!Ali.!(2005).!
1S
It is often aigueu that the 'feminization of poveity' is uiiving the incieasing tienu of tiafficking in
women. Investment in female woikeis is lowei compaieu to theii male counteipaits anu women
ieceive less of what society piouuces. This extenus to euucation, health caie, anu piouuctive assets
that coulu impiove theii well being. Similaily, macioeconomic iefoims anu globalization have leu
to incieasing commeicialization of agiicultuie thioughout Inuia, a switch fiom laboi-intensive to
capital-intensive systems, a shift fiom pauuy to cash ciop cultivation wheie the wage uiffeiential is
especially high, anu uemanu foi highei-skilleu employees (i.e. theie aie fewei oppoitunities foi
unskilleu laboi, uispiopoitionately impacting women uue to theii lowei skill levels) have tenueu to
inciease the pievalence of tiafficking. Amplifying the pioblem, often, female-heaueu householus aie
foiceu to put theii chiluien to woik foi economic suivival, which then places theii chiluien at iisk
of being tiaffickeu.
2S
!
0n the othei enu of the continuum, theie has also been an inciease in the uemanu foi casual laboi,
which iequiies both flexibility anu mobility. Pooi inuiviuuals that engage in migiant laboi aie
paiticulaily susceptible to the manipulations of tiaffickeis.
24
Livelihoou loss is positively coiielateu
with incieaseu tiafficking. Inuia has expeiienceu this paiticulaily in the fishing, weaving, tobacco,
anu cotton sectois.
2S
Eviuence fiom South Inuia shows that wheie these factois aie piesent anu
theie aie high piobabilities of natuial uisasteis, tiafficking tenus to be moie common.
26
This is
fuithei compounueu by low-cost competition in South Asia, incieasing the uemanu foi cheap laboi
anu encouiaging employeis to exploit unskilleu laboi via tiafficking.
27

While poveity is piimaiy in its impact on tiafficking tienus, social attituues play a seconuaiy, but
veiy laige iole as well.
IT0 S.S.1.2 S0CIAL ATT BES, C0LT0RE ANB PRACTICES
S.S.1.2.1 uENBER
Naiginalization of women is a majoi contiibuting factoi to tiafficking. The fact that many families
anu communities peipetuate anu institutionalize (often thiough tiauitional piactices) the act of
tiafficking has hinueieu anti-TIP effoits. uenuei-biaseu social piactices have leu paients to be
peisuaueu by tiaffickeis unuei false pietexts of maiiiage without a uowiy.
28
These maiiiages,
amounting to tiafficking when foiceu, unuei contiact, oi involving a giil chilu, aiise paitly because
of skeweu sex iatios. Inuia is known foi its high levels of female feticiue; accoiuing to one estimate,
one i es is aboiteu. n twenty-five female fetus

29
This stems fiom "the long-helu tiauition of uowiy

23
!ADB.!(2005).!
24
!Ibid.!
25
!(2001).!Network!Against!Trafficking!and!Sexual!Exploitation.!
26
!Ibid.!
27
!ADB.!(2005).;!Ali.!(2005).!
28
!UNIFEM/UNIAP.!(2002).!
29
!Frontline!World.!(2009).!Female!Feticide.!Retrieved!December!10,!2009,!from!
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/04/the_missing_girlinks.html.!
14
that makes women an economic buiuen foi families in Inuia."
Su
Because men nonetheless want
wives, women fiom states wheie the genuei balance is moie equal (in paiticulai, states wheie
many families aie too pooi to affoiu aboition) pioviue a supply of "wives" to states wheie the
genuei balance is biaseu towaius men. Foi example, Chhattisgaih has a genuei iatio of 99u (99u
females foi eveiy 1uuu males) wheieas Belhi has a iatio of 821 (see Table 1). It is no suipiise that
many of the giils tiaffickeu fiom Chhattisgaih enu up in Belhi. Finally, because euucation is
believeu to ieuuce maiiiage piospects, moie often than not giils aie eithei not sent to school oi aie
pulleu out of school piematuiely, uecieasing theii oppoitunities foi inuepenuent economic
livelihoous.
S.S.1.2.2 CASTESTRIBES
A stuuy by the National Commission foi Women founu that 62% of women in commeicial sex woik
weie fiom scheuuleu castes anu Su%. These numbeis uemonstiate that tiafficking is negatively
skeweu towaius histoiically uisauvantageu gioups. This is maue woise by age-olu customs anu
tiauitions that ieinfoice genuei uisciimination baseu on caste anu ethnicity. The most visible anu
common example is the Devadasi tiauition in Kainataka, Anuhia Piauesh, anu Nahaiashtia, in
which paients fiom the scheuuleu tiibes maiiy theii uaughteis befoie pubeity to a ueity oi temple
wheie they aie then foiceu to pioviue sexual seivices to uppei caste community membeis.
S1
uiven
the giils' status as minois, this is a foim of tiafficking. The levels of these kinus of cultuial piactices
aie associateu with the levels of scheuuleu castes (SC) anu scheuuleu tiibes (ST) in any given state
(see Table 1).
S.S.1.2.S CBILBREN
Like women, chiluien who aie not in school, come fiom pooi families, anu aie employeu in low-
skilleu occupations aie highly vulneiable to tiafficking. These factois aie compounueu
exponentially if the chiluien belong to moie maiginalizeu gioups of society. In some cases, chiluien
may not be moving aiounu alone but with theii families which makes them vulneiable in ceitain
instances (e.g. a family moves to uiban aieas wheie the piessuie of suivival thieatens all family ties
anu the chiluien enu up on the stieet oi in highly exploitative situations). Appioximately 7u% of
uiban commeicial sex woikeis migiateu fiom iuial aieas anu almost S7% of them aiiiveu with
theii paients.
S2

Chilu laboi is incieasing to meet the giowing uemanus of globalization anu low cost laboi. Noie
impoitantly, employeis opt foi chiluien "because they aie nave, uncomplaining, easily contiolleu,
vulneiable, uespeiate, anu uispensable."
SS
The gambit of occupations anu jobs as well as tiafficking
incentives is laige in Inuia: chiluien enu up as poiteis, in uomestic seivituue, caipet weaving, shoe

30
!Ibid.!!
31
!Mukherjee.!(1997).!
32
!Incidin.!(1997).!
33
!Child!workers!in!Nepal.!Retrieved!February!14,!2010,!from!http://www.cwin.org.np.!
1S

shineis, anu in othei cases in CSW oi tiaffickeu foi oigan tiansplant ieasons. Sometimes, they aie
ieciuiteu in ciicuses anu tiavelling shows.
S4

Sauly, the veiy fact that chiluien aie tiaffickeu makes foi a self-enfoicing mechanism wheie they
will continue to be tiaffickeu because theii incieasing vulneiability intensifies othei powei
ielationships as they matuie. 0nfoitunately, chiluien themselves uo not have the wisuom to see
theii situation as it is anu often opt to iemain in the exploitative tiaffickeu situation oi abusive
ielationships because they peiceive the status quo as having some semblance of stability. It is this
n maintain contiol ovei chiluien. featuie that tiaffickeis iely on to ieciuit anu the
S.S.1.S C0NFLICTS NAT0RAL BISASTERS
In the post-conflictuisastei peiiou, maiginalizeu communities with low savings, few skills, anu
limiteu mobility become easy piey foi tiaffickeis. In such times of infiastiuctuie uevastation,
ciumbling law anu oiuei, anu incieasing numbeis of vulneiable anu uestitute populations, these
aieas become souice anu tiansit points foi tiafficking. Foi example, in 1999, aftei a seveie cyclone
in 0iissa (0uisha), theie was a maikeu inciease in tiafficking, especially of chiluien, since basic
neeus like sheltei anu foou weie non-existent in the affecteu aieas.
SS
0iissa's cyclones, floous in
Bihai anu West Bengal, anu the Naxalite movements in }haikhanu anu Chhattisgaih have all
contiibuteu to inciease tiafficking. In such settings, women anu giils suffei uispiopoitionately.
S6

This is compounueu by lack of access to compiehensive infoimation oi legitimate anu affoiuable
migiation piogiams. A thiiu of victims in commeicial sex woik weie founu to be fiom uiought-
pione aieas.
S7

S.S.1.4 u0vERNANCE
With a backuiop of pooi goveinance anu scaice goveinment seivices, the absence of an effective
legal fiamewoik inteiacts with the exclusion of vulneiable gioups fiom basic social anu economic
seivices to enable an enviionment conuucive foi tiafficking.
S8
Extensive effoits aie unueiway
thiough uecentialization of planning anu ueliveiy of seivices to empowei women anu communities
that aie socially anu economically vulneiable. Bowevei, women anu chiluien vulneiable to
tiafficking aie least likely to benefit fiom this because they aie less likely to paiticipate uue to theii
inability to access social seivices anu piogiams. Anu Inuia's legal fiamewoik is unequippeu to
suppoit vulneiable gioups at this time. The gaps anu challenges facing Inuia's legal fiamewoik aie
uiscusseu below in moie uepth.

34
!ADB.!(2005).!
35
!Duggal"Chadha,!A.!(2006).!Children!and!Disasters.!In!Refugee!Survey!Quarterly:!25,!4.!Retrieved!29!November!2009!from!
http://rsq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/4/85.pdf.!!
36
!USAID.!(2006).!
37
!Ibid.!
38
!ADB.!(2005).!
16
Inteiuepenuently linkeu with the supply siue factois that negatively influence TIP aie uemanu siue
factois.
S. S. 2 R00T CA0SES 0F TRAFFICKINu: BENANB SIBE
Tiaffickeu laboi is uemanueu in a numbei of sectois, the most common of which is commeicial sex
woik (CSW). Biothels, tempoiaiy constiuctionwoikei camps, highways, uiban iesiuential aieas,
anu small closeu communities all seive as homes to tiafficking.
S9
Laboi tiafficking foi ieasons othei
than CSW is also veiy common, but much less uocumenteu. Tiaffickeu victims woik in factoiies
often becoming inuentuieu oi uebt-bonueu to the owneis.
Similai to globalization's impact on iuial, pooi states, Belhi anu uoa, both of which aie wealthy,
uestination locations, have shown that globalization anu uibanization have hau negative impacts on
the pievalence of TIP. Fiom inteiviews with Nu0s, high ciime iates anu the economic boom aie
citeu as the piimaiy causes of TIP in wealthy aieas.
4u
It is aigueu by P.N. Naii, one of the most
highly iespecteu tiafficking expeits in Inuia, that the economic boom has incieaseu the uemanu foi
sexual seivices anu incieaseu the level of migiant woikeis, leauing to a iesultant inciease in the
supply of tiaffickeu victims.
41

uiven uemanu anu supply's inteiuepenuence, auuiessing both types of facts is cential to cuibing
TIP in Inuia. Baseu on the liteiatuie ieview anu Nu0 inteiviews, little is uone on the uemanu siue.
This can paitially by the uispiopoitionate uifficulty of auuiessing uemanu siue pioblems. Foi
instance, what woulu a policy iecommenuation look like to ieuuce the level of touiism oi the pace
of economic uevelopment.
uiven TAF's foithcoming iole in auuiessing the issue of TIP, it is necessaiy to consiuei not only the
causes of tiafficking, but also the impact of tiafficking on inuiviuuals, families, communities, anu
ations to be holistic in natuie. society in oiuei foi TAF's iecommenu
S. 4 INPACTS 0F TRAFFICKINu
S. 4. 1 S0CIAL INPACTS
It is cleai that tiafficking enfoices anu ie-enfoices patiiaichal attituues anu uisciiminatoiy
behavioi, which has a negative impact on those tiaffickeu anu women's oveiall position in society.
Bowevei, it shoulu also be consiueieu that, foi many women, tiafficking, while inflicting haim, also
pioviues them with livelihoou oppoitunities, which may iesult in some women gaining fieeuom

39
!ADB.!(2005).!
40
!Retrieved!February!8,!2010,!from!http://www.zeenews.com/news303996.html.
41
!Sen,!S.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!National!Human!Rights!
Commission,!UNIFEM,!Institute!of!Social!Sciences.
17
fiom a moie oppiessive situation.
42
Nany women ietuin home with funus to invest in themselves
anu the community, choosing to iemain silent about theii expeiiences. In othei cases, wheie they
aie unable to integiate back into theii communities, often they ietuin to a migiant lifestyle. Thus,
safe migiation is cential foi helping women empowei themselves.
4S

S. 4. 2 EC0N0NIC INPACTS
In teims of lost potential ietuins to human oi social capital, economic losses fiom human
tiafficking aie enoimous.
44
The necessaiy cost of anti-tiafficking initiatives puts auueu stiain on
limiteu goveinment iesouices. Buge amounts of income iemain lost in hiuuen sectois such as
commeicial sex woik anu escape the foimal economy foi income ie-geneiation anu piouuctive uses
(i.e., the benefits that coulu be gaineu fiom safe migiation foi employment).
S. 4. S BEALTB INPACTS
Theie aie the obvious psychological effects of tiauma anu uepiession.
4S
But theie aie also uiiect
consequences: tiaffickeu people in low living stanuaius, paiticulaily those in commeicial sex woik,
aie moie pione to get STBs, BIvAIBS, malaiia, tubeiculosis, anu othei uiseases. Population
segments that aie highly mobile tenu geneially to be at gieatei iisk of contiacting STBs following
the uisiuption of theii family anu community lives.
Incieasing BIv pievalence in Inuia has leu to gieat uemanu foi youngei giils who aie less likely to
be uiseaseu. In Inuia men tenu not to iecognize that they aie caiiieis. Fuitheimoie, myths peisist
such as the iuea that having sex with a viigin will cuie STBs, fuithei fuelling the uemanu foi young
giils.
A woiu of caution is necessaiy when exploiing the link between tiafficking anu BIvAIBS. In many
cases, awaieness piogiams have given the impiession that all tiaffickeu people aie infecteu,
making it uifficult to iehabilitate victims. Theie aie also tensions between those combating
tiafficking anu those combating BIvAIBS, as the lattei often use pimps anu othei agents to convey
messages - the veiy people who engage in tiafficking.
As is the case with most social ills, activists often tuin to the legal sectoi to assist in auuiessing the
vulneiabilities that victims face (e.g. pioviuing compensation, punishing offenueis, pioviuing
piotective seivices foi victims). Bowevei, in the case of tiafficking in Inuia, Nu0s anu goveinment
alike aumit that Inuia's legal fiamewoik on papei appeais as if it can effectively cuib tiafficking
thiough expeuiteu anu haish piosecution of offenueis; howevei in ieality, the legal system only
seives to fuithei victimize the victims of TIP.

42
!Blanchet.!(1996).!
43
!ADB.!(2005).!
44
!Ibid.!
45
!Ibid.!
18
S. S TBE ANTI-TIP LEuAL FRANEW0RK
While theie aie a laige collection of statutes, existing inteinational & iegional conventions, active
institutions, anu a uefineu legal piocess that is uesigneu to ensuie that TIP offenueis be piosecuteu
anu TIP victims be piotecteucompensateu, the legal fiamewoik is plagueu by seveial weaknesses.
These incluue mammoth levels of coiiuption, an oveibuiueneu juuiciaiylaw enfoicement sectoi,
anu pooily iesouiceu piotection seivices. Still, theie have been seveial iecent actions on the pait of
goveinment anu the Nu0 community to iectify these outages. In Section III, these effoits aie
iuentifieu.
This section pioviues a bioau oveiview of the statutes, institutions, anu piocess that embouy
Inuia's legal fiamewoik. Foi a moie uetaileu analysis of the legal fiamewoik, see the Legal
Fiamewoik Analysis in the backgiounu uocument.
S. S. 1 LEuAL STANBARBS
A numbei of inteinational instiuments have a beaiing on human tiafficking unuei categoiies of 0N
conventions in geneial anu Inteinational Laboi 0iganization conventions in paiticulai. In Inuia, the
Constitution states that the State shall enueavoi to fostei iespect foi inteinational law anu tieaty
obligations.
46
Bowevei, because of Inuia's special 'uualist' iegime, any piovisions oi inteinational
laws iatifieu by the cential goveinment aie not uiiectly binuing unless theie is an explicit measuie,
thiough enactment of a statute, to inteinalize these obligations.
47
Theiefoie, in Inuia, inteinational
s. conventions anu laws aie not veiy effective unless they have been tianslateu into uomestic law
0n the iegional level, Inuia iatifieu SAARC (South Asian Association foi Regional Coopeiation)
Conventions in 2uu2, which aim to instigate iegional coopeiation on the piotection of the iights of
women anu chiluien in South Asia. They also facilitate the safe uevelopment of chiluien. Bowevei,
these conventions uo not covei all the vaiious foims of tiafficking, anu foi the most pait, ignoie
tiafficking of men.
At a national level, the Immoial Tiafficking Pievention Act, 19S6 (ITPA) has seveie penalties foi
those engageu in TIP anu is Inuia's most compiehensive anti-tiafficking statute. Bowevei, in
auuition to calling foi the piosecution of tiaffickeis, it also allows foi the aiiest of the victims
themselves. Buttiessing the ITPA aie the Inuian Constitution anu the Inuian Penal Coue, which
coupleu togethei, have moie than 2u piovisions that make tiafficking illegal. Finally, theie aie
seveial othei laws that ueal with paiticulai types of tiafficking (e.g. bonueu laboi, tiafficking in
oigans) oi paiticulaily vulneiable gioups (e.g. chiluien, scheuuleu castes & tiibes). In spite of the
iobust legal basis foi the piosecution of tiafficking ciimes, many of the Inuian goveinment's acts uo
not effectively ciiminalize the clients anu piofiteeis of the tiaue, anu seveial uo not uefine
ings. 'tiafficking' pei se in human be

48
This is because theie is no establisheu national guiueline oi

46
!Article!51(c)!
47
!National!Law!School!of!India!University.!(2000).!Handbook!on!Human!Rights!for!Judicial!Officers,!NIHR!(p.4).!National!Law!
School!of!India!University,!Bangalore,!p.!4.!
48
!Ibid.!!
19
stanuaiu foi inteivention oi law enfoicement in pieventing human tiafficking. Noieovei, many of
the laws ielating to tiafficking aie inconsistently enfoiceu, anu some of theii piesciibeu penalties
aie not sufficiently stiingent.
49
Finally, theie has been "little piogiess in auuiessing bonueu laboi"
thiough existing statutes.
Su

Legal statutes anu piovisions also call foi the state to pioviue piotective seivices foi victim,
incluuing compensation anu sheltei. With iespect to compensation law, in a Supieme Couit case,
Boddhi!Sattwa!Gautam!vs!Subra!Chakroboty!(1996), juuges iuleu that compensation can be awaiueu
iegaiuless of whethei a fine foimeu pait of the sentence oi not.
S1
Noieovei, in Supieme Couit case,
Delhi!Domestic!Working!Womens!Forum!vs!UOI!(1995),!it was ueteimineu that "compensation can
be awaiueu to the victim even without conviction anu even uuiing penuency of tiial."
S2
Noieovei,
in 2uu8, the Sec. SS7 of the Coue of Ciiminal Pioceuuie (CiPC) was amenueu to incluue the
following piovision, calling foi states to set up compensation schemes. "Eveiy State uoveinment in
cooiuination with the Cential uoveinment shall piepaie a scheme foi pioviuing funus foi the
puipose of compensation to the victim oi his uepenuents who have suffeieu loss oi injuiy as a
iesult of the ciime anu iequiie iehabilitation."
SS

This amenument was inspiieu laigely by the effoits of Anuhia Piauesh who, in 2uu6, set up the
"Relief anu Rehabilitation Funu" foi victims of iape, tiafficking, abuuction, uowiy ueaths, anu othei
ielateu ciimes. uiants aie awaiueu to victims in amounts ianging fiom Rs. S,uuu to Rs 1u,uuu."
S4

S. S. 2 INSTIT0TI0NS
S.S.2.1 CENTRAL u0vERNNENT
The cential goveinment in Inuia is in chaige of iatifying the inteinational, iegional, anu national
laws ielating to human tiafficking issues. In auuition to funuing ovei 2uu shelteis, it also conuucts
awaieness campaigns against human tiafficking, allocates funuing to state piogiams, anu monitois
tiafficking tienus. Bowevei, it is not uiiectly iesponsible foi law enfoicement, so it has ielatively
limiteu influence on anti-TIP aiiests anu piosecution at state level. Noieovei, theie is a ceitain
level of fiagmentation of effoits at the cential goveinment level because of the many ministiies that
have a vesteu inteiest in tiafficking.

49
!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!
50
!!Ibid.!!
51
!Nair,!P.M.!(2007).!Handbook!for!Law!Enforcement!Agencies!in!India.!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!
http://www.apneaap.org/policy"work/our"resources/best"practices/handbook"law"enforcement"agencies"india"drpm"m"nair,!
p.44.!
52
!Ibid,!p.45.!!
53
!Kant,!R.!Victim!Compensation!in!India.!Retrieved!February!13,!2010!from!
http://lawreports.wordpress.com/2009/06/23/victim"compensation"in"india/.!!
54
!Government!of!Andhra!Pradesh!Abstract:!Relief!and!Rehabilitation!Fund.!(2006).!!
2u
ieceiveu any kinu of tiaining on


S.S.2.2 STATE u0vERNNENT
The state goveinments aie iesponsible foi iatifying national laws ielating to the human tiafficking
issues at the state level; moieovei, they can make theii own state laws to pievent human tiafficking
in theii states. Theie aie two state laws that ueal with human tiafficking, but they covei limiteu
aieas in human tiafficking. As with national laws, law enfoicement is not sufficiently stiingent.
ueneially, state goveinments weie engageu much moie in pievention anu piotection woik than in
impioving the iates of piosecution. The state goveinments have also faileu to effectively utilize
piovisions unuei the ITPA that allow them to establish special couits foi the sole puipose of
heaiing tiafficking cases. State goveinments, with the exception of Anuhia Piauesh anu Tamil
ileu to establish compensation schemes foi victims of tiafficking. Nauu, have also fa
S.S.2.S C00RTS
Couits play a cential iole in the piosecution piocess anu aie obligeu to piotect victims in
collaboiation with police uuiing the tiials. In ieality, howevei, couits aie oveiwhelmeu with cases,
allowing some tiafficking cases to lingei on foi yeais, even uecaues.
SS
Accoiuing to a 2uuS stuuy
Inuian juuiciaiy, a Supieme Couit juuge felt that "six times moie juuges aie neeueu foi expeuiting
the penuing cases anu suppoiting the piesent system."
S6
The same stuuy founu an oveiwhelming
piesence of coiiupt piactices in the couits, which incluueu the uelaying of heaiings, the assignment
t juuges, anu the "misplacement" of couit uocuments. of cases to coiiup
S.S.2.4 P0LICE
The police aie the cential point of accountability when it comes to piosecution of tiafficking anu
aie often the fiist inuiviuuals that iescueu victims come into contact with. They aie obligeu to
piotect victims until the victims aie sent to theii family oi shelteis. Bowevei, police uo not
piioiitize tiafficking as an offence anu, typically, police officeis uo not utilize the many
violationsstatutes that tiaffickeis can be chaigeu unuei. Accoiuing to 0N0BC, in 2uuS, "an NBRC
stuuy on tiafficking inteivieweu 8S2 police officeis (117 senioi anu 7SS investigating officeis) anu
founu that ovei 8u pei cent attach eithei 'nil' oi 'low' piioiity to the issue of tiafficking. Foity pei
cent of officeis suiveyeu hau not even heaiu of the concept of tiafficking while only 7 pei cent hau
the subject."
S7


55
!As!per!the!information!available![in!December!2009],!31,139,022!cases!were!pending!in!the!courts!in!the!country."!!
ThaIndian.com.!(2009).!31,139,022!cases!pending!in!Indian!courts.!!Retrieved!January!28,!2010,!from!
http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/31139022"cases"pending"in"indian"courts_100290788.html.!
56
!!Center!for!Media!Studies.!(2005).!India!Corruption!Study!200!to!Improve!Governance.!Transparency!International!India.!
Retrieved!February!10,!2010!from!www.cmsindia.org/cms/events/judiciary.pdf.!
57
!UNODC.!(2005).!Project!Summary:!Strengthening!the!law!enforcement!response!in!India!against!trafficking!in!persons!and!
sex!tourism!in!key!states!and!cities!through!training!and!capacity!building.!Retrieved!on!6!February!2010!from!
http://www.unodc.org/india/ind_s16.html.!
21
Even moie egiegiously, they lack sensitivity to the plight of tiafficking anu use the ITPA against the
victims, not the tiaffickeis. Fuitheimoie, while making some gains in piotection anu capacity
builuing, police aie not uoing an auequate job of iegisteiing cases anu conuucting thoiough
investigations, making the juuicial piocess veiy easy foi tiaffickeis to evaue oi manipulate with the
puipose of gaining an acquittal.
Finally, the fact that the issue of tiafficking is captuieu by ovei 1S vaiious statutes incieases
confusion within an alieauy oveiwhelmeu law enfoicement sectoi, leauing to spotty anu vaiieu
implementation of laws. As iuentifieu by the 2uu9 Tiafficking in Peisons Repoit, "most of the
piovisions of the law iemain unenfoiceu anu unimplementeu."
S8

S. S. S TBE LEuAL PR0CESS
While, on papei, the legal piocess appeais iathei stiaightfoiwaiu, well uesigneu, anu victim-
fiienuly, a cuisoiy look at the uata inuicates that something is awiy. Accoiuing to uata fiom the
National Ciime Recoius Buieau, aiiests unuei the Immoial Tiafficking Pievention Act (ITPA) of
19S6 aveiageu fewei than 12,uuu pei yeai fiom 2uuS to 2uu6, with a 7 peicent uiop fiom 2uuS to
2uu6.
S9
While piosecutions have been incieasing in absolute teims, they have been giowing at a
uiminishing iate of 1 peicent less each yeai fiom 2uuS to 2uu6. Auuitionally, tiafficking is
estimateu to be incieasing not uecieasing, so the numbei of piosecutions may be uiopping as a
peicentage of the total population of those tiaffickeu. Finally convictions, alieauy consiueiably less
than the numbei of piosecutions, fell a uiamatic S1 peicent fiom 2uuS to 2uu6. This took the
amount of convictions as a peicentage of piosecutions fiom S1 peicent to 2u peicent. While not
much can be gleaneu fiom one uata point, it is cleai that theie aie seveial gaps anu challenges in
the legal piocess that point towaius why theie aie such low levels of aiiests, piosecutions, anu
convictions.
Theie aie seveial conceins that these numbeis iaise. Baseu on 2uu7 estimates fiom the
Bepaitment of Women anu Chilu Bevelopment, the numbei of inuiviuuals tiaffickeu specifically foi
commeicial sexual exploitation in Inuia is ioughly 2.8 million, so the level of aiiests anu
piosecutions is veiy low compaieu to the numbei of inuiviuuals violating the law.
6u
The almost
stagnant level of aiiests coupleu with the inciease in piosecution in absolute teims may point to an
impiovement in the filing of FIRs anu chaige-sheets at the investigation stage (potentially because
of successful police tiaining piogiams). Bowevei, the uisappointing uiop in convictions may, in
tuin, point to the failuie to get cases past the seconu level of sciutiny in fiont of the magistiates.
The fact that aiiest levels aie plateauing may be inuicative of a few possible naiiatives. It coulu be
that tiaffickeis, in the face of incieasing goveinment anu Nu0 attention to the issue have begun to
ei to finu anu aiiest them. Alteinatively, it may be that police aie go unueigiounu, making it haiu

58
!!Ibid.!!
59
!UNODC.!(2009).!Global!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Persons!2009.!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!
http://www.unodc.org/documents/human"trafficking/Global_Report_on_TIP.pdf.!
60
!Mukherji!KK,!Muherjee!S.!(2007).!Girls!and!women!in!prostitution!in!India.!!Department!of!Women!and!Child!Development,!
New!Delhi,!India.!
making aiiests baseu on a given quota, be it inteinal oi not. . It is also impoitant to note that most
aiiests unuei the ITPA in the eaily 2uuus weie of victims themselves anu not offenueis. Theiefoie,
in the event that this tienu has peisisteu, the uiop in aiiests anu convictions may be a positive
signal that police aie becoming moie sensitizeu to the victims' neeus. Finally, this coulu be
iepiesentative of ceitain "outliei" uistiicts that focus on tiafficking anu aie aiiesting at high levels
while otheis have little to no focus meaning that the numbeis woulu stay iathei constant ovei time
if those that aie engageu aie alieauy engageu fully in the anti-TIP stiuggle.
In conclusion, Figuie 2 summaiizes the legal fiamewoik's key stiengths anu challenges. Baseu on
the cuiient state of the legal fiamewoik, the scales of justice aie tippeu against the victims.
Figure!2:!Key!Strengths!and!Weaknesses!of!India's!Legal!Framework!
22

2S

4 CURRENT!NGO,! DONOR,! AND! GOVERNMENT! EFFORTS!
uiven Inuia's feueial system, paiticulai focus has been given to its state goveinment initiatives
since the state goveinments have the ultimate iesponsibility foi implementing anu launching anti-
TIP initiatives. Bowevei, theie have been a select gioup of iecent inteiventions at the cential
goveinment level that have the ability to bolstei the fight against TIP. These aie ievieweu below.
With iespect to Nu0 anu uonoi community inteiventions, this section synthesizes the effoits of a
lanuscape piofiling of ioughly Su anti-tiafficking Nu0s acioss the selecteu statesteiiitoiies anu
the finuings fiom the Nu0 suivey inteiview piocess. The finuings fiom the inteiviews aie baseu on
19 phoneemail inteiviews conuucteu between 1S Becembei 2uu9 anu 1u Febiuaiy 2u1u. A
uix I: Inteiviews summaiy table of the statistics fiom the Nu0 inteiviews can be founu in Appen .
4. 1 TRAFFICKINu INTERvENTI0NS: 0vERvIEW 0F TBE "S PS + C"
The types of inteivention (both foi goveinment anu foi Nu0suonois) aie classifieu baseu on the
UN!Protocol!to!Prevent,!Suppress!and!Punish!Trafficking!in!Persons,!Especially!Women!and!Children
(2uuS). The Piotocol iuentifies thiee types of inteiventions: pievention, piosecution, anu
piotection. In auuition to the "S Ps," many gioups incluue a fouith classification, capacity builuing.
! Prevention ielates to activities geaieu towaius economic empoweiment anu euucation anu
awaieness builuing, with the goal that woulu-be victims will not be as vulneiable to
tiaffickeis.
! Prosecutio ntation n iegaius activities focuseu on the ciiminalization of tiafficking, impleme
of anti-tiafficking legislation, anu the piosecution of offenueis.
! Protection is victim-focuseu anu conceineu with pioviuing a viable post-tiafficking
tiansition back to some sense of noimalcy. Nu0s that iun shelteis oi pioviue post-tiauma
counseling all fall into the classification of piotective activities.
! Capacity!building iefeis to those activities that impiove the functionality anu absoiptive
capacity of oiganization, institutions, anuoi gioups. Foi instance, a sensitization-tiaining
piogiam foi police woulu be consiueieu capacity builuing. Similaily, ieseaich is also
consiueieu capacity builuing.
4. 2 u0vERNNENT ANTI-TIP EFF0RTS
4. 2. 1 CENTRAL u0vERNNENT INITIATIvES T0 C0NBAT TIP
In iecent yeais, the cential goveinment has taken significant steps to auuiess the issue of
tiafficking in Inuia. Table 2 lists new piogiams anu initiatives that appeai to auuiess some of the
existing outages iuentifieu thioughout this ieseaich.
24
Table!2:!Recent!Central!Government!Initiatives!to!Combat!TIP!
Recent!Central!Government!Initiatives!to!Combat!TIP
Integrated!
Anti"Human!
Trafficking!
Units!(IAHTUs)!
! In 2uu82uu9, the goveinment "allocateu $18 million to the Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis to
cieate 297 anti-human tiafficking units acioss the nation to tiain anu sensitize law
enfoicement officials."
61

! 0iiginally a 0N0BC pilot piogiam launcheu in 2uu7, IABT0s aie taskeu with (not
exhaustive):
o is, "Pioviuing a multi- uisciplinaiy appioach anu a joint iesponse by all stake holue
such as police, piosecutois, Nu0s, civil society anu meuia;
o Biinging about intei-uepaitmental collaboiation among the police anu all othei
goveinment agencies anu uepaitments, such as women anu chilu, laboi, health, etc.;
o ti Ensuiing a victim-centiic appioach which ensuies the 'best inteiest of the vic m
suivivoi' anu pievents 'seconuaiy victimization ie-victimization' of h t e victim;
o Ensuiing an 'oiganizeu ciime' peispective in uealing with tiafficking ciimes."
62

! Noie than 1u,Suu inuiviuualspolice officeis have been tiaineu thus fai.
6S

Anti"
Trafficking!
Nodal!Cell!
State!Program!
! While its Cential goveinment opeiation iemains unuei iesouiceu (two-peison
uepaitment), the Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis (NBA) has gaineu national suppoit foi the
initiative-- all states have appointeu Anti-tiafficking noual officeis.
! These officeis will collaboiate with Cential goveinment, shaie best piactices, uiscuss
issues, anu shaie uata.
Integrated!
National!Plan!
of!Action!
! Seveial ministiies aie cuiiently woiking on a joint ievision to the 1998 Plan of Action foi
Combating Tiafficking. It incluues IABT0s as pait of its fiamewoik.
! The Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis, National Buman Rights Commission, National Commission
foi Women anu the Ninistiy of Women anu Chilu Bevelopment aie involveu in this
pioject.
Swadhar!
Program!
!
! "0nuei its Swauhai piogiam...the goveinment suppoits ovei 2uu shelteis with an annual
buuget of moie than $1 million to pioviue caie foi moie than 1S,uuu women anu giils
iescueu fiom a iange of uifficult ciicumstances, incluuing sex tiafficking."
64

! Accoiuing to the Ninstei of Women anu Chilu Bevelopment, "theie will be national
piotocols, guiuelines anu hanubook of sheltei seivices soon. Non-confoiming centeis will
be penalizeu anu ue-baiieu to act as iehabilitation centeis."
6S

Ujjawala!
Program!
!
! Leu by the Ninistiy of Women anu Chilu Bevelopment.
! 0ffeis giants to state goveinment piojects in anti-tiafficking.
! "The ministiy appioveu funuing foi at least SS state piojects unuei this piogiam,
benefiting moie than 1,7uu victims. Since August 2uu8, the ministiy pioviueu the states
of Kainataka, Nahaiashtia, Nanipui, anu Nagalanu almost $24S,uuu foi 18 piojects at 12
iehabilitation centeis."
66


61
!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!
62
!UNODC.!(2007).!Synergy!in!Action:!IAHTUs!Report.!Retrieved!January!28,!2010!from!
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/iahtu_241207.pdf.!
63
!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!
64
!Ibid.!!
65
!The!Times!of!India.!!(2010).!Dignified!living!for!every!girl.!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dignified"living"for"every"girl/articleshow/5493692.cms.!
66
!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!
2S
4. 2. 2 STATE u0vERNNENT INITIATIvES T0 C0NBAT TIP
4.2.2.1 PREvENTI0N
Nost state goveinments have focuseu on the pievention of TIP as opposeu to piotection,
piosecution, anu capacity-builuing effoits (see Table S). Foi example, Chhattisgaih oiganizeu
Committees foi Pievention of Atiocities against Women anu Tiafficking in 16 uistiicts as well as
enacteu a "State Policy foi Women." In a maik of innovation, the state also has aggiessively
implementeu the cential goveinment's National Ruial Employment uuaiantee (NREuS), which
guaiantees 1uu uays of employment foi its iuial citizens each yeai. It is iepoiteu that this has
helpeu ueciease the level of vulneiability to tiaffickeis faceu by its citizens.
Table!3:!State!Government!Prevention!Initiatives!
State! State!Government!Prevention!Initiatives
Andhra!Pradesh!
! " foims of sexual exploitation Passeu legislation foi pievention of "tiauitional
(Bevauasis) anu the Piohibition of Beuication Act (1988)
Bihar! ! Buman Tiafficking Pievention Piogiam (2uu7)
Chhattisgarh!
! st Women anu Tiafficking in 16 Committees foi Pievention of Atiocities again
uistiicts (2uu8)
! Enacteu the "State Policy foi Women" (2uu1)
! ent uuaiantee (NREuS) National Ruial Employm
Goa! ! uoa's Chilu Act (2uuS)
Jharkhand!
! Receiveu giant funus fiom the Ninistiy of Women&Chilu Bevelopment's
0jjawala Piogiam (2uu9)
Orissa!(Odisha)!
! Receiveu giant funus fiom the Ninistiy of Women&Chilu Bevelopment's
0jjawala Piogiam (2uu9)
Tamil!Nadu!
! e foi Pioviueu a state-level action plan, which foimeu an Auvisoiy Committe
each uistiict(2uu9)
! Cieateu village-level watchuog committees in neaily allvillages (2uu9)
West!Bengal!
! State goveinment foimeu a netwoik of Nu0s anu stakeholueis to cuib TIP
! Bas local electeu leaueis champion the anti-TIP movement fiom a state-level
4.2.2.2 PR0TECTI0N
0ne ieason only a few state goveinments get involveu in piotection is because the Nu0 community
often fills this iole. Foi example, the state goveinment of Anuhia Piauesh has suppoiteu shelteis
foi vulneiable inuiviuuals anu co-manageu the }uvenile & 0bseivation Bome as well. Anuhia
Piauesh also "establisheu a funu specifically foi victim iehabilitation, giving victims iescueu fiom
sexual exploitation $2uu in tempoiaiy ielief."
67
Chhattisgaih has a iehabilitation suppoit piogiam
iun by the state, anu uoa's state officials ieceiveu extensive tiaining fiom the 0N0BC on iescue
opeiation anu iehabilitation activities. The state goveinment of Tamil Nauu pioviues fiee legal aiu,
iupees foi fieeu "slaves" (i.e. bonueu laboieis). counseling seivices, anu 2u,uuu

68
0f the nine

67
!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!
68
!Ibid.!!
26
statesteiiitoiies we examineu, we uiu not finu othei state goveinments that uiiectly pioviue
evei, as mentioneu, Nu0s often fill this iole. piotective seivices; how
4.2.2.S PR0SEC0TI0N
With iegaius to piosecution initiatives, foui statesteiiitoiies have iepoiteu state-specific
piogiams. Bihai iecently helu a confeience to foimulate laws to cuib TIP thiough both supply anu
uemanu-siue channels. It is likely that penalties will be incieaseu in the coming yeai foi ciimes
associateu with tiafficking. Belhi has enacteu seveial anti-TIP laws with haish penalties; howevei,
these have been iepoiteuly ineffective in the face of a passive, anu sometimes coiiupt, police foice.
uoa cieateu an Anti-Buman Tiafficking 0nit in 2uu7; howevei, pooi coopeiation anu low levels of
awaieness among law enfoicement officials have hinueieu implementation. Finally, Tamil Nauu has
shown active collaboiation thiough the ciiminal investigation uepaitment anu is puisuing ieseaich
fiamewoik can be impioveu. into how the state's piosecution
4.2.2.4 CAPACITY B0ILBINu
As with piotection, veiy few states take on a capacity-builuing iole. Nany states themselves
iequiie exteinal paitneis to builu the goveinment's capacity. Anuhia Piauesh pioviues TIP tiaining
to Nu0s that woik on BIvAIBS. Belhi police have hau an initiative, Paiivaitan, which seeks to
inciease genuei equality anu impiove police tieatment of women's issues. Finally, Tamil Nauu has
cieateu the AIBS Contiol Society, which pioviues technical anu financial suppoit to Nu0s uealing
with BIvAIBS. The fact that both Anuhia Piauesh anu Tamil Nauu iecognize the link between
BIvAIBS anu tiafficking victims is piomising since victims that aie sexually exploiteu aie at a
much gieatei iisk of contiacting the uisease.
4. 2. S Nu0 PERCEPTI0N 0F u0vERNNENT EFF0RTS
Accoiuing to iesponses fiom the Nu0 inteiviews, peiceptions of the goveinment's effoits to combat
tiafficking weie mixeu, but geneially positive. Almost half of the iesponuents felt that goveinment
hau maue moueiate oi significant effoits (with slight bias in the iesponses towaius moueiate).
Bowevei, it is uncleai whethei theii iesponses to this question ieflect ieality oi an attempt to
piotect theii ielationships with the goveinments. Inuications fiom the legal fiamewoik analysis
anu liteiatuie ieview inuicate that goveinment coulu be uoing much moie at all levels.
0vei half of the Nu0s inteivieweu inuicateu that state goveinment anti-tiafficking piogiams uo
exist, but this may simply ieflect that inteiviews weie conuucteu with gioups in only nine states,
cieating oveilap. The existing gaps in implementation of state initiatives piimaiily stem fiom
juiisuiction, lack of political will anu commitment, anu funuing. Cooiuination failuies, low
stanuaius in sheltei homes, pooi legal fiamewoik, anu pooi uata collectionavailability of TIP weie
lso iaiseu. a


27
4. S N0N-u0vERNNENTAL 0RuANIZATI0NSB0N0R ANTI-TIP EFF0RTS
TAF expects to woik veiy closely with local non-goveinmental oiganizations (Nu0s) in suppoiting
theii ongoing piogiams anu builuing capacity, as is the mouel in othei countiies wheie TAF
opeiates. Baseu upon oui own ieseaich, iecommenuations fiom key uonois, stakeholueis, anu
expeit opinion, almost Su Nu0s have been piofileu (see Backgiounu Bocument) anu 19 in-uepth
inteiviews have taken place by phone oi email acioss all nine of the selecteu states. 0f the Nu0s
inteivieweu, most hau oiganizations ovei 1u people, anu foui hau Su oi moie inuiviuuals. Nost hau
buugets ovei 0SB$1uu,uuu pei annum. Statistical iesults fiom the inteiviews can be founu in
Appenuix I: Inteiviews. Effoits weie maue to iuentify uiffeient types of Nu0 in each of the nine
statesteiiitoiies foi the piofiling anu inteiview piocess. The summaiy below synthesizes the
finuings fiom this uual-piocess.
4. S. 1 TYPES 0F Nu0
Nany of the oiganizations that woik on TIP issues aie not specifically anti-TIP oiganizations. Nany
focus moie geneially on women's iights, economic empoweiment, iuial uevelopment, anuoi
human iights, with specific piogiams that ielate uiiectly oi inuiiectly to TIP. Auuitionally, the
numbei of anti-TIP Nu0s that aie "visible" (i.e. have English websites) vaiies gieatly fiom place to
place. A teiiitoiy like Belhi has uozens of Nu0s that aie visible online, wheieas Chhattisgaih has
only a few. This can be attiibuteu to the concentiation of inteinational Nu0s in ceitain paits of the
countiy, the level of moueinization uibanization that has taken place in a given iegion, the
visibility of the tiafficking pioblem, anu the amount of funuing available to suppoit Nu0s in a given
iegion.
Nu0s weie classifieu baseu on the piominence (piimaiy, seconuaiy, teitiaiy) of the foui types of
inteivention on theii websites anu in iepoits, as inuicateu in Table 4.
Table!4:!Priority!for!Different!Types!of!Anti"TIP!Intervention!
!! Primary! Secondary Tertiary Total
Prevention! 22 16 1u 48!
Protection! 1 8 11 4 33!
Prosecution! u 8 S 11!
Capacity!Building! 9 9 14 32!
Total! 49! 44! 31! 124!

The inteiviews, the legal fiamewoik analysis, anu Table 4 suggest that:
! Theie is a cleai bias towaiu pievention activities among the Nu0s. This bias may be laigely
uue to the selection of the states. 0ut of the nine, seven aie known souice locations wheie
Nu0s often only have access to victims befoie they have been tiaffickeu.
28
! Baseu on finuings fiom the legal fiamewoik analysis, the high numbei of piotection
piogiams is consistent with the fact that Nu0s play a unique anu cential iole in
iehabilitation of victims.
! Piosecution is not a piimaiy focus among all the Nu0s piofileu. The lack of piosecution
inteiventions coulu also inuicate that piosecution is seen as such a non-piioiity foi the
authoiities that any woik uone on the pait of the Nu0s to push piosecution is futile in the
face of uismissive law enfoicement. Baseu on cuiient unueistanuing of the failing police
foice, it appeais this is the case.
! Bespite the numbei of capacity-builuing initiatives iuentifieu, they weie iaiely mentioneu
in the inteiviews. It is possible that the gieatei uifficulty in quantifying iesults fiom these
piogiams, anu peihaps theii weakei emotional pull since they uo not uiiectly assist victims,
make them less exciting foi Nu0s to uiscuss.
The focus of Nu0s on pievention anu piotection also ieflect the iesponuents' feelings that these
appioaches aie the most impactful in fighting TIP in Inuia. The two equally most citeu types of
piogiams that aie most effective in combating tiafficking weie pievention anu piotection
piogiams. 0nly one iesponuent mentioneu piosecution.
At the state level, the contention that souice states aie focusing on pievention is coiioboiateu (see
Table S). 0iissa, Bihai, West Bengal, anu Chhattisgaih all have uispiopoitionate focus on
pievention inteiventionswith Chhattisgaih's pievention activities accounting foi 7S peicent of its
piogiamming. The exceptions to this focus by souice states aie Anuhia Piauesh, }haikhanu, anu
Tamil Nauu, which happen to be tiansit states in auuition to being souice states. In these states,
theie is also a focus on piotective inteiventions, which is faii given the neeu to iescue anu sheltei
victims being tiaffickeu thiough the state. West Bengal also has unique neeus given its boiuei with
Banglauesh. ATSEC (West Bengal Chaptei) is the only Nu0 iuentifieu to be uealing uiiectly with
pioblems of tiafficking acioss the Inuo-Banglaueshi boiueis.
Table!5:!Different!Types!of!Anti"TIP!Intervention!by!State!
!
Andhra!
Pradesh!
Bihar! Chhattisgarh! Delhi! Goa! Jhark"
hand!
Orissa!
(O ! disha)
Tamil!
Nadu!
West!
Be al! ng
Total!
Prevention! S 1 u S 7 6 4 11 S S 50!
Protection! 4 4 u 1u S 4 1 S 1 34!
Prosecution! 1 u u S 4 u u 2 u 10!
Capacity!
Building!
2 4 1 9 4 4 S 1 2 30!
Total!! 10! 18! 4! 29! 19! 12! 15! 11! 6! 124!
In contiast, uestination statesteiiitoiies like Belhi anu uoa focus much moie on capacity builuing,
piosecution, anu piotection. Again, this is logical since an attempt foi Nu0s in uestination iegions
to tiy to pievent victims fiom being tiaffickeu fiom othei states woulu piove veiy uifficult.
0iganizations like 0N0BC insteau woik on builuing the capacity of oiganizations all ovei the
29
countiy by pioviuing tiaining on the Inuian anti-TIP legal fiamewoik anu human-iightsfeminist-
baseu appioaches to tiafficking issues.
4. S. 2 TYPES 0F INTERvENTI0N
Awaieness piogiams make up the majoiity of inteiventions (see Table 6). These piogiams often
focus on oiganizing iallies in local communities oi moie cieative attempts to ieach people. 0ne
oiganization, the Inuian Community Welfaie 0iganization (ICW0) in Tamil Nauu, engages with
stieet chiluien anu cieates elaboiate stieet theatie piouuctions to iaise awaieness about the
manipulative natuie of tiaffickeis, waining community membeis to stay vigilant anu not fall victim
to piomises of jobs in the cities oi wealthy husbanus foi theii uaughteis (see Best Piactices foi
moie uetails). 0f couise, one must consiuei whethei the bias towaius awaieness piogiams is uue
to theii efficacy oi uue to theii ease of implementation.
Su

Table!6:!Types!of!Intervention!(Across!All!Sample!States/Territories)!
Type!of!Intervention! #!of!Intervention entified!to!Date! s!Id
Awaieness Piogiams (Pievention) 21
Tiainin iluing) g Piogiams (Capacity-Bu 14
Euucation (Pievention) 1S
Economic vention) Empoweiment (Pie 12
Sheltei (Piotection) 1u
Leg n) al AuvocacyAiu (Piosecutio 9
Rehabilitation (Piotection) 7
R escue 0peiations (Piotection) 7
Re g) seaich (Capacity-Builuin S
Counseling (Piotection) 2
B ) isastei Response Piogiams (Pievention 1
Boiuei "Rights Awaieness" 0peiations 1
Tiaining piogiams also featuie pieuominantly. The iecent uiive by the cential anu state
goveinments to tiain police officeis has likely encouiageu Nu0s nationally to take pait in these
effoits.
Anothei piominent inteivention is economic empoweiment initiatives. These iange fiom
entiepieneuiship woikshops, such as those pioviueu foi by the Chhattisgaih Centie foi Economic
Bevelopment, to full-scale businesses, such as the West Bengal Nilk Feueiation Coopeiative Society.
Economic empoweiment is an attiactive pieventative measuie because it ueals with many othei
social ills beyonu just TIP. Fiom initial uiscussions with Inuiani Sinha, uiiectoi of Sanlaap anu
winnei of seveial awaius in the aiea of anti-TIP woik, the impacts of globalization have been
uevastating foi village communities. Thiough the continueu commeicialization of agiicultuie anu
incieaseu migiation to uiban aieas, villages have been left with few economic oppoitunities. 0ne
outcome of this phenomenon is incieaseu levels of malnutiition in iuial aieas; anothei is
heighteneu vulneiability to tiaffickeis.
Legal auvocacy anu legal-baseu inteiventions also ieceiveu high iankings. While not a piimaiy
focus of Nu0s, they aie still within the top thiee types of inteivention piogiams. Nany of these
piogiams aie geaieu towaius helping victims anu social activists unueistanu anu use the legal
system in theii favoi. Again, the efficacy of these measuies is still up foi uebate.
A final inteiesting finuing is the contextualization of ceitain Nu0s to theii locations. Theie aie
Nu0s, like ATSEC in West Bengal uealing with boiuei issues anu Alteinative foi Ruial Novement
(ARN) fiom 0iissa which focuses on village self-sustainability, that take on specific issues uue to
theii geogiaphic location, anu otheis that attenu to issues ielateu to pioblems like natuial uisasteis
anu theii impact on TIP. 0ne such example of the lattei is the 0iissa Anti-Tiafficking Netwoik
S1
(}ajnaseni) that has a specific uistiess migiation piogiam to countei the amplifieu vulneiability
piesent aftei majoi floouing oi monsoons.
4. S. S CBALLENuES Nu0S FACE
Nost oiganizations mentioneu funuing as the majoi challenge they face in implementing piogiams.
While not out of the question, this outcome may have also iesulteu fiom an assumption that the
inteiview coulu iesult in auuitional funuing oppoitunities. Following funuing, majoi challenges
weie issues with implementation of the law, lack of coopeiationcooiuination between Nu0s &
with goveinment, anu lack of human iesouices.
4. S. 4 Nu0 C0LLAB0RATI0NS 0TBER Nu0S, INTERNATI0NAL Nu0S, ANB WITB
NETW0RKS
Theie weie foui uistinct ways in which the Nu0s collaboiateu with one anothei.
! cial
.
0ne oiganization woikeu as a noual agency foi a majoi netwoik which has an offi
cooiuination committee with its own by-laws anu cleai ioles anu iesponsibilities
! Seveial inuicateu that they woik with othei Nu0s on a neeucase-baseu system.
! at 0ne Nu0 inuicateu that it employeu an extensive "pie-collaboiation" piocess to ensuie th
paitnei oiganizations fit with its own oiganization goals, objectives, anu iesponsibility.
! Finally, an Nu0 inuicateu that it collaboiates by simply iefeiiing cases on to othei Nu0s
when a victim's neeus aie beyonu the puiview of its woik.
Baseu on the inteiview piocess, most oiganizations (918 iesponuents) inteivieweu collaboiateu
with each othei in infoimal small gioups (u-S Nu0s). This suppoits the contention fiom seveial
Nu0s that collaboiation is not stiong enough among the Nu0s. Bowevei, Nu0s in foimal netwoiks
weie able to collaboiate with 1u oi moie Nu0s (618 iesponuents). Entiy into an Nu0 netwoik
may make it easiei foi oiganizations to collaboiate.
Five state netwoiks weie iuentifieu uuiing the piofiling piocess: }ATN (}haikhanu), Anuhia
Piauesh Women's Netwoik (Anuhia Piauesh), Action Against Tiafficking anu Sexual Exploitation of
Chiluien anu Women (Bihai, West Bengal, Tamil Nauu, 0iissa, Anuhia Piauesh), Social Netwoik
Against Chilu Sexual Exploitation anu Tiafficking (Chhattisgaih), anu the 0iissa Anti-Tiafficking
Netwoik (0iissa). Collectively, these netwoiks compiise at least 1Su oiganizations thioughout the
selecteu states. The netwoiks seive as platfoims foi infoimation anu best-piactice shaiing. In
auuition, the netwoiks often piomote cooiuinateu auvocacy anu mobilization campaigns with
goveinment on the issue of tiafficking.
4.3.5 Nu0 C0LLAB0RATI0NS WITB u0vERNNENT & TBE A0TB0RITIES!
An oveiwhelming majoiity of oiganizations inteivieweu (1S19) mentioneu collaboiation with
goveinment. This inuicates that collaboiation with goveinment in the anti-tiafficking stiuggle is
seen as cential to having meaningful impact. Bhaiatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) has such a iobust
S2
ielationship with the state that it is assisting the }haikhanu's Bepaitment of Social Welfaie in
wiiting a plan of action to combat tiafficking.
Nost oiganizations saiu they weie woiking with just one oi a few key tiafficking-ielateu
uepaitmentsagencies (e.g. the Ninistiy of Woman anu Chilu Bevelopment oi the Bept. of
Euucation oi Bealth). Theie was a wiue iange of goveinment agencies that Nu0s woikeu with,
. inuicating a uegiee of fiagmentation in the woik of, not only Nu0s, but also goveinment agencies
Theie is a high level of collaboiation with law enfoicement (1S of SS hau collaboiations with the
police), at least among those Nu0s that publish infoimation about theii paitneiships. Nany of these
Nu0s engage in police tiaining oi in iescue opeiations. Foi instance, the }haikhanu Anti-Tiafficking
Netwoik (}ATN) builus capacity of the police thiough sensitization woikshops anu the shaiing of
tiafficking uata with authoiities. 21 Nu0s iepoiteu paitneiships with state officials, ministiies,
anuoi uepaitments.
4. S. 6 LINITEB REP0RTINu 0F Nu0B0N0R RES0LTS
Few oiganizations have publisheu iepoits uetailing inteivention iesults. 0f the 49 piofileu Nu0s,
only nine have iesults posteu on theii websites anu only a few posteu iesults fiom the past two
yeais. Baseu on the suiveys anu othei components of this ieseaich, lack of iepoiting might be
attiibuteu to the following baiiieis: lack of auministiative capacity to upkeep a website; lack of
capacity to conuuct impact evaluations on all piogiams; the piioiitization of othei activities beyonu
monitoiing anu evaluation within Nu0s; anu lack of obvious positive iesults fiom the piogiams
that aie implementeu.
4. S. 7 Nu0B0N0R BEST PRACTICES IN ANTI-TIP
To the ieseaicheis' knowleuge, no compiehensive evaluations of piogiams in Inuia have evei been
completeu, peihaps because no stanuaiu metiic exists with which to compaie impacts acioss
piogiams . The closest attempt towaiu ueteimining the best anti-TIP piactices has been the
0N0BC's Compendium!of!Best!Practices!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!by!Non!Governmental!
Organizations,
69
although it cannot be consiueieu objective since its conclusions about each
initiative have been pioviueu by the iesponsible oiganization. This section pioviues an oveiview of
some notable initiatives uesciibeu within that iepoit, anu how they fit into a geneial anti-tiafficking
pictuie. In no way shoulu the following be inteipieteu as a compiehensive view of innovation in the
gieat numbei of valuable Nu0 anu goveinmental piogiams. fielu, anu it leaves out a
4.S.7.1 PREvENTI0N
As inuicateu by the Nu0 piofiling exeicise, the bulk of Inuia's piogiams in the pievention categoiy
bout the tiafficking phenomenon. Nany uiffeient inventive ueal with builuing awaieness a

69
!UNODC.!(2008).!Compendium!of!Best!Practices!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!by!Non!Governmental!Organizations.!UNODC:!New!
Delhi.
SS
appioaches have been taken. To engage the community on the issue with a captivating meuium, live
theatei peifoimances aie conuucteu by a vaiiety of Nu0s incluuing Fellowship in 0iissa, the
Campaign Against Chilu Tiafficking (CACT) netwoik, anu Contact Base in uoa. These have iangeu
fiom stieet theatei to incoipoiation of anti-tiafficking messages into ieligious festivals to a foui-
uay theatei event incluuing panel uiscussions aftei eveiy play. The lattei, like many initiatives,
benefiteu fiom coipoiate sectoi funuing.
The meuia aie an obvious pathway foi auveitising the evils of tiafficking. ATSEC Inuia has a
ueuicateu meuia foium uesigneu to builu linkages between the meuia anu the ATSEC netwoik.
0N0BC, in collaboiation with the West Bengal State Council, Kolkata Police, anu the piivate sectoi,
among otheis, ieleaseu a shoit film entitleu "0ne Life, No Piice" that incoipoiateu legenuaiy
Bollywoou stais in oiuei to uiaw attention to the issue. Apne Aap anu the Bengal National Chambei
of Commeice utilize the meuia by sponsoiing campaigns incluuing a chilu laboi movie scieening
anu billboaius. They have ieleaseu "Reu Light Bespatch," a magazine wiitten by tiafficking
suivivois to help tell theii stoiies. Nu0s have leaineu that it is impoitant to enlist the meuia not
simply as a conuuit, but as a paitnei, since the meuia will be much moie engageu if they become
investeu in solving the pioblem.
Some Nu0s use a ieligious oi tiibal piism fiom which to view oi attack tiafficking. ATSEC Bihai
joins togethei leaueis fiom vaiious ieligions in an Intei-Religious Piiests Foium so that they can
unite to uenounce tiafficking thiough the laige ieligious netwoiks that they have access to. This
piogiam is expanuing nationally. Contact Base in uoa likewise utilizes faith-baseu oiganizations as
a social safety net. vimochana auuiesses the paiticulaiities of Inuian ieligious piactice, specifically
the Devadasi tiauition, piessing ieligious leaueis to abanuon the piactice, cieating vigilance
committees, anu encouiaging foimei Devadasis to help euucate the community about the pioblem.
Apne Aap has a similai emphasis, but foi specific maiginalizeu tiibal gioups who aie pione to
tiafficking. 0ne of theii finuings, which can likely be bioauly extenueu, is that it is veiy impoitant to
engage the men in the community, both because they aie typically the ones selling the giils anu
because they can seive as witnesses against tiaffickeis.
vaiious innovative appioaches have been useu to help monitoi the pioblem in oiuei to pievent it.
Community Safety Nets (CSNs) aie a common appioach in one foim oi anothei, anu aie useu
extensively by Bhoomika vihai. In theii mouel, each CSN is maue up of 1S-2S membeis, five of
which aie officeholueis in the gioup. 0ne-thiiu of the gioup must be women. Bhoomika vihai also
foims gioups of auolescents to help aleit giils to tiafficking. An appioach by the Nv Founuation is
to utilize existing public institutions such as the village-level goveinment (giam panchayat),
schools, anu goveinment-iun hostels to cieate awaieness. 0ne of the measuies encouiageu by the
founuation is foi giam panchayat offices to iequiie anyone seeking employment outsiue the village
to iegistei with the place, uuiation, anu ieason foi employment, thus cieating helpful migiation
statistics anu pioviuing a step at which tiafficking may be iuentifieu. }abala similaily emphasizes
iecoiu-keeping foi migiations. ueneial tiacking of chiluien enteiing anu leaving villages has shown
some success in tiansit aieas. Bhoiuka Public Welfaie Tiust puisues the pioblem by suiveying
S4
funus, anu job availability. Nu0

inuiviuuals uooi-to-uooi to iuentify those in uangei of being tiaffickeu, anu with the help of the
state goveinment anu police, guiues inteiventions to empowei anu piotect these gioups.
7u

Livelihoou piomotion is one of the main goals of countless Nu0s in Inuia, but seveial geai theii
piogiams specifically to tiafficking. These tenu to be taigeteu towaiu specific tiafficking-pione
iegions such as the floou-pione aieas of Bihai. While Piayas Bhaiti Tiust teameu with the Bihai
Chambei of Commeice to suppoit aitisans theie, Sakhi woikeu uiligently to establish coopeiatives
of fisheiwomen anu see that they gaineu access to ponus with which to fish. The Neuan Founuation
has woikeu to enable innately-skilleu women weaveis to live off this piofession. The West Bengal
Coopeiative Nilk Piouuceis Feueiation has a laige opeiation geaieu towaiu employing at-iisk
peisons to pievent them fiom being foiceu to migiate foi woik.
vocational tiaining is often a component of livelihoou geneiation. Niciosoft, the CAP Founuation,
anu Piayas joineu to establish community centeis in which villageis can ieceive computei tiaining.
Sthiee has leveiageu vaiious coipoiate paitneiships in oiuei to help women leain to uesign, anu
eventually sell, vaiious uesignei ciafts. }abala tiains in heibal meuicine gaiuening, anu emphasizes
that public-piivate paitneiships anu panchayat involvement aie iequiieu foi success in getting at-
iisk villageis successfully tiaineu anu employeu. Foi at-iisk inuiviuuals too young foi vocational
tiaining - that is, chiluien - euucation is pioviueu by many Nu0s. This is fiequently focuseu on the
in oiuei to pievent them fiom auopting such a life. chiluien of sex woikeis
4.S.7.2 PR0TECTI0N
The fiist place that a tiaffickeu victim oi uoou Samaiitan can tuin to foi help is one of the toll-fiee
help numbeis establisheu by gioups incluuing CBILBLINE Inuia, ATSEC }haikhanu, anu Piayas.
0nce a victim has been fieeu, the most wiuely accepteu appioach towaiu iecoveiy touay is to senu
him oi hei to one of the many sheltei homes iun by Nu0s anu the goveinment of Inuia. Nany
gioups iefei victims to these homes: Piayas gets iefeiials fiom not only CBILBLINE, but also the
Ciisis Inteivention Centei, the Ciime Against Women Cells (police), local police, couits, chilu
welfaie committees, juvenile justice boaius, Nu0s, anti-tiafficking netwoiks, anu otheis. Theie aie
often uiffeient homes anu uiffeient appioaches foi women anu giils, as well as sepaiate homes foi
boys. All but one of Piayas' homes aie foi chiluien; Pieiana has night caie anu uay caie centeis.
Bhaiatiya Kisan Sangh anu ATSEC }haikhanu iun Kishoii Niketan, which iehabilitates hunuieus of
young giils anu gives them the oppoitunity to join schools anu jobs with the goal of becoming self-
ieliant. Bhaiatiya Kisan Sangh has founu that singing anu uancing piogiams lift the spiiits of the
suivivois, who usually iecovei completely.
Foi victims that aie no longei chiluien, vocational tiaining is a ciitical element of the iecoveiy path.
A ceitificate fiom a tiaining institute is often the necessaiy component to get a suivivoi a job. Nany
Nu0s have hau success with piogiams that combine vocational tiaining with an employment path.
These piogiams usually enlist coipoiate paitneiships to leveiage theii expeiience in business,
s have hau gieat success winning the suppoit of businesses as pait

70
!Nair,!P.M.!(2007).!Handbook!for!Law!Enforcement!Agencies!in!India.!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!
http://www.apneaap.org/policy"work/our"resources/best"practices/handbook"law"enforcement"agencies"india"drpm"m"nair.!
SS
of the lattei's Coipoiate Social Responsibility (CSR) piogiams. uioups such as state chambeis of
commeice anu the Confeueiation of Inuian Inuustiies have been useful in magnifying the powei of
an appeal. Business can not only be useful as collaboiatois, but also as clients of the businesses that
the suivivois woik in; foi example, CSR can be leveiageu to encouiage othei businesses to utilize
the suivivois' business as a suppliei. Sanlaap stiesses the impoitance of a multi-stakeholuei
appioach to take auvantage of the coie competencies of uiffeient gioups.
Theie aie many jobs that Nu0s have founu to be viable caieei paths foi tiafficking suivivois. These
aie geneially focuseu on foimei female sex woikeis. Nu0s such as Apne Aap, Aiz, Bhaiatiya Kisan
Sangh, }abala, Piajwala, Pieiana, Rescue Founuation, Sanchay Piayas, Sanlaap, Sthiee, anu ST0P
Belhi, along with many collaboiatois, have tiansitioneu suivivois into caieeis as beauticians,
embioiueieis, iestauiant anu cafeteiia woikeis, soup kitchen staff, hospital nuising staff, hotel
cateieis, housekeepeis, secuiity guaius, gas station attenuants, fashion uesigneis, canule-makeis,
ATN technicians, anu mobile phone iepaiieis. Piajwala inteiestingly finus a niche foi these
woikeis in conventionally male piofessions, such as masoniy, in which women aie usually too
intimiuateu by men to join.
Apne Aap has a piogiam geaieu towaiu at-iisk women anu active, oluei piostitutes. It establishes a
community centei in a ieu-light uistiict. Women assemble theie in gioups, holuing uiffeient offices,
ieceiving tiaining, chilu caie, anu sheltei if neeueu, anu woik togethei at a vocation. Aftei two yeais
unuei Apne Aap supeivision, the gioup giauuates to a "self-help gioup" anu theii money becomes
available to the women in a bank account. The women then conuuct a mostly inuepenuent income
geneiation piogiam, typically ciaft making.
Nu0s have founu that it is impoitant to holu motivational sessions with tiafficking suivivois to
ensuie they complete theii tiaining anu seek out employment. It also appeais that a iegulai stipenu
foi the suivivois can be impoitant to a successful tiansition. The piocess may fail if theii iuentity as
foimei sex woikeis is not kept confiuential in the woikplace, which iequiies that the business oi
ministiy not mention oi capitalize on its geneiosity in hiiing such inuiviuuals. Bowevei, a ietail
stoie that simply sells piouucts auveitiseu as "maue by suivivois" can woik; }abala has
uemonstiateu this.
Buiing the iehabilitation piocess, ieintegiation to the suivivois' home villages must be an option
available to them if they want it. vaiious Nu0s facilitate this piocess. Foi example, }ust Tiust
establishes links with the ielatives of iescueu victims, anu veiifies the iuentity anu ielationship of
anyone who comes to ietiieve the suivivois. Sanlaap, Sthiee, anu ST0P Belhi woik in vaiious
capacities to tiansfei the giils back to theii home villages, which may sometimes involve battles
with goveinments in cases of cioss-boiuei iepatiiation. Bhoomika vihai believes in making the
community moie ieceptive anu helpful in iehabilitation foi victims, iathei than scoinful. It uoes not
iun homes, but insteau wants to fix the community itself so that he village allows ieintegiation with
uignity anu suppoits the suivivoi.
S6
geneially infoim victims of thei


4.S.7.S PR0SEC0TI0N
Piosecution is piimaiily the iesponsibility of law enfoicement anu the juuiciaiy, but it can be
supplementeu by Nu0s anu inteinational oiganizations.
Seveial Nu0s have woikeu with police to inteivene in tiansit aieas to halt tiafficking. Nanav Seva
Sansthan iuns "Life uuaiu Centeis" at cioss-boiuei tiansit points along the Nepal boiuei.
volunteeis help to iuentify tiaffickeis anu collaboiate with police to appiehenu them. Nigiants who
fit the piofile of victims aie inteivieweu in the Centei to ueteimine whethei they'ie being
tiaffickeu, anu aie infoimeu of theii iights. This appioach is being ieplicateu at intei-state anu
intei-uistiict boiueis, as well as iailway stations anu bus hubs. Since it ielies on volunteeis anu
inteiactions with local police, it is sustainable aftei the Nu0 leaves. Bhoomika vihai has likewise
monitoieu anu pioviueu counseling at tiansit points neai boiuei ciossings. They inuicate that the
tiaffickeu giils aie neivous anu easy to spot, while the tiaffickeis themselves can be iuentifieu
mainly by watching the giils. Local infoimeis such as venuois anu iickshaw pulleis can be veiy
helpful. Piayas iuns a similai piogiam at iailway stations, anu iescues moie boys than giils,
piimaiily foi laboi tiafficking. Bal Sakha utilizes a paitneiship with the police to help them finu
missing chiluien. They encouiage police to tieat chiluien bettei anu woik togethei with Nu0s,
which in tuin impioves the public peiception of police anu ieuuces chiluien's feai of them.
71

Raius on biothels aie a gieatei challenge foi Nu0s because of the uangei; howevei, the Immoial
Tiafficking Pievention Act iequiies them to be piesent uuiing these police iescue opeiations.
72

Rescue Founuation anu ST0P have assisteu police in iaius, anu uiscoveieu ways to maximize the
success of these iaius. It is impoitant to: woik with local police that have been sensitizeu to
tiafficking in oiuei to avoiu leaks; ensuie that eviuence is gatheieu uuiing the iaiu; make suie that
victims have a chance to get theii belongings fiom the biothel; ensuie that victims anu tiaffickeis
aie kept apait immeuiately upon captuie; have an Nu0 membei piesent at the police station to
make the initial contact with the victims; involve women police officeis in the iaiu; ensuie that the
victim is inteivieweu by a female police officei; anu pioviue emeigency kits to the victims shoitly
aftei the iescue. Raius also occui on slave laboi establishments anu homes suspecteu of uomestic
laboi tiafficking; some of these aie conuucteu by Inteinational }ustice Nission anu ATSEC
}haikhanu, iespectively.
7S

Legal aiu in tiafficking cases is pioviueu by many Nu0s, incluuing Apne Aap, BAQ Centie foi Chilu
Rights, }ust Tiust, Rescue Founuation, Save the Chiluien Inuia, SLARTC, anu ST0P. These gioups
i iights anu piepaie them foi testimony. They can also enlist meuia

71
!Sen,!S.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!National!Human!Rights!
Commission,!UNIFEM,!Institute!of!Social!Sciences.
72
!ECPAT!International.!(2006).!Global!Monitoring!Report!on!the!status!of!action!against!commercial!sexual!exploitation!of!
children:!India.!ECPAT!International:!Bangkok.!
73!
Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!http://www.ijm.org/.!
S7

attention to piess foi justice. Rescue Founuation pioviues a compiehensive stiategy, conuucting its
own investigation in paiallel with the police, holuing mock tiials to help victims piepaie anu gain
confiuence, anu assisting the public piosecutoi. Remaikably, SLARTC has hau actual piosecution
woik tiansfeiieu to it by the goveinment piosecutoi, showing the extent to which Nu0s can
piocess. become involveu in the juuicial
4.S.7.4 CAPACITY B0ILBINu
A vaiiety of activities fall unuei capacity builuing. Because of the impoitance of biinging many
stakeholueis anu gioups with uiffeient skills to the table in tackling a pioblem as complex as
tiafficking, anti-tiafficking netwoiks aie ciitical to impiove the effectiveness of all anti-tiafficking
gioups. The laigest netwoik is ATSEC Inuia, which has moie than Suu Nu0s as membeis anu
functions in 26 states. Campaign Against Chilu Tiafficking (CACT) is anothei majoi gioup. 0N0BC
has uevelopeu Anti-Buman Tiafficking 0nits (ABT0s) that biing togethei many actois to
compiehensively attack the pioblem.
Reseaich into tiafficking helps to sheu light on the otheiwise hiuuen tiafficking woilu, anu is
conuucteu by gioups incluuing the }oint Women's Piogiamme,
74
Shakti vahini,
7S
anu the Institute
of Social Sciences, New Belhi.
76
Pieiana conuucts ieseaich, piouuces uocumentation, anu
uisseminates the infoimation thiough tiaining sessions at its centei in Numbai. Confeiences aie
. one appioach via which ieseaicheis can uisseminate infoimation to the tiafficking netwoiks
Stiengthening law enfoicement is anothei key push of Nu0s. 0N0BC has pioviueu the most
suppoit foi this puipose. As pait of one of theii piogiams, with the help of the uoveinment of Inuia,
i-lanu Infoimatics Limiteu has tiaineu police on tiafficking anu founu that theatei-baseu piogiams
anu inteiactive activities weie most effective, cieating a ielaxeu enviionment, canuoi, anu inteiest
of the police. Contact Base has focuseu on sensitizing police to the ciicumstances of tiafficking anu
the neeus of the victims, helping the police to communicate effectively with suivivois, anu piessing
the police to inciease vigilance against tiafficking thiough woikshops anu the Women anu Chilu
Piotection Cell of the uoa Police.
Law enfoicement can also be aiueu by softwaie piogiams that pioviue intelligence on tiaffickeis.
The Ninistiy of Women anu Chilu Bevelopment has woikeu with 0NICEF to cieate a chilu
piotection uata management system to keep tiack of tiaffickeu chiluien anu tiaffickeis in a cential
uatabank in the National Institute of Public Coopeiation anu Chilu Bevelopment. Niciosoft has
similaily helpeu to expanu its Chilu Exploitation Tiacking System to Inuia.

74!
Nair,!P.M.!(2007).!Handbook!for!Law!Enforcement!Agencies!in!India.!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!
http://www.apneaap.org/policy"work/our"resources/best"practices/handbook"law"enforcement"agencies"india"drpm"m"nair.!
75
!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!http://www.shaktivahini.org.!
76!
Sen,!S.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!National!Human!Rights!
Commission,!UNIFEM,!Institute!of!Social!Sciences.
S8

Nu0s aie geneially involveu in stiengthening the juuiciaiy as well.
77
Foi example, the National
0niveisity of }uiiuical Sciences anu Sanlaap woik togethei to tiain piosecutois.
78


77!
ECPAT!International.!(2006).!Global!Monitoring!Report!on!the!status!of!action!against!commercial!sexual!exploitation!of!
children:!India.!ECPAT!International:!Bangkok.!
78
!Ibid.!
S9

5 REVIEW! OF! KEY! FINDINGS!
This section ieviews the key finuings compileu fiom the liteiatuie ieview, legal fiamewoik
views. analysis, state piofiles, Nu0 piofiles, anu Nu0 intei
S. 1 BYNANICS 0F TRAFFICKINu IN INBIA
! The most pievalent sectois employing victims of TIP in Inuia aie commeicial sex woik, bonueu
laboi (i.e. in both the inuustiial anu agiicultuial sectois), uomestic woik, enteitainment
(ciicuses, camel jockeying), anu begging.
79
Commeicial sex woik anu laboi accounts foi a laige
shaie of tiafficking.
!

The main cause of tiafficking in Inuia is poveity. Pooi inuiviuuals that engage in migiant laboi
aie paiticulaily susceptible to the manipulation of tiaffickeis when false jobs aie piomiseu, anu
women aie easily alluieu by the attiaction of fake maiiiage as a way of escaping poveity. Those
states with the highest levels of poveity aie wheie the laigest numbeis of victims of tiafficking
oiiginate (e.g. 0iissa, Bihai, }haikhanu, Chhattisgaih, anu West Bengal). Poveity's impact on
tiafficking is amplifieu by the impact of globalization on both pooi anu wealthy aieas of the
countiy.
! Social piactices anu cultuial factois, such as patiiaichal bias, low iegaiu foi women's iights, low
levels of giils euucation, maiginalization of women, anu the uowiy piactice negatively influence
tiafficking almost as much as poveity.
8u
Nany families anu communities peipetuate anu
institutionalize (e.g. thiough tiauitional piactices) the act of tiafficking. 0ne stuuy inuicateu
that 62% of women in commeicial sex woik weie fiom scheuuleu castes anu Su% weie fiom
i scheuuleu tiibes. In auuition to being histoiically uisenfianchiseu, these gioups aie known fo
seveial cultuial piactices that aie auveise to women.
! Lessei, but still impoitant, ioot causes foi tiafficking in Inuia aie conflicts natuial uisasteis
anu goveinance. 0iissa's cyclones anu iebel gioups in }haikhanu anu Chhattisgaih have all
contiibuteu to an inciease tiafficking. Bespite the existence of legislation, pooi implementation
anu infoimation asymmetiies ensuie that maiginalizeu segments vulneiable to tiafficking aie
not awaie of, oi able to access, piotection thiough the law. Nigiation policies that aie especially
haish on unskilleu woikeis, foicing them to iesoit to alteinative livelihoou options thiough
illegal means.
! 0n the uemanu siue, globalization anu economic booms have incieaseu the uemanu foi sex
woikeis anu cheap laboi, leauing to a iesultant inciease in the supply of tiaffickeu victims,
especially in Belhi anu uoa. Both low levels anu high levels of economic uevelopment can
mplying that states can tiansition fiom being souices to uestinations as
y. Theie aie veiy few effoits to auuiess the uemanu siue of tiafficking.
encouiage tiafficking, i
they uevelop economicall

79
!Asian!Development!Bank!(ADB).!(2003).!Trafficking!of!Women!and!Children!in!South!Asia:!A!regional!synthesis!paper!for!
Bangladesh,!India!and!Nepal.!
80
!IOM.!(2002).!In!search!of!dreams:!study!on!the!situation!of!the!trafficked!women!and!children!from!Bangladesh!and!Nepal!to!
India.!Dhaka.
4u
! Tiafficking has social, economic anu health impacts. Tiafficking ie-enfoices uisciiminatoiy
behavioi anu, in teims of the lost potential ietuins to human capital, economic losses fiom
human tiafficking to communities aie enoimous. Finally, victims, especially those engageu in
se aiia, tubeiculosis, anu othei uiseases. x woik, aie highly vulneiable to BIvAIBS, mal
S. 2 INBIA'S ANTI-TIP LEuAL FRANEW0RK
! Although sufficient legal basis exists to piosecute tiaffickeis, piotect anu compensate victims,
Inuia's legal fiamewoik ielateu to tiafficking of peisons is seveiely flaweu. The Immoial
Tiafficking Pievention Act (ITPA) is consiueieu the most effective TIP law in Inuia; its Section 8
is useu piimaiily to haiass victims of tiafficking. Tiafficking is a low piioiity in law enfoicement
anu impiopei use of statutes leaus to the fuithei victimization of tiafficking suivivois.
Noieovei, theie is low knowleuge anu awaieness of statutes. Rehabilitation seivices iun by the
goveinment aie unuei-iesouiceu anu shelteis aie sometimes mistaken foi jails by the victims.
In the juuiciaiy, oveibuiueneu juuges anu piosecutois aie insensitive to victims' neeus anu
sometimes engage in coiiupt behavioi. Finally, most states have not auopteu iobust
compensation piogiams foi victims.
S. S u0vERNNENT ANTI-TIP EFF0RTS
! The cential goveinment has iecently launcheu seveial piogiams that, on papei, have
impiessive piospects. These have the potential to effectively cooiuinate effoits of law
enfoicement, the Nu0 community, anu the juuiciaiy in piotecting victims anu punishing
e only tiaffickeis. Nany of the cential goveinment's piogiams aie still in the uesign phase oi hav
iecently been launcheu; thus, theie aie not yet iesults illustiating theii successes oi failings.
! State goveinment inteiventions, which focus laigely on pievention, aie hinueieu by pooi
cooiuination, low awaieness, lack of an integiateu plan that involves all key stakeholueis, anu
hi e gh levels of coiiuptionoiganizeu ciim .
S. 4 Nu0B0N0R ANTI-TIP EFF0RTS
! Theie is a bias among Nu0s in oui sample population towaiu inteiventions in pievention,
paiticulaily awaieness-builuing anu euucation activities. Causal links can likely be maue to oui
ie selection of pieuominantly souice states veisus uestination iegions. Pievention piogiams a
easiei anu less costly to implement than piogiams in piosecution anu piotection.
! Nu0s typically uo not focus piimaiily on piosecution; howevei, theie aie a numbei of legal
auvocacy, legal aiu, anu legal tiaining piogiams falling unuei seconuaiy anu teitiaiy
inteiventions. This obseivation is influenceu by law enfoicement's pooi iecoiu of puisuing
tiafficking-ielateu ciimes, as well as a bias inheient in oui sample population of
statesteiiitoiies.
! Theie is some uegiee of contextualization that takes place in TIP Nu0 activity with iespect to
local conuitions. Baseu on geogiaphy oi susceptibility to natuial uisasteis, Nu0s tenu to catei to
theii taiget populations beyonu just copying anu pasting tiafficking initiatives fiom global best
piactices.
41
! Nany of the Nu0s inteivieweu woikeu with small gioups, but associateu theii efficacy with
high levels of collaboiation with a numbei of paitneis.
! Nost Nu0s have close links with goveinment anu law enfoicement. Foi those Nu0s engageu in
iescue opeiations, all woik closely with police.
! Nu0s citeu funuing as the laigest huiule to theii ability to effectively implement piogiams. Also
n mentioneu weie issues with implementation of the law, lack of coopeiation anu cooiuinatio
among Nu0s anu with goveinment, anu lack of human iesouices.
! veiy little infoimation on inteivention iesultsefficacy is publisheu, laigely uue to a lack of
capacity anu lack of piioiitization in oiganizations.
42

6 POLICY! RECOMMENDATIONS! AND! ANALYSIS!
This section lists policy inteivention alteinatives baseu on the Nu0 inteiviews & piofiles, the state
piofiles, the liteiatuie ieview, anu the legal fiamewoik analysis. These suggesteu inteiventions aie
iankeu against 14 ciiteiia, anu fiom this exeicise come iecommenuations, implementation
analyses, anu suggesteu paitneis.
6. 1 EvAL0ATI0N 0F INTERvENTI0N 0PTI0NS
The ieseaich team iuentifieu a total of 16 policy inteiventions alteinatives wheie TAF coulu impact
the anti-TIP movement in Inuia. These suggestions aie baseu on best piactices anu cuiient gaps in
inteiventions. Table 7 lists the uistiibution of these inteiventions.
Table!7:!Distribution!of!Policy!Intervention!Alternatives!
Pr e! ogram!Typ Number!of! ternatives! Al
Pievention 1
Piotection 4
Piosecution 6
Capacity-Builuing S
Acknowleuging that TAF's iesouices woulu be best utilizeu if focuseu on the most effective options,
14 ciiteiia weie selecteu with which to iank the alteinatives (see Table 8). The ciiteiia anu the
accompanying iankings oiiginateu fiom uiscussions with oui auvisoi, TAF, uonoi oiganizations in
Inuia (e.g. 0NIFEN, 0N0BC, anu 0SAIB), anu ieseaich finuings. TAF highly values innovation anu
collaboiation with local paitneis; theiefoie, innovation anu the ability to collaboiate weie incluueu
anu given weightings of 1u peicent each. Similaily, TAF, while placing some impoitance on buuget,
uiu not feel that this was a piimaiy ciiteiion; theiefoie, a policy's ability to be implementeu within
a $1uu,uuu buuget was given a lowei weighting of S peicent. uiven TAF's initial limiteu iesouices,
piogiams with iobust value multipliei effects shoulu be highly favoieu, a ciiteiion foi a value
multipliei effect was incluueu anu given a weight of 1u peicent.
81
The iemainuei of the ciiteiia was
gleaneu fiom uiscussions with othei Nu0s anu fiom iuentifying what maue othei initiatives fail. As
a final example, Nu0s often complaineu about lack of funuing foi initiatives; this finuing leu to the
inclusion of the ability to leveiage the piivate sectoi as a way to auuiess buuget constiaints.

81
!Based!on!feedback!from!the!teams!advisor,!Professor!Erik!Jensen.!!
4S

Table!8:!Policy!Alternatives!Ranking!Criteria!and!Weightings!
#! Criterion!
6.1.1.1.1.1 Weighting!
(%)!
1 Is the iuea innovative? 1u
2
Aie theie existing grams that c n be leveiageu foi NGO!or!donor!pro a
this initiative.
1u
S Will the iesults be quantifiable. 1u
4 Aie the ielevant stakeholders!receptive. 1u
S Boes this initia e value!multiplier!effect. tive have a substantiv 1u
6
Is theie existing proof!of!this!concept (i.e. aie theie coiioboiating
past iesults).
1 u
7 Boes the initiative leveiage any of TAFs!core!competencies. S
8 Can t within a US$100,000!budget. he initiative be implementeu S
9 Aie m xpecte ject. inimal!adverse!side!effects to be e u fiom the pio S
1u
Is the initiative expecteu to be sustainable!beyonu TAF's
involvement.
S
11 I n!government!policy s the pioject robust!against!shifts!i ? S
12 Can the pioje !nationally. ct be easily iolleu outextended S
1S
Boes the pioject require!few!trafficking!experts oi othei human
capital.
S
14
Boes the initiative leverage!the!private!sector!in its
uesignimplementation.
S
In ianking the alteinatives, suggesteu initiatives weie given a iating of u to 2 baseu on auheience to
the iuentifieu ciiteiion. The weighteu scoies weie then multiplieu by a factoi of Su to pioviue a
ianking scoie of u to 1uu, which is moie intuitive in inteipietation than a ianking scoie of u to 2.
Below is the outcome of the ianking exeicise (see Table 9). The full iesults of the policy alteinatives
ianking exeicise can be founu in Appenuix II: Recommenuation Evaluation Ciiteiia. Thiee of the
iecommenuations tieu foi seconu place anu theie was no iecommenuation that scoieu above an 8S,
pointing to the uifficulty of meeting all of the selecteu ciiteiia thiough one piogiam.
44

Table!9:!Ranking!of!Alternatives!!
Ranking! Type! Alternatives! !Score!
1 Piotection Cieate economic coopeiatives 8S
2a Pievention Bolu anti-tiafficking festivals in iuial aieas 8S
2b Piosecution Scale ions up Nu0-leu tiansit point inteivent 8S
2c Piotection
Cieate a iegistiy of anti-tiafficking
inuiviuualsoiganizations
8S
S Capacity-Builuing Suppoit the goveinment Anti-Tiafficking Noual 0ffice 8u
6 Capacity-Builuing
Inciease communicative capacity of the (ATSEC Inuia)
National Anti-Tiafficking Netwoik.
78
7 Capacity-Builuing
Conuuct monitoiing anu evaluation of the new 297
Integiateu Anti-Buman Tiafficking 0nits
78
8 Piosecution
Ti s ain piosecutois on post-conviction activitie
(e.g. compensation law, iehabilitation law)
7S
9 Capacity-Builuing Conuuct in-fielu ieseaich on laboi tiafficking 7u
1u Piosecution
Tiainingsensitization piogiams foi police & othei
piosecution stakeholueis
68
11 Piotection Impiove access to micio-cieuit foi victims of TIP 6S
12 Piosecution
Inciease usage of compensation laws & schemes in
tiafficking statesteiiitoiies thiough awaieness
campaign.
6u
1S Piosecution
Lobby male the goveinment to inciease the numbei of fe
police officeis
SS
14 Piotection
Tiain foimei victims to become "iescue anu
iehabilitation expeits"
SS
1S Piosecution
Suppoit the goveinment in the intiouuction of a "police
incentive piogiam"
Su
16 Capacity-Builuing
Consult with local Nu0s on how to ieallocate theii
iesouices in a moie effective, collaboiative mannei
48
6. 2 REC0NNENBATI0NS
The following uesciiptions of the top ten iecommenuations aie each accompanieu by a iationale,
implementation analysis, anu suggesteu paitneis foi TAF to collaboiate with. Foi the sake of
bievity, iecommenuations below the top ten aie not examineu in uepth, with the exception of the
two innovations outlineu in Section 6.S. Although seveial of the inteiventions iankeu ielatively
4S
pooily, they help to illustiate that even inteiventions piesently unuei implementation aie not
optimal.
The implementation analyses consiueieu how TAF coulu caiiy out each piogiam in light of its
iesouice anu buuget constiaints; willingness of key paitneis; capacity anu ability of uiffeient
oiganizations; anu TAF's own objectives, capacities, manuate, anu goals. The analyses aie bioken
up into shoit teim (u-12 months), meuium teim (1-S yeais), anu long teim (ovei S yeais).
The suggesteu paitneis weie selecteu baseu on the Nu0 suivey inteiviews, Nu0 piofiles, anu the
best piactice analysis. Foi moie uetails on the suggesteu paitneis listeu, please see the Backgiounu
Bocument. Recommenuations aie oiganizeu by the type of inteivention.
Coordinate!new!economic!cooperatives!or!link!existing!cooperatives!with!the!private!sector!
Ranking! 1/16!
Description!
Accoiuing to the Inteinational Coopeiative Alliance, coopeiatives aie "autonomous
associations of peisons uniteu voluntaiily to meet theii common economic, social, anu
cultuial neeus anu aspiiations thiough a jointly-owneu anu uemociatically-contiolleu
enteipiise."
82
Coopeiative activities incluue eveiything fiom the making of ciafts foi sale
in maikets, tianspoit (e.g. taxis), the piovision of chilucaie, to the piovision of seivices
(e.g. watei foi villages).
Rationale!
Inuia's iehabilitation fiamewoik is lacking, paiticulaily in the aiea of pioviuing
alteinative livelihoou oppoitunities. Accoiuing to BELP, an Nu0 baseu in Anuhia
Piauesh, "cuiient vocational tiaining often is not baseu on a neeus analysis anu fails to
link with cuiient employment oppoitunities." Accoiuing to some accounts, at least 4u
peicent of v
8S
ictims aie ie-tiaffickeu uue laigely to faileulacking iehabilitation effoits.
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term:! Funuing shoulu focus on eithei inuepenuent oi collaboiative ieseaich to
iuentify the neeus, the geogiaphic aieas, possible shelteis foi launching a pilot pioject,
the stakeholueis involveu, the potential actois to paitnei with, monitoiing anu evaluation
fiamewoiks, anu existing piogiams to avoiu uuplication of unnecessaiy seivices anu to
iuentify best piactice piogiams. The ielevant laws, pioceuuies, goveinment involvement
will also neeu to be iuentifieu anu examineu.
Medium!term: If the shoit teim planning shows that such a piogiam is feasible foi TAF, a
pilot pioject can be staiteu. A ieview of the pioject's peifoimance anu its ability to meet
TAF's manuate, objectives anu goals shoulu be uone aftei 1-2 yeais of its initiation. The
gaps in implementation shoulu be iuentifieu foi coiiection as well as the best piactices
that can be ieplicateu elsewheie. If the pilot is founu to be successful, TAF can scale up its
piogiam.
Long!term: Aftei S yeais of implementation TAF shoulu evaluate whethei this is a
piogiam that they wish to continue with baseu on iesults, neeu, funuing anu ability to
continue with this piogiam. In the instance that TAF uoes not wish to continue with this
plan, they shoulu uevelop an exit stiategy wheie othei actois can take ovei the piogiams.

82
!International!Cooperative!Alliance.!(2010).!What!is!a!Co"operative?!.Retrieved!March!10,!2010,!from!
http://www.ica.coop/coop/index.html.
83
!UNIFEM.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003,!NHRC"UNIFEM"ISS!Project.
46
Suggested!
Partners!
West Bengal Nilk Feueiation Coopeiative Society, Sthiee, Piajwala, ST0P Belhi, Aiz
Hold!anti"trafficking!festivals!in!rural!areas!
Ranking! 2a/16!
Description!
These festivals will function as an "all-in-one" anti-TIP event, incluuing not only
"euutainment" on the manipulations of tiaffickeis, but also the oppoitunity foi
communities anu families to connect with key stakeholueis. Below is an outline of the
vaiious components:
! Theatie piouuctions
! embeis Law enfoicement (i.e. theie to talk to paients who aie missing family m
anu iegistei cases)
! ilies about the manipulations of Social woikeis (i.e. theie to talk to fam
tiaffickeis)
! 0fficials fiom the social uepaitments
! Livelihoou oppoitunity tiaining (i.e. woikshops on how to stait coopeiatives)
! Community oiganizing woikshops (i.e. how to builu a vigilance committee) anu
! Local iauio stations (i.e. to bioaucast the festivities anu iaise awaieness on the
issue of TIP).
Rationale!
0f the plethoia of pievention activities, none weie saiu to be quite as uiffeientiateu oi
impactful as those employing the use of theatie as a way to iaise awaieness about
tiafficking in an accessible way foi iuial communities.
Nany of the best piactices unuei pievention inteiventions involveu theatiical
piouuctions.
By incluuing law enfoicement, social woikeis, anu iepiesentatives fiom the uepaitments,
families anu community membeis have a unique oppoitunity to inteiact with tiafficking
expeits anu get help, auvice, anuoi tiaining on how to combat TIP in theii families anu
communities.
Finally, these festivals coulu benefit fiom piivate sectoi paitneiships.
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term:!In the shoit iun while TAF ieestablishes its piesence in Inuia, TAF shoulu
paitnei with high piofile Nu0s that alieauy engage with communities foi awaieness-
iaising thiough mobile theaties anu festivals. In this way, they can builu a ieputation on
the giounu anu gain expeitise anu exposuie.
Medium!to!long!term: If TAF feels that the ietuins fiom such an inteivention aie high,
they have the option of eithei continuing to woik with these Nu0s anu expanuing the
outieach to othei states oi ueveloping this on theii own.
Suggested!
Partners!
Fellowship (0iissa), Campaign Against Chilu Tiafficking, Contact Base
Assist!transit!point!interventions!by!scaling!up!existing!NGO!programs!
Ranking! 2b/16!
Description!
Scale up existing best piactice Nu0-leu piogiams in the aiea of tiansit point
inteiventions.
Rationale!
An estimateu 9u% of tiafficking in Inuia is intei-state anu the inteiiuption of TIP at
tiansit points has been iuentifieu as a best piactice because of its pioven success. This
appioach incieases the costs to tiaffickeis, incieases the aiiests of tiaffickeis (because
47
the offense is often cognizable), anu it is ielatively easy to uetect populai tiafficking
ioutes (i.e. cential tiain sections).
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term: TAF shoulu focus on iuentifying not only which tiansit points aie most potent,
but also the ways anu means to auuiess the issue in those tiansit points, as well as the
gaps anu potential issues that may come up. This will iequiie a multi-stakeholuei
consultation piocess, which spans the police, Nu0s, communities, goveinment officials,
anu othei legal institutions. Simultaneously, existing Nu0 anu uonoi initiatives
auuiessing tiansit points shoulu be consiueieu foi paitneiship. Those that meet TAF's
objectives, goals anu manuates can be scaleu up thiough the assistance of TAF.
Medium/long!term: An evaluation shoulu be conuucteu to see whethei such an initiative
as it stanus is successful anu efficient. If TAF feels that this inteivention has stiong
iesults anu a healthy ietuin on the social investment then it has two options. Fiist, it
coulu continue to implement this piogiam as is with the selecteu paitneis. Alteinatively,
if they aie not satisfieu with the way the piogiam is being implementeu they coulu ieveit
to the seconu option - ie-evaluating the piogiam anu finuing new paitneis, going it alone
oi engaging with new paitneisnew appioach to tiansit point inteiventions.
Suggested!
Partners!
Nanav Seva Sansthan, Bhoomika vihai, Piayas
Build!a!database!of!individuals/organizations!that!are!relevant!to!trafficking!
Ranking! 2c/16!
Description!
The inuiviuuals anu oiganizations in the uatabase will be connecteu with shelteis anu
Nu0s that aie in neeu of human iesouices anuoi capacity. Cuiiently, Contact Base
employs a uatabase of univeisity stuuents in ielevant fielus (e.g. health, psychology,
social woik, etc) to finu volunteeis anu Nu0 staff.
Rationale!
Both state-iun anu Nu0-iun sheltei homes have inuicateu that theii lack of piovision of
holistic iehabilitation seivices is uue to lack of the human iesouices available to pioviue
such seivices. BELP inuicateu that theie is a "shoitage of staff tiaineu anu expeiienceu in
tiauma caie anu counseling both in goveinment anu piivately iun homes." The Legal
Fiamewoik Analysis also highlighteu the pooi iesouices available to homes (see
Backgiounu Bocument). Baseu on Contact Base's piogiam, howevei, it appeais the gap in
iesouice piovision can be cieatively closeu paitly thiough the use of univeisity stuuents
anu post-giauuates. If TAF can efficiently scale up Contact Base's piogiam to national
level anu inciease the numbei of inuiviuualsoiganizations in the uatabase that can help
shelteis, the iehabilitation piocess foi victims woulu be gieatly impioveu.
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term: TAF shoulu fiist unueitake an analysis of the existing uatabases anu theii
shoitcomings. A multi-stakeholuei consultative appioach shoulu then be unueitaken
because the continueu paiticipation of these stakeholueis will be vital to the ongoing
success of the pioject. In the consultative pioceuuies, the stakeholueis shoulu be
incluueu in ueveloping an action plan.
Medium!to!long!term: Continuous evaluation of efficiency anu quality of the pioceuuies to
upuate anu uisseminate the uatabase will be essential. Evaluation of paitnei ioles anu
iesponsibilities anu how they have unueitaken them will also be neeueu on a consistent
basis to finu weak links that can be iectifieu.
Suggested!
Partners!
Contact Base, ATSEC, 0NIFEN, Ninistiy of Women anu Chilu Bevelopment
Partner!with!the!Anti"Trafficking!Nodal!Office!under!the!Ministry!of!Home!Affairs!in!order!to!improve!
48
monitoring!and!evaluation!of!TIP!
Ranking! 5/16!
Description!
This is to be accomplisheu by leveiaging existing uatabases, impioving the capacity of
state noual officeis, anu making the infoimation available publicly.
Rationale!
The cential goveinment's "noual cell is a feueial two"person!department!iesponsible foi
collecting anu peifoiming analysis of uata ielateu to tiafficking, iuentifying the causes of
the pioblem, monitoiing action taken by state goveinments, anu holuing meetings with
state-level law enfoicement."
84
It is seveiely unuei iesouiceu anu in neeu of auuitional
capacity. uiven its impoitant manuate, a paitneiship with the goveinment to help get this
new uepaitment to full functionality has the potential to be veiy helpful to the anti-TIP
movement.
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short/medium/long!term:!This woulu be an on-going piogiam. TAF woulu neeu to ueciue
what type of assistance it woulu be willing to pioviue: funuing foi gieatei staff, capacity
builuing, assisting in ueveloping gieatei linkages foi infoimation flows with othei
oiganizations anu stakeholueis, placing TAF employees in noual offices, etc. Continuous
evaluation of the iesults anu efficacy fiom the inteiventions will help iuentify what is
woiking, what has been achieveu, anu what still neeus to be uone.
Suggested!
Partners!
Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis, State-level ministiies, State-level police uepaitments
Improve!the!communicative!capacity!of!the!(ATSEC!India)!national!anti"trafficking!network
Ranking! 6/16!
Description!
This woulu be geaieu towaius bettei cooiuination of iegional anu state-level tiafficking
netwoiks anu between the netwoiks anu goveinment.
Rationale!
Accoiuing to seveial accounts, incluuing that of Nauias Chiistian Council of Social Seivice
(NCCSS) in Tamil Nauu anu BELP in Anuhia Piauesh, pooi communication between civil
society between each othei anu with goveinment has been a leauing huiule in facing
tiafficking. Noieovei, Stanfoiu piofessoi Eiik }ensen felt that cooiuination was
potentially the inteivention with the most piomising value multipliei given the uynamics
of tiafficking in Inuia.
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term: Befoie engaging in such an inteivention, a vulneiability anu sensitivity
analysis shoulu be unueitaken to iuentify not only what gaps exist but also to examine
which gaps in the system TAF has the gieatest competencies to efficiently achieve.
Bowevei, these neeus may change ovei time as well. Such an inteivention cannot be a
success unless the netwoiks themselves aie not aligneu with the objectives. A
consultative stakeholuei piocess in which the state anu national netwoiks themselves
iuentify the issues anu objectives they woulu like to achieve is manuatoiy. Following this,
a joint action plan can be uevelopeu with shoit, meuium anu long teim goals.
Medium!term: Evaluating the piogiam's success will help piioiitize foi TAF whethei they
wish to continue with this piogiam. TAF may not be able to fix all the pioblems that the
netwoiks face with each othei. Theiefoie, if TAF satisfies the objectives iuentifieu in the
fiist step anu feels that the neeus have changeu anu its competencies uo not match the
new neeus then peihaps it shoulu exit fiom this piogiam eventually.

84
!US!Department!of!State.!(2007).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report!2007.!Retrieved!March!3,!2010,!from!
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/82902.pdf.!
49
Long!term: Bowevei, if TAF feels that they still have valuable contiibutions to make a new
neeus analysis shoulu be conuucteu anu the piocess iestaiteu to auuiess the evolveu
intei-netwoik stiuctuies anu the new pioblems they may face.
Suggested!
Partners!
ATSEC, Campaign Against Chilu Tiafficking, }haikhanu Anti-Tiafficking Netwoik, SNATCB
Conduct!monitoring!and!evaluation!of!the!new!297!Integrated!Anti"Human!Trafficking!Units!(IAHTUs)!
Ranking! 7/16!
Description!
The Integiateu Anti-Buman Tiafficking 0nits (IABT0s) aie a new Ninistiy of Bome
Affaiis piogiam (oiiginally piloteu by 0N0BC). In 2uu82uu9, the goveinment "allocateu
$18 million to the Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis to cieate 297 anti-human tiafficking units
acioss the nation to tiain anu sensitize law enfoicement officials."
8S

Rationale!
Nany of the key outages in the legal fiamewoik anu iehabilitation piocess have the
potential to be auuiesseu thiough the IABT0s. While monitoiing anu evaluation foim a
pait of these units, an inuepenuent auuitoi of the initiative's impact ovei the neai to
meuium teim woulu be useful to pioviue goveinment with auuitional peispective on the
success of these IABT0s as they scale up. The eaily yeais of institutions like IABT0s aie
the most ciitical - if emphasis is not placeu on iesults, efficiency anu quality these
IABT0s coulu stait on a path uepenuent piocess of failuie. 0vei the next S-S yeais,
involvement in N&E of these units will help TAF builu its expeitise anu expeiience in the
tiafficking aiena - N&E of these units will inciease knowleuge of the actual on the giounu
uynamics of tiafficking in Inuia anu the issues faceu. Finally, a paitneiship like this woulu
help builu TAF's ielationship with the goveinment of Inuia.
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!to!medium!term: A benchmaik stuuy shoulu be conuucteu to establish wheie the
cuiient monitoiing anu evaluation fiamewoiks aie. Fiom theie, TAF shoulu shaie the
iesults of the stuuy with the Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis anu inuicate wheie TAF can help
close iuentifieu gaps. It shoulu be maue cleai to the NoBA by TAF that its inteivention in
the IABT0s will not extenu beyonu S yeais, since these units, at full functionality, shoulu
be self-sufficient.
Suggested!
Partners!
0N0BC, Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis
Implement!prosecutor!training!on!post"conviction!activities,!especially!on!compensation!law!and!
procedures!
Ranking! 8/16!
Description!
Piosecutois leau the post-conviction piocess on behalf of victims in iegaius to seeking
compensation, closing biothels, getting haishei punishments foi iepeat offenueis, anu
placing victims in iehabilitation facilities. TAF shoulu pioviue tiaining so that these
piosecutois aie maue moie awaie of theii obligations.
Rationale!
uiven the heavy woikloau of public piosecutois, these ciucial steps often uo not get the
attention they neeu. Noieovei, some piosecutois aie not fully veiseu on the iights of
victims to compensation (which is an entitlement of the victim whethei oi not the

85
!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!
Su
offenuei is convicteu).
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term: Paitnei with uonois anu Nu0s that aie alieauy involveu in tiaining
piosecutois (Sanlaap, 0N0BC). In paiallel, iuentify piosecutois that have been successful
in attaining compensation foi victims of tiafficking anu othei post-conviction activities.
These piosecutois can be useu to tiain othei piosecutois oi impiove the tiaining
pioviueu by TAF anu its selecteu paitneis.
Medium!to!long!term: 0iganize annual oi bi-annual tiaining piogiams foi effective
continuous iesults. Auuitionally, the cieation of a public message boaiu foi piosecutois
to shaie questions about compensation law anu, moie geneially, law peitaining to victims
of TIP coulu be establisheu.
Suggested!
Partners!
Sanlaap, 0N0BC
Conduct!field!research!on!labor!trafficking!
Ranking! 9/16!
Rationale!
Bespite the pievailing view that tiafficking foi the puiposes of commeicial sexual
exploitation (CSE), ovei half of the Nu0s inteivieweu inuicateu that laboi tiafficking was
a majoi aiea of tiafficking in Inuia. The Tiafficking Thematic uioup 2uuS of South Asia
founu that (1) theie is too much focus on CSE anu (2) that theie is too much focus on
women. By some accounts, laboi tiafficking appeais to be incieasing as a iesult of
moueinization globalization, which has leu to incieaseu "voluntaiy" migiation in an
effoit to fill low-cost, low-skill jobs. 0f couise, a siue effect of "voluntaiy" migiation has
been a iising amount of tiafficking foi the puipose of laboi exploitation (this incluues
both men anu chiluien).
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!to!medium!term: As pointeu out in the liteiatuie ieview, laboi tiafficking is
suspecteu to fai outweigh tiafficking foi CSW. Fuitheimoie, veiy little is uone to auuiess
the issue anu almost no infoimation is available about it. In light of this, of couise no
coheient piogiam can be uevelopeu. But what can be uone anu be extiemely valuable is
to conuuct a compiehensive stuuy of laboi tiafficking in Inuia, similai to the 0NIFEN
(2uuS) iepoit on tiafficking of women anu chiluien in Inuia. This will help unueistanu
the uynamics of laboi tiafficking, the neeus, vulneiabilities, etc.
Long!term: Baving conuucteu this ieseaich anu aimeu with gieatei knowleuge about the
issue, TAF coulu leau a multi-stakeholuei confeience on staiting woik on laboi tiafficking
in Inuia.
Suggested!
Partners!
Inteinational }ustice Nission, Institute of Social Sciences (Belhi)
Training!and!sensitization!programs!for!police!and!other!prosecution!stakeholders!(e.g.!prosecutors,!
judges,!etc.)!
Ranking! 10/16!
Description! Tiaining to help piosecution stakeholueis auopt a moie victim-centiic appioach to TIP.
Rationale!
As iuentifieu in the Legal Fiamewoik Analysis (see Backgiounu Bocument), victimization
of TIP victims is pievalent in the use of laws anu the lack of sensitivity to victims' neeus
uuiing iescue anu piosecution. Noieovei, baseu on a 2uuS NBRC stuuy, the majoiity of
police place "low" oi zeio piioiity to the issue of tiafficking anu 4u peicent of
iesponuents uiu not know tiafficking was a ciime. Both of these statistics speak to the
S1
neeu of moie tiaining anu bettei sensitization foi those associateu with the law.
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term: Theie aie seveial oiganizations cuiiently woiking with goveinment to tiain
the nation's police officeis. Baseu on 0N0BC's stiong uesiie to paitnei with TAF, theie
shoulu be no huiules to TAF plugging in to an existing piogiam.
Medium/long!term: Beyonu tiaining of police, tiaining foi juuges, juuicial officials, anu
piosecutois is neeueu. 0nce police aie tiaineu, a natuial next step is to tiain piosecutois
anu juuges nationally.
Suggested!
Partners!
0N0BC, Sanlaap, IABT0s

6. S REvIEW 0F INN0vATIvE ALTERNATIvES
As mentioneu, TAF inuicateu that it values innovation, in auuition to "tiieu anu testeu" piogiams.
Bowevei, baseu on the ianking exeicise, the most innovative concepts weie iankeu towaiu the
lowei enu of the spectium since they uo not meet seveial of the othei piimaiy ciiteiia. Foi instance,
theie aie no iesults to suppoit these iueas, theie aie no establisheu piogiams that offei the
oppoitunity to collaboiate, anu stakeholueis may not be oveily suppoitive of the piogiams.
Bowevei, below aie oveiviews of two of the most innovative of oui iecommenuations.
Train!rescue!and!rehabilitation!experts!(RREs)!
Ranking! 14/16!
Description!
TAF shoulu tiain foimei victims to become "iescue & iehabilitation expeits" (RREs).
These RREs shoulu not be confuseu with police officeis oi social woikeis. The RREs
woulu be manuateu with suppoiting victims by offeiing an empathetic suppoit stiuctuie
as the victim piogiesses fiom iescue to full iehabilitation. It is impoitant that these
foimei victims be ueuicateu solely to IABT0s anu not alteinative Nu0 activities so that
they can focus explicitly on the piogiess of the victims.
Rationale!
0ften, victim ieintegiation back into theii home enviionments is impossible if the
community is awaie of the victim's exploitation. Noieovei, pooi empoweiment uuiing
the iehabilitation piocess leaus to many victims choosing to go back to theii exploitative
situations. Finally, using foimei victims to help othei victims thioughout the iescue anu
iehabilitation piocess is cential foi empoweiing both the foimei anu new victims.
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term: Woik with key stakeholueis (psychologists, police, Nu0s, tiaffickeu victims)
to uevelop a tiaining piogiam foi RREs.
Medium!term: Launch a pilot piogiam within a few selecteu IABT0 units, piefeiably
within a close pioximity to TAF offices so that monitoiing anu evaluation can be
constantly conuucteu.
Long!term: Roll out a national piogiam, tiansitioning it fully to the Ninistiy of Chilu anu
Women Bevelopment to ensuie its sustainability in the long teim. !
Suggested!
Partners!
Ninistiy of Chilu & Women Bevelopment, IABT0s
Support!a!government"led!police!incentive!program!
S2
Ranking! 15/16!
Description!
TAF coulu fill a numbei of suppoitive ioles foi a state-leu cash bonus piogiam foi police.
This piogiam is intenueu not to supplement the salaiies of police, but to iewaiu those
officeis that go above anu beyonu the call of uuty in fighting TIP. It is likely that TAF's
woulu be able to pioviue the most value auu by peifoiming the monitoiing anu
evaluation foi such a piogiam.
Rationale!
The Legal Fiamewoik Analysis (see Backgiounu Bocument) inuicateu that the police aie
not only coiiupt, but that they uo not piioiitize tiafficking as a ciime. The coiiuption of
police often involves uiiect cash biibes at vaiious pointsiescue, investigation, tiial, anu
post-conviction. This inteivention also impacts the uemanu siue of the tiafficking issue
by iaising the costs foi tiaffickeis (i.e. an incentive piogiam woulu foice tiaffickeis to
inciease theii biibes to a value above what the piogiam offeis).
Implementation!
Analysis!
Short!term:!TAF shoulu begin with a backgiounu iepoit outlining the extent of coiiuption
anu the aveiage level of biibes. The oiganization shoulu then woik with a paiticulai
Bepaitment of Police (e.g. Belhi's Bepaitment of Police) to uevelop a piogiam anu secuie
funuing fiom the national goveinment. The piogiam itself shoulu be entiiely
goveinment-iun. TAF can fill a suppoitive iole in pioviuing inuepenuent monitoiing anu
evaluation.
Medium!term:!Launch a pilot piogiam unuei the context of the IABT0 in the selecteu
iegion anu evaluate its outcomes anu peiveise consequences.
Long!term:!!Extenu the piogiam beyonu the selecteu iegion to the entiie countiy,
tiansitioning the iesponsibility foi monitoiing anu evaluation to the IABT0s ovei time. !
Suggested!
Partners!
Bepaitment of Police, Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis, IABT0s, 0N0BC
Finally, as a geneial piinciple, TAF shoulu ensuie that any pioject oi piogiam it staits foi TIP will
be able to leveiage iesouices so as to cieate syneigies between its piogiams. All anti-tiafficking
piogiams shoulu take a cioss-thematic appioach builuing on existing oi foithcoming TAF piogiams
in goveinance, law, genuei, economic law & uevelopment, conflict anu fiagile conuitions, anu
inteinational ielations to fight TIP. Nany Nu0s lack integiateu piogiamming, incluuing
oiganizationuonoi agencies such as 0N0BC anu 0NAIB. TAF has the ability to innovate within this
space by pioviuing a "best in class" example of integiateu piogiamming. Auuitionally, fiom a
buugethuman iesouice peispective, integiating piogiams allows foi moie woik to be completeu
with fewei iesouices.
6. 4 C0NCL0SI0N
In conclusion, while TIP in Inuia is ceitainly a foimiuable pioblem, it is not insuimountable. The
commitment of Inuia's goveinment appeais to be impioving each yeai anu the commitment of the
Nu0 anu uonoi community has not waveieu uespite facing seveial huiules in fighting TIP. Without
uoubt, the ieseaich team feels that The Asia Founuation can have meaningful, sustainable impact in
ombating TIP in Inuia in the neai anu long-teim. c

SS

7 REFERENCES!
ATSEC.!(2006).!About!BKS.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.atsecjharkhand.org/pubs/reports.pdf!
Actionaid!India.!(2006).!Children's!Right.!Retrieved!November!9,!2009,!from!
http://www.actionaid.org/india/index.aspx?PageID=2572!
ADITHI!(2004).!A!Mission!with!a!Vision.!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!http://www.adithi.netfirms.com/aboutus.htm!
American!Institute!for!Research,!Juarez!and!Associates,!&!World!Education!(n.d.).!EQIP1:Reaching!and!Educating!At!Risk!
Children!(REACH!India).!Washington!DC:!U.S.!Agency!for!International!Development.!Retrieved!November!11,!2009,!
from!http://www.equip123.net/docs/E1"REACHFinalReport.pdf !
Angry!voters!lay!precondition!for!candidates!in!Chhattisgarh!(n.d.).!Retrieved!October!30,!2009,!from!
http://newshopper.sulekha.com/news/angry"voters"lay"precondition"for"candidates"in"chhattisgarh.htm!
Apeneaap:!Women!Worldwid!(n.d.).!Learning.!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!http://www.apneaap.org/grassroots"
work/learning!
ARM!(2008).!Strategic!Action.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://www.armngo.com/strategicaction.asp!
Aronowitz,!A.!(2009).!Human!Trafficking,!Human!Misery:!The!Global!Trade!Human!Beings.!London:!Library!of!Congress.!!
Arya,!B.!(2006,!August!15).!Child!trafficking!prevalent!in!Jharkhand!.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://n"
cat.blogspot.com/2006/08/child"trafficking"prevalent"in.html!
Arya,!B.!(2006,!August!19).!Child!trafficking!prevalent!in!Jharkhand!.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!
http://ncat.blogspot.com/2006/08/child"trafficking"prevalent"in.html!
Asian!Development!Bank!(ADB).!(2003).!Trafficking!of!Women!and!Children!in!South!Asia:!A!regional!synthesis!paper!for!
Bangladesh,!India!and!Nepal.!
ATSEC!Bihar!(2006).!Program.!Retrieved!November!11,!2009,!from!http://www.atsecbihar.org/programs.htm!
ATSEC!Jharkhand!(n.d.).!Annual!Report!2005"06:!About!BKS.!Retrieved!November!9,!2009,!from!
http://www.atsecjharkhand.org/pubs/reports.pdf!
Bahuguna,!N.!(2007,!November!4).!Human!Trafficking!Escalates.!Retrieved!November!9,!2009,!from!
http://www.boloji.com/wfs6/wfs1053.htm!
Bales,!K.!(2007).!Ending!Slavery.!Los!Angeles:!University!of!California!Press.!
Basundhara!(2003).!Objectives.!Retrieved!November!13,!2009,!from!http://www.basundhara.org/main.html!
BGVS:Bharat!Gyan!Vigyan!Samiti!(2009,!September!3).!Opening!and!Managing!of!a!GVV.!Retrieved!November!10,!2009,!from!
http://www.bgvs.org/article98.html!
Bhatt,!K.!(2005,!August).!Conference!on!human!trafficking!and!bonded!labour.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!
http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Industries"envirn"resettlement/2005/human"trafficking.htm!!
Blanchet,!T.!(1996).!Lost!Innocence,!Stolen!Childhoods.!Dhaka.!
Bringing!a!Womens!Rights!Perspective!to!Law.!(2003).!Retrieved!31!October!2009!from!
http://www.zoominfo.com/people/Ramasundaram_Archana_271535070.aspx!
BSF!Offers!Counter"Insurgency!Training!to!Commandos.!(2007).!Retrieved!November!2!2009!from!http://www.india"
defence.com/reports/2839.!!
S4
Center!for!World!Solidarity!(2001).!Gender!Program.!Retrieved!November!9,!2009,!from!http://www.cwsy.org/Gender.asp!
Changemakers.net!(2008,!June!11).!Building!social!safety!nets!to!prevent!human!trafficking!using!theatre.!Retrieved!November!
8,!2009,!from!http://geotourism.changemakers.com/en"us/node/8022!
Chhattisgarh.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.indianetzone.com/3/chhatisgarh.htm!
Chhattisgarh!2010!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN011832.pdf!
Chhattisgarh!villagers!benefit!from!rural!employment!scheme!(2009,!May!5).!Retrieved!October!31,!2009,!from!
http://www.khabarexpress.com/05/05/2009/Chhattisgarh"villagers"benefit"from"rural"employment"scheme"
news_81610.html!
CIA!World!Factbook:!India.!(2007).!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the"world"
factbook/geos/in.html!
Congress!walkout!over!Chhattisgarh!girls!trafficking!(2009,!July!28).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!
http://blog.taragana.com/n/congress"walkout"over"chhattisgarh"girls"trafficking"123149/!
Crime!in!India!!2007!(2007).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india"news/half"the"
districts"in"india"are"affected"by"human"trafficking"ncw_100255954.html#ixzz0VJFzgwME!
Das,!K.!(2009,!July!13).!36!cops!killed!in!Naxal!attacks!in!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.business"
standard.com/india/news/36"cops"killed"in"naxal"attacks"in"chhattisgarh/363748/!
District"specific!Literates!and!Literacy!Rates,!2001!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!
http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html!
Division!for!the!Advancement!of!Women!(DAW).!Overview!of!the!Convention.!Retrieved!October!11,!2009!from!
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/.!
Dutta,!S.!(2009,!January!19).!Human!Trafficking:!The!Great!Commodity!Exchange.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!
http://www.chowk.com/articles/15304!
Economic!Survey!2006"2007(2008).!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://goagovt.nic.in/budget0708/esurvey0607/e"
survey"2006"07.htm!
Economic!Survey!2008"09!(2009,!February).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ESR"2008"09"EN.pdf!
ECPAT!International.!(2006).!Global!Monitoring!Report!on!the!status!of!action!against!commercial!sexual!exploitation!of!
children:!India.!ECPAT!International:!Bangkok.!
Forest,!J.!(2007).!Countering!Terrorism!and!Insurgency!in!the!21st!Century:!International!Perspectives,!Praeger!Security!
International.!
Ghosh,!R.!(n.d.).!Trafficking!in!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!6,!2009,!from!http://prtyancha.com/humantrafficking.php!
Goa!Becomes!Second!State!to!Have!Anti"Humans!Trade!Unit.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!
http://www.goablog.org/posts/goa"becomes"second"state"to"have"anti"human"trade"unit/!
Government!of!India!(1989).!Convention!on!the!Rights!of!the!Child.!Retrieved!October!11,!2009!from!
http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/NORM/89344A93B401671EC1256402003F7C18?OpenDocument.!
Government!of!India!(2007).!!The!Constitution!of!India.!Retrieved!October!10,!2009!from!
http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf.!
Government!of!Orissa.!(n.d.).!Orissas!Economy.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!
http://www.orissaonline.in/Profile/Economy/!
Government!of!Chhattisgarh.!(n.d.)!About!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!13,!2009,!from!http://chhattisgarh.nic.in/!
Government!of!Jharkhand.!(n.d.)!About!Jharkhand.!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!http://jharkhand.nic.in/about.htm!
!
SS
HAQ:!Center!for!Human!Rights.!(2009).!Research:!Child!Trafficking.!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!
http://www.haqcrc.org/index.php?id=58!
IJM!(2009,!July!10).!July!1!Rescue!Brings!Freedom!to!47!Slaves!from!Single!Brick!Kiln!.!Retrieved!November!10,!2009,!from!
http://www.ijm.org/newsfromthefield/july1rescuebringsfreedomto47slavesfromsinglebrickkiln!
IJM!(2009,!October!19).!IJM!Operation!Frees!Eight!From!Slavery!.!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!
http://www.ijm.org/newsfromthefield/ijmoperationfreeseightfromslavery!
IJM!(2009,!September!21).!India:!IJM!Hosts!Innovative!Training!For!Prosecutors!Combating!Forced!Labor!Crimes.!Retrieved!
November!7,!2009,!from!
http://www.ijm.org/newsfromthefield/indiaijmhostsinnovativetrainingforprosecutorscombatingforcedlaborcrimes!
IJM!Operation!Frees!Eight!From!Slavery!(2009,!October!19).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!
http://www.ijm.org/newsfromthefield/ijmoperationfreeseightfromslavery!
ILO!(1930).!ILO!Forced!Labour!Convention!C29.!
ILO.!(2001).!Trafficking!in!Children!into!the!Worst!Form!of!Child!Labor:!A!Rapid!Assessment!of!Thailand"Lao!Peoples!Democratic!
Republic!and!Thailand"Myanmar!Border!Areas.!Geneva.!
ILO/IPEC.!(2002).!Trafficking!and!Sexual!Abuse!Among!Street!Children!in!Kathmandu.!Kathmandu.!
INCIDIN.!(1997).!Misplaced!Childhood:!A!Short!Study!on!the!Street!Child!Prostitutes!in!Dhaka!City.!Red!Barnet/Danish!Save!the!
Children,!Dhaka.!
IOM.!(2002).!In!search!of!dreams:!study!on!the!situation!of!the!trafficked!women!and!children!from!Bangladesh!and!Nepal!to!
India.!Dhaka.!
India!Among!Top!Human!Trafficking!Destinations.!(October!2007).!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from
!
http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1362129.php/India_among_top_human_trafficking_d
estinations_UN!
India!Budget.!(2001).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001"02/chapt2002/chap102.pdf!
India!Human!Rights!Report!2007!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!
http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/AR07/jharkhand.htm!
Indian!2001!Census.!(2001).!Dubey,!2001.!
Indian!Community!Welfare!Organization!(2003).!Research!and!Intervention.!Retrieved!November!10,!2009,!from!
http://icwoindia.org/reserch.html!
Interview!:!Mr.!Pravin!Patkar!.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!10,!2009,!from!
http://www.developednation.org/interviews/pravinpatkar.htm!
IPS,!P.M.!Nair.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!NHRC,!UNIFEM!and!ISS.!!
Jafri,!S.!(2002,!September!19).!Andhra!tops!in!trafficking!in!females:!Survey.!Retrieved!November!7,!2009,!from!
http://us.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/19jafri.htm!
Jena,!M.!(2003,!April!26).!Trafficking!in!Overdrive.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://www.boloji.com/wfs/wfs160.htm!
Jharkhand,!India!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!http://www.yuwa"india.org/Jharkhand/Jharkhand.html!
Just!Trust!(n.d.).!Programs.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://www.kaptivenet.com/justtrust/progrmmes.html!
Khan,!I.!(undated,!est.!2004).!Child!Trafficking!in!India:!A!Concern.!Indian!Ministry!of!Social!Development!White!Paper.!!
Kumar!Das!,!P.!(n.d.).!Trafficking!goes!unchecked!.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!
http://www.thehindu.com/2008/05/13/stories/2008051357310200.htm!
S6
Law!fails!to!check!human!trafficking!in!Bihar!(2009,!July!31).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://igovernment.in/site/Law"
fails"to"check"human"trafficking"in"Bihar/!
Mahajan,!N.!(2007,!February!15).!With!Naxalites!around,!cops!here!have!no!time!to!track!missing!kids.!Retrieved!October!29,!
2009,!from!http://www.indianexpress.com/news/with"naxalites"around"cops"here"have"no"time"to"track"missing"
kids/23390/0!
WNSO!India.!(2009).!Map!of!India.!WNSO!India:!http://india.wnso.org/main/india/about"india/.!
Ministry!of!Home!Affairs.!(2009).!Minutes!of!the!Meeting!of!the!State/UT!Nodal!Officers!for!Human!Trafficking,!Held!by!Joint!
Secretary.!(2009,!August!28).!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Minuts"on"HTrafficking"
150909.pdf!
Mukerjee,!D.!K.!(1997).!Paper!presented!to!Joint!Womens!Programme!(JWP)!Seminar.!Delhi.!
Mukherjee,!A.!(n.d.).!Time!to!curb!human!trafficking.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!
http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050428/asp/jamshedpur/story_4671252.asp!
NCCSS!(2007).!Projects:!Women!in!Development.!Retrieved!November!13,!2009,!from!http://mccss.org/projects_trafficking.htm!
Network!Against!Trafficking!and!Sexual!Exploitation.!(2001).!Concept!Note:!On!Trafficking!in!India.!
NGOs!in!Chhattisgarh.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!
http://www.maharashtraweb.com/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarhsevakaryas.htm!
NGOs!India:!Andhra!Pradesh!Joginies!Welfare!Samikhya.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!13,!2009,!from!http://www.andhra"
pradesh.ngosindia.com/andhra"pradesh"joginies"welfare"samikhya"secundrabad.html!
NGOs!India:!Ankuram.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.andhra"pradesh.ngosindia.com/ankuram"
hyderabad.html!
NGOs!India:!Bharat!Gyan!Vigyan!Samit!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!
fromhttp://www.chhattisgarh.ngosindia.com/bharat"gyan"vigyan"samiti"raipur.html!
NGOs!India:Action!for!Better!Living!and!Environment.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!
http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/action"for"better"living"and"environment"kendrapada.html!
NGOs!India:Anupama!Women's!Welfare!Society.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.andhra"
pradesh.ngosindia.com/anupama"womens"welfare"society"nallakunta.html!
NGOs!India:Anveshi!Research!Centre!for!Women's!Studies.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.andhra"
pradesh.ngosindia.com/anveshi"research"centre"for"womens"studies"hyderabad.html!
NGOs!India:ASHA!"!Adarsa!Social!and!Health!Service!Association.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!
http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/asha"sundargarh.html!
NGOs!India:ASHA!"!Association!for!Social!and!Health!Advancement.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!
http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/asha"nuapada.html!
NGOs!India:Asha!"!Dhenkanal.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/asha"
dhenkanal.html!
NGOs!India:Asha!Deep.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/asha"deep"cuttack.html!
NGOs!India:Asha!Nayakam!Seva!Sangha.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/asha"
nayakam"seva"sangha"cuttack.html!
S7
NGOs!India:Asian!Foundation.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/asian"foundation"
berhampur.html!
NGOs!India:Association!for!Human!Rights!Education!and!Development.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!
http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/association"for"human"rights"education"and"development"khariar.html!
NGOs!India:Banadurga!Social!Welfare!Society!for!Rural!Trust!"!Bhubaneswar.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!
http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/banadurga"social"welfare"society"for"rural"trust"bhubaneswar.html!
NGOs!India:Banki!Anchalika!Adivashi!Harijana!Kalyan!Parishad.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!
http://www.orissa.ngosindia.com/banki"anchalika"adivashi"harijana"kalyan"parishad"cuttack.html!
NGOs!India:Shree!Shyam!Sewa!Sanstha.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!
http://www.chhattisgarh.ngosindia.com/shree"shyam"sewa"sanstha"janjgir.html!
Pandey,!B.,!Jena,!D.,!&!Mohanty,!S.!(2002).!Trafficking!in!Women!in!Orissa!,Institute!for!Socio!Economic!Development!(ISED).!
Retrieved!November!9,!2009!
Parivartan:!Dehli!Police.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!6,!2009,!from!http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/parivartan/parivartan.htm!
Prayas!Bharti!(n.d.).!Programs.!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!http://www.prayasbharti.org/programs.htm!
Prayas!Prayas!(2008,!June!6).!Prayas'!Integrated!Intervention!to!counter!Child!Trafficking.!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!
http://www.changemakers.com/en"us/node/8389!
Profile!of!the!Chhattisgarh!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!9,!2009,!from!
http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/State%20Files/chhattisgarh.htm!
Profile:!Chhattisgarh.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Gender%20Profile"
Chhattisgarh.pdf!
Profile:!Jharkhand.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://www.jharkhandonline.in/Profile/Economy/!
Sangath!(2006).!Our!Mission.!Retrieved!November!10,!2009,!from!http://www.sangath.com/sangath/!
Sen,!S.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!National!Human!Rights!
Commission,!UNIFEM,!Institute!of!Social!Sciences.!
Skinner,!B.!(2008).!A!Crime!So!Monstrous:!Face!to!Face!with!Modern!Day!Slavery.!New!York:!Free!Press.!
Smuggling!of!Migrants!from!India!(2009).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.unodc.org/documents/human"
trafficking/Smuggling_of_Migrants_from_India.pdf!
Souza,!P.,!&!Nair!,!P.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://www.freewebs.com/venupreetu/stuckintraffic.htm!
Srijan!Foundation!(2009).!Anti"Trafficking!Programme.!Retrieved!November!6,!2009,!from!
http://www.srijanfoundation.org.in/anti_trafficking_programme.html!
Srijan!Foundation!(2009).!http://www.srijanfoundation.org.in/thematic_areas.html.!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!
http://www.srijanfoundation.org.in/thematic_areas.html!
Srivastava,!A.!(2009,!September!27).!Jharkhand:!Poverty!amidst!plenty.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/63858/Web%20Exclusive/Jharkhand:+Poverty+amidst+plenty.html#at!
Status!of!Women!in!Chhattisgarh!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/people"
culture"festivals/status"of"women.html!
STOP!(2006).!About!us.!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.stopindia.org/aboutus.htm!
Supplementary!Convention!on!the!Abolition!of!Slavery,!the!Slave!Trade,!and!Institutions!and!Practices!Similar!to!Slavery,!1956.!
S8
Swamy,!S.!(n.d.).!Jharkhand!State!seriously!failing!in!protecting!the!Human!Rights!of!its!people!.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!
from!http://openspace.org.in/book/export/html/826!
Tamil!Nadu!State!AIDS!Control!Society!(2009).!Department!of!Health!and!Family!Welfare!Policy!Note,!2008"2009.!Government!
of!Tamil!Nadu!Health!and!Family!Welfare!Department:!Chennai.!
The!Advocates!for!Human!Rights.!(2005).!Stop!Violence!Against!Women:!Historical!Overview!of!the!UN!Perspective!on!
Trafficking.!Retrieved!October!10,!2009!from!
http://www.stopvaw.org/Historical_Overview_of_the_UN_Perspective_on_Trafficking.html.!!!
The!Asia!Foundation!(Jan!2009).!Overview!of!FY08!TAF!TIP!Initiatives.!San!Francisco:!The!Asia!Foundation.!
The!Center!for!Development!(2006).!CDC's!Mission.!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!
http://www.cendevcom.org/home.html!
The!Immoral!Traffic!(Prevention)!Act,!1956,!Sec!5.!!
Trafficking!of!tribal!girls!unabated!in!Chhattisgarh!(2009,!July!28).!Retrieved!October!2,!2009,!from!
http://www.indiaenews.com/pdf/57532.pdf!
Trafficking:!National!Womens!Resource!Council!for!India!(n.d.).!Retrieved!October!26,!2009,!from!
http://nrcw.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=308!
Trafficking!Thematic!Group!(2003).!Revisiting!the!Human!Trafficking!Paradigm:!The!Bangladesh!Experience.!
U.S.!Dept.!of!State!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report!(U.S.!Department!of!State!Publication!11407).!Washington,!DC.!
UNAIDS!(2008).!2007!AIDS!Epidemic!Update.!UNAIDS:!Geneva.!
http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/EpiUpdate/EpiUpdArchive/2007/!
UNICEF!(2008).!Understanding!the!Convention!on!the!Rights!of!the!Child.!Retrieved!October!11,!2009!from!
http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_understanding.html.!!
UNICEF!(Feb!2009).!Handbook!on!the!Optional!Protocol!on!the!Sale!of!Children,!Child!Prostitution,!and!Child!Pornography.!
Retrieved!October!11,!2009!from!http://www.unicef"irc.org/publications/pdf/optional_protocol_eng.pdf.!
UNIFEM!(2009).!Anti"Trafficking.!Retrieved!on!October!10,!2009!from!http://www.unifem.org.in/antitafficking.html.!!
UNIFEM.!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003,!NHRC"UNIFEM"ISS!Project!(n.d.).!Retrieved!!
November!2,!2009.!
UNIFEM/UNIAP.!(2002).!Trafficking!in!Persons:!A!Gender!and!Rights!Perspective.!Bangkok.!
United!Nations.!(2000).!Protocol!to!Prevent,!Suppress!and!Punish!Trafficking!in!Persons,!Especially!Women!and!Children,!
Supplementing!the!United!Nations!Convention!Against!Transnational!Organized!Crime.!
UNODC!(2007).!Human!Trafficking.!Retrieved!November!11,!2009,!from!http://www.unodc.org/india/htvs_miniweb.html!
UNODC!(2008).!Compendium!of!Best!Practices!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!by!Non!Governmental!Organizations.!UNODC:!New!
Delhi.!
UNODC!(2009).!Global!Report!on!Human!Trafficking!in!Persons.!Retrieved!September!25,!2009!from!
http://www.unodc.org/documents/human"trafficking/country_profiles/south_south_west_asia.pdf.!!
UNODC:!Regional!Office!for!India!Project!Summary.!(2007).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!
http://www.unodc.org/india/ind_s16.html!
UNODC.!(2008).!India!Country!Report.!Retrieved!on!11!Novermber!2009!from!
www.unodc.org/pdf/india/.../India%20Country%20Report.pdf.!!
UNODC.!(n.d.).!Andhra!Pradesh!acts!against!Human!Traffickers.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!
http://www.unodc.org/india/ht_units_hyderabad.ht!
US!Department!of!State.!(2000).!Country!Reports!on!Human!Rights!Practices Released!by!the!Bureau!of!Democracy,!Human!
Rights,!and!Labor.!!
USAID.!(2006).!Literature!Review:!Trafficking!in!Humanitarian!Emergencies.!Washington.!
S9
USAID!(2009,!September!21).!Trafficking!in!Persons.!Retrieved!November!15,!2009,!from!
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross"cutting_programs/wid/trafficking/index.html!
UNDP.!(n.d.).!Chhattisgarh:!A!Profile!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!
data.undp.org.in/shdr/chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh_AProfile.pdf.!!
Vahini,!S.!(2005).!Trafficking!and!HIV:!Tamil!Nadu.!Retrieved!1!November!2009!from!
http://www.imicreation.com/sv/pdf/tamilnadu.pdf!
Vahini,!S.!(2009,!October!4).!Half!the!districts!in!India!are!affected!by!human!trafficking:!NCW.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!
from!http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india"news/half"the"districts"in"india"are"affected"by"human"trafficking"
ncw_100255954.html#ixzz0VJFzgwME!
Vahini,!S.!(n.d.).!TRAFFICKING!AND!HIV.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.imicreation.com/sv/pdf/tamilnadu.pdf!
Vahini.!S.!(n.d.)!Shakti!Vahini.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://www.shaktivahini.org/?p=500!
Vetticattil,!J.,!&!Krishnan,!S.!(2002).!The!Shattered!Innocence!(p.!82).!Catholic!Relief!Services(CRS).!
West!Bengal!Human!Rights!Commission.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://wbhrc.nic.in/!
West!Bengal!State!AIDS!Prevention!and!Control!Society.!(n.d.)!What!makes!West!Bengal!vulnerable!to!HIV/AIDS.!Retrieved!
November!10,!2009,!from!http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/wbsapcs/!
Pathak,!D.!(2008).!Woman!Trafficking!on!Rise!in!West!Bengal!(2008,!February!22).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!
http://www.articlesbase.com/women's"issues"articles/woman"trafficking"on"rise"in"west"bengal"339196.html!
YUWA!(2009).!About!us.!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.yuwa"india.org/About%20Us/About%20Us.html!
!
8 APPENDIX! I:! INTERVIEWS!
To gain peispective on tiafficking anu inteiventions, team membeis conuucteu inteiviews with
uiiectois anu piogiam manageis of 19 Nu0sinteinational oiganizations thioughout the nine
statesteiiitoiies that have been incluueu in the scope. Nu0 leaueis aie knowleugeable about both
the iealities of pioblems on the giounu anu the moie sophisticateu legal huiules anu issues in
implementation. Noieovei, these oiganizations aie piospective paitneis foi TAF, so it was valuable
to get a sense foi theii oiganizational capacity anu piogiam efficacy. Appioximately SS key gioups
weie selecteu foi contact baseu on an initial evaluation of the key anti-tiafficking oiganizations anu
helpful feeuback fiom TAF on the specific Nu0s to contact. Nany of these faileu to iesponu to a
iequest foi inteiview. Wheie possible, phone inteiviews weie conuucteu, but e-mail was often
piefeiieu by the iesponuents. The questions askeu anu theii iesponses, when pioviueu, aie
uetaileu below.
8. 1 Nu0 INTERvIEW SCRIPT
The below sciipt was employeu uuiing the 19 Nu0uonoi inteiviews conuucteu fiom Becembei
1S, 2uu9 to Febiuaiy S, 2u1u.
Bello, my name is _________. I iepiesent a gioup at Stanfoiu 0niveisity conuucting a majoi stuuy on
human tiafficking in Inuia.
Coulu you please connect me with a pioject leauei, supeivisoi, oi a public ielations managei. (If!
you!have!received!confirmation!for!a!teleconference!with!a!director,!ask!directly!for!the!name!of!your!
con t) tac .!!
1. 0nce connecteu:
! Intiouuce youiself.
! Intiouuce the stuuy -The Asia Founuation is inteiesteu in leaining moie about countei-
tiafficking effoits anu uynamics in Inuia, anu has thus teameu up with ieseaicheis at
g oiganizations anu initiatives Stanfoiu 0niveisity to conuuct a mapping stuuy of leauin
auuiessing the issue.
! State what you know about the Nu0 you aie contacting (for!example,!we!are!very!impressed!
with!your!work!in!rural!areas!with!regards!to!creating!sustainable!livelihoods!for!victims!of!
trafficking....).
8. 1. 1 BACKuR00NB
2.
6u
What is youi name. (Bo not ask this if you alieauy know)
S. What is youi job title oi ielationship with _______. What aie youi iesponsibilities.
4. When was the oiganization establisheu. Bow many people aie with youi Nu0. What is
youi yeaily buuget. Who aie youi key exteinal funueis. (0nly ask these questions if the
infoimation cannot be founu on the website)

61
8. 1. 2 Nu0-F0C0SEB
S. Wha as king uoes youi oiganization auuiess (piosecution, pievention,
piot cti
t pect(s) of anti-tiaffic
e on, c
a. Follo -
apacity-builuing).
w up Questions
d!in! i. What activities uo you implement unuei each "P." (Particularly!intereste
prosecution!and!investigation)
ii. Bave you woikeu on oi heaiu of piogiams to ieuuce the piofitability of
ui piogiams.
tiafficking.
6. What aie majoi challenges that youi oiganization faces in implementing yo
7. Bow o s to ieach a goal. u es yo i
a. Foll -
u oiganization collaboiate with othei Nu0
ow up Questions
i. Which oiganizations uo you woik with.
em in place that guiues collaboiation.
8. Bow o boiate with goveinment agencies to achieve youi goals.
ii. Is theie a syst
u es yo i
a. Foll -
u oiganization colla

ow up Questions
i. Which agencies.
ii. If no goveinment collaboiation, why. (i.e. no political will; not a
goveinment piioiity, etc.)
" of 9. What factois make the aiea wheie youi piogiam takes place a "uestination" oi a "souice
TIP.
of these 1u. Aie theie othei notable Nu0s in the aiea that combat TIP. What aie the names
oiganizations.
11. What is one piogiam that you feel was most effective in combating tiafficking.
8. 1. S STATE-F0C0SEB
12. What type of human tiafficking is most pievalent in youi state.
toiy, 1S. What woulu you say aie the unueilying causes of human tiafficking in youi state. (teiii
in the case of Belhi)
14. Which uistiicts (in youi state) iepiesent the biggest souices oi uestinations foi human
tiafficking.
afficking effoits in this
nnually!for!X!programs.)
1S. To what extent anu how uoes the goveinment suppoit countei-ti
state. (can xamples!"""!i.e.!government!gives!$X!a
16. Wha st
!they!cite!specific!e
t ate piogiams oi initiatives cuiiently combat tiafficking.
hat ways.
a. Follow-up Questions

i. Bave these piogiams been successful. In w
ves.
king.
17. What aie the gaps in implementation of state initiati
ng tiaffic
act.
18. What huiules uo authoiities face in combati
19. What tiafficking laws have hau the gieatest imp
2u. What flaws uo you see in the existing laws.
62

8. 1. 4 C0NCL0SI0N
21. Aie theie any paiticulai tiafficking expeits that you suggest we contact.


22. Aie theie any paiticulai Nu0s that you suggest we contact.


2S. Bo you have any uata oi publisheu mateiials that might be of use to us.
24. Is theie anything else you woulu like to shaie with me touay.
2S. We intenu to publish the finuings fiom this mapping stuuy, is it okay if we list you as a
contiibutoi anu incluue youi iesponses. (Be!Sure!to!Ask!This!Question!)
Thank you, that was extiemely helpful. I ieally appieciate youi taking the time to help us get a
bettei unueistanuing of these issues.
We might like to contact you again with a few follow-up questions, is that okay.
8. 2 Nu0 INTERvIEW RES0LTS
The following aie the summaiy statistics fiom the Nu0 inteiview piocess anu a iepiesentative sampling of the answeis fiom the 19
inteiviews with Nu0s iepiesentatives. As mentioneu in Section III, of the SS Nu0s contacteu foi inteiviews, 19 iesponueu positively.
Analysis of the infoimation shaieu below locateu in Paits S anu 4 of the iepoit.
8. 2. 1 0RuANIZATI0NS INTERvIEWEB
Table!10:!Organizations!Interviewed!
Organization!! Location
1. BELPRISESTREE Anuhia Piauesh
2. Piajwala Anuhia Piauesh
S. Bal Sakha Bihai
4. Bhoomika vihai Bihai
S. }an }agian Sansthan Bihai
6. Paitneis foi Law in Bevelopment Belhi
7. Piayas Belhi
8. 0NIFEN Belhi
9. 0N0BC Belhi
1u. 0SAIB Belhi
11. Anyay Rahit Zinuagi (Aiz) uoa
12. }an 0gahi uoa
1S. Bhaiatiya Kisan Sangh }haikhanu
14. }haikanu Anti-Tiafficking Netwoik (}ATN) }haikhanu
1S. Centei foi Woilu Soliuaiity 0iissa Anti-Tiafficking Netwoik (}agnyaseni) 0iissa
16. Action Aiu Seveial States
17. Inuian Community Welfaie 0iganisation Tamil Nauu
18. Nauias Chiistian Council of Social Seivices (NCCSS) Tamil Nauu
19. }abala West Bengal

6S
0f the Nu0s inteivieweu, most hau oiganizations ovei 1u people, anu 4 employeu Su oi moie inuiviuuals. Nost hau buugets ovei
0SB$1uu,uuu pei annum. With iespect to inteiventions, theie was an almost even split between pievention anu piotection activities
among the sample population (see Table 11).
Table!11:!NGO!Descriptive!Results!
64
NGO!Descriptive!Results!
Based!on!19!interviews!
Question! Quantitative!
Results!
Representative!Qualitative!Answers
How!man ple!in!your!organization?! y!peo
u-1u
1u-Su
Su+ !

2
4
S
NA
What!is!y ! our!yearly!budget?
0S$u-1u,uuu
0S$1u,uuu-Su,uuu
> 0S$1uu,uuu!

u
S
6
NA
What!aspects!of!anti"trafficking!does!your!
organisation!address? (organizations!may!
work!in!more!than!one)!
Pievention
Piosecution
Piotection
Capacity Builuing




17
7
2u
1S

Prevention!
! Foimation of Anti-Tiafficking Watch uioupscommunity vigilance gioups
! Assist in builuing linkages between Nu0s, goveinment agencies anu meuia
! Livelihoou geneiation
! Auvocacy foi policy iefoim at state, national anu inteinational levels
! Collect uata anu infoimation on latest uevelopments on TIP
! Telephone help lines foi chiluien
Protection!
! Caie homes
! Counseling
! vocational tiaining
! Rescue
! Safe ietuin
! BIvAIBS tieatment
Prosecution!
! Legal aiu
! Assisting police in iegisteiing cases against the peipetiatois
! Piepaiing anu assisting victims anu witnesses in uepositions
! Tiainings to the police peisonnel on }uvenile }ustice Act
Capacity"building!
! Tiaining piogiams foi police, magistiates, piosecutois, officials of the Chilu
Bevelopment Seivices
! Tiaining of Nu0s
! Tiaining of police on legal laws

8. 2. 2 INTERvIEW FINBINuS

Finuings fiom the below tables have been integiateu into Pait S anu 4 of the iepoit.
8.2.2.1 Nu0 PERSPECTIvE 0N Nu0 & u0vERNNENT INTERvENTI0N EFF0RTS
Table!12:!NGO!Perspective!on!Intervention!Efforts!
Question!
Quantitative!
Results!
Representative!Qualitative!Answers!
Are!there!other!notable!NGOs!in!the!area!that!combat!TIP?!
Yes
No
If yes, how many mentioneu.
u-S
S-1u
1u+

12
S

1S
1
u
! NCSS
! Chiluline Inuia
! ICCW
! }ust Tiust
! ICW0
! ATSEC - Bihai anu }haikanu chapteis
! 0NICEF
! Save the Chiluien
! Apne Aap
! Sanlaap
! }an }agian Sansthan
! Sakhi
! SLARTC

6S
What!is!one!programme!that!you!feel!was!most!effective!in!
combating!trafficking?!
Which categoiy uiu the piogiam fall unuei.
Awaieness
Pievention
Piosecution
Piotection
Empoweiment
Rehabilitation
0thei!



4
S
1
S
2
4
2
! Nu0 netwoik awaieness campaigns with a wiue
outieach net in Chennai, followeu by the foimation of
community vigilance gioups
! Fosteiing juuicial sensitivity to tiafficking in supieme
couit anu high couit juuges thiough a colloquium
! Neuia sensitization that leu to gieatei focus on the issue
! Chilu line piogiam
! Panchayat piogiam in Bihai woiking with police foi
sensitization

To!what!e port!counter! xtent!and!how!does!the!government!sup
trafficking!efforts!in!your!state?!
uoveinment has maue a significant effoit
uoveinment has maue moueiate effoit
uoveinment has maue no effoit


4
S
2
! Five iesponuents stateu that the goveinment uoes not
have a substantial effoit in theii stateteiiitoiy, while
foui saiu that it uiu, with the following initiatives:
o Rescue anu iaius, but theie is much place foi
impiovement such as gieatei cooiuination within
the legal institutions anu between these anu Nu0s
o In uoa, the goveinment has hau ieasonable success
with iescue anu iecoveiy of CSWs
o Boing much moie now than befoie anu tackling the
issue fiom the ciime peispective
o Putting anti-tiafficking noues in place

66
What!stat ograms e!pr /!initiatives!currently!combat!trafficking?!
State piogiams exist.
Yes
No
!
!
!
12
S
! S iesponuents stateu theie weie no such initiatives,
while 12 iesponuents iesponueu that state piogiams
exist, anu citeu the following:
o Sensitization of police peisonnel has leu to moie
auequate iegisteiing of cases
o Ninistiy of Women anu Chilu Bevelopment
(national) has sheltei homes in six states plus Belhi
o 0jjawala piogiam
o Action Plan 2uu7 establiseu Anti Buman Tiafficking
0nits in uistiicts anu states but is not functioning
well
o Bihai Buman Tiafficking Pievention Piogiam
(2uu7)
o uoa's Chilu Law
!
67
What!are! state!implementation!of!state!initiatives?! the!gaps!in!
Funuing
Awaieness
Capacity
Will anu commitment
}uiisuiction
Bata
Cooiuination
0thei

S
1
4
S
6
1
2
4
! Lack of uetaileu anu compiehensive uata allowing
auequate taigeting of anti-tiafficking measuies to
specific locations
! The goveinment uoes not cleaily spell out ioles anu
iesponsibilities of each uepaitment anu appiopiiate
guiuelines
! Lack of capacity builuing foi caie-giveis, especially foi
women anu chiluien's neeus
! Sheltei homes uon't have high stanuaius
! 0nsustainable post-tiafficking livelihoou tiaining
! Inauequate counseling seivices
! No cooiuination between ministiies
! Legal acts aie not well unueistoou
! Not enough police officeis
! Religious issues

68
What!hur e!in!combating!trafficking?! dles!do!authorities!fac
Biibeiy anu coiiuption
Awaieness
Capacity
Lack of infiastiuctuie to suppoit countei-tiafficking effoits
(e.g. inauequate numbei of iehabilitation homes)
Funuing
Lack of will
Lack of human iesouice
Lack of Cooiuination
0thei!


2
4
1
2
7
S
2
7
! Impiopei cooiuination
! Buman tiafficking is not a piioiity with the politicians
! Lack of human iesouices, funus anu motivateu staff
! Political inteifeience
! Lack of political will
! Lack of claiity ovei the policies anu complexities ielateu
to the issue
! victims aie afiaiu to pioviue eviuence in couit against
tiaffickeis because of insufficient piotection
mechanisms
! Insufficient funuing
! Insufficient welfaie schemes foi the victims
! Lack of iuentification caiu system foi migiants
! Lack of iuentification of fake placement agencies
! Lack of functioning of Chilu Right Piotection
Commission Chilu Laboi Commission
! Absoiption capacity




8.2.2.2 Nu0 PERSPECTIvE 0N TBE LEuAL FRANEW0RK
Table!13:!NGO!Perspective!on!the!Legal!Framework!
Question!
Quantitative!
Results!
Representative!Qualitative!Answers!
69
What!traff ! icking!laws!have!had!the!greatest
impact?!
Immoial Tiafficking Pievention Act
(ITPA)
Action against the peison buying sex
Sealing of the place useu foi
commeicial exploitation
0thei
None


8

u
u

S
S
! 0f the iesponuents that answeieu, thiee saiu that the laws have hau no
effect, while otheis citeu the Immoial Tiafficking Pievention Act (ITPA),
but aigueu that it has issues. !
!

7u
What!flaw ing!laws?! s!do!you!see!in!the!exist
victim punishment
Peipetiatois not chaigeu
appiopiiately
The implementation of law
0thei


2
2
1S
2
! Punishes the victims insteau of the peipetiatois
! The ITPA must be stiengtheneu anu then enfoiceu
! Insufficient penalty anu punishment
! Pioblems with the existing ITPA:
o Bepaits fiom the accepteu uefinition of chilu
o Ciiminalizes victims
o Boes not make manuatoiy piovisions foi setting up of special
institutions (special couits, special police, special homes etc)
o The uefinition of coiiective homes neeus to be changeu. If
section 2(b) is ieau with 2(g), this home may be constiueu to
incluue piisons
o Contiaiy to what has been suggesteu, that section 8 shoulu be
iemoveu - this shoulu not be uone. This section is chaigeu with
allowing magistiates to punish women, but in fact is one of the
only sections that pioviues an oppoitunity foi "iefoimation" by
senuing them to iehabilitation centeis.
o Section 1S gives laige poweis to the police. Keeping in minu the
mannei in which the Act has been useu so fai, theie is a neeu to
ieview police's poweis:
o Section 17 in the piesent foimat must go as it authoiizes police
to keep in custouy foi 1u uays peisons iescueu which can be
uangeious anu is against the stanuaiu piactices of the ciiminal
justice system; it also seeks to place a victim in the hanus of
stiangeis who may not be suitable to take caie of the victim anu
may in all piobability be iesponsible foi the victim's cuiient
status.
o The ITPA uoes not covei victim compensation
! No pioblem with the laws but majoi pioblems with implementation


71

8.2.2.S Nu0 CBALLENuES & C0LLAB0RATI0N
Table!14:!NGO!Challenges!&!Collaboration!
Question!
Quantitative!
Results!
Representative!Qualitative!Answers!
What!are!major!challenges!that!your!organisation!
faces!in!implementing!your!programmes?!
Legal issues to uo with laws
Issues to uo with implementation of laws
InfoimationalCultuial issues
Funuing
Lack of coopeiationcooiuination
Bata Reliability
Lack of human iesouices
0thei


S
S
S
9
S
2
S
S
! Lack of funus
! Ignoiance on the pait of goveinment
! Insufficient law enfoicement
! Slow juuicial system
! Lack of piopei uata
! Lack of coopeiation of civil society anu state
! Lack of piofessionals especially fiom the fielu of law, social woik anu
mental health
! Lack of community suppoit foi iescueu victims anu women
! Religious huiules
! Piojects of uonois anu goveinment only last 1-2 yeais; neeu longei
integiateu appioach
! Bonois only focus on big netwoiks
! Becision making in netwoiks of Nu0s is weak oi too centializeu

72
How!does!your!organization!collaborate!with!
other!NGOs!to!reach!a!goal?!
Numbei of Nu0s collaboiating with.
u-S
S-1u
1u+
Range of



9
1
6
2
Two iesponuents stateu theie was no system foi collaboiation, while foui stateu
that theie weie, anu that these systems hau the following chaiacteiistics:
! When iefeiiing a case, an official iefeiial lettei fiom the oiganization is
pioviueu anu follow up
! Extensive pie-collaboiation communications to ensuie that paitnei
oiganizations fit with own oiganization goals anu objectives anu
iesponsibility
! Case-baseu collaboiation
! 0ne oiganization woikeu as a noual agency of NATSAP which has a
cooiuination committee that has its own bye-laws with ioles anu
iesponsibilities
! Neeus-baseu system
7S
How!does!your!organisation!collaborate!with!the!
government!to!reach!a!goal?!
Bo you collaboiate with goveinment agencies.
Yes
No
Bow many.
u-S
S-1u




1S
2

14
2
1S iesponuents stateu they uiu collaboiate with the goveinment, while two stateu
they uiu not. The ieasons foi not collaboiating weie:
! No political will
! Not a goveinment piioiity
The agencies that iesponuents collaboiateu with weie:
! Tamil Nauu Fiee Legal Aiu Seivices Authoiity
! Ninistiy of Women anu Chilu Affaiis
! Social Befense
! Chilu Welfaie Committee
! Police Auvisoiy Committee
! }uvenile }ustice Boaiu
! Chennai Coipoiation
! Cential anu State Social Welfaie Boaiu
! vaiious couits
! Bepaitment of Euucation
! Bepaitment of Bealth
! Laboi uepaitment
! Ninistiy of Bome Affaiis

!
74
!
8.2.2.4 Nu0 PERSPECTIvES 0N TBE BYNANICS 0F TRAFFICKINu
Table!15:!NGO!Perspectives!on!the!Dynamics!of!Trafficking!
Question!
Quantitative!
Results!
Representative!Qualitative!Answers!
What!factors!make!the!area!where!your!
program! stination,!transit,! takes!place!a!de
or!a!source!of!TIP?!
Poveity ieasons
Awaieness anu euucation
Cultuial ieasons
Boiueis
Economic ImpiovementTouiism
Centei
Bevelopment of IT Sectoi
Easiness in Tiavelling
0thei



1u
2
2
S
S

2
1
4
Source!
! Tiibal uominateu state
! Few livelihoou options
! Low liteiacy iates
! Enteitainment inuustiy
! uenuei anu caste issues
! ConflictsBisasteis
! Not enough woik by uonois in the souice aieas; fuitheimoie, most
goveinment infiastiuctuie is set up in uestinationtiansit aieas, but the
tiafficking oiiginates in souice aieas
! Religious issues
! Legal loopholes
Destination!
! Nigiants fiom othei cities anu countiies
! Najoi touiist uestination with high uemanu foi tiaffickeu laboi to seive
the sex-touiist inuustiy
! Bigh state uBP attiacts immigiant woikeis who aie easily conneu into
being tiaffickeu
! uenuei anu caste issues
! The anti-tiafficking woik in these aieas is mostly uone by BIvAIBS Nu0s
which uo not have a holistic appioach
! Lack of community iesponsibility foi social secuiity
Transit!!
! Najoi tianspoitation hub to othei aieas foi the state
! Extensive anu unmonitoieu tiain netwoiks
! ueogiaphy
! Conflicts
! Bisasteis

7S
76
What!type!of!human!trafficking!is!most!
prevalent!in!your!state?!
Tiafficking foi laboui exploitation
uomestic seivituue
Tiafficking foi sex
Tiafficking foi cultuial ieasons
0thei


1S

1S
u
u
! Tiafficking of tiibal women anu chiluien because the state faileu to
pioviue livelihoous
! Fake maiiiages
! Tiafficking foi sexual exploitation
! Sex touiism anu photogiaphy (poinogiaphy)
! Bomestic laboi
! Chilu laboi
! Tiafficking foi the puiposes of foiceu begging by chiluien

What!would!you!say!are!the!underlying!
causes!of!human!trafficking!in!your!state?!
Poveitylack of livelihoous
Awaieness anu euucational issues
Natuial uisasteisconflict
Ease of access because of geogiaphical
ieasons such as inteinational boiueis
Being touiism centei
Non acceptance of the pioblem
Illiteiacy
Cultuial Issues
0thei


11
4
4
2

1
1
4
1
4
! Poveity
! Illiteiacy
! Lack of Livelihoous options unemployment
! Bioken homes
! Bemanu foi young giils in the sex tiaue
! Non-acceptance of tiafficking as a pioblem by the state anu the local
population
! Touiist uestination fuelling uemanu foi exploitable laboi
! Families piacticing piostitution
! Lack of life skills
! Tiaffickeis manipulate victims by offeiing bettei employment
! uenuei anu caste issues

!
9 APPENDIX! II:! RECOMMENDATION! EVALUATION! CRITERIA!

Below aie the full iesults of the policy alteinatives ianking exeicise. Thiee of the iecommenuations tieu foi seconu place anu theie was no
iecommenuation that scoieu above an 8S, pointing to the uifficulty of meeting all of the selecteu ciiteiia thiough one piogiam.

In ianking the alteinatives, suggesteu initiatives weie given a iating of u to 2 baseu on auheience to the iuentifieu ciiteiion. The weighteu
scoies weie then multiplieu by a factoi of Su to pioviue a ianking scoie of u to 1uu, which is moie intuitive in inteipietation than a
ianking scoie of u to 2.
77
Table!16:!Alternatives!Ranking!
78
79
Table!17:!Alternatives!Ranking,!2!of!2!

8u