Absorbsion Chiller

Absorption Water Chillers
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic
American Standard Inc. 2000
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN
ChilledWater System
absorption
centrifugal
helical-rotary
American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

period one
Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
Vapor-Compression Cycle
reject heat D condenser expansion device evaporator absorb heat C compressor energy in A B

reject heat D condenser C heat energy in generator pump
expansion device A
evaporator B absorb heat
absorber
reject heat
Refrigerant
Distilled water
Stable Nontoxic Low
cost available friendly
Readily
Environmentally High
latent heat of vaporization
Absorbent
Lithium Bromide (LiBr)

High In
affinity for water (refrigerant) solution, higher boiling point than water
Nontoxic
Solution Concentration
dilute solution
intermediate solution
concentrated solution

steam or hot water generator condens er cooling water
evaporator
chilled water
heat exchang er absorber

Boiling Point of Water

115F temperatur e
[46.1C]
45F 0.15 psia

[1.034 kPa]
[7.2C]
1.5 psia
[10.34 kPa]
pressure
Generator
steam or hot water generator refrigera nt vapor
dilute solutio n
concentrate d solution
Condenser
refrigera nt vapor condens er cooling water liquid refrigera nt
Expansion Device
evaporat or liquid refrigera nt
expansio n device
Evaporator
refrigera nt vapor evaporat or
chilled water
absorber
liquid refrigera nt evaporato r spray
Absorber
refrigera nt vapor absorber intermedia te solution concentrat ed solution
absorber spray pump cooling water
dilute solution
Heat Exchanger
concentrat ed solution
heat exchanger dilute solution

generator pump
Equilibrium Chart
15 psia
e r u ss 5 psia e r rp o [34.5 kPa] p a v

1 psia
[6.9 kPa]
[103.4 kPa]
40
50 55
concentrati on
60 65
A C B
100F
[37.8C]
0.1 psia
[0.69 kPa]
50F
[10C]
150F
[65.6C]
200F
[93.3C]
solution
LiBr solution

steam or hot water generator D evaporator B heat exchang er absorber
condens er cooling water C chilled water expansio n device


15 psia

1 psia
[6.9 kPa]
[103.4 kPa]
40
50 55
concentrati on
60 65
1.5 psia
[10.3 kPa]
0.1 psia
[0.69 kPa]
A
50F
[10C]
E
150F
[65.6C]
100F
[37.8C]
200F
[93.3C]
solution
LiBr solution

period two
Absorption Chiller Types
Single-Effect Chiller
condens er evaporator generator
absorber
Single-Effect Chiller
steam or hot water generator condens er cooling water
evaporator heat exchang er absorber absorber spray pump

chilled water expansio n device evaporator spray pump generator pump
Double-Effect Chiller
lowtemperature generator condens er evaporator hightemperature generator
absorber
hightemperature generator steam or hot water refrigera nt vapor refrigera nt vapor condens ed refrigera nt
to absorber
lowtemperature generator
condens er
lowtemperature generator evaporator lowtemperature heat absorber exchanger absorber spray pump
condens cooling er water
chilled water expansio n device evaporator spray pump low-temperature generator pump
steam-fired hightemperature generator hightemperature generator pump
condensat e heat exchanger hightemperature heat
Reverse-Series Solution Flow

hightemperature generator lowtemperature generator
hightemperature generator pump absorber

low-temperature generator
Series Solution Flow

absorber
generator pump
Parallel Solution Flow

absorber
generator pump
Direct-Fired Chiller
condens er evaporator lowtemperature generator
absorber high-temperature generator
hightemperatu re generator refrigerant vapor refrigera nt vapor lowtemperature generator condens ed refrigera nt condens er
lowtemperature generator evaporator lowtemperature heat absorber exchanger absorber spray pump
condens er cooling water
chilled water expansio n device evaporator spray pump low-temperature generator pump
hightemperature generator hightemperature generator pump
hightemperature heat h
Chiller/Heater
refrigera nt vapor hot water auxiliary heating bundle hightemperature generator
Chiller/Heater Operating Modes

Cooling only Heating only Simultaneous cooling/heating cooling priority Simultaneous heating/cooling heating priority
Chiller/Heater
changeov er valve refrigera nt vapor hot water evaporat or hightemperature generator absorber
Higher-Effect Chillers

Higher COPs Difficulties with implementation include:

Problems Increased More
with solution stability risk of corrosion problems
expensive pressure vessel design requirements first cost due to added components physical size
Greater Larger

period three
Capacity Control
Equilibrium Chart
15 psia

1 psia
[6.9 kPa]
[103.4 kPa]
40
50 55
concentrati on
60 65
A C B
100F
[37.8C]
0.1 psia
[0.69 kPa]
50F
[10C]
150F
[65.6C]
200F
[93.3C]
solution
LiBr solution
Part-Load Operation
15 psia

1 psia
[6.9 kPa]
[103.4 kPa]
40
50 55
concentrati on
60 65
B A A F E
0.1 psia
[0.69 kPa]
50F
[10C]
100F
[37.8C]
150F
[65.6C]
200F
[93.3C]
solution
LiBr solution
Vary Solution Flow to Generator
adjustablefrequency drive absorber spray pump

generator pump
Vary Heat Input to Generator

energy valve generator
Crystallization
15 psia

1 psia
[6.9 kPa]
[103.4 kPa]
40
50 55
concentrati on
60 65
0.1 psia
[0.69 kPa]
123F
[50.6 C]
crystallizati on line
200F
[93.3C]
50F
[10C]
100F
[37.8C]
150F
[65.6C]
solution
LiBr solution
Crystallization
15 psia

1 psia
[6.9 kPa]
[103.4 kPa]
40
50 55
concentrati on
60 65
B A
0.1 psia
[0.69 kPa]
crystallizati on line
150F
[65.6C]
50F
[10C]
100F
[37.8C]
200F
[93.3C]
solution
LiBr solution
Causes of Crystallization
Air and noncondensables leaking into the chiller Cooling water that is too cold or fluctuates in temperature too rapidly Electric power failure
Air Leaking Into the Chiller

Increases evaporator pressure and temperature Decreases chiller capacity Increases heat input Increases concentration Especially under high-load conditions, could cause crystallization
Cooling Water That is Too Cold
Lower cooling water temperature combined with high load...

Decreases Results
temperature of dilute solution traveling to generator in lower temperature of concentrated solution returning to absorber concentrated solution inside heat exchanger to crystallize
Causes
Electric Power Failure
Normal shutdown allows for dilution cycle, which reduces the concentration throughout the chiller Electric power failure does not allow dilution cycle Chiller could experience crystallization as it cools off
De-Crystallization
generator heat exchanger bypass heat exchanger absorber
evaporator
Low-Load Controls
evaporator pan
refrigerant storage tank

Purge System
purge
condens er
vacuum pump
Purge Operation
isolation valve vacuum pump purge evaporator coil refrigerant vapor from chiller condenser liquid refrigerant returning to chiller d
purge tank

period four
Maintenance Considerations
Operating Log
Chilled water inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures Cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures Absorber inlet and outlet solution temperatures and concentrations Absorber spray solution temperature Generator inlet and outlet solution temperatures Evaporator refrigerant temperature Condenser refrigerant temperature
Crystallization margin Purge pump-out activity Gas supply pressure (directfired)
Mechanical Components
Recommended maintenance
Pump
teardown and inspection every 5 to 10 years no maintenance or calibration required inspect overall unit safety controls and electrical components
Controls: Visually Inspect
Purge System
Weekly maintenance
Check Check
level of liquid refrigerant in purge condensing unit vacuum pump oil
Semiannual maintenance
Inspect
purge condensing coil and clean as necessary vacuum pump oil as needed
Change
Direct-Fired Burner
Daily maintenance
Verify
proper operation
Seasonal maintenance
Inspect
burner firing rate, blower, linkage, and safety controls run with alternate fuel, if dual-fuel burner
Test
Heat Transfer Surfaces
Recommended maintenance
Use
a qualified water treatment specialist absorber and condenser tubes as needed waterside strainers tubes every 3 years
Clean
Clean Test
Corrosion Inhibitors
Absorbent solution analysis

Conduct Verifies Verifies
annually or semiannually corrosion inhibitor levels performance additive
levels
Refrigerant analysis
Conduct
annually

period five
Application Considerations
Cooling-Water Temperature Limitations
cooling tower bypass diverting valve
condenser
Combination Chiller Plants

operate absorption chiller cooling load operate electric chiller operate electric chiller
9 10 11 12 1
9 10 11 12
on -peak on-peak period
Combination Chiller Plants

absorption chiller electric chiller
58F
[14.4C]
50F
[10C]
42F
[5.6C]
Direct-Fired Chiller Considerations

cooling tower flue stack exhaust duct
direct -fired direct-fired absorption chiller

ASHRAE Standard 151994
Open-flame devices
Combustion Refrigerant
air ducted from outside the machinery room vapor detector to shut down combustion process in the event of a refrigerant leak
Equipment Rating Standards
Purpose
Establish
definitions, testing, and rating requirements and double-effect absorption chillers and direct-fired absorption chillers bromide solution
Scope
Single-
Indirect-
Water-and-lithium

period six
Review
ReviewPeriod One
steam or hot water generator condens er
evaporator
chilled water expansio n device cooling water
heat exchanger absorber

ReviewPeriod Two
single-effect
double-effect
direct-fired
ReviewPeriod Three
Part-load capacity control

Vary Vary
solution flow to generator heat input to generator construction controls devices
Crystallization prevention
High-quality Microelectronic Automatic
purge systems
De-crystallization
Purge system
ReviewPeriod Four
Maintenance considerations
Operating
log components
Mechanical Heat
transfer surfaces
Absorbent
solution analysis (corrosion inhibitor and performance additive levels)
ReviewPeriod Five
Application considerations
Cooling-water Combination Special
temperature limitations
gas-and-electric chiller plants
considerations for direct-fired chillers rating standards
Equipment

Absorbsion Chiller

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Absorbsion Chiller

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Absorption Water Chillers

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

Absorption Water Chillers

Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

evaporator B absorb heat

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

cost available friendly

latent heat of vaporization

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

Lithium Bromide (LiBr)

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

heat exchang er absorber

Boiling Point of Water

45F 0.15 psia

American Standard Inc. 2000

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

liquid refrigera nt evaporato r spray

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

absorber spray pump cooling water

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

heat exchanger dilute solution

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

e r u ss 5 psia e r rp o [34.5 kPa] p a v

Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

condens er cooling water C chilled water expansio n device

Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

e r u ss 5 psia e r rp o [34.5 kPa] p a v

American Standard Inc. 2000

Absorption Water Chillers

Absorption Chiller Types

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

evaporator heat exchang er absorber absorber spray pump

chilled water expansio n device evaporator spray pump generator pump

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

condens cooling er water

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

condensat e heat exchanger hightemperature heat

American Standard Inc. 2000

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN

Reverse-Series Solution Flow

hightemperature generator pump absorber

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC011-EN