Power May 2013

Vol. 157 No.
5 May 2013
The Fall of Coal in Ontario
Germanys Energy Policy Gamble Combatting Cooling Water Microbes Small Hydro, Big Opportunity TVA Buys Two B&W SMRs
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Established 1882 Vol. 157 No. 5
May 2013
ON THE COVER
Ontarios Lakeview Generating Station was the first plant to be shut down under the provinces policy to phase out all coal-fired generation. The four stacks were demolished June 12, 2006; the remainder of the plant was demolished June 28, 2007 . Courtesy: Richard Lautens/GetStock.com
COVER STORY: ENERGY POLICY

26 Ontario Goes Coal-Free in a Decade
By the end of this year, the Canadian province of Ontario will have gone from 25% to virtually 0% coal-fired generation in just 10 years. Though the policy path wasnt entirely smooth, the transition happened remarkably fastfor the power industry. Heres a look at why Ontario made the switch, how it landed on its feet with a healthy capacity surplus, and what this achievement might mean for other regions and nations with coal-free aspirations.
26
SPECIAL REPORTS
ENERGY POLICY
34 Germanys Energy Transition Experiment

Germanys recent energy policy developments have attracted worldwide attention because they have been dramatic, swift, and full of implications for this industrial and economic powerhouse. From massive distributed solar power deployments to a nuclear phaseout to a generous feed-in-tariff, the results have been applauded by some and decried by others. Germanys situation is complicatedand worth understanding for anyone wishing to make policy comparisons.
NUCLEAR POWER
54 OPG Proposes New Nuclear Construction at Darlington

With one eye on the 2020 retirement date for its Pickering Nuclear Generating Station and the other on long-term baseload capacity needs, Ontario Power Generation is moving ahead with plans to build two new units at its Darlington site. We review the project status and regulatory process.
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RENEWABLES
60 Small Hydro, Big Opportunity

Big hydropower projects may be a thing of the pastin the U.S., at leastbut theres plenty of potential for new small and micro hydropower projects. More remarkable is that developing unconventional hydro resources has bipartisan political support.
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May 2013 POWER
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FEATURES
NUCLEAR POWER
68 Are SMRs U.S. Nuclear Powers Last, Best Hope?

Babcock & Wilcoxs mPower is the first small modular reactor to garner Department of Energy support, and the first deployment of this new-generation reactor, with Tennessee Valley Authority, involves a surprising twist in the licensing process.
POWER VIEW
74 mPower: Its Now or Never
68
Christofer Mowry, president of Babcock & Wilcox mPower Inc. and CEO of Generation mPower LLC, discusses his companys candidate in the new nuclear power race as well as the market for small modular reactors.
POWER IN CHINA
76 China Wrestles with Power Shortages

Since 1978, China has experienced three periods of nationwide power shortages that have severely restricted its economic and social development. The first two hard shortages were easier to address than the current soft shortage.
WATER TREATMENT
80 Microbial Control in Cooling Water Improves Plant Performance

The installed cost of a new chemical feed system at an AEP plant was approximately $106,000less than the $203,000 cost savings enjoyed by just a single unit during a 45-day trial period of an improved biocide control program.
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
88 Mexico Uses Nuclear Plant Simulator for Safe Training
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Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant in Veracruz introduced a stand-alone process simulator that allows trainees to practice a wide variety of plant operations and responses to incidents without putting the plant itself at risk.
EMISSIONS
92 CFB Scrubbing: A Flexible Multipollutant Technology

In an era of regulatory ambiguity, selecting the most flexible air quality control system looks like the prudent choice. Foster Wheeler Global Power Group makes the case for circulating fluidized bed scrubbing as a contender.
DEPARTMENTS
SPEAKING OF POWER
6 Bait and Switch
9
Get More POWER on the Web
Online, associated with this issue (on our homepage, www.powermag.com, during the month of May, or in our Archives any time), youll find the latest installment of Too Dumb to Meter: Follies, Fiascoes, Dead Ends, and Duds on the U.S. Road to Atomic Energy with the chapters Out of Sight and Mind and Holey Kansas. And remember to check our Whats New? segment on the homepage regularly for just-posted news stories covering all fuels and technologies.
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GLOBAL MONITOR
8 9 10 11 14 16
Indias First Coal MineIntegrated Supercritical Plant Synchronized Construction Begins at Two U.S. Nuclear Reactors THE BIG PICTURE: Critical Energy Agendas Solar Thermal Gains in UAE, Spain, and California First Power for 1-MW Tidal Stream Turbine POWER Digest
FOCUS ON O&M
18 Performance-Driven Maintenance 21 Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Potential Fire Hazard

LEGAL & REGULATORY
24 EPA Not Backing Down on Title V Source Rules

By Thomas W. Overton, JD
102 NEW PRODUCTS COMMENTARY
108 A Safety Milestone at NV Energy

By Dariusz Rekowski, NV Energy executive over power generation
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POWER May 2013
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EDITORIAL & PRODUCTION

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POWER May 2013
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SPEAKING OF POWER
Bait and Switch

he Boxer-Sanders Climate Protection Act and its sister bill, the Sustainable Energy Act are the latest, and perhaps the most onerous, in a series of legislative proposals that seek to tap the immense revenue stream promised by taxing carbon. Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.), chair of the Environment and Public Works Committee, recently signed on as a co-sponsor of Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) fee and dividend carbon tax legislative proposal. The law would impose a fee on carbon emissions at their source and rebate a dividend to legal residents of the U.S. for a portion of the cost impact of the tax, along with other incentives. The legislation carefully substitutes the more benign fee in place of the more pejorative tax, which it is. The government will also slice off a healthy portion of the carbon tax revenue for its own use. The legislative proposals enable collection of the tax beginning at $20 per ton of carbon or methane equivalent emissions, rising at a rate of 5.6% a year for 10 years (effectively a 72.4% compounded increase). The tax would be extracted at the point of sale as well as from fossil fuel importers. Sanders estimates his carbon tax plan would generate about $1.2 trillion in new government revenue over the first 10 years covered by the legislation, although the legislation is written with a much longer effective period in mind, through 2050. The legislation also directs the government how to spend its newly collected bounty. A portion of the proceeds will be used for infrastructure improvements, about 60% would be distributed to residents in the form of rebates and other efficiency projects, and the balance, about 25% of the revenue, will go to the federal government for deficit reduction, which is a meaningless gesture unless matching expenditures are simultaneously curbed. The scheme has a little something for almost everyone, no doubt intended to attract the necessary votes for passage.
voters and huge new tax revenues for the federal government. For carbon control proponents, the bait is found in the Sanders/ Boxer Climate Legislation summary: setting a long-term emission reduction goal of 80 percent or more by 2050 as science calls for. For the rest of us, we are being asked to defer to the experts and believe that anthropogenic emissions cause an increase in global average ambient temperatures, an assumption that current facts dont support (see Wheres the Warming? February 2013).
ton carbon tax rate plus a projection of the large increase in the carbon tax rate necessary to achieve the 80% reduction by 2050 goal and prepared its analysis in the report Economic Outcomes of a U.S. Carbon Tax. NERA concludes that a carbon tax would have a devastating impact on the economy due to higher prices for natural gas and electricity and other energy commodities causing output in energy intensive industries [to] drop by as much as 15 percent and 7.7 percent in non-energy
[The carbon tax] sales pitch obviously selfidentifies as the old bait-and-switch scheme.
This statement is a standard rhetorical device known as an argument from authority, certainly not the foundation upon which to build a multi-trillion-dollar tax structure. The switch part of the scheme comes in two parts. The first part is found in the body of the legislation. Sanders response to the crisis facing our planet [that] is much more serious than they [scientists] had previously believed is to propose baby steps for the first 10 years, when huge leaps in emissions reductions are required, if you believe the rationale for the legislation. Yet, over the first 10 years the proposed carbon tax will have no discernible impact on global average temperatures, ostensibly the basis of the legislation. The second part of the switch is what happens in the out years. Assuming emissions decrease by 20% during the first decade, the tax rate will necessarily skyrocket to achieve the overall goal of 80% reduction by 2050. Physics reminds us that the difficulty and cost of the last 20% will be exponentially higher than the relatively easy first 20% reduction. After a decade, the carbon tax will metastasize throughout the economy and the government will be addicted to the cash. NERA Economic Consulting has also studied the potential effects of a carbon tax based on a more conservation 4% annual increase of the introductory $20/
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intensive sections, according to National Association of Manufacturers Vice President Ross Eisenberg, quoting report findings. For example, the report predicts the price of gasoline will be $14.57 per gallon in 2053, with $9.06 in tax, compared to $5.51 per gallon with no carbon tax baseline. NERA concluded that a carbon tax under an 80% reduction tax case would cost the economy up to 20 million jobs by 2053 and would reduce wages about 7% and wage growth over 8% due to increased cost of energy.
The Rest of the Story The sales pitch obviously self-identifies as the old bait-and-switch scheme. The bait for legislators is each gets to bring home the bacon in the form of rebate checks to
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Practice Patience The most current Environmental Protection Agency data shows that U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were 11.8% less in 2012 than in 2005 (the proposed baseline year). The trend in emissions reductions already has a negative slope without a carbon tax. In fact, fuel switching from coal to gas will surely further depress GHG emissions in the coming years. A sense of urgency is noticeably absent in this legislation. I also counsel patience. Allow the economy to recover and encourage its continuing transition to domestic oil and gas production, and well watch the carbon emissions continue to decline. A soft landing is always preferable to a crash and burn. Dr. Robert Peltier, PE is POWERs editor-in-chief.
POWER May 2013
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Indias First Coal MineIntegrated Supercritical Plant Synchronized

Indias Reliance Power in March synchronized the first of six 660MW units of its Sasan Ultra Mega Power Plant (UMPP) in the state of Madhya Pradesh, readying it to supply power to 14 distribution companies across seven states. The plant (Figure 1) has been hailed as Indias first supercritical project to integrate a coal minean important achievement in a country that is battling chronic coal shortages. Though India has large coal reserves, domestic mining companies are struggling to keep up with demand needed to sustain its existing coal plants, which account for 55% of its generation. Located in SingrauliIndias emerging energy capital and a locale that has installed nearly 10 GW of coal projects because it is near an artificial lake and rich coal depositsthe Sasan pithead plant has been allocated three captive coal mine blocks, which have reserves of more than 750 million tons. The company says it could complete the 4,000-MW plants five other units within the next 15 to 20 months, ahead of schedule. The project was the first of Indias UMPPs prioritized by the power- and fuel-short countrys government under a program to inject increased private investment into power generation. A major initiative of the 11th Plan (which ran from 2007 to 2012), power purchase agreements have so far been signed for four UMPPs of 4,000 MW each on a build-own-operate basis and competitive tariff-based bidding. Between 2007 and 2009, Reliance Power won bids for three of these projects: In addition to the Sasan project in Madhya Pradesh, it is also building the six-unit 3,960-MW Krishnapatnam plant in Andhra Pradesh and the similar 3,960-MW Tilaiya project in Jharkhand. A source at Indias Ministry of Power told POWER this March that Reliance has halted all work at the Krishnapatnam project site while it awaits a decision from the Indian Arbitrator Council on an appeal of a crippling June 2012 decision by the Delhi High Court. The court denied a petition from Reliance to block 11 state utilities from imposing $73 million in fines, cashing in $55 million in bank guarantees, terminating power purchase agreements, and recovering land allotted for the coal plant for Reliances failure to implement the project on time. Reliance had declared force majeure, arguing that the project was not viable because new rules by the Indonesian government resulted in a 150% surge in imported coal prices. At Tilaiya, meanwhile, construction of the plant awarded to Reliance in 2009 has been held up because land had not been handed over to the developer by the Jharkhand state government. The fourth UMPP, in Mundra, Gujarat, is owned by Tata Power. Four of the five 800-MW units were commissioned between March 2012 and January 2013. The fifth unit has been synchronized to the grid and is expected to be commissioned soon. Both Tata Power and Reliance have recently approached the countrys Central Electricity Regulatory Commission seeking higher power tariffs, citing increased generation and operation costs that are pegged to higher water prices in some states. Federally owned coal mining company Coal Indias increased prices for domestic coal, renewables surcharges, and an excise duty by the Indian government also add to costs, they say. Indias acute energy shortage stems from severe supply side constraints, particularly coal and gas shortages, that are expected to
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continue in the near future. Even so, the countrys planning commission last September increased its new generating capacity target from 76 GW to more than 88.4 GWthe bulk from new coal capacityover its 12th Plan period, which runs from 2012 to 2017. The new capacity would bridge the gap between peak demand and peak deficit, and provide for faster retirement of the old energy inefficient plants, the commissions planning document says. The 11th Plan sought to add 78.6 GWbut only achieved close to 52 GW. Observers note that nearly 90 GW is under construction, however. The 12th Plan should see additions of up to 11.9 GW of new hydro, 5.3 GW of new nuclear, and imports of 1.2 MW of hydropower from Bhutan. About 50% of planned coal-based capacity for the 12th Plan is expected to use supercritical technology. Only 11 supercritical plants, with a total capacity of 7.4 GW, had been installed as of December 2012, but the government blames delays on the uncertainties regarding imported fuel supply. Even so, at least 12 supercritical UMPPs are planned for the states of Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, and Karnataka, the government notes. Meanwhile, in March, India established a target to install 30 GW of renewable power during its 12th Plan. A total of 27 GW of renewable capacity has so far been installed across the country, bringing renewables share to about 12.5% of Indias total installed power capacity of 213 GW. More than half (12.4 GW) of that renewable capacity was added over the past three years. The newly formulated Integrated Energy Policy calls for 15 GW of new wind power installation, most (about 7 GW) in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. About 19 GW of wind has already been installed. Plans also call for 10 GW of new solar and 2.1 MW from small hydro. The balance is expected to be made up by planned biomass power. The Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy said it would provide various fiscal and financial incentivessuch as capital/ interest subsidies, accelerated depreciations, and customs dutiesto promote renewable capacity additions. Utilities are also expected to receive preferential tariffs for renewable power purchase agreements, and the government said it would introduce renewable energy certificates and a renewable purchase obligation.
1. A pit-head plant. Indias Reliance Power synchronized the first

of six supercritical units of its Sasan Ultra Mega Power Plant (UMPP) in Madhya Pradesh. The plant has been allocated three captive coal mine blocks. That is significant because, though India has large coal reserves, domestic mining companies are struggling to keep pace with demand from existing coal plants, which account for 55% of the nations generation. Courtesy: Reliance Power
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POWER May 2013
The planning document says energy efficiency will be Indias most cost-effective option for achieving short- to mediumterm energy savings. India recently initiated the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency under the National Action Plan for Climate Change, outlining necessary technologies, financing, and fiscal incentives, and even creating energy efficiency as a market instrument.
Each company has proposed two Westinghouse AP1000 reactors for its chosen site. The basemat provides a foundation for the containment and auxiliary buildings that are within the nuclear island. About 6 feet thick, it requires 7,000 cu-
bic yards of concrete, takingin SCE&Gs case at least51.5 hours of continuous concrete pour to cover a surface totaling about 32,000 square feet. Units 2 and 3 at V.C. Summer are scheduled to enter commercial operation in 2017 and 2018,
Construction Begins at Two U.S. Nuclear Reactors

In the U.S., where construction of new nuclear reactors has stalled for three decades, two separate nuclear projects completed placement of basemat structural concrete for new AP1000 reactors a few days apart this March. SCANA Corp.s South Carolina Electric & Gas Co. (SCE&G) marked the milestone on March 11 (Figure 2), completing concrete placement of the nuclear island basemat for its V.C. Summer Unit 2 in Fairfield, S.C., while Southern Co.s Georgia Power completed placement for a nuclear island at its Vogtle Unit 3 nuclear expansion site near Waynesboro, Ga., on March 14 (Figure 3).
2. A long haul. Within one week this March, SCANA Corp. and Southern Co. separately completed placement of nuclear island basemat for the first AP1000 reactors under construction at the V.C. Summer site in South Carolina and the Plant Vogtle site in Georgia. This image shows workers laying the 6-footthick basemat for the nuclear island of V.C. Summer Unit 2. The task required about 7 ,000 cubic yards of concrete to cover an area 250 feet long and 160 feet at its widest section. The pour lasted 51.5 hours. Courtesy: SCE&G
3. Pressing on.
Placement of basemat structural concrete for the nuclear island at Vogtle Unit 3 near Waynesboro, Ga., was completed in March. Georgia Power said full outlines of both nuclear islands at Vogtle have been completed to grade level. The first full components for erecting the Unit 3 containment vessel are completed and staged for installation once the basemat concrete has cured, including the CR10 cradle and the containment vessel bottom head. Courtesy: Georgia Power
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THE BIG PICTURE: Critical Energy Agendas

The global energy sector will need to invest half of current world gross domestic product over the next two decades in order to address a number of critical issues and expand and adapt the energy infrastructure, the London-based World Energy Council (WEC) says in its recently released World Energy Issues Monitor. Here are the most pressing issues affecting three regions. The top-left quadrant of each regional map represents issues of high uncertainty and high impact; the top-right quadrant covers issues of high impact but of higher certaintythings that keep energy leaders busy. The bottom-left quadrant represents issues of perceived lesser importance (or those that are poorly understood), and the bottom-right quadrant presents issues of low impact and high certainty. Bubbles are proportional to the urgency of an issue. Source: WEC (www.worldenergy.org) Copy and artwork by Sonal Patel, senior writer
NORTH AMERICA
UNCONVENTIONALS NUCLEAR CLIMATE FRAMEWORK ENERGY EFFICIENCY
EUROPE
LARGESCALE ACCIDENTS ENERGY PRICES
ASIA
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
ENERGY PRICES
LARGERUSSIA TALENT CHINA/ UNCONVENTIONALS SCALE INDIA ENERGY ACCIDENTS CLIMATE ENERGY- ENERGY SUBSIDIES RENEWABLES FRAMEWATER SUBSIDIES NUCLEAR WORK NEXUS ELECTRIC ELECTRIC CHINA/ STORAGE INDIA VEHICLES EU ENERGY REGIONAL COHESION SMART PRICES INTERCONNECTIONS GRID SMART ELECTRIC HYDROGEN ENERGY ELECTRIC GRID CCS STORAGE VEHICLES ECONOMY EFFICIENCY TALENT U.S. BUSINESS TRADE POLICY CYCLE BARRIERS U.S. CCS POLICY LARGE LARGE HYDRO HYDRO REGIONAL COMMODITY INTERCONNECTIONS PRICES BUSINESS CYCLE COMMODITY PRICES RENEWABLES CORRUPTION CORRUPTION ENERGYWATER BRAZIL NEXUS
CLIMATE FRAMEWORK LARGESCALE ACCIDENTS CHINA/ INDIA ENERGY SUBSIDIES COMMODITY PRICES SMART GRID
RENEWABLES TRADE BARRIERS
IMPACT
TALENT ENERGYWATER NEXUS REGIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLES INTERCONNECTIONS NUCLEAR LARGE HYDRO
UNCONVENTIONALS
ELECTRIC STORAGE
BUSINESS CYCLE CORRUPTION U.S. POLICY
RUSSIA HYDROGEN ECONOMY CCS BRAZIL EU COHESION TRADE BARRIERS HYDROGEN ECONOMY
EU COHESION BRAZIL
UNCERTAINTY Macro-economic Geopolitical Business environment Vision/ technology
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POWER May 2013
and Units 3 and 4 at Plant Vogtle are to begin operation in 2017 and 2018.
Solar Thermal Gains in UAE, Spain, and California

Solar thermal technologies are experiencing increased popularity around the world. Three recent deployments illustrate how the technology and plant size specifics are tuned to local needs. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) this March saw the inauguration of the 100-MW Shams 1 concentrated solar power (CSP) plant, a $600 million project that took three years to build in the western emirate of Abu Dhabi, at the heart of the countrys hydrocarbon industry. Spanning a square mile, the project is currently the worlds largest CSP plant, in terms of both power capacity and size. It features more than 58,000 mirrors mounted on 768 tracking parabolic trough collectors. By concentrating heat from direct sunlight onto oil-filled pipes, Shams 1 (Figure 4) produces steam, which drives a turbine, and generates electricity. The solar project reportedly uses a natural gas fired superheater to boost steam temperatures (from 380C to 540C) before it enters the turbine to dramatically increase the cycles efficiency. It also includes a dry-cooling system that significantly reduces water consumptiona critical advantage in the arid desert of western Abu Dhabi, said its developer, which is a joint venture comprising UAE renewables firm Masdar, Frances Total, and Spains Abengoa Solar. At least 66 national companies reportedly contributed with direct contracts to different phases of the project. The UAE is seeking to vastly increase its power supplies to fuel a rapidly growing economy and expected population surge (the population shot up from 2.4 million in 1995 to 7 million in 2011). The country also suffers an extreme climate, with summer temperatures well over 50C, and water scarcity, which means all drinking water must be desalinated. The Abu Dhabi and Dubai emirate governments have backed renewables as a means to reduce dependence on their fossil fuel revenues. Another reason is that domestic consumption of produced units of oil and gas, which fetch stellar prices when exported, represent a substantial loss. Abu Dhabi means to source 7% (1,500 MW) of its total capacity from renewables by 2020, while Dubai has a target of 5% (1,000 MW) by 2030. Several other massive solar plants are in the offing. This year will see the start of operations at the 100-MW Noor 1 photovoltaic plant in Abu Dhabi, for example. The UAE is also
The 100-MW Shams 1 concentrating solar power project in Madinat Zayed, in western Abu Dhabi, was officially opened this March. One of the worlds largest parabolic trough projects in terms of power capacity and size, the plant uses dry cooling to reduce water consumption. Courtesy: Abengoa Solar
Visit us! POWER-GEN Europe Vienna, Austria 4 6 June 2013 Hall A, Stand 1343
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looking to kick-start a nuclear program, awarding a South Korean consortium $20 billion to build four commercial nuclear power reactors totaling 5.6 GW by 2020. Construction of Barakah Unit 1 by Emirates Nuclear Energy Corp. began in July 2012. In March, Spains CSP industry group announced that two new twin parabolic trough plants, Termosol 1 and 2, came online at Navalvillar de Pela. Built by U.S.-based NextEra, the plants have a nominal output of 50 MW each (Spains government has limited the size of CSP plants to 50 MW) and feature a thermal storage system of up to 9 hours. At least six more parabolic trough plants are under construction in Spain. Set to become operational later this year, the plants will bring the nations CSP capacity to 2,354 MW. And in the U.S., BrightSource Energy, a developer of the 377-
MW Ivanpah solar thermal plant under construction in Californias Mojave Desert, said the plants Unit 1 (Figure 5) reached a first flux in February, a major milestone that is achieved when a significant amount of sunlight is reflected off more than 1,000 solar field mirrors and onto the solar receiver. The flux slowly heated the water inside the boiler to just below the point of steam generation, BrightSource said in an update. Before [Februarys] first flux, the maximum amount of heliostats aimed at the boiler was 5-10 at a time for heliostat calibration. The solar plant is owned jointly by NRG Energy, BrightSource, and Google. Unit 1 is more than 90% complete, according to Bechtel Corp, BrightSources engineering, procurement, and construction partner at Ivanpah. Unit 2 is 80% complete; Unit 3 is about 70% complete.
5. First flux. At about 4 p.m. on Feb. 25, more than 1,000 heliostats focused onto the Unit 1 solar receiver at BrightSource Energys 377-MW
Ivanpah solar thermal plant under construction in Californias Mojave Desert. The first flux is a major milestone in the construction of a solar power plant, designating when a significant amount of sunlight is reflected off the solar field mirrors. Courtesy: BrightSource Energy
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Dominion Terminal Associates, the second-largest coal exporter in the U.S., was experiencing problems with spillage at its transfer points. As Dan put it, We looked into it and we saw we were losing a lot of time and money with cleanup and lost coal. He decided to talk to Flexco. Our team designed and installed transfer chutes that worked within Dominions existing stacker-reclaimer units. The new systems not only cut down on spillage and delivered soft, centered loads to the belts they also reduced dust, plugging and wear. Today, reclaimed tonnages are up and transfer issues are down. We feel comfortable moving more tons per hour now, Dan says. Two million tons have gone through the Flexco system, and its worked very well. To increase the performance of your system, call 1-800-541-8028 or visit our website today.
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First Power for 1-MW Tidal Stream Turbine

In a milestone for the fledgling marine power sector, Alstoms 1-MW tidal turbine (Figure 6) generated power for the first time at the European Marine Energy Centres tidal test site in Orkney, Scotland. Alstom recently acquired the company that had spearheaded development of the tidal stream turbine, Tidal Generation Ltd., from Rolls-Royce. The company had previously tested a 500kW tidal turbine successfully. The 1-MW device is in Scotland as part of the Energy Technologies Institutecommissioned and cofunded ReDAPT (Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal) consortium project. Detailed testing and analysis in different operational conditions off Orkney will continue throughout 2013 over an 18-month period in order to further improve tidal power technology. The next step is to install pilot arrays prior to full commercial production, Alstom said in early March. The tidal turbine consists of a three-bladed, pitch-controlled rotor, with a diameter measuring 18 meters (m); a standard drivetrain; and power electronics inside the nacelle. The 22-m-long nacelle is installed onto a separate seabed-mounted foundation and weighs less than 150 metric tons. Alstom said the turbine has other notable features, including that it is easy to transport in a single tidal cycle using small vessels. Also, it has an intelligent nacelle: Thrusters rotate the nacelle to reflect the direction of the tide, managing ebb and flood tides seamlessly as well as maximising energy production. Making a marked departure from the traditional tidal barrage system, tidal stream turbines are massive stand-alone turbines that work much like wind turbinesbut with a much higher energy density, because saltwater is 850 times denser than air.
The first commercial tidal stream turbine, a 122-footlong inverted windmill with a nameplate capacity of 1.2 MW, dubbed the SeaGen, was installed in Strangford Laugh, a shallow inlet in Northern Ireland and began producing power in 2008. Siemens last year fully acquired that devices developer, Marine Current Turbines. SeaGens performance has reportedly prompted Siemens to push two new SeaGen demonstrations. The 8-MW Kyle Rhea project in Scotland and
6. Streaming ahead. Alstoms 1-MW tidal stream turbine began generating power for the first time at the European Marine Energy Centres tidal test site in Orkney, Scotland this March. Courtesy: Alstom
POWER May 2013
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the 10-MW Anglesey Skerries project in Wales are said to be in the advanced stages of development.
POWER Digest
Cuadrilla Delays UK Fracking Project to Conduct More Assessments. The
UKs largest shale gas explorer, Cuadrilla Resources Holdings, on March 14 said it would delay hydraulic fracturing operations at its Anna Road project until 2014, after
data it had gathered from exploration of the Bowland Basin Shale in Lancashire confirmed assessments that the 1,200-squarekilometer license area holds at least 200 trillion cubic feet of gas. Postponing the operation will give Cuadrilla time to conduct more extensive environmental assessments and to engage local communities around the project, the company said. An application to drill at the Anna Road project site is under consideration by the local Lancashire County Council.
Japan Proposes Solar Tariff Cut as Equipment Prices Plunge. Japans Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry on March 12 said the price Japans power utilities must pay independent solar power producers would be cut by 10% beginning April 1. The cost of nonresidential solar has fallen 14% since October last year compared to the amount used to set the solar tariff for the year ending March 31, according to the ministry. The price for solar power from systems with a capacity of 10 kW of less would be cut to 39/kW. Purchase prices for other types of renewables would not be affected by the proposal.
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Australia Backs Renewables Target Plan. Australias government in late March

opted to maintain a nationwide renewable energy target (RET) that seeks to procure at least 20% (41,000 GWh) of its power from solar, wind, and hydro by 2020. The nation rich in fossil fuel resources established the RET in 2001, and it has reportedly drawn A$10 billion (US$10.5 billion) into large-scale renewable ventures. The Gillard government rejected calls from industry to cut back the target, saying after a statutory review by the Climate Change Authority that the RET would position Australia well to respond to the challenges of climate change.
Turkish Grid Auctions Valued at Around $3.5 Billion. Privatization auctions of Turkeys four remaining power gridsAYEDAS, Toroslar Elektrik, Van Gl, and Diclein March 15 brought in bids totaling nearly $3.5 billion. Enerjisa (jointly owned by Turkeys second-largest company, Sabanci, and German energy firm E.ON) won the tender for the two largest grids, AYEDAS and Toroslar Elektrik. AYEDAS operates on the Asian side of Istanbul, and Toroslar operates in the Adana region in the southern part of Turkey. The highest bid for privatization of Dicle Elektrik, the electricity distributor operating in Turkeys southeastern provinces, was won by the Iskaya Dogu joint venture. Construction company Trkerler won the tender for Vangl Elektrik.
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Russian Energy Efficiency and Energy Development. On March 11, Russia

unveiled a plan, entitled Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy to 2020, for modernizing the countrys energy industry. The plan calls for major investments in energy efficiency, renewable energy, and expanded extraction of oil, gas, and coal for export. The goal is to reduce Russias energy intensity by 40%. For more on the Russian power sector, see The Russian Power Revolution in the January 2013 issue. Sonal Patel is POWERs senior writer.
POWER May 2013
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Performance-Driven Maintenance
My career began as a results engineer testing large utility boilers. Ever since that first assignment, I have remained interested in the details of how the measurement and control of the furnace fuel and air inputs can make a huge difference in overall boiler performance. Given that plant operations and maintenance (O&M) budgets are slimmer today than in recent memory, my experience is that targeted performance testing can provide important feedback for prioritizing maintenance expenditures. The combination of plant testing and targeted O&M expenditures provide the best opportunity for efficient and reliable plant operations. I call this approach to plant efficiency improvement performance-driven maintenace. Performance testing of the entire plant and each system is very expensive and impractical. Instead, target your testing on the equipment that has the greatest potential positive impact on plant emissions and efficiency. Specifically, focus your testing on the pulverizer system, boiler air in-leakage, and boiler ash to achieve the greatest performance return at the least cost (Figure 1). Begin with the Pulverizers The pulverizer is the heart of the coal combustion system. Efficient coal combustion requires precise fuel fineness and proper distribution of the required air/fuel mixture to the burners (see the sidebar Looking for More Pulverizer and Coal Fineness Resources?). Some plants are content with overhauling a pulverizer at the prescribed maintenance interval (usually 7,000 hours, 500,000 tons throughput, or a certain number of months) and placing it back into service without testing its performance. The overhaul often includes
extensive procedures such as replacing the grinding elements, replacing worn areas of the classifier cones and blades, blueprinting the clearances and dimensions, and checking spring tension. However, a successful overhaul requires much more than assembling the parts to specification. The final step of the overhaul should be a test that demonstrates that the leaving coal fineness is up to standard (at least 75% passing a 200-mesh sieve). Without the correct fuel fineness, the remainder of the combustion system cannot efficiently burn the fuel. For example, following an MPS-89 pulverizer overhaul, the plant staff determined fuel fineness was poor. The principal reason was identified as high primary airflow, the most common cause of poor fuel fineness. The primary air/fuel ratio was at 2.3 pounds of air per pound of fuel. When the primary airflow was lowered to the optimum air/fuel ratio, fineness improved from a value in the mid60% range passing a 200-mesh sieve to the mid-70% range. Undesirably high primary airflow not only contributes to poor fuel fineness but also to longer flames, increased fuel imbalance, higher CO levels, and higher peak flame temperatures at the superheater. Also, pockets of the products of combustion in a reducing atmosphere are
Looking for More Pulverizer and Coal Fineness Resources?

The POWER online archives are an excellent resource for those researching pulverizer and related combustion system operation and maintenance topics. For example, the following are 12 articles on these topics. 101, Part I, August 2011 101, Part II, October 2011 Pulverizers 101, Part III, December 2011 Pulverized Coal Pipe Testing and Balancing, October 2010 Four Methods of Fly Ash Sampling, December 2009 Measuring Coal Pipe Flow, October 2009 Finessing Fuel Fineness, October 2008 Boiler Optimization Increases Fuel Flexibility, June 2008 Blueprint Your Pulverizer for Improved Performance, March 2008 Managing Air to Improve Combustion Efficiency, October 2007 To Optimize Performance, Begin at the Pulverizers, February 2007 Applying the Fundamentals to Improve Emission Performance, October 2006
Pulverizers Pulverizers
1. Three plant tests to perform.
Three performance tests often produce the greatest return on your testing dollar: the pulverizer system, boiler air in-leakage, and unburned fuel or loss on ignition in the fly ash. The results of these tests often show where maintenance dollars should be invested. Source: Storm Technologies Inc. Post-combustion leakage
Typical HVT testing location
Flash sampling location
Primary airflow venturis and test location

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You can search the archives by issue (at the Archives link) or by keyword, using the Search box in the upper right corner of our homepage, www.powermag.com. The updated search feature automatically searches POWER and all sister publicationsCOAL POWER, GAS POWER, MANAGING POWER, and POWERnews.
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2. Pipe-to-pipe fuel flow balance.
The test data illustrate how minor coal pulverizer and primary air/fuel ratio adjustments often result in a dramatic change in boiler performance. Source: Storm Technologies Inc. 40 35
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Fuel flow balance (%)
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3. Effect of excess primary airflow on fuel fineness.

At this plant, reducing primary airflow improved fuel fineness and reduced undesirable combustion losses in the boiler. Source: Storm Technologies Inc. 72 71
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often found in the upper furnace, which contributes to slagging when a fuel with high iron content ash is fired (Figures 2 and 3). At another plant, the pulverizers were equipped with dynamic classifiers and were periodically tested at 170 rpm by the plant staff. Strangely, the day-to-day operation of the pulverizer classifier was at 160 rpm or less. The problem was that plant staff didnt understand that a pulverizer outfitted with a dynamic classifier operating at lower than design speed produces poor fuel fineness, which also lowers combustion efficiency. When the classifier speed was increased to ~170 rpm, the fly ash carbon content dropped to 15% in loss on ignition (LOI, or unburned fuel). Check Furnace Oxygen Levels One of the most common problems that creates opportunities for improvement is insufficient combustion air in the furnace. Most large utility boilers use oxygen analyzers installed at the boiler economizer exit gas ducts. Because of the age of the boilers and the reduced frequency of overhauls, many boilers have significant air in-leakage between the furnace exit and the oxygen analyzers. Any air that seeps into the furnace post-combustion does not take part in combustion, yet it registers on the oxygen analyzers as excess oxygen.
May 2013 POWER
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Is Your Plant or Smart Grid Project a Winner?
Has your plant distinguished itself by innovative design, producing power more reliably or economically than comparable plants, or demonstrating a new generation or environmental control technology? Then you should nominate it for one of these awards: Plant of the Year Marmaduke Award (for operations & maintenance excellence) Top Plants (coal, gas, nuclear, renewable categories) Has your utility or country demonstrated stellar results from a smart grid program? Nominate it for our Smart Grid Award.
Last Chance to Enter! Deadline: May 24, 2013.

Visit www.powermag.com and look under Also from POWER Magazine for links to nomination forms, award criteria, and past winners.
2012 Plant of the Year: AES Geners Angamos Power Plant, Chile
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We often find the excess oxygen increase from the furnace to the economizer outlet to be more than 2% oxygen. This represents the equivalent of about 10% of the total combustion air. When a boiler is operated with the furnace exit as low as 2% oxygen, the CO levels are usually extreme, into the 4,000+ ppm range. Carbon monoxide will still burn out as the flue gases pass through the convection pass and cool down to about 1,350F. The result is reasonable, yet close to the limit stack CO levels even when the furnace is starved for oxygen. Perform Periodic Fly Ash Sampling Periodic sampling of fly ash at the boiler exit can be very informative about combustion efficiency. The key is to obtain representative fly ash samples, which is easier said than done. First, dont use electrostatic precipitator or baghouse hopper samples, which arent as representative as the fly ash captured directly from the gas stream. Instead, use a fly ash sampler to sample fly ash in the flue gas. This approach ensures that the sample reflects the true carbon content of the fly ash that is useful to monitor pulverizer performance. Permanent mounting of the fly ash sampler with pulley hoists for lowering the probes and permanent compressed air piping can make the sampling task much easier. After the fly ash sample is collected, apply the three-part fly ash LOI test. The first part measures the fly ash LOI collected from each duct. Next, sieve a portion of the ash through a 200-mesh sieve and determine the LOI of both the fine ash (passing the 200-mesh sieve) and the coarse ash (remaining on 200-mesh sieve). The final task is to analyze the test results. If the composite ash (fines and coarse) is, for example, 10% LOI and the fine ash is 2% LOI, then the problem causing the poor LOI is likely pulverizer related. If the
May 2013 POWER
fine particles (less than 200-mesh size) have high carbon content, then the problem is not pulverizer related but more likely is caused by insufficient furnace oxygen or poor fuel balancing. Contributed by Dick Storm (richard.storm@stormeng.com), president of Storm Technologies Inc.
Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Potential Fire Hazard

The proliferation of battery technologies in modern industry is presenting fire professionals with new sets of challenges. Confusion exists as to the correct approach for protecting industrial batteries from fire, whether that be in battery manufacturing, battery storage, or battery-powered applications. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells are distinctly different from lithium (primary) cells and are used in large numbers in power grid stabilization systems, containerized battery systems, and other largescale applications. These types of systems have thousands to tens of thousands of Li-ion cells integrated into a single space. The uses of Li-ion cells in these applications need to be reviewed for potential fire hazards, and fire protection strategies must be applied and implemented to reduce the risk (Figure 4). Potential fire protection strategies include using gaseous fire suppression agents, such as FM-200, 3M Novec 1230 fire protection fluid, and/or Argonite to protect large arrays of Li-ion cells. What You Should Know About Li-ion Batteries Li-ion batteries do not contain lithium in its metallic form. Therefore, these batteries do not pose a Class D fire risk, as compared with batteries that do contain metallic lithium. Electrolytes used in Li-ion batteries are complex formulations con21
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4. Be aware of new fire risks. Industrial use of Li-ion batteries has

grown substantially over the past few years, but knowledge of appropriate fire protection agents has not kept pace. Courtesy: Kidde Fire Systems
Table 1. Several fire protection agent options. This table presents the appropriate fire protection agent and the mixture needed to suppress a fire involving the most common types of materials found in Li-ion batteries. Source: Kidde Fire Systems
Novec 1230 Fire protection fluid (FK-5-1-12) 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.7 FM-200 (HFC-227ea) 8.9 8.5 8.8 NA NA Argonite (IG-55) 52.9 52.9 52.9 52.9 52.9
Materials Ethyl acetate (%) DiEthyl carbonatem (%) DiMethyl carbonate (%) Ethyl methyl carbonate (%) Propylene carbonate (%)
Notes: All values are percentage by volume. NA = data not available.
ternal heating. Overheating and overcharging can also result in a thermal runaway event that can lead to cell rupture and leakage of combustible electrolytes. Electrolytes are Class B materials (flammable liquid) and the design concentration should be determined by test for the particular composition present. sisting of lithium salts, such as LiPF6, LiBF4, or LiClO4 in an organic solvent, such as ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), or ethyl acetate (EA). A liquid electrolyte allows movement of lithium ions between the cathode and the anode when a battery passes an electric current through an external circuit. If overheated or overcharged, Li-ion batteries can suffer internal mechanical damage, leading to electrical shorting and inFire-Extinguishing Solutions Rupture of Li-ion cells may result in the ejection of electrolyte, a Class B flammable or combustible liquid. Gaseous agents will extinguish flames due to burning leaked electrolyte but have little or no effect on mitigating or preventing a thermal runaway occurring within Li-ion cells. These reactions are internal to the cell, and although the charging array will likely have preventative measures incorporated into its design, the reaction may still occur. Despite the potential for Class B material discharge, there are two possible approaches to the use of a gaseous fire suppression agent for hazards involving Li-ion batteries:
Based on a risk assessment, hazard survey, and customer/end user strategy, protect the space based solely on the Class A materials present and/or the Class C energy source(s). This approach chooses not to specifically protect against the Class B (electrolytic material) contained within the battery, which would only be introduced into the hazard upon a catastrophic failure of the battery cell itself. Based on a risk assessment, hazard survey, and customer/end user strategy, protect the space based on the Class A materials present, the Class C energy source(s), and the Class B (electrolytic material). This approach provides protection in the event that ejection of the electrolyte material occurs, which could ignite if an ignition source is present.
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Cup burner and other tests were completed in accordance with the requirements and guidelines of NFPA 2001 (2012 edition). Based on the results of these tests, Kidde Fire Systems has determined the minimum agent design concentration necessary to suppress a fire involving some of the most commonly used Class B compounds found in electrolytes (Table 1). The growing use of Li-ion batteries in industrial and other large-scale applications requires an increasing awareness of the potential fire hazards posed by such batteries and the most effective fire protection systems to mitigate the risk. Contributed by Jonathan Ingram, director of product marketingKidde Fire Systems, part of UTC Climate, Controls & Security.
POWER May 2013
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EPA Not Backing Down on Title V Source Rules

By Thomas W. Overton, JD
f you were hoping that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPAs) defeat last summer on aggregating small emissions sources under Title V of the Clean Air Act (CAA) meant a less-aggressive stance going forward, the agency has some bad news for you. Last August, critics of the EPA were heartened when the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the agencys determination that a natural gas sweetening plant in Michigan and its associated wells and flares constituted a single pollution source under Title V of the CAA (see EPAs Title V Source Policy Takes a Hit in the November 2012 issue of POWER). Aggregating the total emissions allowed the agency to define the plant as a major source under Title V, thus requiring an emissions permit.
spread over 40-plus square miles, was not adjacent within the plain meaning of the word. The EPA sought a rehearing en banc, but this was denied.
Splitting Hairs The Sixth Circuit ruling in Summit Petroleum Corp. v. EPA turned on the definition of adjacent in the EPA regulations enforcing Title V. The regulations allow multiple pollution-emitting activities to be treated as a single source if they are under common control, part of the same industrial activity, and are located on one or more contiguous or adjacent properties. Summits activities did not take place on contiguous properties but were spread over an area of 43 square miles, with the various wells and flares being located anywhere from 500 feet to 8 miles away from the sweetening plant. Thus, the question was whether these rather widely spread operations were adjacent to one another for the purposes of Title V. Its important to keep in mind here that the court was construing regulations written by the EPA itself. As might be expected, federal courts give fairly large deference to an agencys interpretation of its own rules. However, the boundaries of that deference can be unpredictable. The federal Administrative Procedure Act bars a court from interfering unless the interpretation is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation. Butand this is a very large butno deference is in order if the language of the regulation is plain and unambiguous. The rationale behind this rule is that allowing an agency to interpret a regulation beyond its plain meaning is tantamount to allowing it to create a new de facto regulation outside the official rulemaking process. Naturally, Summit argued that adjacent was unambiguous, while the EPA argued that it was not. The agency based its argument on the fact that it had never defined a specific distance for this section of the regulations. It wanted to consider both physical proximity and functional interrelatedness in determining whether two sources were adjacent, something it insisted it has been doing for decades. The court, looking simply to the dictionary, agreed with Summit. Thus, it held that Summits facility,
24
Not So Fast Federal circuit court rulings are binding precedent only within that circuit, and merely persuasive authority outside it. Still, its not unusual for a decision like this to prompt an agency to change its approach in the interest of maintaining consistency nationwide. Those hoping for such a response from the EPA, however, got an early lump of coal in their Christmas stockings when the agency announced on Dec. 21 that it was limiting its compliance with the Summit ruling to the boundaries of the Sixth Circuit (Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, and Ohio). Elsewhere, said the memo from Stephen Page, director of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, the EPA does not intend to change its longstanding practice of considering interrelatedness in the EPA permitting actions. Further, the EPA is still assessing how to implement this decision in its permitting actions in the 6th Circuit. The memo is a clear shot across the bow of anyone hoping the EPA would drop the functional interrelatedness standard. Until another court says otherwise, it intends to stick to the same approach that was rejected in Summit in permitting actions outside the Sixth Circuit. As worrisome as that may sound, there may be a more significant response on the way. Remember that Summit was based on regulations written by the EPA. Folks Ive talked to with an ear on the ground in Washington believe the EPA is in the process of rewriting those regulations to include the functional interrelatedness standard, in effect reversing the decision on its own. And theres little anyone outside the administration can do to stop it. Once the new rule is in place (a process that can take several years), the Summit decision becomes obsolete. While agency rulemaking can beand frequently ischallenged in court, opponents will be starting from scratch and under a different standard of review. Congress could revise the CAA to include the Summit rule, of course, but the likelihood of that happening is probably nil. What all this means is that Summit will likely serve as more of a speed bump than a change in course for the EPA. Those hoping the decision would herald a less-aggressive stance against small emission sources would probably be best served by continuing to follow the existing rules until more is known. And those in the Sixth Circuit would be advised not to make any major changes as a result of the Summit decision, lest it be drafted out of existence. Final resolution of this dispute, it appears, is still a long way away. Thomas W. Overton, JD is POWERs gas technology editor.
POWER May 2013
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ENERGY POLICY
Ontario Goes Coal-Free in a Decade

By the end of 2013, one year ahead of its goal, the province of Ontario will be virtually coal-freea first for a North American jurisdiction. How did the most populous part of Canada go from 25% to 0% coal-fired generation in just a decade, and what does this phaseout mean for the rest of the world?
By Gail Reitenbach, PhD
Courtesy: Ontario Power Generation
decade ago, the Canadian province of Ontario supplied one-quarter of its electricity from coal-fired power. In early January this year, the province announced that it would meet its goal of phasing out coal-fired generation a year early. By the end of 2013, coal-fired generation will be less than 1%, and 17 of the 19 units that existed in 2003 will be shut down; the remainder (backup units) will be eliminated by the end of 2014 (Table 1). The provinces Ministry of Energy calls the phaseout the single largest greenhouse gas reduction measure being undertaken in North America. Rather than compromising the provinces power supply, decisions over the past decade regarding everything from supply to conservation to grid enhancements have resulted in an installed capacity that exceeds the provinces peak demand. According to numbers provided to POWER by the Ontario Power Authority (OPA), peak demand (July 13) in 2005 was 26,160 MW, while capacity stood at 30,662 MW. In 2012, peak demand dropped, to 24,636 (July 17), while capacity increased to 35,736 MW, giving the province an enviable surplus. That healthy and stable supply is in contrast to 2003, when Ontario paid $900 million importing power to meet the electricity demand of residents and businesses, said OPA spokesperson
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Table 1. Going, going, gone.
This table shows the amount of coal-fired generation in the decade following the first efforts to phase out coal-fired power in Ontario. Schedules for 2013 and 2014 are projected. Atikokan and Thunder Bay Generating Stations are currently operated only as back-up reliability sources. Atikokan is being converted to biomass; the provinces Long-Term Energy Plan calls for converting Thunder Bay to burn natural gas. Note that when all eight units of Nanticoke were operational, it was the largest coal-fired power plant in North America, with a capacity rating of 3,964 MW, as well as the nations largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions. Sources: Ontario Ministry of Energy, OPA Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Coal (TWh) 36.6 26.8 30.0 25.0 28.4 23.2 9.8 12.6 Coal (% of total generation) 25% 17% 19% 16% 18% 15% 7% 8% Nanticoke, 2 units Lambton, 2 units 2011 2012 2013 4.1 NA NA <3% NA NA Lambton, 2 units Nanticoke, 4 units 2014 0 0 Atikokan, 1 unit Thunder Bay, 2 units Nanticoke, 2 units Lakeview, 4 units Coal unit retirements/conversion
Note: NA = not available.

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Tim Butters. (All currency is in Canadian dollars unless the reference is to U.S. prices. U.S. and Canadian dollars were near parity in early 2013.) Fuel prices and availability played a lesscritical role. Most of the coal for power generation had been imported from the U.S., whereas gas for power generation comes from western Canada. Donald, and David Houle explain that Before Ontario Hydro was dismantled [1998] though, environmental regulations for stationary combustion turbines and regulations on nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emission had already come into place, the former applying to all new generators installed after November 1994 and the later [sic] applying to corporate sources of emissions in manufacturing and energy, including Ontario Hydro from 1994 onward. . . . Thus a regulatory framework that was discouraging conventional thermal coal was already taking shape as the decade came to a close. The authors also note that governments ownership of coal plants, the absence of long-term power purchase agreements, the age of existing coal plants, and the lack of coal mining in the province all eased opposition to the phaseout. However, getting from 25% to 0% didnt happen as quickly as originally planned. Nanticoke Generating Station, for example, was repeatedly scheduled for closure by Ontario Power Generation. Though originally slated for retirement in 2009, that plan was dropped in 2006 when OPG was unable to develop replacement power sources. Major legislative developments spanned nearly a decade:

Why Eliminate Coal?

Ontarios population of 13,505,900 (as of July 2012) is 38.7% of Canadas total. It is close in resident size to the state of Illinois, with which it shares a heavy reliance on nuclear power. Given that it is home to major population and business centers, Ontario cannot afford to be capricious when it comes to electricity supply availability and reliability decisions. So what prompted the major supply shift? Public pressure, legislative action, and fuel availability all played a role. As in other regions and countries, public pressure for cleaner, renewable energy sources started the ball rolling. The Ontario Clean Air Alliance (OCAA) coalition, established in 1997, was the primary public interest group to bring pressure on politicians and industry to make a shift to cleaner energy. The alliance consists of approximately 90 organizations (health and environmental organizations, faith communities, municipalities, utilities, unions and corporations) that represent over six million Ontarians. Pressure from the OCAA is seen as having been instrumental in nudging politicians to consider a coal-free diet. (It should be noted that although the groups name focuses on clean air, the OCAA also calls for a phaseout of nuclear power and emphasizes the opportunities for efficiency, renewables, importing hydropower from Quebec, and small-scale gas-fueled combined heat and power projects.) Then, in August 2003, the eastern North American blackout got everyone paying attention to the grid. Ontarios response included creating an Electricity Conservation and Supply Task Force (ECSTF), which recommended developing a long-term plan for generation and conservation. That fall, the provincial government followed ECSTF recommendations and enacted the Ontario Electricity Restructuring Act, which, in part, created the Ontario Power Authority, whose responsibilities include addressing power system planning issues. Divesting the province of coal was seen as a way to meet multiple goals: fight climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reduce smog and mercury and other emissions to protect human health, and develop more renewable/free-fuel generation sources. The relative emphasis given to each of these rationales depended on which group was making the pitch.
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How Ontario Switched Off 25% of Baseload Generation in a Decade

Eliminating a quarter of dispatchable baseload generation in 10 years is no small feat for any sizable power grid. The short answer to the question of how Ontario has been able to achieve this is that it has had a provincial government responsive to pressure applied by the public, including the OCAA, and a hybrid energy infrastructure ownership and control system that enabled smooth execution of the planonce it was developed and as it was modified. Government Backing. The Ontario Ministry of Energy has legislative responsibility for the following entities:

The Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO), the grid operator. Hydro One, a provincially owned company that operates the majority of Ontarios transmission lines and serves as a local distribution company in some areas of the province. The Ontario Energy Board (OEB), an independent adjudicative tribunal responsible for regulating Ontarios natural gas and electricity sectors. Part of the OEBs mandate is to protect the interests of consumers with respect to prices and the reliability and quality of electricity service. The Ontario Power Authority, an independent crown corporation (a hybrid government/private entity that is owned by the government but operates at arms lengthcomparable to federal government chartered and owned corporations like Tennessee Valley Authority in the U.S.) that works to develop a reliable, cost-effective, and sustainable electricity system in the province. Ontario Power Generation (OPG), a provincially owned electricity generation company whose hydroelectric, nuclear, and fossil fuel stations generate approximately 70% of Ontarios electricity (the remainder is privately owned). It is also the sole operator of coal-fired plants.
2001: Regulation requiring phaseout of coal burning at the Lakeview Generating Station by April 2005. 2003: Plan to phase out all coal plants by 2007. 2005: Phaseout target pushed to 2009 over reliability concerns. 2006: Target 2009 phaseout abandoned. 2007: Government issues legally binding regulation requiring complete phaseout of coal burning by Dec. 31, 2014. 2009: Green Energy Act passed: major emphasis on renewable generation, energy conservation, clean energy job creation, demand-side management, access to transmission and distribution for renewables, and development of a feed-in-tariff (FIT) program.
As a 2012 paper by University of Toronto authors explains, the shift away from coal was in part initiated late last century, when the provinces electricity sector went through liberalization and moved to an open market system under the Progressive Conservative government led by then-premier Michael Harris. In The Coal Industry and Electricity Policy, Jodi Lea Adams, Douglas Macwww.powermag.com
An Effective (but Expensive) FIT. Its one thing to declare that you want more renewable power. Its quite another to make those resources materialize. An important element in renewables development for Ontario has been its feed-in tariff program, introduced as part of the 2009 Green Energy Act. Ontarios FIT, administered by the OPA, is recognized as the first and most comprehensive in North America. In fact, Ontarios FIT was one of the most generous worldwide, offering up to 80.2 per kWh.
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The FIT programs two-year review, conducted in October 2011, concluded that the FIT Program has been key to making Ontario a leader in clean energy production and manufacturing. The more than 2,500 small and large FIT projects approved to date will produce enough electricity to power 1.2 million homes. FIT has also attracted more than $27 billion in private sector investment, welcomed more than 30 clean energy companies to the province, created more than 20,000 jobs and is on track to create 50,000 jobs. Among the recommendations were that, to reflect lower costs, FIT prices for solar should be reduced more than 20%, on average, and by approximately 15% for wind. Prices for other sources are to remain the same. The review report shows the following original and new FIT prices, in cents/kWh:

tom line seems to be that they do spur development (which is their primary goal), but they always have unanticipated consequences.
Conservation and Smart Grid Efforts. Conservation is the cheapest energy
resource, and Ontario has shifted from having no conservation plan in 2003 to generating over 1,700 MW of peak demand savings over the past five years, according to the Ministry of Energy. Conservation measures include updated building codes, building en-
ergy audits and retrofits, and demand-side management (DSM) programs enabled by the roll-out of smart meters and time-of-use (TOU) pricing. Earlier this year, the OPA released results showing that in 2011, OPA and local distribution company programs resulted in 645 MW of demand reduction and 717 GWh of energy savings. It should be noted that, because electricity prices in Ontario are relatively low, there is less built-in incentive to reduce consumption
Solar rooftop (price varies by project size, with higher rates for smaller projects): 53.9 to 80.2, lowered to 48.7 to 54.9. Solar groundmount (price varies by project size): 44.3 to 64.2, lowered to 34.7 to 44.5. Wind (all sizes): 13.5, lowered to 11.5.
However, as with many accelerated renewables plans worldwide, Ontarios hasnt always run smoothly. A December 2012 story in the Toronto Globe and Mail reported that in Ontarios rush to develop renewable energy, a significant obstacle emerged for many small power producers, particularly in Southwestern Ontario: There wasnt enough capacity on the aging grid to accommodate all of their built projects. Stranded solar and wind projectsmany of them small, privately owned oneshave been the result. The OPA has offered owners of such projects various options that include relocating the solar panels, combining with other projects to create larger ones, and entering into an agreement for someone else to take over the project. Other FIT-related growing pains have included the governments inability to keep up with renewable project applications, localized opposition to wind farms, some short-lived solar-parts manufacturers, questions about oversight of renewables contracts, and, most recently, a December 2012 World Trade Organization ruling (under appeal as of this writing), in a dispute brought initially by Japan, that Ontario was giving preferential treatment and subsidies to renewable generation equipment originating in the province. The governments FIT-linked obligations have also been partially blamed for Ontarios budget deficit (close to $12 billion for the fiscal year that began April 2012, according to Finance Minister Dwight Duncan in late January). As with most other FIT programs, the botMay 2013 POWER
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ENERGY POLICY
than there might be in a locale like Hawaii or Germany, where retail prices are comparatively higher. Ontario is a North American smart grid leader and has installed smart meters in a majority of homes and small businesses, which has enabled it to introduce automatic TOU rates that encourage peak load-shifting. (Residential and small business customers also have the option of fixed rate contracts by purchasing electricity from licensed energy retailers.) Both large and small customers can participate in DSM programs; large customers can participate in both voluntary and contractual demand response programs. The goal is to reduce peak demand 6,300 MW by 2025 and 7,100 MW by 2030, and the province says it is on target to hit those numbers. It also claims that Over the next 20 years, Ontarios conservation targets and initiatives are projected to save about $27 billion in ratepayer costs on the basis of a $12 billion investment. When asked about the amount of last years peak load reduction made possible by smart meters and TOU rates, the OEB responded that those numbers were not yet available. Fuel-Switching. A primary concern of any grid operator is the availability of dispatchable generation, so its no surprise that rather than simply shutter all coal plants within a decade, Ontario has explored fuel-switching. In October 2012, work began on converting the Atikokan Generating Station from a coal-burning plant to a 200-MW one equipped to burn 100% biomassthe first in North America. That project is scheduled for completion in 2014. The provinces Long-Term Energy Plan calls for converting two units at the Thunder Bay Generating Station to natural gas to ensure system reliability in northwestern Ontario, particularly during periods of low hydroelectricity generation and until the proposed enhancement to the East-West tie enters operation. The plan also considers conversion of some units at Nanticoke and Lambton to natural gas, if necessary for system reliability. As of this writing, no decision had been made to begin these conversions. Swift Solar Development. Despite the red tape and interconnection difficulties encountered by several privately owned micro-generation projects, Ontario has managed to substantially increase the amount of new non-hydro renewables. Among the solar power projects developed since the decision to phase out coal is the 80-MW Sarnia Photovoltaic Plant, which was the worlds largest when it went online in 2010. (This plant was a POWER Top Plant Award winner in the renewables
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category in 2011. See Sarnia Solar Project in our December 2011 issue.) An October 2012 government statement noted that the province is home to the 25 largest solar projects in the country and has more than 550 MW of solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity online and more than 1,800 MW of additional solar PV capacity under contract. Even with these new developments, solar (in the Other category) is practically invisible in the chart of energy output by fuel source in 2012 (Figure 1). Increasing Wind Generation. According to the Ministry of Energy, Ontarios grid-connected wind capacity was 15 MW in 2003. At the end of 2012 it was over 1,500 MW. Some stories earlier this year trumpeted the role of wind power in making the coal phaseout achievable, noting that in 2012, wind generated more power (3%) than coal (2.8%). Given that the province had 25% coal generation in 2002, when the IESO market opened, and that wind at the end of 2012 supplied 3% of Ontarios generation (roughly the same as wind powers contribution in the U.S. overall), such claims seem overstated. As in other places, wind power has its vocal opponents in Ontario, some of whom did more than voice opposition to a turbine under construction at the 124-MW Summerhaven project in mid-January, when they painted graffiti on a disassembled tower and blades, and damaged a turbine that was set on fire, according to news reports citing a release by the Ontario Provincial Police. Earlier protests had occurred because an as-yet-unoccupied eagle nest had been removed to enable building of an access road. Holding Hydro Steady. Hydroelectric generation supplies roughly 26% of Ontarios power. (Neighboring provinces Manitoba and Quebec are almost totally hydropowered.) Hydro capacity increases have been marginal, growing from a total of 8,100 MW in 2005 to 8,400 MW in 2012 and 8,900 MW (projected) by 2015, according to the OPA. Powering Up Nuclear. Nuclear power supplies more than 50% of Ontarios electricity. OPG owns and operates the Pickering and Darlington Nuclear Power Stations, which have a combined generating capacity of about 6,600 MW. (See the story on p. 54 in this issue about plans for new units at Darlington.) OPA also owns the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, which Bruce Power operates under a lease agreement. The Bruce station, the largest nuclear facility in the world, has eight operating units totaling 6,300 MW and supplies roughly a quarter of the provinces power.
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OPA data show nuclear supplying 79 TWh in 2005, 85 TWh in 2012, and 93 TWh (projected) in 2015. Interestingly, the Long-Term Energy Plan projects nuclear power, which supplied 56% of all generation in 2012, supplying only 46% of total generation by 2030.
Filling the Narrowing Gaps with Gas. Ontario has limited natural gas re-
serves, so it imports most of the fuel from Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Despite the availability of Canadian gas, and in contrast to projections of increasing gas-fired generation south of the border, OPA actually projects that gas-fired generation will drop in the next few years. Though gas-fired generation supplied 12 TWh in 2005 and 22 TWh in 2012, it is expected to supply only 9 TWh in 2015. The drop in gas generation is expected to be offset by increases in nuclear, hydro, and the nonhydro renewables mentioned above.
Early Results from a Coal-Free Grid

Although the province isnt 100% coal-free yet, its close enough to make some preliminary assessments of the results. The governments January 2013 announcement noted that, according to a 2005 independent study, Cost Benefit Analysis: Replacing Ontarios Coal-Fired Electricity Generation, phasing out coal-fired generation is expected to save the province approximately $4.4 billion annually when health and environmental costs are taken into consideration. Though such assessments may be open to debate, it is possible to evaluate other early results more squarely. On the Grid and Fuel Mix. In September 2012, the IESO said the supply outlook was good at least through 2014: Over the next 18 months, more than 3,000 mega-
1. Energy output by fuel type, 2012. For the first time in the provinces history, wind generation exceeded coal generation in 2012. Source: IESO Other, 0.8% Coal, 2.8% Wind, 3.0%
Gas, 14.6%
Hydro, 22.3%
Nuclear, 56.4%
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watts (MW) of capacity will be added to the grid, comprising approximately 1,500 MW of nuclear generation and 1,500 MW of grid-connected renewable generation. By February 2014, total wind and solar generation connected to the transmission and distribution systems in Ontario will reach approximately 4,800 MW. Over the longer term, a combination of renewables and conservation is expected to meet additional demand (Table 2). To date, the grid has suffered no ill effects and, in fact, has a healthy reserve margin and has been a net power exporter. In November 2012, the IESO projected a yearly reserve margin of 20.2% for 2013 and reserve margins at or above 18% through 2017easily meeting the resource adequacy criterion for the next five years assuming all new resources and transmission development projects are delivered on time. Ontarios required reserve margin averages approximately 18.7% without reliance on emergency operating procedures or imports. Note that in the modeling for Ontarios most recent projection, 13% of installed wind capacity was assumed to be available at the time of summer peak, and 33% at the winter peak.
Table 2. Historic and projected capacity, by fuel.

2010 MW (projected) 11,446 8,127 1,657 9,424 4,484 1,837 36,975
Projections were made in the 2010 Ontarios Long-Term Energy Plan. Sources: Ministry of Energy (projections), IESO (2012) 2030 MW (projected) 12,000 9,000 10,700 9,200 0 7,100 48,000
Installed capacity Nuclear Renewables: hydroelectric Renewables: wind, solar, bioenergy Gas Coal Conservation Total Note: NA = not available.
2003 MW 10,061 7,880 155 4,364 7,546 0 30,006
2012 MW (actual) 12,998 7,947 1,633 9,987 3,293 NA 35,858
The IESO says that the province has the capacity to import or export approximately 4,800 MW at any one time, depending on system conditions. Its high-voltage transmission grid is connected to Manitoba, Quebec, New York, Michigan, and Minnesota. Net imports or exports have varied from year to year since 1997, when net imports were 2.6 TWh, followed by 3 TWh in 1998. In 2003, net imports were 4.1 TWh, followed by 0.3 TWh in 2004. Ontario has been post-
ing higher net exports ever since, with a high of 10.9 TWh exported in 2008 and 9.9 TWh most recently, in 2012. As for managing increased variable resources on the grid, that hasnt posed insurmountable problems. In a January Toronto Star piece, Tyler Hamilton, energy and technology columnist, quoted Bruce Campbell, vice-president of resource integration at the IESO, as saying that the province hasnt yet had to increase back-
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up reserves because of the amount of wind power on the grid. Hamilton notes, If we were to stick with our coal phase-out strategy without wind, we would need to burn more natural gas. The reality is that when the wind blows it gives us the opportunity to burn less natural gas when its being used to displace coal. This is partially why greenhouse-gas emissions associated with electricity generation in Ontario have fallen by two-thirds since 2003. On Retail Prices. Just as in the U.S., there has been considerable debate about how cutting coal and adding variable renewable capacity will affect retail electric rates. Even the provincial government has acknowledged that rates will increase, saying, Over the past 20 years, the price of water, fuel oil and cable TV have outpaced the price of electricity. Over the next 20 years, Ontario can expect stable prices that also reflect the true cost of electricity. About 40% of the provinces generation is subject to price regulation, contributing significantly to predictable prices for Ontario consumers, the government says. As of January 2013, with less than 3% coal-fired capacity, the IESO had posted the following rates: Under the regulated rate plan, consumption of up to and including 1,000 kWh/month: 7.4/kWh; more than 1,000 kWh/month: 8.7/kWh. TOU rates varied from 6.3/kWh to 11.8. Residential customers with smart meters (the majority) have three different TOU rates: 6.3/kWh for off-peak, 9.9/kWh for mid-peak, and 11.8/kWh for on-peak. TOU prices are reviewed every May 1 and November 1 by the OEB. Its always difficult to compare rates and plans across different regulatory regimes and nations, but given the virtual parity of the U.S. and Canadian dollars in early 2013, its worth comparing Ontarios rates with those in Illinois. Illinois has a similar population (12,875,255 for 2012), its major population centers share a similar climate, and it also has substantial nuclear generation. The state, which in 2010 ranked third in recoverable coal reserves at producing mines in the U.S., generated 6,208 GWh from coal, second only to nuclear (7,557 GWh) for power generation as of September 2012 U.S. Energy Information Administration data. The states average retail rate year-todate October 2012 was 11.45/kWh residential (8.58 for all sectors). That average is higher than all Ontario residential rates except for on-peak TOU pricing. Simply having more coal than variable renewables on your grid doesnt guarantee lower rates.
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The Ontario government anticipates that prices for residential and small business customers will increase about 3.5% annually through 2030. The biggest jump, according to the 2010 Long-Term Energy Plan, will be over the five years following the plan, when residential electricity prices are expected to rise by about 7.9 per cent annually (or 46 per cent over five years). This increase will help pay for critical improvements to the electricity capacity in nuclear and gas, transmission and distribution (accounting for about 44 per cent of the price increase) and investment in new, clean renewable energy generation (56 per cent of the increase). A program for eligible low-income consumers provides a benefit equal to 10% of the total cost of electricity. The rate for industrial users is expected to increase about 2.7% annually through 2030. The province says it is working to mitigate the effects of the increase through efficiency programs. It may surprise some south of the Canadian border that prices arent the only concern for the public. As a blog post by Ontario environmental lawyer Dianne Saxe on June 7, 2010, noted: Hamilton City Council passed a motion on May 12, 2010, requesting Ontarios Government to order OPG to put its coal plants on standby and only operate them as a last resort. . . . Kitchener and Guelph have recently passed similar resolutions. . . . Such resolutions have no legal force, but who would ever have thought that wed see municipalities calling for cleaner, more expensive power?
On GHGs and Other Emissions.
Though the provinces greenhouse gas emissions have dropped two-thirds since 2003, then-premier Dalton McGuinty acknowledged in January that Ontarios coal phaseout wouldnt stop coal plant development elsewhere in the world. However, local emissions of GHGs will drop, along with other byproducts of coal combustion, thereby improving local air quality and health for Ontarians. The governments January announcement said that The closure of coal plants has already produced significant health and environmental benefits for Ontarians. For example, 2011 sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions were 93 per cent and 85 per cent lower, respectively, than they were in 2003. And in 2011, Ontarios coal plants emitted 43 kilograms of mercury, the lowest on record in over 45 years.
Model Program or Isolated Case?

So what does Ontarios coal phaseout mean for the rest of Canada, other developed
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nations, and the developing world? The availability and price of fuelswhether they be fossil-derived or renewable ones will continue to play a powerful role in the short term. But global power industry incumbents may be setting themselves up for unwelcome surprise if they fail to realize the power of example. Whether you think Ontarios energy policy is a good one or not may depend on where you stand on energy policies generally and what role you play in the global energy industry. If you are a vendor to just the North American coal-fired generation sector, you wont like the fact that Ontario has proven a large geographic area with a substantial population canat least under supportive policygo coal-free. If you serve a global client base, youll see developing nations, which plan to build considerable coal capacity, as more promising markets. On the other hand, if you are looking for examples of decreasing a carbon footprint by way of generation portfolio adjustments and grid upgrades, youll see Ontarios experience as a model. Regardless of ones policy stance, Ontarios experience demonstrates that even under the most supportive political and economic conditions, accelerated renewables and smart grid programs will encounter unexpected hurdles. To expect zero difficulties would be unrealistic. Its also unrealistic to think that others wont attempt to follow Ontarios example. A January article in Mother Jones had former Minister of Energy Chris Bentley commenting that, even though the U.S. has its unique challenges in dealing with coal, he learned one thing from his experience cutting it out that can apply to his US counterparts: There are far more people who are supportive than the critics would like you to believe. The debate about whether or not Ontarios grand plan to eliminate coal power was worthwhilein terms of GHG emissions, health effects, grid stability, economic impact, and consumer pricesis bound to continue long past 2014. Though the effects on grid reliability and retail prices to date have been benign, only time will tell if the long-term consequences are any harder to bear than those felt by provinces, states, and nations that defer the development of cleaner generation and modern grids even longer. One thing that cant be debated is that when the last Ontario coal-fired plant stops sending power to the grid, naysayers wont be able to say it cant be done.
Gail Reitenbach, PhD is POWERs managing editor.

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ENERGY POLICY
Germanys Energy Transition Experiment

Germany has chosen to transform its energy system within a few decadesan ambition that has evoked equal admiration and confusion. Has Europes largest economy embarked on a rational path to an energy future that will make it the bellwether for global acceptance of renewables, or will the complex array of current challenges encumber its grand transformation?
By Sonal Patel
comprehensive legislative package passed by Germanys federal cabinet and its bicameral legislature (comprising the Bundesrat, the federal council, and the Bundestag, the federal parliament) in the summer following Japans Fukushima nuclear catastrophe in 2011 adopted 120 individual measures previously proposed in a 2010-unveiled Energy Concept and laid the groundwork for Germany to set its energy supply system on a new footing by the middle of the century. The transition to a new energy eradescribed by the German term Energiewende will be a Herculean task, German Chancellor Angela Merkel has admitted, bigger, perhaps, than efforts to bridge the infrastructure development gap following German reunification. But if the transition is successful, Germany could model how an export-oriented industrial nation staking its future on a high share of renewables can be globally competitive. If it stalls, the nation with the worlds fourthlargest economy by nominal gross domestic product could flounder economically, miring grandiose ambitions in the European Union (EU)and around the worldto combat climate change with renewables.
way to achieve it without putting an undue burden on businesses and consumers and to ensure long-term acceptance of the transition is to prioritize technology-neutral, marketoriented, and cost-effective instruments. It helps that Germany has been on a sustainability trajectory for awhile, some industry observers point out. The term Energiewende was coined three decades ago, in response to the oil shocks of the 1970s, by ko-Institut, an ecological think tank that defined the transition as growth and prosperity without oil or uranium. That idea took root in political discourse during the 1980s, and in 1991, the first feed-in-tariff (FIT) policy backing renewables was introduced. After it was revised and extended in 2000, Germany enacted the Renewable Energy Sources Act (ErneuerbareEnergien-Gesetz, or EEG)the policy that perhaps most forcefully drives Germanys post-Fukushima energy transition.
Nuclears Slow Death

In 2000, under then-Chancellor Gerhard Schrder, Germanys first center-left coalition of Social Democrats (SDP) and the Green Party implemented a nuclear phaseout with the passage of Atomausstieg, a controversial policy change that stymied nuclear generators unlimited lifetime licenses and strong legal guarantees. Under that law, the countrys 19 then-operational nuclear plants were allotted a specific amount of electricity (2,623 billion kWh, or an average of 32 years) of lifetime production that they could feed to the grid before mandatory shutdown. It allowed those hefty allowances to be sold or transferred to other power plants for a profit, however, ameliorating protests from nuclear generatorsparticularly newly born E.ON, which amassed ownership of 12 of the 19 reactors after the merger of Germanys biggest utilities, Veba and Viag. The industry-government compromise also included a government commitment not to introduce any one-sided taxation measures.
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Making an Energy Transition

The goals of the transition are certainly ambitious for Germany, an industrial heavyweight, but they are clear, Federal Minister of Economics and Technology Philip Rsler contends in a recent policy brochure. Along with a complete withdrawal from nuclear power by 2022, the country will strive to replace 80% of electricity generated today by conventional sources with renewables by 2050 and shave energy consumption by a fifth. Complex hurdles will have to be overcome, Rsler acknowledges. [The transition] goes hand in hand with the necessary grids, power stations and storage technologies, and therefore involves the development of a completely new energy system, he says. And the only
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Just a decade later, in an attempt to lay the groundwork for future German energy policy to mitigate climate change, andas a global recession ragedto reap a portion of tremendous profits utilities said they would earn if reactor lifetimes were extended from the average 32 years to 60 years (as in the U.S.), the coalition government of Chancellor Angela Merkel agreed to levy a 2.3 billion annual tax on the countrys four nuclear ownersRWE, E.ON, EnBW, and Vattenfall Europe. In return they got permission to operate reactors on average 12 years beyond 2021. The tax was to be used to subsidize renewables until at least 2016. Merkela former environment minister in the mid-1990s under conservative Chancellor Helmut Kohlwas in September 2010 the head of a grand center-right coalition government that included her own liberal-conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU), the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the businessfriendly Free Democratic Party (FDP). She had then called the reactor lifetime extension compromise a reasonable technical solution, noting that at the time, nuclear power accounted for about 22.6% of net electricity consumption. Merkels assessment that the renewable sector was not capable of filling the energy gap if Germany was entirely rid of nuclear power was directly in line with the coalitions newly unveiled Energy Conceptthe ambitious energy policy with a 40-year trajectory that called for, by 2050, greenhouse gas cuts of at least 80%, increasing renewables to 80% in electricity supply, and a 50% reduction in primary energy consumption compared to 2008 levels.
The Pushback
Then the natural and nuclear disaster at Fukushima happened. In the whirlwind of events following the Japanese catastrophe in March 2011, Merkels government reversed its stance on nuclear power and, citing safety concerns, immediately instituted a three-month moratorium on all nuclear plant operation for safety checks. Merkel later decreed that seven of Germanys
POWER May 2013
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ENERGY POLICY
plants, which began operation in 1980 or earlier (and later, another one already in long-term shutdown), would be shuttered (Figure 1). In June 2011, the cabinet and parliament passed a set of six laws and one ordinance the so-called Energy Packagethat adopted 120 individual measures of the 2010 Energy Concept and cemented a plan to permanently decommission all 17 of the nations reactors by 2022without abolishing the nuclear fuel tax agreed to in September 2010. Energiewende was officially under way, giving the power-intensive nation just over a decade to increase renewable generation from 17%, as it stood then, to 35%. Saying the countrys grid would remain controllable, the Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) urged states to approve more than a dozen new coal and gas plants and transmission upgrades over the next several years. In the aftermath of the nuclear moratorium, the countrys four major nuclear plant operators called foul, loudly. Robbed of allowances to produce the considerable remaining gigawatt-hours awarded by the Schrder government, RWE head Jrgen Grossmann called the phase-out decision a gross breach of property rights. E.ONs CEO Johannes Teyssen warned of substantial financial losses, and Vattenfall CEO Oystein Loseth demanded fair compensation for losses as a result of the decision, based on writing off the plants, cancelled upgrades scheduled after September 2010, and decommissioning costs. The utilities have turned to the courts and since won some crucial victories. Challenges that the nuclear fuel taxwhich amounted to 1.5 billion by January 2013 within two yearscould not qualify as a consumption tax were granted by the Hamburg Tax Court in September 2011, leading to refunds of 74 million for E.ON and 96 million for RWE. The federal government, however, later contested the tax courts ruling and resumed collection of the tax, prompting the Hamburg court to rule more definitively that the German tax on nuclear fuel was simply to siphon off the profits of the nuclear plant operators. The Constitutional Court is now reviewing the case. The German government is meanwhile struggling to fend off generator requests for more than 30 billion in compensation for confiscation of generating rights and costs associated with closure of the eight reactors. In February 2013, the administrative court for the German state of Hesse found the state ministry had no legal grounds when it ordered, on decree from the Merkel administration, shutdown of RWEs Biblis A and B reactors. Damages are set to be decided in upcoming civil court proceedings. ables as a moral imperative rather than an economic one. An assortment of think tanks warned of a cost-tsunami that was about to hit Germany and increase industrial operating costs by nearly a fifth in the country that already had one of the highest power prices in the EU. Meanwhile, the term green-paradox was coined and went viral, expressing a muchmaligned support for renewables that had little impact on carbon emission mitigation. But against the backdrop of the decade-long nuclear contests, the FIT system (as established by the EEG in 1991) that obligated supply companies to purchase wind, solar, and biomass power and then pass costs to consumers was fueling tremendous growth of renewables. Between 2000 and 2010under a looming urgency to secure energy supplies posed by the Schrder nuclear phaseoutthe share of renewables in Germanys power profile soared from 6.4% (37 TWh) to 17% (103 TWh), and installed nameplate capacities surged by almost 500%, from 12 GW to 56 GW. Photovoltaics (PV) fared the best, buoyed by the highest FIT of all technologies, with an average compensation of 47/kWh in 2010, bringing in a total 3.9 billion that year. According to government statistics, the closure of the eight reactors in March 2011 prompted another mammoth wave of new renewables installations. The share of renewable capacity in the total generation mix increased from 34% at the end of 2010 to a stunning 41% in July 2012 (Figure 2). Comparatively, the total amount of power generated by renewables was 115.2 TWh (Figure 3), or about 20.9% of the nations 551.4 TWh. About 91.2 TWh was eligible for remuneration under the EEG. That may all be poised to change, however. This year, a renewable surcharge on private consumer electricity bills rose to a record 5.28/ kWh, up 50% from 2012, 3.530/kWh in 2011,
1. A nuclear snub. In 2010, Germanys nuclear fleet comprised 17 operating reactors (six boiling water reactors and 11 pressurized water reactors, all built by Siemens-KWU), the last of which began commercial operations in 1989. After Fukushima, the government shuttered eight reactors, and the remaining nine are scheduled to close by the end of 2022. Sources: POWER, World Nuclear Association
Brunsbttel 1979 2009 2018 2011
Kiel
Brokdorf 1986
Hamburg Schwerin
2019
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2021
Kruemmel
Bremen
1984
2016
2030
Berlin
2011
Unterweser 1979 Emsland 1988 2021 2035 2022

Magdeburg
2012
Hannover
2020
2011
Potsdam
Dsseldorf
Grohnde 1985 2017 2031 2021

Erfurt Dresden
Biblis A: B: 1975 1977 2008 2011 2016 2018 2011 2011
Wiesbaden
Grafenrheinfeld 1982 2014 2028 2015
Phillipsburg I: II: 1980 1985 2012 2018 2026 2032 2011

Stuttgart
Isar I: II: 2011 2022 B: C: 1984 1985 1979 1988 2016 2016 2011 2020 2030 2030 2019 2034 2017 2021 2011 2022
2019
Neckarwestheim I: II: 1979 1979 2009 2022 2019 2036
Gundremmingen
Shut down
Commercial operation Provisionally scheduled shut-down (2000) 2010-agreed shutdown 2011 closure plan
A Renewable Lifeline
In 2011 critics denounced the decision to phase out nuclear and replace it with renew36
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POWER May 2013
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ENERGY POLICY
and 2.407/kWh in 2010. Meanwhile, the differential cost between the compensation agreed to under the EEG and the revenue from selling renewable electricity supplied to the grid has risen from 0.9 billion in 2000 to roughly 13 billion in 2011. Reports estimate that the average German household currently pays 180 ($242) per year to subsidize renewable energy, highlighting that no upper limit on Germanys subsidies for renewables has been set. Responding to a renewed outcry about the burden of the EEG on consumers, Environment Minister Peter Altmaier and Economics Minister Rsler proposed a short-term amendment of the EEG to rein in runaway costs, attempting to put a lid on the surcharge at 5.28 through 2014 and limiting its rise to 2.5% per year beginning in 2015. Critically, the measure includes a 1.2 billion saving measure that would see FITs for new renewables (with the exception of PV) commissioned after August 2013 that would be equal to the market value of electricity for the first five months after commissioning and slashes FITs for onshore wind power to 8/ kWh (compared to the current 8.8/kWh). For all other existing plants commissioned before August 2013, a 1.5% flat-rate reduction will apply in 2014 and is limited to that year. No changes are planned for PV, experts point out, because existing policy mechanisms contain a volume-responsive degression model designed to keep annual PV installations within a target corridor of 2.5 GW to 3.5 GW. PV rates change on a monthly basis, and as of October 2012, degression is adjusted every three months based on the amount of PV capacity installed during the prior 12-month period. Exceeding the target corridor sets off a standard decrease that starts at 1% per month. This means, technically, the FIT price could decrease by a maximum of 29% or increase by up to 6% over a 12-month period. And its working: Following a record 7.5 GW of new PV installations in 2011, new installations fell three months in a row at the end of 2012though last year still saw another record of 7.6 GW in new PV installations (Germanys FIT-eligible PV total in January 2013 was 32.7 GW). The 2012 record means solar FITs will see a 2.2% reduction each month from February to April 2013. Although stakeholders seem to agree that surging power prices could capsize Energiewende, the proposal has been met with skepticism by industry and lambasted by environmental groups, which say it would massively unsettle investors. Experts, meanwhile have largely dismissed the move by the two ministers as a ploy to score points for conservatives running in the upcoming Sept. 22 federal elections. Altmaiers plan is both, at best half-cooked, but also clever. It does not address important topics such as the further integration of renewables into the German/European energy system, the future design of the electricity market or adverse distribution effects, wrote Frankfurtbased Deutsche Bank in a note to investors in March. In light of the current SDP/Green majority in the Bundesrat, moreover, it is doubtful whether the ruling CDU/CSU/FDP coalition will be able to find the necessary majorities for this proposal. In addition, the constitutionality particularly of the proposed 1.5% reduction of feed-in tariffs for existing plants in 2014 will surely be questioned, Dr. Matthias Lang, an energy lawyer at Bird & Bird LLP in Dsseldorf and author of the German Energy Blog, said in February. Lang noted that the umbrella organization of German industry (BDI) had also presented a proposal to check rising EEG surcharges. Among five measures it proposes are those that abolish compensation that renewable generators receive per the EEG if grid operators must
POWER May 2013
2. Capacity on the German power grid. As of July 2012, Germanys total installed generation capacity of 67 .5 GW was characterized by 30.5 GW of net nominal solar power capacity, followed by wind power at 29.3 GW. The two renewable sources soar well ahead of hard coals 20.5 GW, the third-highest installed capacity. More nonrenewable energy sources (a total of 101.182 MW) were installed than renewable sources (71.181 MW), however. Sources: Federal Network Agency, Federal Cartel Office
Geothermal energy Sewage gas Multiple energy sources (renewable) Offshore wind Landfill gas Dammed water (excluding pumped storage) Run of the river Biomass Onshore wind Solar Pit gas Other energy sources (nonrenewable) Waste Mineral oil products Pumped storage Nuclear Multiple energy sources (nonrenewable) Brown coal Natural gas Hard coal
8 86 125 188 260 1,309 4,002 5,493 29,252 30,459 260 1,147 1,176 375 9,229 12,068 14,817 18,467 19,721 20,547
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000 25,000 MW
30,000
35,000
3. Net total power generated in 2011. Of a total 551.4 TWh generated by German
power plants in 2011, renewable energy sources (in dark green) generated 115.2 TWh, or about 21%. Nonrenewable energy sources generated the remaining 435.2 TWh, led by brown coal (21%), and followed by nuclear power (17%), hard coal (14%), and natural gas (11%). Sources: Federal Network Agency, Federal Cartel Office
Offshore wind 0.6 Multiple energy sources (renewable) 1.7 Dammed water (excluding pumped storage) 1.8 Run of the river Solar Biomass Onshore wind Mineral oil products Other energy sources (nonrenewable) Waste Pumpled storage Natural gas Multiple energy sources (nonrenewable) Hard coal Nuclear Brown coal
4 5.8 5.9 9.1 60.6 61.1 79.5 95.7 114.5 15.5 19.3 28 48.3
0
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ENERGY POLICY
4. Comparison of renewable generation projections through 2025. Scenario
studies commissioned by the federal ministries of Environment (BMU) and Economy (BMWi), and one from a German grid operator project that renewable generation will range between 199 TWh and 315 TWh by 2020. Compared with 2011, when renewables generated about 115.2 TWh, that represents a 72% to 173% increase. Sources: POWER, Federal Network Agency, DENA, BMU, BMWi Actual Transmission service operators (2011) Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (2011) Sum of federal targets (2011) 350 Federal Environment Ministry (2012) National renewable energy action plan (2012)
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curtail renewables input that stem from grid bottlenecks. It also calls for a strong signal on the EU level for proper functioning of the European Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) and a new market-oriented electricity market design on the federal level and in the states. The current system resulted in conventional power plants, particularly gas-fired generators, that were increasingly unprofitable, the BDI asserted. Federal figures estimate that of a total 172.4 GW of Germanys installed capacity, about 2.7 GW of non-intermittent generation capacity is in cold reserve statusmostly in the north. This capacity is unable to relieve the increasingly tense supply situation in the south, but could become operational within six months.
200
TWh
A Cloudy Outlook
Permanent shutdown of the eight nuclear reactors in March 2011 resulted in an immediate loss of about 32.5 TWh of nuclear generation in 2011 and, experts estimate, could result in a loss of 41 TWh over 2012 and 2013. Reduced nuclear generation as a result of the moratorium was compensated for mostly by increased renewables generation (5 TWh) and a significant reduction in net exports (6 TWh). Between July 2011 and June 2012, however, data show a gradual adapting of the demand and supply
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POWER May 2013
ENERGY POLICY
balance to the new situation: By mid-2012, renewable generation reached 11 TWha level projected to be reached this yearand net exports increased again to 2010 levels. At the same time, electricity demand did not increase. Renewable generation is expected to surge to between 231 TWh and 283 TWh by 2025 under separate scenarios from the federal ministries of Environment and Economy. More ambitious political targets from the federal states, explained partly by different expectations for the growth of onshore wind power, project renewable generation could reach 315 TWh as early as 2020 (Figure 4). If these projections are achieved by 2020, technically, renewables could exceed the roughly 140 TWh generated by Germanys operational nuclear fleet in 2010. A bevy of studies since 2011 examining the effect of the nuclear phaseout on power generation, cost, emissions, and security of supply in Germany concede that Germanys best chances of replacing its nuclear power capacity while meeting long-term climate protection targets (and most studies conclude that it is possible) will require substantially decreased exports to the Netherlands and Austria, increased imports from France and the Czech Republic, a grid expansion, and increased reliance (about 21 GW) on coal and gas plants. As evidenced over the two winters since the announced nuclear phaseout, Germanys supply issues will be most critical in the winter, when France typically relies on imports from Germany (because it relies on power for domestic heating). But it will likely also rely on imports to meet certain demand conditions, analyses from the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-E) and research firm Prognos show. A number of scenario analyses forecast tight generation capacity in the southern regions, where most of the phased-out nuclear power is concentrated, and suggest excess power from the north should be rerouted to the southa recommendation strongly advocated by the Federal Network Agency and ministries involved with the transition. ability of the German power supply. But when asked to decide by parliament by August 2011 whether one of the decommissioned reactors should be designated as a cold reserve plant to ensure security, the Federal Network Agency claimed that even with the disturbances it had warned about, system security in the transmission network could be guaranteedif a variety of measures were taken into account. In May 2012, at the German Energy Agencys (DENAs) behest, the nations four grid operators (TSOs)50Hertz, Amprion, TenneT TSO, and TransnetBWdrew up a joint network development plan identifying necessary expansions to help transmit power from the North and Baltic Sea, where many offshore wind parks are being planned and built, to industrialized areas in southern and western Germany. Assuming wind power was the primary driver of the expansion and increased from 27 GW in 2012 to 51 GW by 2020, at minimum, 4,400 km of existing lines would need to be optimized and 3,800 km of power lines (1,700 km of new alternating current and 2,100 km of new direct current) would need to be built. This could cost in the vicinity of 20 billion over the next decade, the TSOs said. The urgency of an accelerated grid expansion has been underlined several times since last May
The Grid Dilemma

In the immediate aftermath of eliminating nearly 5 GW of secured generation capacity in the southern German region alone following Fukushima, the Federal Network Agency, in conjunction with German transmission system operators, warned that failure of key network equipment or a major power plantcaused by potential overloading of transmission routes and by voltage control in the southern region could critically jeopardize security and reli-
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ENERGY POLICY
by individual grid operatorsas well as by the Federal Grid Agency, which warned that nuclear plant closures had brought the nations transmission grids to the edge of their resilience. Over the past two years, the network has seen several near-misses, the most worrisome among them the periods between Christmas and New Years Eve in 2011 and in the midst of a February 2012 cold spell. And this March, 50Hertz revealed in its full-year results for 2012 that it had to curtail generation from renewable power producers (the last tactic to maintain reliability after reducing generation from conventional plants) to avoid oversupply on 77 days last yearalmost double the 45 days in 2011. The government has responded by making grid expansion a priority. The TSOs so-called Grid Development Plan forms the basis of the Federal Requirement Plan for Transmission Networks, which identifies as urgent under the German Energy Act a total of 36 projects, including three north-to-south electricity highways and 21 projects that traverse state or country borders. The cabinet in December 2012 agreed to fast-track construction (within four years) of 2,800 km of new power lines and upgrade of 2,900 km by designating, with approval from the countrys 16 federal states, the Federal Grid Agency as the only competent planning authority and allocating legal disputes concerning the expansion to a single federal administrative court. The plan will cost, without accounting for costs of underground cables, about 10 billion, the government claims. Meanwhile, distribution grids, which connect smaller renewables installations and conventional power stations, will also require considerable expansion and modernization, the scale of which will depend on specific tasks assigned to the nations 800-plus distribution grid operators when developing smart grids. With liberalization of the electricity market and expansion of renewable sources, distribution grid mandates have mounted, requiring, for example, that operators ensure their grids remain stable despite increased levels of intermittent generation. Yet progress has all but stopped. An evaluation of TSO data from October 2012 shows a large portion of the planned power lines prioritized to be newly built or upgraded much earlier, under the 2009 Power Grid Expansion Act (EnLAG), have been stalled by delays (Figure 5): Of the total 1,834 km of extra-high-voltage power lines, just 214 km (nearly 12%) have been completed. During 2012, only 35 km were expected to be added. This year could see the much-needed completion of a key line that could secure system reliability in the greater Hamburg region and all of northern Germany, which is absorbing the impact of decommissioning the closed Krmmel and Brunsbttel nuclear reactors.
5. Super-charged ambitions.
As this October 2012 map from the Federal Network Agency shows, of 1,834 kilometers (km) of Germanys extra-high-voltage lines that are on the fast track to be newly built or upgraded under the 2009 Power Grid Expansion Act, just 215 kmabout 12%have been completed. In 2012, only 35 km were expected to be added. Germanys existing extra-high-voltage grid of 17 ,610 km is webbed over its 16 federal states. The grid is overseen by the four transmission system operators whose areas are shown here. Source: Federal Network Agency
Security of Supply
Directly tackling unpredictability in supply to the grid from renewables, the government is enforcing a number of measures, including passage of an ordinance that requires nearly 400,000 older PV systems over 10 kW to be upgraded to avoid simultaneous shutdown when a frequency of 50.2 Hz is exceeded. Reaching a frequency of 50.2 Hz is unusualbut it could happen, experts say, especially in situations where electricity production is higher than demand due to a grid disturbance. In November 2006, frequencies reached 50.2 Hz in Germany when power failed first in Cologne, Germany, before shutting down across parts of France, Italy, Spain, and Austria and cutting power to 15 million people across the rest of Europe. Major power consumers are also able to make loads available to grid operators for load reduction and shutdowns, to provide TSOs with an added means of balancing electricity fluctuations. The Ordinance on interruptible loads has opened up new possibilities for developing load management potential, the Economics Ministry said in a statement. And the Federal Network Agency and grid operators had reportedly contracted adequate reserve capacities for winter
42 www.powermag.com
POWER May 2013
ENERGY POLICY
months, increasing from about 1 GW in 2011 to about 2.6 GW earlier this year. Efforts are also under way to upgrade distribution grids to accommodate smart grid technologies and prepare for a high percentage of renewables. The Economics and Environment ministries recently completed a 140 million four-year study in six pilot regions, testing information and communication technologies, including smart grids in rural areas and virtual power plants (a list of the projects is available at http://bit.ly/11k3hgH). The E-Energy program reportedly demonstrated that the energy consumption of private households could be reduced by up to 10% using intelligent systems and appropriate incentive mechanisms. On the generation side, the government has boosted incentives for investment in combined heat and power generation. To enhance reliability, it has also established liability rules for delays and disruption to the connection of offshore wind parks. A tremendous amount of offshore windfrom 100 MW to 13,000 MWis expected to play a major role in Energiewende through 2050. Grid operator TenneT, which bought the 11,000-km-long grid network from E.ON in 2011 and has been tasked with connecting all wind parks in the North Sea, has warned of looming bottlenecks stemming from major difficulties in planning and building progress. Showing symptoms suffered generally by the global offshore wind sector, growth of Germanys offshore wind market has been stunted as participants reached the limits of their resources, facing severe problems with financing, TenneT said. German politicians blame the Dutch company for the repeated delays, however, saying TenneT apparently lacks both the right management and necessary equity capital to establish urgently needed connections to the wind farms owned by major utilities like RWE and E.ON. The issue has also prompted calls for the creation of a national grid company with public investment, and manyamong them, power companies and pro-industry politiciansrecognize its possible benefits. If grid owners that oversee the countrys four grid zoneswhich suffer different line prices and individual control stations and control centerswere combined, both administrative costs and electricity prices could be slashed, say executives at E.ON. quire 313 times the current pumped storage capacity to bridge the calm. In its first crucial step to address this predicament, the government in the summer of 2011 defined grid fee exemptions for electrical energy storage facilities and existing pumped storage; it later attempted to improve policy conditions for investments in pumped storage plants. As have other industry observers, Jens Hobolm of the European Center for Economic Research and Strategy Consulting points out that pumped storage potential in neighboring Scandinavian reservoirs is 2,300 times that available in Germany, where 30 pumped storage plants have a capacity of 6.8 GW; when magazines are fully loaded, they can run for 4 to 8 hours and produce a total of 0.04 TWh. Noting that surplus electricityto the tune of 38 TWh by 2050reserve power, and ancillary services would be Germanys foremost challenges over latter period of the transition, Hobolm suggests 7 GW to 12 GW of new interconnectors between Germany, Norway, and Sweden, of mutual economic
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Germany also must deal with a huge temporal power surplus, extremely large load gradients, and long calmsperiods of low wind, typically experienced in the winter. Holger Gassner, head of markets and political affairs at RWE Innogy GmbH, estimates that in 2050, a 10-day span when wind farms generate less than 10% of capacity would reCIRCLE 27 ON READER SERVICE CARD May 2013 POWER
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ENERGY POLICY
benefit, could be built so that about 10 TWh to 20 TWh (26% to 52%) of Germanys surplus electricity could be stored there. That front, too, is seeing progress. In March, Norwegian and Dutch power grid operators, Statnett and TenneT, along with German development bank KfW, announced plans to build NORD.LINK, a 1,400-MW high-voltage undersea connection. A final decision wouldnt be made until 2014, though developers have announced planning of a second 2 billion link, NorGer, that could possibly materialize within a decade. Meanwhile, it has been suggested that until at least 2020, storage capacities in the Alps could help store surplus PV electricity from southern Germany. But, notwithstanding the time and cost required to build new pumped storage capacity, several experts have warned that the role Scandinavia can play in such a scenario is unclear. Norway, for example, holds hydro reservoirs of 84 TWhhalf of all Europes hydro storage capacityand already acts as a green battery for Denmark and the Netherlands. Hydro storage expansion would need political action on Norways current electricity policy that far exceeds 2020 and would have to consider a multitude of technical, economic, and environmental implications.
Carbon Commitments and a Dash to Coal

One of the EUs core member states, Germany has been at the forefront of the continents efforts to curb carbon emissions, spearheading the European energy and climate package in 2007 under the German EU presidency. The so-called 20-20-20 package called for greenhouse gas reductions of at least 20% of 1990 levels by 2020, increasing use of renewables to 20% of total energy production by 2020, and cutting energy consumption by 20% of projected 2020 levels by improving energy efficiency. Yet Germanys own climate targets, driven by environmental movements in the Green Party, are more ambitious than the EUs: a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and 80% to 95% in 2050. Though Energiewende was designed to complement those goals, Germanys carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are on the rise, as the Environment Ministry noted this February, increasing 1.6% (932 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year). The ministry, which brushed off the increase, saying the nation had comfortably met its Kyoto Protocol targets, coming in 193 million tonnes per year under its target by the commitment date in 2012, pegged the increase on unusually cold weather and heightened use
of coal. Had shuttered nuclear reactors operated as planned, critics pointed out, and Energiewende not been instituted, Germany could have reduced its carbon emissions to an all-time low of 897 million tonnes per year. But Germany needs coal, experts say. In the two years since the nuclear moratorium, the nation has urgently needed new baseload power plants to shoulder the countrys annual peak load of 80 GW. Only about 12 GW of the nations reliably available capacity of 160 GW is currently met by renewables, which includes wind power to a minor extent, and is mostly hydropower. How great this need for conventional power plant capacity actually is depends on a number of variables, says the Economics Ministry, adding that it is . . . very difficult to put a figure on the power plant capacity needed. The future expansion of renewable energy plants, the possibility of using an interregional system to balance fluctuating supply and demand in the electricity market, and the continued development of storage technologies are just some of the factors that come into play, it adds. Environmental and citizen groups have launched numerous legal challenges, and successfully stalled development of several coal projects. Meanwhile, rejection of a draft bill to
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ENERGY POLICY
allow pumping of CO2 underground into former gas storage facilities in 2011 has slowed plans for carbon capture and storage and derailed government plans to curb carbon emissions that way. Vattenfall in December 2011 shelved demonstration of an oxy-combustion carbon capture technology at Jnschwalde in Brandenburg, and no efforts have been made to restart it. A common complaint from industry stakeholders is that a regulatory framework for the conventional power plant market has to be redesigned. An amendment of the German Energy Act that became effective in January provides only for the possibility to postpone planned shutdowns of power plants to improve the security of supply, but incentives for new state-of-the-art power plants that can balance the fluctuating input of renewables still have to be set. That hasnt deterred conventional hard coal fired power plants from increasing their share of power production to 19.1% in 2012 (jumping from 18.5% in 2011). Lignite-fired plants remain the most important power producers in Germany, increasing their share in the electricity mix to 25.6% (from 24.6% in 2011). And until 2015, most of Germanys new-build conventional power plant capacity will be coal-based, analysts say, pointing at a project pipeline of 8 GW of new coal-fired capacity compared with 1 GW of new gas-fired installations. The main reason for new coal plants: pure economics. According to early November 2012 estimates from research firm Bloomberg New Energy Finance, German utilities were set to lose an average 11.70/MW but gain 14.22/ MW when they combusted coal. Another looming policy change fueling the rush to burn more coal over gas is that in 2016, an EU directive will become effective that will force utilities to either close coal-fired plants that do not meet new environmental standards or install costly pollution control devices. Of 13 coal plants proposed since 2007, two plants had come online by November 2012: Vattenfalls 2.2 billion, 675-MW lignite-fired Boxberg plant in Saxony, and RWEs 2.6 billion, 2.2-GW BoA 2&3 in North RhineWestphalia. Eight others were under construction, all fired by hard coal. These include E.ONs 1.1GW Datteln plant in North RhineWestphalia and Vattenfalls innovative heat and power 1.6-GW Hamburg-Moorburg plant. Both are expected to begin operations in 2014. Three others are in the planning phase: two lignite plants and a hard coal plant. Particularly noteworthy is that many plants in Germanys new coal-fired fleet are designed for flexibility. RWEs August 2012commissioned BoA 2&3 (Figure 6) near Cologne, for example, has rapid-response capabilities. Each lignite-fired unit can modify its output by 500 MW in just 15 minutes, the utility says. The plant also uniquely
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stores its pulverized coal in a silo to more easily control how much is fed to the boiler. That enables it to power down to as little as 10% of its maximum output. Other companies are exploring manufacturing boiler walls with thinner, special steel alloys that can withstand rapid and extreme changes in temperature occurring when a plants output is adjusted up or down.
A Gas Daze
A new fleet of power plants fired by natural gas may have better fit the jagged generation gap left by the nuclear phaseout, given gas powers reduced carbon emissions and flexibility to balance feed-in variations. But last year, cheap coal imports and low carbon trading prices negatively impacted spark spreads and squeezed natural gasfired power plants to the margins or out of the merit order. Locked into expensive oil-indexed gas supply contracts while still gradually negotiating discounts from producers such as Norways Statoil and Russias Gazprom, gas generators are seeing adverse market conditions that are driving down negative profit margins. Some are already mothballing or considering decommissioning existing gas plants in Germany. E.ON, which spent 400 million just three years ago to build its state-of-the-art Irsching 5 unit, an 847-MW advanced combined cycle power plant near Ingolstadt, is looking to close the plant because last year it operated less than 25% of the time it was designed for. If the plant keeps putting up red figures, it makes little sense to keep it operational, an E.ON spokeswoman said. No decision has been taken to date, as the plants operators were still in negotiations with the Bavarian government and the grid operator TenneT, she said. In March, meanwhile, Norwegian generator Statkraft put into cold reserve its 510-MW Robert Frank plant (Figure 7) in Landesbergen after grid operator TenneT classified it as non-system relevant. Unfortunately, the market perspectives for gas-to-power in Germany have continued to deteriorate over the past twelve months, Dr. Jrgen Tzschoppe, senior vice president of continental energy at Statkraft explained in a statement. Based on the current market status, it is not possible to operate the plant economically. And we cannot justify keeping a reserve unit in the portfolio while the efficient [combined cycle] power plants in Knapsack . . . and Herdecke are hardly running. Statkraft, which is building another ultra-modern combined cycle gas and steam turbine plant at Knapsack, would need to seriously look into the market design . . . yet to be created, Tzschoppe said. The effect on utilities with a high thermal power exposure has been devastating. RWE and E.ON have, for example, seen depressed gas businesses for three years even though European spot gas prices have fallen. And the outlook
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looks bleak, Josef Pospisil, head of utilities and transport at Fitch Ratings told reporters at a briefing in March. Its a fairly weak fundamental picture, one of weak demand, slight capacity increases, and unpredictable politics, he said. Anti-coal politics could possibly generate a fundamental shift, but radical reforms are not expected this year, before the Sept. 22 national elections, he pointed out. Germanys ability to produce power from unconventional gas remains uncertain. Shale gas drilling has been a headline-making and contentious political subject that features prominently
6. A coal irony. The European Unions carbon emissions have been on the rise since the global recession two years ago, despite mandates to cut them to 80% of 1990 levels by 2020 and the prevalence of its emissions trading scheme. Germany will start up 5.3 GW of new coal capacity this year alone as its utilities bank on coals cost advantage over more-expensive oil-indexed natural gas. New plantssuch as RWEs BoA 2&3 (shown here), a 2.2-MW lignite-fired plant commissioned in August 2012 in Grevenbroich-Neurath near Colognewill feature advanced technology. These twin units are reportedly able to offset the intermittency of renewables by modifying output by 500 MW within 15 minutes. Courtesy: RWE
7. A gas suspension. Though gas power is seen as more efficient and environmentally friendly than coal as a complement to renewable power in Germany, market conditions have made it uneconomical for generators like Statkraft to operate older gas plants. The Norwegian firm in March put its 510-MW gas-fired Robert Frank plant (shown here) in Landesbergen, Lower Saxony, into cold reserve. Formerly owned by E.ON, the 1962-built combined cycle plant with a net efficiency of 43% was the first large gas power station in Germany. Courtesy: Statkraft
POWER May 2013
ENERGY POLICY
in the rhetoric of politicians seeking votes, and Merkels government in February unveiled a new draft law that permits development of the unconventional fossil fuel through fracking, albeit with conditions. These include environmental safeguards that outlaw fracking in protected areas and near drinking wellsan area estimated to cover about 14% of German territory. 35% each (more than the EU average), come from Russia. Until 2011, Germany had been a net electricity exporter, sending 58 TWh to its neighbors in 2010. After the eight nuclear reactors were shuttered in March 2011 by order of the government, a series of reports released by the Federal Network Agency analyzing scenarios under different conditions concluded that Germany would be able to generate sufficient power to cover its own electricity needs, but it could no longer support security of the European interconnected grid to the extent it had done previously. Consequently, in the EU, Germanys transition is being viewed with suspicion. A frequent critic of the countrys surging power prices is EU Energy Commissioner Gnther Oettinger. The former head of the southern German state of Baden-Wrttemberg has cautioned that Germany is pushing energy sector reforms too fast, pointing out that investments in solar and wind power dont match the speed of grid extension and storage capacity. And the transition is occurring without regard for a bigger European framework. The consequences of Germanys transition will not be limited to Germany, which borders so many other member nations, Oettinger has argued. In the EU, All member states are aware of the need to transform their energy systems to ensure that they are sustainable in the long run and to enable Europe to reach its 20-20-20 targets. Moreover, they know that they need to act in cooperation. In an integrated market, this is the only way to ensure that the transformation will be a success. Let me give you an example: the integration of renewables into the grid will be possible only in a fully integrated and interconnected market. In a fragmented market the necessary investments would not be viable and hence would not take place, he told IP Journal, a publication of the German Council on Foreign Relations. Oettinger has reportedly suggested that as a first step toward a pan-European policy, some countries (possibly Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemburg, which make up the 2010-launched Central Western Europe market region and is the European hub of power trading) could set up joint market mechanisms and expansion targets for renewables. But challenges remain before Europe can set up an internal electricity market by 2014, as planned, and one frequently cited hurdle is resolving whether the priority with which renewable electricity has to be purchased and marketed by grid operators under Germanys EEG is compatible with the European Single Market.
The Larger Context

Germanys decision to transition to an almost purely renewables-based system by 2050 wasnt exactly abrupt, as some observers point out. It isnt a Sonderwegwhich suggests Germany is going it alone on the fringe of the continents mainstreamas Paul Hockenos, a blogger for a nonpartisan think tank, the German Council on Foreign Relations, argues. At least 11 of the EUs 27 members have no nuclear power at all, while five others, including Italy, have pledged to phase out nuclear reactors altogether. And 18 EU countries have implemented renewable support policies similar to Germanys. Others note that Germany is a nation with nine direct neighbors and imports 100% of its consumed uranium, 98% of its oil, 82% of its natural gas, and 77% of its hard coal and the bulk of oil and gas imports, about
POWER May 2013
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ENERGY POLICY
Solutions are also being sought for insidious and unexpected surges of wind power from northern Germany that find a path of least resistance to the power-hungry south through circuitous routes via the grids of neighboring Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. These loop flows have been blamed for congestion of cross-border transmission capacity and, worse, pose threats to the network security conditions of Germanys neighbors, the affected countries grid operators said in a March 2012 report. Recently, the German Institute of Applied Ecology (ko-Institut) said, however, that it could not confirm those findings, noting only that loop flows with Poland exceeded 2.5 GW once, in 2011, when wind production was between 4 GW and 8 GW. Even so, France and the Netherlands have already installed phase-shifting transformers to redirect electricity by increasing transmission resistance as a defense against loop flows, and the Czech Republic and Poland are reportedly considering the same. As some experts point out, if its neighbors limit flows during power surges, the grid stability problem will be shifted back to Germany. and affordable future energy supply is the adoption of a new research program, which has earmarked funding of roughly 3.5 billion through 201475% more than from 2006 to 2009to support development of sustainable energy technologies. The funds are split among support for nonnuclear energy technologies along the entire energy chain, ranging from highefficiency production in modern power plants, decentralized energy systems, smart grids, and storage modules to energy usage in energy-optimized buildings and towns as well as efficient industrial processes. But even these efforts have been opposed by critics, who say that though the technologies or concepts funded are indeed achievable, they are still far from being ready for market. Hampered by excessive costs, their operation could be delayed far beyond the politically desired timeframe due to other deficits, and they wont play an immediate role in Germanys energy transformation. A better investment would have been to open up regenerative energy sources for heating markets instead. Solar heat and use of the Earths warmth should have been advocated more effectively, yet this never came to pass. The use of distant heat from the deep layers of the Earth instead of the absurd unprofitable geothermal power plants would have been far wiser. . . . Available wind power in this country, where the potential for pump storage is poor, should be used solely to produce hydrogen which can be used in return as fuel or as a chemical commodity, energy expert Dr. Gnther Keil, asserts. The bottom line is that New installations should be prohibited by law, or left to the laws of the free markets, he says.
A Costly Rebalancing
Ultimately, reforming and restructuring Germanys energy sector by the end of the 2030s could cost as much as 1 trillion, Environment Minister Altmaier said in February 2013. Most of these costs are related to renewable FITs, which could total some 680 billion by 2020and increase if the market price of power falls, he warned. The cost implications are tremendous for Germany, which has seen costs associated with energy consumption double over the past 12 years. Compared with 59 billion in 2000, energy spending spiked to 124 billion in 2011an increase of 20% over 2010. The Economics Ministry blames higher energy prices for primary energy resources in the international commodity markets. But power prices, central to the competitiveness of Ger-
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POWER May 2013
WHERE WATER and POWER MEET

C U S T O M I Z E D WAT E R S O L U T I O N S T H AT F I T YO U R P O W E R P L A N T
Putting Nature to Work

A utility client was looking for ways to reduce selenium and mercury from the industrial waste stream of a coal-red power plant. Their focus was on nding tools to preserve environmental quality. Chris Snider led the team of client, academic and Burns & McDonnell professionals in nding the solution: constructed wetlands. At the end of an intensive, 2-acre pilot project a $3 million investment the client has a blueprint to move on to a larger-scale wetlands that will be a cost-effective, engineered lter for reducing elements to below regulatory compliance levels.
Chris is a recognized technical leader in landll design and coal byproduct handling. He has 18 years of experience with solid waste disposal and landll-related subsurface investigations. He is one of our experienced power plant professionals who can help you identify the water alternative that ts: Zero liquid discharge Customized wastewater treatment and water management Constructed wetlands Landll and pond management Bottom ash handling
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ENERGY POLICY
man industry, have also surged, on the back of steadily rising taxes and levieswhich today make up almost 40% of the price of industrial electricity. The expedited nuclear phaseout could add another 0.5 to 1.5/kWh, an enormous burden for power-intensive industries, for whom a price hike of around 1/ kWh translates into an increase of roughly 20%. The Economics Ministry estimates additional costs for a large aluminum producer with a consumption rate of 4,000 GWh, for example, could surge to 40 million. Thats why, the ministry says, the federal government agreed with the 2011 Energy Package to introduce compensatory arrangements for businesses competing at a global level, including measures to offset increases in the price of power stemming from the EUs carbon emissions trade, and a cap on their renewables allocation charge. Cost reductions in 2012 for some 202 German firms, including steelmakers and those in the chemicals industry, amounted to 440 million. But that measure, too, is under fire: The EU Commission this March launched a formal probe into whether energy price cuts granted to these energy-intensive consumers constitutes a breach of anti-trust rules to the detriment of German consumers because, it says, the reductions are rolled over to ordinary Germans power bills. According to researchers at the Institute of Economic Structures Research GWS, a private consulting firm in Osnabrck that carried out a cost-benefit analysis of the integration of renewables in Germany between 2008 and 2011, the benefits apparently more or less outweigh the coststhough, it cautions, several unresolved questions remain. It concludes there is no sign yet of a final unequivocal judgement about the overall economic costs and benefits of a renewable energy expansion. One plus would be added jobs: About 382,000 jobs were added last year to the burgeoning renewables sector (about 1% of the workforce), and by 2030when renewables should make up at least 35% of Germanys power profile renewables jobs should increase to 600,000. Renewables also lower the price of power during the middle of the day by significant amountsbut increase household bills via the EEG surcharge, the group said. been opposed by industry, citizen groups, and environmentalists. A substantial number of citizen action groupsWutbrger (angry citizens)have fiercely objected to the construction of new wind parks for noise and aesthetic reasons, for example. Pumped storage projects, high-voltage transmission projects, and carbon storage sites have also been protested, some successfully, as has construction of new advanced technology coal-fired power plants. Renewables, too, have been targeted by ecologists, who, unsettled by the effects of the energy transition across the country, protest clearing of forests for biomass or the conversion of tracts of land for solar and wind farms. That conflict has even driven a wedge within the Greens, splitting the political party that championed the nuclear phaseout in the 1980s and rallied for clean energy through the 1990s into proponents of the transition and stewards of the environment. Rhetoric supporting a wide range of views backing or opposing facets of Energiewende has heightened and will likely get increasingly shrill until the September election at least. What happens beyond the election is a lot harder to discern.
Mounting Opposition
Energiewendes success is deeply rooted in wide public acceptance, but almost every facet required to ease the transition has
Sonal Patel is POWERs senior writer.
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POWER May 2013
Where does the Industry nd its best people?
POWER magazine has served the generation industry for more than 128 years. Now POWER is making it easier than ever for industry professionals to nd career opportunities and for hiring authorities to nd the best candidates for open positions. The Careers-in-POWER job board on powermag.com allows visitors to post resumes anonymously, view the latest job positions, post job listings, and set up personal job alerts.
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NUCLEAR POWER
OPG Proposes New Nuclear Construction at Darlington

The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission has issued a License to Prepare Site for Ontario Power Generations Darlington station expansion. This is the first of a series of licenses required to prepare, construct, and operate new nuclear reactors and the first of its kind issued in Canada in over a quarter-century.
James M. Hylko
n August 17, 2012, the Joint Review Panel (JRP) of the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) issued a License to Prepare Site (LTPS) to Ontario Power Generation Inc. (OPG) for a new nuclear power plant project at its Darlington site (Figure 1). The license application covers up to a four-unit plant expansion called Darlington B, with a maximum combined output of 4,800 MWe. However, it should be noted that the provincial governments most recent plans call for development of only two units for a total of 2,000 MWe. OPG will be the owner and operator of the new plant if it is approved by the government. The Darlington B site is located on the shore of Lake Ontario, in the Municipality of Clarington, approximately 65 km east of Toronto (Figure 2). The adjacent site is currently home to the four-unit, 3,512-MWe CANDU Darlington Nuclear Generating Station (Darlington A), the Darlington Waste Management Facility, and a licensed used fuel dry storage facility. The portion proposed for development of Darlington B is primarily the eastern third of the plant site. Built in stages, the Darlington A units entered commercial service from 1990 through 1993 and now provide about 20% of Ontarios electricity needs. Development of additional nuclear capacity at the Darlington site is part of a February 2011 integrated power system plan that includes refurbishment of the existing Darlington units and Bruce Nuclear Generating Station. On March 14, 2013, OPG received environmental approval for the Darlington A refurbishment, which is expected to run from 2016 to 2023 and cost between C$6 billion and C$10 billion. (The U.S. and Canadian dollars have been at virtual parity.) The provinces 2010 LongTerm Energy Plan (LTEP), which calls for nuclear supplying about 50% of total generation going forward, found the new units
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1. Darlington A. Ontario Power Generation (OPG) has received a License to Prepare Site (LTPS) from the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, the first in a series of required licenses. OPG plans to build up to two new nuclear units on its Darlington site (though the LTPS covers four potential units), east of the existing units shown here. Courtesy: OPG
are necessary to replace nuclear power it will lose when its Pickering units shut down; that shutdown was originally scheduled to occur in stages between 2014 and 2016 but has been pushed back to 2020. The 2010 plan notes that since the 2007 LTEP, which identified a need for new nuclear planning, demand has declined and renewable generation has become a bigger contributor to the system. Investment in renewables, the reduction in demand, and the availability of natural gas have all reduced the immediate need for new nuclear. However, to preserve the long-term reliability of the system, particularly for baseload generation, additional investment in nuclear generation will be required. Overall, by 2030,
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nuclear capacity is projected to be about 1,000 MW lower than in 2012 (see Ontario Goes Coal-Free in a Decade on p. 26). In June last year, OPG signed agreements with Westinghouse Electric and SNC Lavalins Candu Energy Inc. for the preparation of construction plans, schedules, and cost estimates for two new units at Darlington. Candu Energy will be preparing for an enhanced Candu 6 reactor, while Westinghouse will be preparing for construction of its AP1000 reactor. The OPG noted that Under the terms of the agreements, each company will be given 12 months to develop its report. The completed reports will be analyzed and forwarded to the Province for its consideration.
POWER May 2013
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NUCLEAR POWER
2. Expansion zone. Expansion of the Darlington plant is projected to compensate for the
planned decommisioning, by 2020, of the nearby Pickering Nuclear Generating Station, also owned by OPG. Courtesy: OPG
that made submissions in response to OPGs application. This license is valid for a 10-year period through August 17, 2022.
The Canadian Regulatory Process

The regulatory process to build Darlington B began on September 21, 2006, when OPG submitted to the CNSC an Application for Approval to Prepare a Site. That application initiated the licensing process under the Nuclear Safety and Control Act (NSCA). The CNSC, analogous to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), regulates the use of nuclear energy and materials in Canada. All new licensing applications or amendments to existing licenses require approval of the seven-member Commission Tribunal. The Darlington B application also triggered the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA). Proposed construction of a nuclear power plant is identified in CEAA regulations as a project for which comprehensive EA studies are mandatory. These studies are used to predict the environmental effects of a specific project, and to determine whether these effects can be mitigated, before a project is started. EAs consider impacts to components of
Meanwhile, the JRP, whose role was to evaluate the environmental assessment (EA) portion of OPGs site license application, concluded that OPGs EA met the licensing requirements of Canadas Nuclear Safety and
Control Act and issued the LTPS. The JRP hosted 17 days of public hearings, held from March 21 to April 8, 2011, in Courtice, Ontario. Taking part in the hearings were 264 interveners and 14 government departments
POWER May 2013
NUCLEAR POWER
the environment, such as air, water, and soil quality; noise; human health; Aboriginal interest, physical, and cultural heritage; and use of land resources. The EA report contains recommendations for a decision including all appropriate mitigation measures and requirements of a follow-up program. On March 20, 2008, the federal minister of the environment announced referral of the project to a review panel pursuant to the CEAA and indicated that the CNSC and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEA Agency) should pursue a joint EA review process. An EA requires information about potential accidents and effects on the environment that the CNSC regulations require in an LTPS. Accordingly, the JRP under the authority of the CEAA and the NSCA was established in 2009. The Commission Tribunal (the Responsible Authority under the CEAA) must approve the EA before any further licensing action can be considered. In August 2011, the JRP submitted its EA recommendation to the Government of Canada. The JRP concluded that the project was not likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects, when implementation of proposed mitigation measures is considered, including effects of accidents, malfunctions, and malevolent acts. In May 2012, the government agreed with the JRPs recommendation and authorized the project to proceed to the next step, issuing the LTPS. With approval of the LTPS, the JRP has met its project review responsibilities and is no longer involved with the subsequent licensing steps.
Clear the way for quality air
140 years of history, and the present is yours

Optimizing air supply quality is a way of life at Atlas Copco. Our dryers, aftercoolers, filters and oil-mist eliminators help ensure that your air is always clean, dry and ready for the summer heat. And it doesnt stop with quality air because the right air system components also save energy. Atlas Copco knows you have challenging targets to reduce energy costs. We know because we face those targets, too! With 14 production facilities in the United States and dozens more globally, we never stop looking for ways to help our manufacturing teams, and yours, save energy and increase productivity. In 2013 Atlas Copco celebrates our 140th birthday. To celebrate this key milestone we are offering a series of gifts: starting with simple air studies for free. Well log your plants actual air usage, show you ways to save money and compute the payback on any new investments. Sign up now and youll receive a limited edition anniversary baseball cap. Register at www.atlascopco.us/mboxusa or call 866-688-9611. We look forward to serving you far into the future.
Canadas Multiphase Licensing Process

The NSCA and related regulations require five separate license applications to be filed over the lifetime of a nuclear plant. Note that the license to operate is a separate administrative process, much like that used by the NRC in past years, though now superseded by the combined (construction and operation) license process. License to Prepare Site. The CNSC must be satisfied that it is feasible to design, construct, and operate the facility on the proposed site in a manner that will meet all health, safety, security, and environmental protection requirements. As discussed above, the LTPS for Darlington B was issued to OPG in August 2012. Darlington was selected because the site is large enough to accommodate up to four new reactors, the site is adjacent to a major transmission corridor, excellent support is
May 2013 POWER
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NUCLEAR POWER
available from the host communities, and there is access to an existing highly skilled and experienced workforce. In addition, OPG has extensive knowledge of the site dating from the development of Darlington A in the 1970s, including the surrounding lands and waters. Therefore, a large body of information already exists on the physical, biological, and social environments relative to the site and vicinity, including the nearshore aquatic environment. OPG will undertake site preparations under the owner-only approach sanctioned by the Ontario Ministry of Labor. An engineering, procurement, and construction company (EPC) is responsible for the physical works to prepare the site and construct the new nuclear facilities. OPG noted that it might enter into an EPC contract for site preparation activities only, in advance of a decision on the specific reactor technology.
License to Construct. OPG must demonstrate that the proposed design of the new nuclear plant conforms to regulatory requirements and, if constructed as designed, will provide for safe operation on the designated site over the proposed plant life. Before the license to construct (LTC) can be prepared, OPG must select a reactor technology. The Province of Ontario is responsible for procuring the new reactors and associated construction and installation services, whereas OPG will operate the reactors. It is anticipated that each new reactor will have a 60-year operating life, including mid-life refurbishment. Licensing guidance for new nuclear power plants recognizes that an LTPS application may be submitted in advance of selecting a specific technology. Given that multiple reactor designs were still under consideration at the time of the LTPS application, OPG is using the technology neutral Plant Parameter Envelope (PPE) as a means of comparing several nuclear reactor technologies and bounding plant parameters, such as cooling water technology, natural hazards, and natural and environmental resources. The features of the selected design would need to fit within the bounding envelope prior to obtaining permission to construct the new plant. The PPE concept is based on the Early Site Permit (ESP) process in the U.S., where the NRC has issued the following ESPs: Clinton ESP Site (Exelon Generation Co. LLC), Grand Gulf ESP Site (System Energy Resources Inc.), North Anna ESP Site (Dominion Nuclear North Anna LLC), and Vogtle ESP Site (Southern Nuclear Operating Co.). OPG indicated that these examples were used in the development of its PPE process. OPG plans to undertake a formal quantitative cost-benefit analysis for cooling tower and once-through condenser cooling water systems as part of the LTC application. This analysis may be required earlier, however, given the relationship between site layout, reactor technology, and the choice of the condenser cooling technology. License to Operate. The applicant must demonstrate to the CNSC that it has established the safety management systems, plans, and programs that are appropriate to ensure safe and secure operation in order to be awarded a license to operate the plant. License to Decommission. The applicant must have a preliminary decommissioning plan for the activities contemplated at the end of operation. A financial guarPOWER May 2013
NUCLEAR POWER
antee must provide assurance that adequate resources will be available to fund decommissioning activities. The assurance of such a guarantee addresses the potential that the CNSC would find itself responsible for the decommissioning effort. However, OPG will continue to operate other licensed facilities at the site and retain ownership of the property. OPG has established guarantees for those facilities that include remediation costs for the Darlington site to support decommissioning and return it to a brownfield state. License to Abandon. The applicant can abandon and restore the site to a brownfield state rather than returning the project site to its preexisting condition. activities and commitments made during the EA. CNSC staff will also present annual updates to the Commission Tribunal as a part of the annual CNSC Staff Integrated Safety Assessment of Canadian Nuclear Power Plants Report. The next step in the regulatory process is for OPG to submit its application for an LTC. OPG must demonstrate that the sitespecific characteristics identified in the LTPS application are considered as part of the design basis of the reactor technology selected for construction. The public will have an opportunity to comment on OPGs application to construct, as well as its application to operate, at future public hearings. OPG and CNSC staff will present their mid-term reports at a public proceeding of the Commission scheduled for September 2017.
James M. Hylko (jhylko1@msn.com) is a POWER contributing editor.
Response to Fukushima
Several environmental groups expressed concerns about the new-build plans, suggesting that the Darlington site is in an active seismic area in their testimony to the JRP during LTPS public hearings. However, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) described the seismic characteristics of the area as very low risk of a major seismic event. For instance, the site is located in the Great Lakes region of Canada, and Lake Ontario is on the edge of the Canadian Shield, a geologically stable, mid-continental region, where the rate of occurrence of earthquakes is low. The design basis earthquake (DBE) is defined as the ground motion with annual probability of exceedance of less than 1 in 10,000 years. Accordingly, the peak ground acceleration for the Darlington site is 0.209 g. OPGs proposed designs assume a DBE as 0.3 g. In addition, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake like the one at Fukushima is not credible for Canadian inland sites, and neither is a tsunami. Canadian nuclear plants are located in areas of much lower seismic hazard risk than Fukushima. Satisfied, the CNSC concluded that there are no geotechnical issues and the seismic risk is low in the region. However, the CNSC previously established new plant design requirements to prevent the failure experiences at Fukushima. Those include preventing station blackout, mitigating severe accidents, and preventing hydrogen migration. These requirements must be incorporated in the plant design basis, beyond design basis, and severe accident management programs, consistent with international practices, that will be incorporated at the time of an LTC application.
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RENEWABLES
Small Hydro, Big Opportunity

Small-scale hydro generation stands to benefit from recent congressional action aimed at streamlining what historically has been a challenging federal approvals process. That action, along with technology innovations, could make it easier to develop hydro generating capacity in sources as diverse as navigable rivers, man-made conduits, and water distribution systems.
By David Wagman
or the U.S. House of Representatives to agree on anything these days is unusual. For it to agree unanimously on a bill related to renewable energy may strike some as just short of a miracle. But in mid-February, House members voted 422-0 to approve H.R. 267, a piece of legislation aimed at streamlining regulations for small hydropower projects that tap some of the potential generating capacity available in the U.S. Following passage, the bill moved to the Senate, which is expected to consider it later this year. If passed and signed into law, the bill would promote the development of small-scale hydropower and so-called conduit generation projects, which are powered by the force of water flowing in structures such as irrigation canals and water distribution pipes. It also aims to shorten regulatory timeframes for other low-impact hydropower projects, such as adding power generation to existing nonpowered dams and developing closed-loop pumped storage, which can help to balance intermittent renewable resources such as wind and solar. Under the current license approval regime, project developers have to wait years for approval. Such regulatory lag can be deadly to smaller-scale projects. Theres incredible potential right now, said Cherise M. Oram, a partner in the Stoel Rives law firm and vice president of the National Hydropower Association (NHA). The industry believes there have got to be ways to meet existing regulatory standards without taking so long, especially for small projects. The trade groups view is that developers should more easily be able to add power generating equipment at existing dam structures when no incremental environmental impact is expected, said Jeffrey A. Leahy, NHAs director of government affairs. There are no tremendous additional environmental impacts, so why go through the same environmental process as new construction, he asked. Small is beautiful as the industry focuses attention on developing what could be up to 12 GW of hydro generating capacity across the U.S.provided regulatory reform that has been recognized as needed for years becomes a reality.
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The current licensing process for a project 50 MW or smaller can be daunting. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) exercises licensing authority, but the path to federal licensing involves a lengthy application process that may include environmental impact assessments, endangered species and water quality evaluations, and lengthy consultations with state agencies and tribal organizations, with no single decision-maker in the process. Once a FERC license is obtained, the developer of a project at an existing federal lock or dam must repeat the application process to win approval from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or the Bureau of Reclamation, two federal entities whose jurisdiction extends to water resources that include locks, dams, navigable waterways, and related infrastructure. Power generation historically has fallen low on their list of priorities, superseded by uses such as commercial navigation, flood control, and recreation. By the time a hydropower application wins approval from one of these entities, the initial FERC license requirement for the start of construction may have expired. The net effect has been to dampen small hydro generation development and drive up its cost. And its precisely among small-scale developments that much of the potential exists to expand hydroelectric generation in the U.S. Before there were large-scale wind farms and thin-film rooftop solar, there was hydro. Indeed, the first engines of the Industrial Revolution were driven by water power, a use that today might be labeled distributed generation. The ancient Greeks made use of Archimedes screw, a machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches that is being reexamined as a potentially modern power generation source. In the U.S., 100,000 MW of installed capacity accounts for about two-thirds of the nations renewable electricity and 6.5% of total generation. Hydropower enjoys even more widespread deployment outside of the U.S. Top producers, according to the International Energy Agency, are led by Norway, with hydro providing nearly 98% of generation, and Brazil, where it provides roughly 78%. And although China
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only provides 17% of its total generation from hydro, its 22,500-MW Three Gorges Dam is the worlds largest hydroelectric facility. Large impoundment reservoirs such as Brazils Itaip and Chinas Three Gorges garner a lot of headlines, but the majority of hydroelectric capacity is much smaller in scale. In the U.S., at least, much of the focus on new hydro capacity is tied to water supplies that include existing reservoirs and man-made conduits, said Rick Miller, senior vice president of renewable energy services at HDR Inc. Many small-scale hydro power projects can connect directly to the local power distribution network, eliminating the need for significant transmission capacity. The small stuff is very much a distributed generation technology similar to distributed solar, he said.
Assess the Costs

A June 2012 report by the International Renewable Energy Agency, an organization comprising 158 member states plus the European Union, said that average investment costs for large hydropower plants with storage typically range from as low as $1,050/kW to as high as $7,650/ kW, while the range for small hydropower projects is between $1,300/kW and $8,000/kW. Adding additional capacity at existing hydropower schemes or existing dams that dont have a hydropower plant can be significantly cheaper and can cost as little as $500/kW. The report considered annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and said these are often quoted as a percentage of the investment cost per kilowatt. Typical values range from 1% to 4%. Large hydropower projects typically have O&M costs averaging around 2% to 2.5%. Small hydropower projects lack scale economies and can have O&M costs of between 1% and 6%, or higher. The cost of electricity generated by hydropower is generally low, although costs are site-specific. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for hydropower refurbishments and upgrades ranges from as low as $0.01/ kWh for additional capacity at an existing hydropower project to around $0.05/kWh for a more expensive upgrade project, assuming
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a 10% cost of capital. The LCOE for large hydropower projects typically ranges from $0.02 to $0.19/kWh, assuming a 10% cost of capital. The report said this makes the best hydropower projects among the most costcompetitive generating options available today. The LCOE range for small hydropower projects for a number of projects in developing countries was between $0.02 and $0.10/ kWh, making small hydro a frequently costcompetitive option to supply electricity to the grid or to supply off-grid rural electrification schemes. Very small hydropower projects, however, can have higher costs and an LCOE of $0.27/kWh or more for so-called picohydro systems. bines are highly efficient and can be used for a wide range of heads and flow rates. The Kaplan turbine was derived from the Francis turbine and allows efficient hydropower production at heads that are between 33 feet and 230 feet, typically much lower than for a Francis turbine. Impulse turbines such as Pelton, Turgo, and cross-flow (sometimes referred to as Banki-Michell or Ossberger) designs are also in widespread use. These turbines are driven purely on the impulse of flowing water. Among impulse turbines, the Pelton turbine is most commonly used with high heads and utilizes nozzles to control the waters flow to the runner bucketsmuch like a high-pressure nozzle at the end of a hose. Equipment innovations in the last 15 years have made it possible to use sites that were not viable because of low-head conditions, said James Borg, group leader of Small Hydro Projects for MWH Global. Key innovations include low-rpm turbines using permanent magnet generators, fish-friendly technology, and advanced power-converting electronics. Another factor is the supply of economically competitive equipment from Asia, he said. Hydropower plants can be built in a variety of sizes and with different characteristics. In addition to the importance of head and flow rate, hydropower schemes can fall into one of several categories:

Many Turbine Options

The most suitable and efficient turbine for a hydropower project depends on the site and the overall power scheme design, with key considerations being the head and flow rate (see the sidebar for definitions). One type of turbine, known as a Francis turbine, is a reaction turbine that ranks among the most widely used hydropower turbines worldwide. Using guide vanes and wicket gates to control the waters flow and direction on the turbine blades, Francis tur-
Run-of-river hydropower projects have no, or very little, storage capacity behind the dam, with generation dependent on the size of river flows. Reservoir (storage) hydropower schemes store water behind a dam and so decouple generation from water inflows. Reservoir capacities can be small or large, depending on site characteristics and the economics of dam construction. Pumped storage schemes use electricity at off-peak times (often overnight) to pump water from a reservoir located after the tailrace to the top of a reservoir, thus enabling the pumped storage plant to generate electricity at peak times. Fast-reaction pumped storage facilities are being constructed to provide the grid stability needed to address the intermittent influx of energy from wind generation.
Assess the Resource

The industry has said for years, based upon the Corps of Engineers National Inventory of Dams database, that only around 3% of the
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Renewables
nations 80,000 or so dams have electricity generation associated with them. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) published in April 2012 a study of hydropower potential in the U.S. It found that many of the monetary costs and environmental impacts of dam construction have already been incurred at these non-powered dams (NPDs), so adding power to the existing structure often can be achieved at lower cost, with less risk, and within a shorter timeframe than through new dam construction. The abundance, cost, and environmental benefits of NPDs, combined with the reliability and predictability of hydropower, make these dams a potentially attractive way to expand the nations renewable energy supply. Of the more than 80,000 NPDs throughout the U.S., 54,391 dams were analyzed by ORNL, with the remainder eliminated from consideration due to faulty geographic information or erroneous flow or drainage area attributes. ORNL said that adding power generation to U.S. NPDs has the potential to contribute up to 12 GW of new renewable capacitya potential that it said is equal to increasing the size of the existing conventional hydropower fleet by 15%. Most of this potential lies in just 100 NPDs, which could contribute some 8 GW of hydropower; ORNL said the top 10 facilities alone could add up to 3 GW of new hydropower. The ORNL study also found that 81 of the 100 top NPDs are U.S. Army Corps of Engineers facilities, many of which, including all of the top 10, are navigation locks on the Ohio, Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas Rivers, and their major tributaries. The study also suggested that dams owned by the Bureau of Reclamation hold the potential to add another 260 MW of capacity. Three different small-scale hydropower ventures illustrate the range of projects and technologies that could be deployed across the U.S. One is a series of hydropower installations at Corps of Engineers navigation dams. The second is a repowering of a powerhouse in the Rocky Mountains with a high head. The third represents two new technologies that could expand the distributed nature of smallscale power in water supply systems. generators for the first four projects, which include run-of-river generating facilities. Nearly 80 AMP member communities are participating in the projects, all of which consist of an intake approach channel, a reinforced concrete powerhouse, and a tailrace channel. These projects are among the first to be developed on Corps structures in decades, and AMP had to be patient and persistent to win both a FERC license and Corps approval. The process was a bit painful but opened the Corps eyes to how the approval process might be streamlined, said Paul Blaszczyk, a vice president and the project manager for MWH, the consulting firm serving as AMPs engineer for all of the projects. As a nonprofit, AMP was able to secure good interest rates for the projects. Whats more, it considers the projects to be 100-year investments, a point of view that helped improve the projects economics and keep the lengthy approval process in perspective. AMPs Cannelton Project will divert water from the existing Corps Cannelton Locks and Dam through bulb turbines to generate an average gross annual output of roughly 458 GWh. The bulb designation comes from the shape of the upstream watertight casing, which contains a generator located on the horizontal axis. The powerhouse will house three horizontal
Power from the Ohio River

American Municipal Power-Ohio (AMP) is building five new hydroelectric projects on Corps of Engineers dams along the Ohio River. Altogether, the projects will add more than 350 MW of hydro generation to the region. Voith Hydro is manufacturing the turbines and
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Common Hydroelectric Terms

Cavitation: Rapid changes in pressure result in the formation of bubbles that then collapse when the water passes into higher-pressure regions of a turbine. Repeated cavitation can damage turbine blades. Flow: The volume of water passing a point in a given period of time. Head: Vertical change in elevation between the head water level and the tailwater level. Headwater: The water level above the center line of the turbine. Low head: A head of 66 feet or less. Penstock: A closed and pressurized conduit or pipe for conducting water to the powerhouse. Runner: The rotating part of the turbine that converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Tailrace: The channel that carries water away from a dam. Tailwater: The water downstream of the powerhouse. Ultra-low head: A head of 10 feet or less.
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29.3-MW turbine and generating units with an estimated total rated capacity of 88 MW at a gross head of 25 feet. A 1,000-foot-long, 138kV transmission line interconnection is planned to connect to the Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator (MISO). The Smithland Project will divert water from the Smithland Locks and Dam through bulb turbines to generate an average gross annual output of some 379 GWh. The powerhouse will house three horizontal 25.3-MW turbine and generating units with an estimated total rated capacity of 76 MW at a gross head of 22 feet. A 2-milelong, 161-kV transmission line interconnection is planned to connect to MISO. The Willow Island Project will divert water from the Willow Island Locks and Dam through bulb turbines to generate an average of 239 GWh annually. The powerhouse will house two horizontal 22-MW turbine and generating units with an estimated total rated capacity of 44 MW at a gross head of 20 feet. A 1.6-mile-long, 138kV transmission line interconnection is planned to connect to PJM. The Meldahl/Greenup projects include the run-of-river hydroelectric generating facility currently under construction at the Captain Anthony Meldahl Dam on the Ohio River and the existing generating facility at the Greenup Dam, also on the Ohio River. More than four dozen AMP member communities are participating in this project. Under a partnership agreement with the member community of Hamilton, Ohio, AMP is overseeing construction of the Meldahl project and will own 48.6% of the facility when it becomes operational. Upon commercial operation of the Meldahl project, AMP will obtain a 48.6% share of the Greenup facility. The Meldahl Project will divert water from the existing Corps Meldahl Locks and Dam through bulb turbines to generate an average gross annual output of approximately 558 GWh. The powerhouse will house three horizontal 35MW turbine and generating units with a FERClicensed rated capacity of 105 MW at a gross head of 30 feet. If interconnected to MISO, an 8-mile-long, 138-kV transmission line is planned. If interconnected to PJM, a 5-milelong, 345-kV transmission line is planned. In addition, even though smaller, the new turbine/generator would be able to produce 30% more energy because it is more efficient. In 2009, the U.S. Department of Energy provided a grant opportunity for projects such as the BCH modernization project as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Boulder received $1.2 million toward a total estimated project cost of $5.2 million. The project scope included removing one of the two existing 10-MW turbines, installing a new 5-MW turbine/generator, upgrading wiring, installing a state-of-the-art turbine isolation valve, installing remote monitoring and operation equipment, and removing and replacing several aging, oil-cooled transformers adjacent to Boulder Creek. A pressure line drops water more than 1,800 feet from a forebay to the powerhouse and delivers its water under a static head of 800 pounds per square inch. Because the water is used as part of Boulders drinking water supply, almost all the pressure needs to be removed from the flow before it can be distributed throughout the city. Before the hydro facility was built, a pressure-relief valve accomplished this function. Now the powerhouse can handle this function, provided water supplies are adequate. Because the water is not used solely for power generation, complex water management issues come into play, said Jake Gesner,
Rocky Mountain Hydro

The Boulder Canyon Hydroelectric Project (BCH) was built in 1910 by the Eastern Colorado Power Co. to generate electricity. During the 1950s, the facilities also began providing water for the City of Boulders municipal water supply. Boulder bought the BCH from Public Service Co. of Colorado (Xcel Energy) in 2001. At that time, there were two 63-yearold, 10-MW turbine/generators in the power plant, only one of which was operational. Boulder determined that a new 5-MW turbine/generator, shown in Figure 1, would be needed to keep the facility in operation. The smaller unit would be more appropriately sized for the plant and would extend the life of the hydroelectric project for at least 50 years.
2. Inside a Pelton turbine.
1. Smaller but more efficient. The City of Boulder replaced 1930s-vintage hydro technology with a new 5-MW Pelton turbine, contained in the blue housing. The generator is to the right in a red housing. The new equipment is smaller but more efficient than the retired 10-MW unit, which can be seen in the background on the left. Source: POWER
Using a spare 5-MW Pelton turbine that was supplied by Canyon Hydro for the Boulder Canyon Hydroelectric Project, Jake Gesner, hydroelectric manager, explains how one or more needle valves direct water onto clamshell-shaped buckets on the turbine runner. All of the available head is thus converted into kinetic energy that turns the runner and drives the generator shaft. Source: POWER
May 2013 POWER
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RENEWABLES
3. Wings on a conveyor belt. Water conveyed through a pipe or penstock enters the Schneider Linear hydroEngine and encounters a cascade of fixed foils, which direct flow into a cascade of moving blades. After passing over the moving blades, the water flows through a second cascade of guide vanes and blades moving in the opposite direction. Courtesy: Natel Energy 4. Power from low-head resource. Water is diverted to an intake conduit before it
passes through the turbine to generate electricity and is returned to the main channel. Source: Natel Energy
Trash rack Intake Jib crane
Bypass flow Draft tube
hydroelectric manager, pictured in Figure 2. For example, environmental considerations require that the adjacent Boulder Creek have a minimum water flow equal to 4 cubic feet per second. During periods of droughtsuch as in 2002 as well as early this yearno water is available for power generation as water managers conserve resources in the citys 64-square-mile mountaintop watershed.
Irrigation and Other Supply Sources

Still smaller technologies are being developed for use in low-head, high-flow situations that exist in settings as diverse as irrigation canals and drinking water distribution pipes. For example, Alameda, Calif.based Natel Energy developed a fully flooded, two-stage impulse turbine, called the Schneider Linear hydroEngine or SLH, that resembles a series of airplane wings on a conveyor belt (Figure 3). The turbines innovation is that it is optimized around flow, not pressure, said Gia Schneider, chairman and CEO. Water conveyed through a pipe or penstock enters the SLH and encounters a cascade of fixed foils, called guide vanes. These guide vanes direct flow into the first cascade of moving blades. After passing over the moving blades, the water flows through a second cascade of guide vanes and then passes through a second cascade of blades moving in the opposite direction. The guide vanes are adjustable in pitch, allowing for direct control of flow rate,
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thus keeping the machines efficiency high across a range of flows. The company has a 50-kW, 4-foot-tall unit on the market, as well as a 0.5-MW, 8-foottall unit. Development is under way on a unit with a capacity between 1 and 10 MW that is expected to be available in 2015. In 2009, the company installed a small unit on a canal owned by the Buckeye Water Conservation and Drainage District in Arizona. That project had 6 feet of head, produced 8 kW, and is grid connected. The generating systems general design is shown in Figure 4. A second small-scale technology was developed by Lucent Energy for use inside water distribution pipes. It uses a vertical-axis turbine similar to a wind turbine with the shaft perpendicular to the water flow. The turbines design ensures that downstream pressures are maintained. The turbine allows the water to go through it, but at the same time, because of the geometry of the blades, its able to turn and lift like an airplane wing and turn a generator. A prototype 20-kW system was installed in early 2012 in a water distribution pipe in Riverside, Calif. A second, four-unit, 200-kW system is being installed in a 42-inch-diameter water pipe in Portland, Ore. The shaft can go through the pipe wall without being exposed to water in the pipe, said Josh Thomas, engineering program manager. The components are all certified for use in drinking water supplies, but Lucent is mindful of water quality issues such as sediment and alkalinity that can adversely affect its equipment. Two years ago during the economic slowdown and collapse of the price of natural gas in the U.S., Hydro Green Energy, a smallscale hydropower developer, turned its focus toward Latin America, in particular Chile,
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Colombia, and Panama. Efforts are under way in those markets to shift from fossil fuels for generation to renewable resources such as hydro, said Michael P. Maley, president and CEO. In the U.S., the company has more than two dozen preliminary licenses to install up to 340 MW of generating capacity in 13 states. But the company views the licensing and approval process as inefficient and slow, with little urgency on the part of the Corps of Engineers or the Bureau of Reclamation to evaluate small-scale projects and coordinate efforts with FERC. In the case of Hydro Green Energy, the focus is on modular design using off-the-shelf equipment that can be readily installed at an existing structure. Both the turbine and the generator are in frames that can be easily removed for maintenance and are designed to run for 75 years, said Maley.
Ready for a Renaissance

To better enable Hydro Green Energys installation of technology with a 75-year lifespan, the NHA and its member companies have to get the Senate to approve the small-hydro bill that won unanimous House support in February. Once that happens, the NHAs Jeff Leahy said a renaissance in U.S. hydro development could take place. Thats something of a loaded term in the power generation industry, which heard promises in recent years of a nuclear renaissance that failed to materialize. But hydros fortunes may be different, buoyed by comparatively simple technology, readily adaptable existing infrastructure, and an abundant and renewable fuel source whose value as a tool has withstood the test of time.
David Wagman is executive editor of POWER.

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NUCLEAR POWER
Are SMRs U.S. Nuclear Powers Last, Best Hope?

Historic low prices for natural gas and slow demand recovery are the principal barriers to new nuclear power construction in the U.S. Small modular reactors (SMRs) may break through those barriers, but only if installed cost targets are met.
By Kennedy Maize
he U.S. nuclear power industry has seen the future, and it is small, modular, flexible, and, most of all, risk resistant in the extreme. To date, that spells Babcock & Wilcox (B&W), an alsoran in the first generation of the civilian nuclear power sweepstakes but now the front-runner in the new contest. But that could change.
SMRs Take Center Stage

B&Ws mPower machine, the very model of the modern small modular reactor (SMR), was the star of the show at the annual Platts nuclear gabfest in Washington in late February. While the 180-MW B&W reactor isnt the only SMR, it is the leader of the pack by virtue of being the Department of Energys first, and so far only, selection for government support. (On Mar. 11, as this story was in production, the DOE announced a new funding opportunity for SMRs. On Mar. 27, NuScale said it would enter the competition for this funding round, and a Westinghouse-Ameren team followed suit on Apr. 8.) B&W positioned its captain of the modular flagship, Christofer Mowry, in a prominent role at the Platts nuke event: presenter of a paper in a major morning session, purveyor of more good news at a B&W-sponsored luncheon, and gladhander and nimble responder to a gaggle of reporters in a noisy hallway press confab. (An interview with Mowry begins on p. 74.) Mowrys various presentations and proffers drew figurative Ooos and Aaas from the assembled nuclear luminaries, literal applause from the luncheon audience, and only a few skeptical questions from the ink-stained wretches of the press (most of whom are steeped in digital delivery and have little notion of what printers ink is). It was as if B&W had won the nuclear Grammy awards. Finally, nuclear power in
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the U.S. had something to cheer about. Mowry announced during lunch at the posh and historic Capital Hilton in downtown Washington that his firm and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) had signed a formal contract to go forward with site development for a two-unit B&W plant at TVAs Clinch River site in pursuit of a license from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to start construction (Figure 1). The contract gives a green light to drill, dig, and scrape into the site to gather data for a formal environmental assessment that is necessary for NRC approval. Lets ignore the irony in the fact that this site is where TVA and the federal government once schemed (and failed) to build a demonstration liquid metal cooled, fast neutronimpelled breeder reactoronce the next big thing in nuclear technology. The mundane contract with TVA demonstrates the resolve of B&W and TVA, both of which have had a checkered nuclear past, to be very careful and take no shortcuts in developing what many believe is the next, maybe only, best hope for new nuclear power in the U.S. and for regaining supremacy in international markets. It is what one observer called the belt and suspenders approach to designing a nuclear power plant. There is no way B&W or TVA will let the pants fall down on this attempt at nuclear energy if they can do anything about it.
early days of nuclear enthusiasm was cumbersome and costly. Lurking in Part 50 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations that governs the NRCs licensing process were two major hurdles before a plant could generate power for the grid. First the developer had to convince the NRC of the virtue of the design and site, leading to a construction permit. Then, once the plant was built, the licensee had to convince the NRC that the plant was built to specs and would operate safely. It was complex, costly, and time-consuming. So Congress approved and the NRC established a one-stop process. Nuclear projects henceforth need only apply for a combined construction and operating license (COL), a new Part 52 of the U.S. Code. It was deemed to be necessary, if not sufficient, if new plants were ever to be built again in the U.S. after the worrisome experience of the first round of nuclear enthusiasm. So Part 52 was well and good for the industry and its assertion that the twostep license was one of the things holding back new plant development. But B&W, as Mowry explained, is going at least an extra mile to prove the worthiness of its
1. Double your pleasure. B&W has secured its first order, from TVA for two SMRs to be built at the Clinch River site. This is an artists conceptual drawing of the plant. Courtesy: Babcock & Wilcox
B&W Springs SMR Licensing Surprise

An example is how the partners want to develop the license for the plant, in the context of NRC licensing reforms. These reforms were encouraged by Congress in the 1980s and were implemented by the commission several years later, but have not yet been formally tested. The industrys complaint was that the way to get a plant operating in the
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POWER May 2013
NUCLEAR POWER
SMR. B&W and TVA are submitting the buried-in-the-ground mPower design, including features such as exiling the turbine building outside the nuclear fence, to the NRC under its Part 50 rules. That means the partners are looking for the NRC to sign off on a design that would lead to a construction permit for the plant under the old two-step process; that process limited the risk that show-stoppers could come up when a first-of-a-kind machine is already well along in construction. Then, Mowry told the Platts meeting and reporters afterward, the mPower partners will seek to turn that specific approved design and construction green light under Part 50 into a COL for future mPower plants. The Clinch River plant will become the reference for licensing future plants, Mowry told the Platts audience. As such, it will become the standard against which future mPower pressurized water reactor will be judged, the beginning of a standardized approach that the U.S. has historically lacked (and the French have capitalized upon) in reactor design. Future mPower plants, if they materialize, will be able to use the NRCs streamlined procedure. meeting, because it has not been a good time for nuclear power. After waiting for years for the rumored nuclear renaissance, the industry has returned to the Dark Ages, with little hope for the future. The atomic Godot never showed up. Instead, the Platts meeting occurred just a couple of weeks short of the second anniversary of the catastrophe at Fukushima in Japan. Richard Myers, policy chief at the industrys Washington lobbying group, the Nuclear Energy Institute, gave a downbeat assessment of the state of the industry. Ive been watching U.S. energy markets for 40-odd years, and I dont remember a more wretched year . . . a more punishing year . . . than 2012, he said. Electricity consumption last year was downagainby almost half a percentage point from 2011. Were still not back to prerecession 2007 levels of electricity demand. Natural gas spot prices bottomed out at $1.95 per million Btu in April and, although theyve increased since then, the disruption was enormous. Myers added, Gas-fired generation displaced about 220 billion kWh of coal-fired generation in 2012. Just to put that in perspective . . . thats more than one-quarter of U.S. nuclear generation. Wholesale spot prices across most regional power markets were at a 10-year low. The conventional thinking in the nuclear (and coal and renewables) part of the generating market is that low gas prices are a transitory phenomenon. The historic volatility of gas is the natural condition for the fuel, they believe, and the current low prices cannot hold. As Myers put it, The number of rigs drilling for natural gas in the United States has collapsed in the last 12 to 18 monthsfrom about 900 rigs at work in late 2011 to about 400 today. The experts tell me that sustaining current natural gas production takes about 600 rigs . . . so we expect to see production start to drift down and expect to see gas prices testing $5 per million Btu in 2014 and 2015. But the conventional (among nuclear enthusiasts) wisdom may be mostly wishful thinking. A new and rigorous analysis from the University of Texass Bureau of Economic Geology concludes that the Barnett shale gas formation will continue to be a major contributor to U.S. natural gas production through 2030 (Figure 2). With funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the University of Texas project intends to look at three other major U.S. shale gas basins by the end of this year.
Nuclear Competition
It was fortunate that the mPower reactor was able to inject some optimism into the Platts
2. Gas glut continues. The outlook for the Barnett Shale is slowly declining production
through 2030 and beyond but total recovery at greater than three times cumulative production to date. Each color band represents the cumulative number of wells entering service during a production year. Source: Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin 2.5
Base case production rate (Tcf/year)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
3. Slow and steady. This was the state of construction at Plant Vogtle on Jan. 31, 2013. The existing two units can be seen in the background. Courtesy: Southern Company
Nuclear Challenges Continue

Adding to the nuclear woes, some of the high-profile new projects under way are
70 www.powermag.com
POWER May 2013
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suffering from delays and cost increases. In the U.S., Southern Company has announced that it is pushing back the planned start for its two-unit Vogtle new build to the fourth quarter of 2017 and the fourth quarter of 2018, a years delay on top of earlier delays (Figure 3). SCANA Corp.s V.C. Summer two-unit expansion has run into the same problems with the structural design of the reinforced concrete basemat that hit Vogtle, and Summer is running behind schedule. SCANA completed placement of the nuclear island basemat for Summer Unit 2 on March 11. The key to the future for nuclear power in the U.S. undoubtedly will be economics. The first go-round for nuclear in the U.S. was a tragicomedy of cost overruns and sliding schedules, leading to a new industry vocabulary that included phrases such as imprudence and rate shock. So far, with Vogtle in the U.S. and Frances horrific experience in Finland, not much seems to have changed. The cost of the 1,600MW Olkiluoto unit in Finland, originally pegged at about $4 billion, has soared to north of $7 billion (and the project is at least seven years behind schedule). SMR skepticsand they do existoften focus on the capital costs of the smaller machines. The small reactors surrender the economies of scale that drove the evolution of the first generations of conventional nuclear plants to 1,000 MW and above. On the other hand, SMRs may gain cost savings by factory fabricating most of the parts offsite and assembling them on the site, reducing construction costs. B&Ws goal, Mowry said, is to offer a reactor that is no more expensive than conventional new large reactor designs. He pegs that figure at $5,000/kW, which may strike some as astonishingly high. But because of the modular nature of the technology, the capital hit doesnt come all at once. For TVA, that would mean bringing the two 180-MW units in at a capital cost of under $2 billion. The target date for the plant going commercial is 2022. After previously exploring the possibilities for both Germany and, counterintuitively, France to get out of nuclear power entirely, the March-April issue of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ponders, in three separate articles, whether nuclear power is reaching a dead end in the U.S. Looking at Dominions surprise decision to close the Kewaunee plant, at a point where it had recently received a 20-year license extension, the wobbles at Vogtle and elsewhere, and the economics of nuclear energy, Editor John Mecklin summarizes: In the United States, policy makers, the press (in general), and the public at large have yet to focus significantly on the question of whether the country might be better or worse off if reliance on nuclear power were curtailed or eliminated. Mecklin adds, The question deserves a serious, considered answer in every country with a commercial nuclear power industry. Can the SMR rescue nuclear energy in the U.S., where the conventional approach to nuclear power plants has so far failed? Or is nuclear a dead industry walking? Next year, no doubt, the old geezers and the young guns of the nuclear endeavor will again assemble in Washington to assess the state of the industry. Stay tuned for the next installment of the adventures of the atom.
Kennedy Maize is a POWER contributing editor and executive editor of MANAGING POWER.
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POWER May 2013
POWER VIEW
mPower: Its Now or Never

Christofer Mowry, president of Babcock & Wilcox mPower Inc. and CEO of Generation mPower LLC, a joint company of Babcock & Wilcox and Bechtel to design and build the mPower small modular reactor that won a competition for a Department of Energy cooperative funding agreement, discusses the machine and the market.
he nuclear renaissance hasnt quite fulfilled early expectations. Experts predicted 20-plus new nuclear units could be under construction by now, based on the number of combined construction and operating license applications submitted and industry surveys. In hindsight, two events made the predictions for new nuclear plants seem incredibly optimistic. First, demand destroyed by the global economic meltdown has yet to be recreated. Second, the enormous scale of unconventional gas finds over the past few years has exceeded the most optimistic predictions. The first casualty of our abundant natural gas was nuclear power construction. Despite these factors, some are sanguine about U.S. nuclear prospects, particularly for a new generation of factory-manufactured small modular reactors (SMRs). Contributing Editor Kennedy Maize met with Christofer Mowry, president of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) mPower Inc. at Februarys 9th Annual Platts Nuclear Energy Conference for a candid discussion about the future of his companys SMR. The mPower design appears to have many redundant safety systems, a belt-andsuspenders look. Whats the reasoning behind the safety features in the design? Mowry: If you look at overall safety performance of the plant, its a combination of traditional safety-related systems as well as defense-in-depth features that augment the plants overall safety. This multilayered defense system is designed to take plants to the next level of safety performance. We want to drive broad market adoption of nuclear. So we have to take that additional step on safety performance. To get there, we have to have multilevel defense-in-depth basically the ability of the plant to be safe by itself for weeks on end, without any kind of external support. One of the lessons from Fukushima was
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those plants needed power, they needed people, they needed waterall this was provided from the outside. With our design, these critical components will be contained underground, in the nuclear island. You will have a two-week supply, and thats ample time. In principle, theres enough water on site for a month or so, but thats not in safety-related structures, so we dont count that. Im just talking about what is sitting inside that reinforced concrete bunker on the ground. Is that also why you are isolating the turbine building away from the nuclear island? Mowry: There are two reasons for that. One is to drive efficiency and security, to get everything that has to be protected away from everything that doesnt have to be protected. Number two is that the turbine building is not nuclear. I am going to make that the same way I make a turbine for a combined cycle plant. In fact, we can go make that now. Its outside the fence that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is most concerned about. You want to reduce the amount of work you have to do under a nuclear quality assurance program in a very controlled manner. We separate those things out, and that helps drive simplicity and cost-efficiency. How important is it for B&W to produce the first SMR? Mowry: Its a jungle out there. Its obviously important for us. But if I put the big industry hat on, the DOE wanted teamsand were one of themto come forward with a game plan to demonstrate near-term deployment by 2022. Do you fear that the money for this program could go away? Mowry: No, not at all. If we keep moving the ball down the field, the support will be there, not only from DOE, but continued support from Congress. One of the things thats
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nice is that, in todays environment, this program has strong bipartisan support, and bicameral support. Being good stewards of the publics money, they will look to us, and if we continue to show the kind of progress we are making now, we will continue to get strong support. We, together with Tennessee Valley Authority, need to focus on this program and this project. As long as we do our part, Im confident the DOE and Congress will continue the support. For our part, B&W and Generation mPower have spent hundreds of millions of dollars on this program. Even with the cooperative agreement with DOE, thats not going to cover most of the costs. I have this conversation with Congress quite a lot. The question is, How do you know this is going to work? The answer is that when you make industry pony up more than half of the money, then the industry starts looking very closely at whether this is something somebody is going to buy. Its not just R&D funded by the DOE. Its a partnership between private industry and government. One of the goals is making sure that, at the end of the day, it is a good use of public money. You do that by making private industry pay a substantial part of it so they are designing a product that is, in fact, useful. You have been running your test model up and down at varying temperatures. Are you looking at load following? Mowry: Absolutely. We are trying to create a more flexible solution here. As you get bigger deployment, you are going to want to be able to do load following. Thats an integral part of the design, and there are special features about mPower, including that it doesnt have boron in the reactor cooling; you control the reactor with control rods, more like a boiling water reactor, which allows much more flexibility in terms of ramping.
POWER May 2013
POWER VIEW
Is that going to be a licensing issue? The NRC has never looked favorably on load following. Mowry: We dont anticipate it will be a licensing issue. For the NRC, the load-following issue has been, Who is at the controls? In the 80s, the issue was whether a load dispatcher from the T&D side would be able to command from his offsite location changes in power levels in the reactor. Thats different than what I am talking about. We dont think there will be a problem allowing a licensed operator. The challenge here is designing a machine that can ramp up and down in power and temperature over the life of the plant. As long as were not asking for nonlicensed operators to be able to control the plant, that wont be an issue. Do you see a larger market here or overseas? Mowry: Total U.S. energy generation by 2020 will be a quarter of the total of the worlds generation, so by definition the energy market is bigger globally. But make no mistake about it, mPower America is about the U.S. We are trying to create a product that is designed here, is built here, and helps industry here transition toward clean energy. Thats job one, right now. Beyond that, we hope to see a big export market to drive more high-tech jobs, the way we export airplanes. I really dont think you can say, this is for export or this is for domestic. They are complementary. How can nuclear compete against gas with gas prices as low as they have been? Mowry: No utility is going to have all of its power generation assets in a single fuel, gas. While gas is cheap, it is going to be a big, probably dominant, part of the portfolio; its not going to be 100%. U.S. generating capacity is 400 gigawatts. Even if 20% or 30% of that is nuclear, thats still a lot of gigawatts. I dont need 100% of the market to make a good business. And gas isnt going to stay at $3 forever. Thats the scenario in the U.S. In Asia gas is $10 or $12, and nuclear is the cheapest for baseload generation by far. If you go to Europe, its $8 to $10 and competitive in Europe. And in the long term, the only thing we know about gas prices is you dont know what it is going to be tomorrow. Its all risk management.
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75
POWER IN CHINA
China Wrestles with Power Shortages

China has gone through three periods of nationwide power shortages since 1978. The previous two shortages were mostly caused by the lack of installed generation capacity. However, the thirdwhich has severely restricted economic developmentis a consequence of institutional problems that must be corrected.
By Yu Shunkun, Zhou Lisha, and Li Chen, North China Electric Power University
hinas Reform and Opening Up policy, introduced in 1978, allowed for private power generation businesses and foreign investment for the first time. Chinas economy responded, posting sustained economic growth exceeding 10% for the past three decades, which increased Chinas gross domestic product 15-fold. Today, Chinas economic growth leads the global community. Chinas white-hot economy requires everincreasing amounts of reliable electricity. (See China: A World Powerhouse, July 2010, for an overview of Chinas demand growth and power generating resources.) The central governments focus for the past decade has been on building new plants of all technologies and improving the power distribution infrastructure. In response, Chinas installed power generation has nearly doubled over the past five years, aided by significant private investment (see Chinas 12th Five-Year Plan Pushes Power Industry in New Directions, January 2012). Additional power sector reforms have been proposed that will encourage continuing private investment (see Chinas Power Generators Face Many Business Barriers, October 2012). Since 1978, China has experienced three periods of nationwide power shortages that have severely restricted its economic and social development. Lagging development of generating capacity was the cause of two very disruptive nationwide shortages experienced during 1978 1996 and 20032006. Following large-scale investment in new generating capacity, China experienced a period of inefficient overcapacity with many redundant plants. Unfortunately, the oversupply period was short-lived, as nationwide power shortages resumed in 2008 and continue today, although this time for institutional reasons. In China, the first two power shortages are called hard shortages; the current shortage is known as a soft shortage.
20 years. During this period, many industrial facilities were able to maintain normal production only two or three days a week because of power interruptions. Across China, lack of an adequate and reliable power supply seriously suppressed economic and social development. The principal cause was Chinas slow and difficult transition from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy, although government-planning authorities still strictly controlled investment in generating capacity. The lack of an efficient power market and private investment were important reasons why generating capacity was unable to keep up with rapidly rising power demand. The Chinese government responded to the crisis by allowing local investors to invest in generating capacity. The government imposed a tariff of 0.02 yuan (0.32)/kWh on industrial end users to compensate investors. The tariff approach was very successful in encouraging local investment in power generation resources. This approach eased the strain on the governments financial resources and also opened further investment opportunities in the power industry, which laid the foundation for power market reforms that would come later. In 1995, the total installed generating capacity was 3.8 times and generated energy was 3.9 times that in 1978. The power shortage problem lasting 18 years was solved.
large reduction in power plant utilization. In fact, the Chinese government banned the building of new power plants during the period 1997 to 1999 based on its pessimistic forecast of future power demand. New plant construction stagnated. Unexpectedly, the economy recovered very quickly. Power demand by heavy industry and many other high-energy-consuming industries quickly rebounded and by 2003 exceeded power demand predictions prior to the Asian financial crisis. The result was immediate: Power reserve margins were quickly consumed and nationwide power shortages returned across China. The Chinese government responded by allowing local governments to make power generation investment decisions without central government approval. Simultaneously,
Table 1. Power shortage across China in 2004. Source: State Electricity Regulatory Commission (www.serc.gov.cn) and China Electricity Council (www.cec.org.cn) Power shortage (MW) 8,800 8,700 4,000 2,730 2,600 2,590 2,500 2,480 2,410 2,400 2,130 2,000 880 800 700 310 200 Percentage of total shortfall 19.0% 18.8% 8.7% 5.9% 5.6% 5.6% 5.4% 5.4% 5.2% 5.2% 4.6% 4.3% 1.9% 1.7% 1.5% 0.7% 0.4%
Province Zhejiang Jiangsu Shanghai Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Shanxi Henan Guizhou South of Hebei Sichuan Fujian Hubei Guangdong Chongqing Anhui Ningxia Qinghai Gansu
Second Power Shortage: 20032006

Nationwide power shortages reappeared from 2003 through 2006. During the worst times, 26 of Chinas 34 provinces were plagued by the shortfalls. Economically developed provinces in coastal areas, such as Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Shanghai, suffered the most serious power shortages (Table 1). Power supply and demand remained in balance during the decade following the first power shortage. However, that balance ended with the onset of the Asian financial crisis in 1997. Power demand declined sharply, resulting in a large excess of generation capacity, which appeared as a
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First Power Shortage: 19781996

Before 1996, China suffered from nationwide power shortages and interruptions for nearly
76
POWER May 2013
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POWER IN CHINA
1. Growth in installed generation capacity, 20022007.
ergy Administration (www.nea.gov.cn) and China Electricity Council 800,000 700,000 20 Installed capacity Growth rate of installed capacity 25 Source: National En-
Table 2. Installed capacity and power shortages in selected provinces/regions in 2011. Source: State
Electricity Regulatory Commission and China Electricity Council
Installed capacity (MW)
600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 5 100,000 0 2002 2003 2004 Year 2005 2006 2007 0 10 15
Growth rate of installed capacity (%)
Province Hunan Jiangsu Anhui Jiangxi Sichuan Zhejiang Chongqing Yunnan Guizhou Guangdong Hubei Henan Shanxi Qinghai
Installed capacity (MW) 21,561 57,310 19,073 10,712 34,322 37,100 8,954 22,513 27,274 65,502 43,644 47,151 31,554 12,632
Power shortage (MW) 4,000 8,000 2,500 1,300 4,000 3,860 910 2,100 1,740 4,000 2,000 1,100 700 140
Percentage of total shortfall 18.6% 14.0% 13.1% 12.2% 11.7% 10.4% 10.2% 9.3% 6.4% 6.1% 4.6% 2.3% 2.2% 1.1%
the central government began a marketoriented restructuring of state-owned power generation assets during which unbundling of generation assets took place. The former State Power Corp. was separated into five separate major power generation corporations and two power grid corporations as part of the central governments market competition mechanism. The more nimble power
generation corporations worked closely with local governments to focus investment in new generation. The result of this more marketoriented approach was resumed investment and construction of new plants capable of tracking the countrys rising power demand. From 2003 to 2006, over 237,500 MW was added to the Chinese grid. The problems that had caused this power shortage were solved, again (Figure 1).
Third Power Shortage: Since 2008

The period when supply met demand was short. By the end of 2008, a new type of nationwide power shortage hit portions of China, becoming severe by 2011 in at least 12 provinces that were each short by 2,000 MW or more. Zhejiang Province experienced the worst shortfall in supply at 8,800 MW, or 19% of demand (Table 2). The market-oriented restructuring of Chinas power industry begun a decade ago was very successful in attracting needed private investment, which helped finance Chinas power infrastructure growth. Currently, China has excess capacity available to meet current demand. According to China Electricity Council statistics, the average utilization hours for thermal power plants in 2007 was 5,344 hours, but in 2008 it fell to 4,885 hours, a decrease of 459 hours. In contrast, the average utilization hours for hydropower increased by 89 hours during the same period. There is plenty of power capacity available in China, particularly thermal power plant capacity. Regulation of Chinas coal market was further relaxed in 2005. Global coal prices have since risen sharply with the increased domestic demand for coal, as has the global price of crude oil. However, power generators continue to be required to supply power to the grid corporations at a fixed benchmark price, a price determined by the central government. More than 80% of the electricity produced in China is by thermal power stations, so the result was inevitable. The cost to produce electricity at market fuel prices soon exceeded the governments benchmark price, and power
POWER May 2013
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POWER IN CHINA
2. Utilization of generating equipment decreases. Note the large decrease in
utilization since 2004. Because 80% of generation in China is by thermal power stations, the average utilization of all power generation sources will generally mirror the thermal power utilization curve. Source: China Electricity Council and State Electricity Regulatory Commission 6,500 Average utilization of thermal power equipment Average utilization of generating equipment
6,000
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generators are prohibited from passing increased fuel costs to the grid corporations or consumers, so generating electricity became an unprofitable business. Many generators elected to idle units or reduce operating hours to cut their economic losses. The third power nationwide power shortage was sudden, and continues today (Figure 2).
Similarities and Differences

Since 1978, China has experienced three separate periods of nationwide power shortages. Each period has two common factors: Each was caused by a shortage of generation (although for different reasons) and each illustrates that government regulation is less efficient than open market mechanisms when
balancing power supply and demand with the cost to generate power. What has changed are the regions where the power shortages occur. Traditionally, power shortages were prone to occur in the southern and eastern parts of China, which are more highly industrialized and have greater power demand. Recently, the impacted provinces are in the central regions, such as Hunan, Jiangxi, and Henan Provinces as well as Fujian, Anhui, and Guangxi Provinces, which did not experience power shortages in the past. Solving power supply problems in these regions in the short term will be much more difficult than in previous shortage periods. The central provinces have less local natural resources (from fossil fuels to wind and hydroelectric) and limited power grid interconnection with other regions. Chinas power market is more open than at any time in history, but an open power market also allows power demand to set the market price of electricity. The permanent long-term solution may require substantial rate increases to reflect the actual cost of service based on the global price of fuela solution that is economically and politically difficult.
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Yu Shunkun, Zhou Lisha (cresa26@126 .com) and Li Chen are with North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
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WATER TREATMENT
Microbial Control in Cooling Water Improves Plant Performance

Microbial inhibition, as part of a robust cooling water treatment program, presents a special challenge because of the variability in makeup water sources, plant processes, and discharge permits. Failure to maintain a proper microbial inhibition program will affect your bottom line as a result of heat rate degradation.
By Ryan Forbes, AEP and Kevin Boundreaux and Aaron Haines, Nalco Chemical Co.
EPs Conesville Station, located in Conesville, Ohio, is a coal-fired conventional steam plant rated at 1,695 MW. The plant consists of six units, three of which (Units 4, 5, and 6) remain in service. The three active units were commissioned between 1973 and 1978. Like many plants of this vintage, the chemical feed systems are not as reliable as in the past and require additional maintenance. A loss in plant efficiency and output often results from a loss in chemical feed system reliability, particularly the plants biocide program. For example, loss in condenser performance is directly related to microbial growth on condenser tubes. Units 4, 5, and 6 each use a closed cooling water system for their steam surface condenser, with makeup water coming from the nearby Muskingum River. Units 5 and 6 have separate cooling towers, but their basins are interconnected, making the two towers essentially one system. Unit 4 uses a separate cooling tower and recirculating system that is completely independent of the other units. The plant had been struggling with maintaining its oxidizing biocide program for many years because of equipment deficiencies, as well as a dated chemistry application strategy. Consequently, the plant staff struggled with poor condenser performance that resulted in a higher-than-design plant heat rate. The staff of Conesville recently performed a trial of ways to optimize the plants use of its current biocides to determine the cost savings of any improved microbial inhibition practices. The microbial control tests were conducted on the 780-MW Unit 4 cooling water system. The results of the trial, as well as how those results were used to justify the costs for new feed equipment, are discussed below.
The chemical feed system was inadequate. The biocide feed system consisted of two pumps for each chemical that fed all three cooling towers via a common header. This configuration of cooling water piping did not allow for proportional, consistent feed of the biocide to each cooling tower. Consequently, it was nearly impossible to feed the appropriate amount of biocide to each tower. The water permits were restrictive. The original interpretation of the discharge permit suggested that the plant is only allowed to chlorinate 2 hours per day. During that time, the total residual chlorine (TRC) level in the outfall must be less than 0.2 ppm. At this feed rate and duration, the result was a gross underfeed of biocide, during which time the system was ripe for microbial growth.
Trial Preparation
The plant staff installed a bisulfite feed skid before the trial began so that continuous chlorination was possible while complying with the discharge permit TRC requirement. The bisulfite was fed into the blowdown stream whenever Unit 4s blowdown was operating. The feed rate was manually adjusted because the concentration of the bisulfite did not track the blowdown flow rate. Rather, it was set to neutralize 1.0 ppm TRC at the maximum possible blowdown rate. The operating experience along the Muskingum River suggested a daily usage of bleach in the Unit 4 cooling tower of approximately 300 to 600 gallons per day, which has a recirculation rate of 305,000 gpm and a system volume of 2 million gallons. The amount of bleach added also fluctuates with temperature, organic loading, and plant power setting. However, this range of expected bleach usage was a good starting point for estimating the theoretical size of the chemical feed systems. Also recall that this biocide program uses a bleach and stabilized bromine blend (CB70), so the actual amount of bleach used would be considerably less.
Further review of the permit indicated that continuous chlorination was allowed, but the outfall TRC residual was decreased to 0.038 ppm. This meant that a dechlorination system on the outfall was a must.
Establish Trial Goals

The goals for the cooling water treatment trial included completing three specific tasks:

Testing and Data Collection

The trial period began July 12, 2012, and ran until August 20, a total of 45 days. The chemicals were manually fed with adjustments made based on the results of free chlorine testing because the existing feed system was incapable of continuously feeding the necessary amount of bleach and CB70 to maintain a target residual of 0.30.5 ppm. The temporary setup was sufficient to determine the efficacy of the proposed program and allowed the close monitoring of biocide inventories, which in turn aided in designing the ideal feed system for the application. For chlorine measurements, the plant began using the standard Hach DPD method, as is typical in many applications. However, the
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Perform Pretrial Research

Pretrial investigation revealed that the plants poor microbial inhibition was caused by two principal factors:
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Determine the efficacy of feeding oxidizing biocide continuously at low oxidant residuals. This approach will minimize the need for dechlorination at the outfall and protect the cooling system from corrosion due to elevated oxidant levels. Determine the lowest, continuous residual TRC necessary to maintain biological counts within the industry standard of <105 colony forming units (CFU)/ml. Design a chemical delivery system capable of consistently supplying the necessary amount of oxidizing biocide, both bleach and CB70, to all three towers.
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WATER TREATMENT
fluctuating manganese in the makeup water source, which is known to contribute to interferences in the DPD method test results, produced inaccurate results. The decision was made to use the Hach amperometric test method (Hach AutoCAT 9000 Method) to ensure that there was no discharge of TRC beyond the permit limits. Along with free chlorine and TRC testing, microbial dipslide tests (to test for the presence of microorganisms in liquids) were performed weekly to track the effectiveness of the biocide treatment system. Data collection consisted of downloading and aggregating plant historian data plus data from manual field tests. This historian data is critical, as it contains important information regarding overall plant operation, specifically condenser and cooling tower performance. Once the data is compiled and analyzed, the effectiveness of the biocide program can be quickly determined based on the performance of the very systems the program was designed to protect.
1. Free chlorine in water discharge. The chemical feed rate to maintain permitted
residual chlorine levels in the discharge was established during the 45-day testing period, July 12 through August 20. Source: Nalco Chemical Co. 1.0 0.9 0.8
Free chlorine (ppm)
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
Review Water Chemistry

The target TRC was set as 0.350.5 ppm prior to the trial. However, biological mon-
itoring using dipslides determined that a constant 0.150.2 ppm TRC maintained the bulk water biocounts well below the industry standard of less than 104 CFU/
7/
2 01 /2 19 2 8/ 201 / 17 2 8/ 201 / 15 2 8/ 201 / 13 2 8/ 201 / 11 8/ 012 2 9/ 8/ 012 2 7/ 8/ 012 2 5/ 8/ 012 2 3/ 8/ 12 20 1/ 2 8/ 201 / 30 2 7/ 201 / 28 2 7/ 201 / 26 2 7/ 201 / 24 2 7/ 201 / 22 2 7/ 201 / 20 2 7/ 201 / 18 2 7/ 201 / 16 2 7/ 201 / 14 2 7/ 201 / 12
ml (Figure 1). Meeting the biocount standard is particularly challenging because the organically loaded makeup water from the Muskingum River can rapidly change,
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WATER TREATMENT
2. Bleach and bromine dissociation are very dependent on pH.
Source: Preventive Macrofouling Strategies for Nuclear and Fossil Fired Power Plants, Edward W. Ekis, Jr., and Michael G. Trulear, Nalco Chemical Co. HOCI HOBr
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20
60
40
40
60
20
80
0 4 5 6 7 8 pH 9 10 11
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particularly during the hottest months of the year. Understanding how the bleach and bromine chemistry control organics is important. As bleach is fed to water, it dissociates into hypochlorous acid and sodium hydrox-
ide, NaOCl + H2O HOCl + NaOH. The hypochlorous acid further dissociates into hydrogen and hypochlorite ion, HOCl H+ +OCl, which is highly dependent on the pH of the water. According to the FILMTEC Reverse Osmosis Membrane Technical Manual published by Dow Water & Process Solutions, The germicidal efficiency of free residual chlorine is directly related to the concentration of undissociated HOCl. Hypochlorous acid is 100 times more effective than the hypochlorite ion OCl. The fraction of undissociated HOCl increases with decreasing pH (Figure 2). In practical terms, this means that as the pH increases, the amount of free available HOCl decreases. For example, a pH of 8.0, which is typical for cooling tower applications, leaves approximately 20% HOCl, with 80% as OCl. Therefore, it takes considerably more bleach at elevated water pH to maintain a specified TRC. Said another way, the amount of bleach needed to control microbiological activity increases as the water pH increases. Furthermore, when bleach reacts with organics, considerably less-effective biocides called chloramines are formed. Chloramines
are derivatives of ammonia by substitution of one, two, or three hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms. The possible reactions proceed as follows: HOCl + NH3 NH2Cl + H2O HOCl + NH2Cl NHCl2 + H2O HOCl + NHCl2 NCl3 + H2O On the other hand, bromine chemistry is appreciably different than bleach. Because bromine is typically used in conjunction with bleach, HOCl + NaBr HOBr + NaCl. As with hypochlorous acid, the hypobromous acid (HOBr) will dissociate into the hypobromite ion (OBr), which, as with bleach, is also pH dependent: HOBr H+ + OBr. However, the percentage of available HOBr is much higher at elevated pH relative to available HOCl. Recall in the previous example, that at a pH of 8.0, there is approximately 20% HOCl, with 80% as the less-biocidal OCl. At that same pH, there is approximately 80% HOBr, with 20% as OBr, a marked improvement. In addition to dissociation advantages, there are also two other notable benefits to using bromine chemistry: The short-term biocidal activity of OBr is very similar to HOBr, and any bromamines formed have
Un-ionized acid (%)
Ionized acid (%)
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WATER TREATMENT
3. Low-pressure condenser TTD. Note the trend to lower condenser TTD during the
trial, which indicates reduced microbial growth. Source: Nalco Chemical Co. LP TTD (F) 20 18 LP design TTD (F)
Low-pressure condenser TTD (F)
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 6/10/12 6/20/12 Prior to trial Trial period 6/30/12 7/10/12 7/20/12 7/30/12 8/9/12 8/19/12 8/29/12
4. High-pressure condenser TTD. Source: Nalco Chemical Co.

LP TTD (F) 20 18 LP design TTD (F)
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Prior to trial Trial period 0 6/10/12 6/20/12 6/30/12 7/10/12 7/20/12 7/30/12 8/9/12 8/19/12 8/29/12
the same biocide effect as HOBr. These key factors make bromine a much more effective and persistent biocide. Using bromine allows the plant to maintain a much lower oxidant residual while maintaining an effective microbial inhibition program. Years prior to this particular trial, plant staff and Nalco consultants performed a study that compared the performance of bleach only and bleach/CB70 blend options. The study concluded that the blended biocide program provided a more effective microbial kill at a much lower TRC residual. Based on the bleach and bromine chemistry discussed above, this should be expected, because the cooling towers typically operate
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at a pH between 8.4 and 8.8 (refer to Figure 2), and the Muskingum River organic loading can vary between 2 and 25 ppm. At this elevated pH and organic loading, it would take a considerable amount of bleach to reduce bio-populations given the amount of chloramines and OCl that would be generated. Therefore, a bromine-based chemistry program was identified as the best choice to control microbial activity and produce a continuous, low TRC residual.
First-Rate Results
Conducting a plant performance test when control of the unit isnt possible can be tricky. Consider the following when rewww.powermag.com
viewing the data that follows. First, Unit 4 has a two-pressure, two-compartment, single-pass condenser, which means the cooling water flows first into the low-pressure (LP) condenser compartment and then through the high-pressure (HP) condenser compartment. Also, around July 8 the cooling tower fan performance improved, which in turn improved the vacuum pump and air removal operation due to lower vacuum pump seal water temperature. This explains the sharp performance improvement a few days before the biocide trial began. Finally, as the biocide test began, Unit 4 was operating at less than 85% of rated capacity. Its best to run these tests at rated capacity so the condenser is operating at design temperatures, vacuum conditions, and steam and water flow rates. When full rated load isnt possible, it is common practice to use performance data when operating at 85% of rated load and higher, which reflects the data collected during the trial and used to prepare the following figures. The figures of merit selected to present the performance improvement are the terminal temperature difference (TTD) and backpressure penalty (BP penalty), arguably the most important plant parameters when monitoring condenser performance. The TTD reflects the heat transfer efficiency across the condenser tube bundle and is usually affected by air inleakage, scale, and microbiological growth. The BP penalty represents the steam turbine performance loss caused by poor condenser performance. The historian data collected during the 45-day trial was processed using a specially developed condenser performance monitoring tool (CPMT) program. The CPMT takes the raw historian data and uses industry-accepted calculations to thoroughly analyze the condenser performance. The results of those calculations determine the actual cost of condenser performance degradation. The split condenser requires careful consideration of the performance loss (TTD and BP penalty) imposed by scaling, air in-leakage, and microbial formation in each compartment. The losses can then be summed to produce the final lost steam turbine performance. There is also another important value in using these two metrics: They are calculated independent of each other. The TTD is calculated using actual measured parameters, while the BP penalty is calculated using different measured parameters as well as design data. This approach reduces the possibility of hidden interactions where common data sources are used.
POWER May 2013
High-pressure condenser TTD (F)
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WATER TREATMENT
5. Low-pressure condenser BP penalty. Again, the trend to low backpressure (BP)
during the trial indicates reduced microbial growth. Source: Nalco Chemical Co. 1.4 1.2 1.0
Table 1. The economics of improved biocide use. The biocide tests

delivered improved condenser performance and therefore improved plant heat rate, or reduced fuel consumption for a specified output. Source: Nalco Chemical Co. LP turbine (Btu/kWh) Pretrial (July 111) During trial (July 1314) Improvement 54.8 5.9 48.9 HP turbine (Btu/kWh) 32.9 12.5 20.4
Condenser vacuum (in HgA)
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 Prior to trial 0.4 6/10/12 6/20/12 6/30/12 7/10/12 Trial period 7/20/12 7/30/12 8/9/12 8/19/12 8/29/12
Fuel savings calculation Heat rate improvement Generation during trial Coal heat value Coal cost Savings during trial 69.3 Btu/kWh 855,192 MWh 11,577 Btu/lb $84/ton $215,006 $12,000 $203,000 $1,650,000
6. High-pressure condenser BP penalty. Source: Nalco Chemical Co.

1.6 1.4 1.2
Cost of chemicals Net saving during trial Net annual savings
Show Me the Money

The table illustrates the summary data collected and processed during the test period, as well as the calculation procedure used to estimate cost savings. Based on the plants data and calculations, during the trial period of 45 days, the plant realized savings of $215,000 in reduced fuel consumption simply by improving cooling water biocide control. During this same 45-day trial period, costs for the biocide program were estimated to be approximately $12,000, producing a net savings of $203,000 during that 45-day trial period, or about $1,650,000 for a full year, assuming constant plant operations. The impressive trial results enabled plant staff to obtain approval for installation of a new biocide feed system. In addition, the chemical feed configuration will be upgraded so that there are separate, redundant bleach and CB70 feed pumps for each cooling tower. The installed cost of the new system is approximately $106,000, which is less than the $203,000 cost savings enjoyed by only Unit 4 during the short 45-day trial period.
Condenser vacuum (in HgA)
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 Prior to trial 0.4 6/10/12 6/20/12 6/30/12 7/10/12 Trial period 7/20/12 7/30/12 8/9/12 8/19/12 8/29/12
The data shows that the TTD began to improve shortly after implementing the biocide program (Figures 3 and 4). The design TTD is shown as a horizontal red line, and data above the line reflect a loss of condenser performance. During the trial period, confidence is high that scale control was maintained at normal conditions and there was no change in plant air inleakage. Therefore, the improved TTD is a good representation of improved microbial control. More specifically, the data reflects effective removal and control of biofilm production. Also, both the LP and the HP compartments show TTD improvement, indicating that both compartments were experiencing significant microbial growth prior to the trial.
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The BP penalty is calculated from many parameters, including condenser water inlet temperature, condenser heat duty, condenser tube characteristics, design cooling water flow, and the design condenser cleanliness factor. In other words, the design backpressure is determined assuming the condensers are clean, with no air in-leakage, and are operating under design conditions. The difference between the actual turbine backpressure and the backpressure corrected to design conditions is the BP penalty, or performance lost due to heat transfer degradation. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the BP penalty trends during the trial. Note that these trends mirror the TTD results, thus confirming the improved performance can accurately be attributed to the biocide trial.
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Ryan Forbes (rjforbes@aep.com) is environmental and chemistry supervisor at AEPs Conesville Station. Kevin Boudreaux (kjboudreaux@nalco.com) is an industry technical consultant for Nalcos Power Business Unit. Aaron Haines (aahaines@nalco.com) is a Nalco district representative.
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Mexico Uses Nuclear Plant Simulator for Safe Training

Mexicos Federal Electrical Commission needed a safe way to train new operators at its Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant in Veracruz, so it developed a stand-alone process simulator that allows trainees to practice a wide variety of plant operations and responses to incidents without putting the plant itself at risk.
By Jess Vzquez Bustos and Octavio Gmez Camargo, Instituto de Investigaciones Elctricas
lectric power plant owners have to face higher production and efficiency demands under tighter schedules these days. Furthermore, the need to be competitive in a globalized world requires them to observe and comply with more international standards and regulations; therefore, operation and maintenance personnel must be trained to deal with higher production requirements and be certified to comply with new international standards and regulations. Plant owners and operators have much to gain by implementing appropriate personnel training. Comprehensive training programs are critical not only for plant owners but also for everyone involved in plant operations, as such programs can significantly improve not only safety but also plant performance in both functional and financial terms. Because time is always scarce, automated software systems that are flexible, scalable, easy to use, and easy to learn are the best for facilitating and enhancing the training process.
of 177 generating plants with an installed total capacity of 51,081 MW. Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant (LVNPP) is the only nuclear power plant in operation in Mexico. It belongs to CFEs power generation division and is located in the state of Veracruz on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The plant has two independent power generation units with BWR-5 type reactors. The two 682.5-MW units provide a total plant capacity of 1,365 MW. The first unit started operation in August 1990; the second unit followed in April 1995. LVNPP has developed several instruction and training programs to comply with recent international regulations. In order to further improve the quality of their training programs, the training department of LVNPP appointed the Enabling Technologies Division of the Instituto de Investigaciones Elctricas (Electric Research Institute or IIE) to design and build a plant process simulator (SIMPRO) to
facilitate and support the training and certification processes of the plants personnel. The plant process simulator consists of a physical reproduction (though a simplified version) of selected systems in the operating plant that are integrated with a digital control center.
Detailed Simulator 3-D Design

The development and use of virtual 3-D models is a common practice in industries that frequently design new products. Computer-aided modeling has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective and useful technique to develop virtual models that represent in a very realistic and detailed way the characteristics, operation, and performance of the elements or systems to be manufactured. This practice allows pre-visualization of the results and comparison against the expected functionality of the finished product, ahead of the manufacturing or construction stages. These techniques have been adopted by designers in other fields, such as engineering,
Training Requirements at Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant

Mexicos National Electric Power Co., Comisin Federal de Electricidad (Federal Electrical Commission, or CFE by its acronym in Spanish), is the second-largest stateowned company in Mexico in terms of budget and employees. Currently, CFE generates, distributes, and markets electric power for almost 33.8 million residential and industrial customers, which currently represents almost 100 million people, and more than a million new customers are incorporated every year. CFE operates several thermoelectric, hydroelectric, coal-fired, nuclear, geothermal, wind-powered, and combined cycle power generating facilities. It also has responsibility for the management, control, and development of Mexicos electric grid, which has more than 742,000 kilometers of transmission and distribution power lines. The infrastructure to generate electric power consists
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1. Make the model. The simulated plant was first created as a 3-D model. Courtesy: IIE
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POWER May 2013

procurement, and construction. The use of 3-D modeling techniques has been accepted in plant design and construction because of the need to increase the reliability and security of the designs that will evolve into new industrial installations. Process, electrical power, oil, and gas plants are some examples of facilities that have applied 3-D modeling with excellent results in Mexico. For that reason, a plant design and 3-D modeling software system was used to design the plant simulator, which allowed the project engineering team to facilitate information flow among engineers of all disciplines involved in the design and construction. The design and modeling software was deployed in a client-server configuration, where several users were able to retrieve, create, or update the plant design concurrently. Access to each plant area was carefully controlled by granting appropriate privileges to each engineer and designer. All systems and components in the simulated plant were represented and their attributes stored in an external database linked to the items within the 3-D model; all the documentation and derived information is generated, retrieved, and graphically managed via the 3-D model of the simulated plant (Figure 1). The 3-D plant design software was customized to organize the information and highlight the plants key elements. The software selected included the capability to automatically generate from the 3-D model the detailed engineering drawings and diagrams required to proceed to the construction stage, thus minimizing drafting time. The 3-D model itself was utilized as a central source of engineering information across all disciplines involved in the design phase of the project, thus delivering a unified and integrated engineering solution to support engineers and constructors throughout the project. This approach delivered significant, compelling benefits since it reduced time, costs, and personnel effort by providing an easily accessible repository of valuable plant design information and up-to-date engineering documentation. Additionally, the virtual model of the plant currently provides support to training programs and plant maintenance operations. The simulator virtual model has been employed to identify and evaluate problems that might have represented risks to personnel or equipment in the real site, such as plant layouts that would prevent fast reaction/runaway in case of an emergency evacuation. The model can be exploited, among other uses, to simulate and visualize critical operations on a real-scale, virtual site. as it leads to enhanced engineering data and design integrity. In effect, model integration allows better coordination and decision-taking among all players and disciplines involved in the design and construction of any industrial plant, from engineering to commissioning, and from design to test and operations. Plant design information is dynamic, because it often changes, especially during the detailed engineering revision stages when several final design decisions are taken. Besides, it is well known that plant design data is highly interdependentthe actions or decisions made in one plant discipline can affect many others, and this can be a serious problem when it is not properly managed. Therefore, adequate coordination and teamwork throughout the complex maze of partners, suppliers, and internal departments involved in the project is required. Leading companies have recognized this and have tried to manage it through the use of moreinclusive practices like formal review/approval workflows, but this practice has proven to have limitations, as it only deals with clear, highly visible interdependency problems. Adequate management of the frequently changing engineering design basis throughout the different stages of a project is a key reason why model integration and design validation is an imperative step preceding construction; to facilitate this task, plant design management software systems deliver advantages for designers, plant owners, and operators. Therefore, in order to act in accordance with best practices, and to avoid design change management problems, once all core elements of the plants virtual model were settled, the next step was to integrate all of them in a version for reviewing and validation. This integration and validation was carried out with the same software application used to model the elements for the plant simulator, but auxiliary third-party validation tools can also be employed to assist the review, validation, and construction of the facilities.
Model Integration
As mentioned above, 3-D modeling solutions, such as that used to create the simulator, facilitate efficient engineering design, data storage, and revision of information. This applies whether the data are produced via handover from engineering projects executed by thirdparty contractors, during construction or plant walkdown exercises, through concurrent engineering of small on-plant projects, or by legacy data integration from previous engineering records. However, integration and model validation is a very important phase that cannot be overlooked in a project of any magnitude,
2. Reproduce reality. The simulator contains a reproduction of several elements of the

plant control components and associated instrumentation. Courtesy: IIE
Construction
The Plant Process Simulator includes a physical reproduction of a section of the real nuclear power plant, which includes a pair of vessels, electric pumps, pipelines, control loops including valves, and associated instrumentation such as manometers, thermocouples, level gauges, flow indicators, transmitters, and limit switches (Figure 2). This section of the simulator includes a motor control center with a cabinet designed to store the AC and DC distribution circuitry, the electric interrupters, breakers and all the mechanical and electrical protections found in a real plant. Both an air dryer and a compressor were included in order to supply instrumentation air to all pneumatic
90 www.powermag.com
POWER May 2013

tools and devices available in the simulator; the compressor is capable of supplying air to the process, for instance, to simulate pressurized vessels. The arrangement and layout of the mechanical and electrical equipment, pipelines, instrumentation, and control elements matches that of the real power plant, so trainees have the same look and feel as at the real site. The real plant section of the simulator reproduces the process operations that take place in the plant and enables trainees to learn in a controlled, risk-free environment how to execute routine actions and corrective maintenance operations such as dismounting, disassembling, inspecting, and/or replacing a control valve from a pipeline following established procedures and utilizing the appropriate tools and protection equipment. This area provides a place where trainees are able to reinforce and put in practice concepts and abilities learned in manuals and written procedures. For their part, instructors are able to assess the performance of trainees in a secure scenario that mimics the real plant. In this manner, feedback is provided to trainees not only from instructors but also from the simulated process itself. as voltage, current, power, and power factors. The simulator HMI logs all process variables and records the events that take place in the process as well as the sequence of actions taken by the operator trainee, so it facilitates the assessment of procedure compliance and the time needed by the trainee to restore the simulated scenario to normal operating conditions. Because this valuable information is recorded, statistics can be easily obtained to determine the effectiveness of newer training programs and teaching procedures. Control algorithms running behind the HMI are responsible for some of the protection trips that ensure safe operation of the real plant section of the simulator. The plant process simulator currently provides several means to recreate abnormal plant conditions such as failure of valves, transmitters, and other equipment. However, it is desirable to combine such features in order to create a full set of programmable and triggered events that mimic the complex dynamics of the real plant process. This is being carried out in joint collaboration between CFE and IIE personnel. Time restrictions always play an important role during projects, so there are several opportunities for improvements. The expected result is to have a comprehensive set of case studies available to enhance the training experience of CFEs plant operators and maintenance technicians.
Many Benefits Gained

The plant simulator is a useful way to prepare and train crews to respond to various kinds of situations within the real power plant, as it can be used to provide failure-scenario mock-up tests. It also improves safety by eliminating the risks involved in assessing such tests in the real plant. Furthermore, the system automatically acquires and records all measurements required in a test session, so the accuracy of measuring the process variables is greatly improved. The plant simulator can be set up to reproduce a selection of typical situations such as failure of equipment, instruments, and valves; system trips; and more complicated and critical scenarios an operator must be able to deal with, including those abnormal and emergency situations that are rare and uncommon.
Human-Machine Interface
A human-machine (HMI) interface for the instructor was designed and supplied with the plant simulator (Figure 3). The main HMI display contains a left panel that allows the user to remotely stop and start (as long as all required ready-to-start conditions are fulfilled) each of the pumps in the simulator. This panel also has several controls that allow the instructor to remotely cause disturbances and trigger events to simulate failures and/or abnormal conditions in the process. The right panel of the HMI makes it possible to monitor the process variables in real time and take remote control of each of the valves displayed. The interface also integrates an application to remotely monitor in real time the motor control centers electrical parameters such
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arkline Small Metal Buildings

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3. Visualize operations. The main display of the simulator HMI allows instructors to monitor process variables in real time and simulate plant disturbances and abnormal conditions. Courtesy: IIE
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EMISSIONS
CFB Scrubbing: A Flexible Multipollutant Technology

The number of regulated air emission constituents is increasing while the acceptable amounts for release are decreasing. In the long run, picking the most flexible multipollutant technology is surely the least cost option.
By Robert Giglio, Foster Wheeler Global Power Group
mission limits for conventional pollutants emitted from power plantsparticularly SO2, NOx, and particulate mattercontinue to tighten around the globe. In the U.S., the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule, although vacated in August 2012, will likely be reworked and eventually promulgated, mandating additional SO2 reductions. Consequently, plant owners must continue to evaluate the costs and benefits of adding a back-end air quality control system (AQCS) against shutting down noncompliant units. The timing of rule changes makes this a very difficult evaluation. The North American Electric Reliability Corp., responsible for the bulk power system reliability, has spoken often about the impact of increasingly restrictive emissions regulations on the reliability of the U.S. power delivery infrastructure. In effect, the debate centers on balancing lower emissions limits with the effect on system reliability of excessive coal plant retirements. This discussion is not limited to the U.S. Europes new Industrial Emission Directive (IED) has tightened both SOx and NOx emission limits by 50 mg/Nm3 and particulate limits by 10 mg/Nm3 compared to the prior large combustion plant directive. And last year, China lowered its SOx, NOx, and particulate limits for power plants to levels even lower than those in Europes IED. New constituents are also being added to the U.S. regulatory milieu, such as metals, acid gases, and organic compounds rolled under Mercury and Air Toxics Standards rules. Europe is not far behind, with the IED now also requiring a best available technology standard for these constituents. These constituents have always been regulated for certain waste fuel applications, such as waste-to-energy plants and incinerators, but now regulators have set limits for all boilers, including large utility coal boilers. Plant owners are being asked to make billion-dollar AQCS purchase decisions when the regulations are in flux and court oversight is uncertain. In this era of regulatory ambiguity, selecting the most flexible AQCS design is surely the prudent decision.
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A Better Way to Clean Flue Gases

In the past, due to its proven large scale and high ability to capture SO2 over a wide range of fuel sulfur levels, wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) scrubbing technology was the most popular choice for removing sulfur from boiler flue gases in large power plants and industrial facilities. WFGD technology has a low operating cost because it utilizes low-cost limestone as the reagent and can produce gypsum for sale to wallboard manufacturers, if there is a local market. However, on the downside, a WFGD system is expensive to build, uses the most water, occupies the largest amount of real estate, and can keep a full crew busy maintaining its large number of pumps, pipes, valves, and vessels. But more importantly, due to its chemistry and process, a WFGD system is only marginal for capturing metals, including mercury, or acid gases such as SO3, HCl, or HF. Now with U.S. regulations requiring capture of mercury, acid gases, dioxins, and furans, in addition to SO2 and particulates, other FGD technologies are becoming more popular due to their ability to capture this expanded set of pollutants. There are different types of technologies, ranging from simple injection of a sorbent into the boiler flue gas (direct sorbent injection) to the more established spray dryer absorber (SDA) technology (which sprays a fine dry mist of lime into the flue gas), to newer circulating fluidized bed (CFB) technology, which circulates the boiler ash and lime between an absorber reactor and fabric filter. These different FGD technologies have their pros and cons, but for many midsize to large power and industrial facilities, CFB scrubbers are growing in popularity. This is most evident in the pipeline of U.S. retrofit scrubber projects, where more and more projects are selecting CFB technology. In the past, these alternative scrubbing technologies were typically chosen over wet FGD technology for their much lower capital cost and water usage, provided that the boiler size was not too large and the fuel sulfur
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level was not too high. Today, CFB scrubber technology has broken through these limitations with single-unit designs up to 700 MWe backed by operating references on coal power plants of over 500 MWe and on fuels with sulfur levels above 4%. CFB scrubber technology has now stepped out in front of other technologies due to five key advantages:

High multipollutant capture capability Low installed cost Low water use
1. Many scrubbing options. Foster Wheeler proposes that circulating fluidized bed (CFB) scrubbing is superior to wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and spray dryer absorber (SDA) FGD technologies. Source: Foster Wheeler Global Power Group
Advantage Neutral Disadvantage Wet FGD SDA FGD CFB FGD
Capability/requirement SO2 capture capable Low water consumption Fuel flexibility, sulfur content Fine particlate capture High SO3 capture Compact system footprint Low maintenance requirements Includes mercury capture Reduces CO2 emissions Includes wastewater treatment Uses low-quality water Uses limestone reagent Large scale (>350 MW) Necessary for retrofit: ESP improvements Necessary for retrofit: Stack improvements Necessary for retrofit: Flue gas reheater
POWER May 2013
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21693
EMISSIONS
2. Follow the gas. This schematic depicts the CFB scrubber process. Courtesy: Foster Wheeler Global Power Group
Large scale Wide fuel sulfur flexibility
As summarized in Figure 1, CFB scrubbers also offer other benefits, including low maintenance cost, compact footprint, and the flexibility to use low-quality lime and water. One key process advantage of a CFB scrubber, unlike SDA technology, is that the flue gas temperature does not limit the amount of lime injection. This feature allows a significant increase in acid gas scrubbing performance. CFB scrubbing technology offered by Foster Wheeler utilizes advanced CFB scrubber technology, which efficiently and economically captures a wide array of pollutantssuch as SO2, particulate matter, acid gases, and organic compoundswhile utilizing the least amount of water, a vital resource. The multipollutant CFB scrubber is a flexible and economical technology capable of removing a wide array of pollutants from flue gases of nearly any combustion or industrial process. As shown in Figure 2, boiler flue gas enters at the bottom of the CFB scrubbers upflow absorber vessel. The gas mixes with hydrated lime and water injected into the
absorber, as well as recirculated solids from the downstream fabric filter. The turbulator wall surface of the absorber causes high turbulent mixing of the flue gas, solids, and water to achieve high capture efficiency of the vapor phase acid gases and metals contained within the flue gas.
High Reliability by Design

CFB scrubbing technology incorporates a number of built-in features to maximize reliability. The absorber vessel is a selfcleaning upflow reactor. Water injection nozzles, located on the perimeter of the absorber above the introduction points for the recirculated and sorbent solids, provide an atomized spray cloud of water droplets. These nozzles must be removed periodically for replacement of wear components. However, the entire perimeter of the CFB absorber vessel is used to locate the water nozzles, thus additional nozzle locations are typically available to allow installation of a spare nozzle prior to removing an operating nozzle for inspection or maintenance. Operators can switch to a spare nozzle without shutting down the unit.
POWER May 2013
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EMISSIONS
3. Go big or go home. The worlds largest CFB scrubber is found at Basin Electric Dry Fork Unit 1. Courtesy: Basin Electric CoOp and Wyoming Municipal Power Agency
one compartment for maintenance while running the remaining compartments with 100% boiler flue gas flow. The baghouse hoppers serve as temporary storage bins for the large portion of material that is fed into the solids-recycling system.
The Largest CFB Scrubber in the World

In June 2011, a 520-MW coal power plant at Basin Electrics Dry Fork station (Figure 3) went online in Gillette, Wyoming. (Due to its 4,430-foot site elevation, the actual net output of the Dry Fork plant is rated at 420 MW.) Behind its pulverized coal boiler sits the largest CFB scrubber operating in the world today. During the project planning phase, Basin Electric hired Sargent and Lundy to evaluate and recommend a FGD technology based on the criteria of achieving strict emission limits while delivering the best economics and reliability. After months of study and evaluation, Sargent and Lundy recommended the CFB scrubber technology that was ultimately selected by Basin Electric. Since it has gone online, the CFB scrubber has demonstrated a very high, 98%
The multicompartment baghouse lends itself to online replacement of filter bags with one compartment off-line. Multiple multicompartment fabric filter baghouses are located above the absorber vessel to allow recirculation of particulate solids. Separate compartments are each lockable on the flue gas side for maintenance purposes; thus, it is possible to shut down
availability while meeting all the strict emission requirements set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the state of Wyoming. The emission regulations are designed to directly or indirectly limit a broad array of compounds designated as pollutants such as SO2, SO3, HCl, H2SO4, HF, PM10, PM2.5, mercury, and other heavy metals. The CFB scrubber has exceeded its design performance, reducing SOx by 95% to 98%, to levels below 0.06 lb/MMBtu (50 to 60 mg/Nm ). It also passed a 30-day mercury removal compliance test by meeting the permitted emission limit of 20 lb/ TWh (2.35g/m3) while demonstrating a mercury removal rate in excess of 95%. In addition, the CFB scrubber provided other key benefits to the Basin Electric Dry Fork project such as reducing the scrubbers water requirement by 30% and real estate by 80% compared to WFGD technology. In addition, the scrubber ash is being used to fill and stabilize a nearby open pit coal mine.
Robert Giglio (robert_giglio@fwc.com) is vice president of strategic planning and market analysis for the Foster Wheeler Global Power Group.
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POWER May 2013
Europe 2013
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
Photo: Rolls-Royce/RWe
Europe 2013
T
hese are interesting times for the power industry in Europe: rapid loss of old coalfired capacity and a slate of new coal plants planned; a continuing lack of nuclear consensus (with some serious delays in adding new nuclear capacity even where this has been agreed); a boom in solar, but offshore wind hampered by lack of capital; gas imports from the US and a limited prospect of domestic shale gas all against a backdrop of ambitious emissions reduction policies. With such dynamics it is no surprise that European manufacturers and engineering companies provide a huge and diverse range of products and services for power generators both at home and abroad. This third annual Europe Special Advertising Section showcases a wide spread of products and services for the power industry. Elsewhere in this issue of POWER you will find these companies advertisements; in the next few pages, the same vendors tell their stories at greater length. Read on to find out more about what Europe has to offer. (Photo, right) Repairing a gas turbine rotor at Sulzer Turbo Services
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
European vendors support global power plant needs

From boilers and turbines to conveyors and instruments, European vendors add value to the power generation industry worldwide
Inside
BEUMER Hadek Protective Systems KIMA Rolls-Royce Sulzer Turbo Services 98 99 99 100 100
Curved belt systems for energy-efficient transport

BEUMER sustainable curved belt conveyors transport bulk materials economically, across difficult terrain if necessary, with maximum protection and minimum dust
reliable, energy-efficient transport of bulk materials including coal, wood pellets and ash. The company is today one of the technology leaders in this field. BEUMER Group belt conveyors are used when companies need to transport large quantities of bulk materials as cost-effectively and quickly as possible. Trucks have considerable disadvantages in this regard, including considerable energy use and the high cost of building roads. Belt conveyors, on the other hand, can operate over long distances, steep gradients and tight curves. With their slender lines, they overcome broken terrain and obstacles such as rivers, roads, buildings and rail tracks. Horizontal and vertical curves can overlap. BEUMER conveyors are individually designed for the task in hand, using durable high-tensile belt material. The firm uses special software to calculate belt tension and the forces resulting from acceleration and deceleration, taking into account the weight of the belt plus the transported material. Allowable curve radii and belt position are also calculated for the empty and loaded states.
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Advantages of pipe conveyors include protection of the product from the weather, and protection of the environment thanks to dust-free operation
he BEUMER Group, based in Germany with affiliates around the globe, has been developing customized system solutions for conveying, loading, palletizing, packaging, sortation and distribution technology for more than 75 years. The intralogistics specialist supplies curved belt systems for
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BEUMER offers both open and enclosed conveyors. Open troughed belt conveyors suit higher material throughputs and gentler curves; if necessary, they can be covered to minimize dust. Enclosed pipe conveyors are preferred for products which need to be protected against the effects of the environment, and are also the best choice for demanding terrain involving tight curves and large gradients. BEUMER belt conveyors are equipped with environmentally friendly electric drives and low-energy belts. Closed-loop control enables optimum distribution of the drive load under different operating conditions. At points where the conveyor runs downhill, the electric motors can be driven as generators to recover power that may be fed back to the grid, reducing emissions and operating costs. Together with Crisplant a/s and Enexco Teknologies India Ltd., the BEUMER Group employs about 3,200 people and has an annual turnover of about 500 million. With its subsidiaries and sales agencies, the BEUMER Group is present in many industries www.beumergroup.com the world over.
POWER May 2013
Sulzer Turbo ServiceS
EUROPE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
Borosilicate lining protects chimneys from corrosion

Coal, oil and lignite firing gives chimneys a tough time, but Pennguard lining technology from Hadek offers reliable performance for 20 years or more
The Pennguard Block Lining System forms an impermeable, acidresistant barrier inside chimney flues. The lining is based on closedcell borosilicate glass technology. Lightweight borosilicate glass blocks manufactured under highly controlled conditions are attached to the internal steel, concrete or brickwork surface of power plant chimneys using a durable, flexible adhesive. The Pennguard Block Lining System is used in new chimneys and is also frequently retrofitted to existing chimneys. A properly installed Pennguard lining offers a service life of well over 20 years. Just as importantly, it requires virtually no maintenance. Any small repairs or alterations can be performed quickly, with minimum preparation and equipment. In addition to the Pennguard lining system itself, Hadek provides a range of services, including feasibility studies, engineering, on-site quality assurance and long-term guarantees and performance monitoring. The Pennguard Block Lining System has been installed all over the world. Ongoing projects include: 3 x 626 MW lignite-fired Hongsa Power Station, Laos: one 250 m concrete chimney with three steel flues will be Pennguard lined during 2013; 1 x 1,300 MW coal-fired W.H. Zimmer Generating Station, Ohio, USA: one 174 m concrete chimney with one free standing brick flue will be Pennguard lined during spring 2012; 6 x 800 MW coal-fired Kusile Power Station, South Africa: two 220 m concrete chimneys, each with three steel flues, will be Pennguard lined during 2012/2013. www.hadek.com
The acid-resistant Pennguard lining is applied to the inside surface of the existing brick liner
adek Protective Systems is a specialist in the internal protection of power station chimneys and flue gas ducts. Coal, oil and lignite firing power stations need chimneys that will operate under lowtemperature, corrosive and sometimes variable conditions. In spite of their severe operating environment, these chimneys are expected to perform reliably for many years, with minimum downtime. The Pennguard Block Lining System offered by Hadek can take it all.
Dedicated fill-level measurement for coal mills

SmartFill is a fail-safe, high-precision, fill-level and temperature measurement system for coal mills that helps ensure optimum combustion properties
IMA specializes in high-performance analog and digital closed-loop controls, innovative sensor systems and databases for the coal, minerals, cement and chemical industries. The companys central aim is to optimize industrial processes towards greater efficiency, higher productivity and less environmental pollution. To help achieve these targets in power plants KIMA has adapted its technologies for use in coal mills. In contrast to the traditional methods of measuring fill level in ball mills, KIMAs SmartFill is the only system which takes all the necessary information directly from its source: on the mill shell. Classical methods such as microphones and base- or bearing-mounted sensors struggle with problems such as interference from noise created by other mills and machinery, ambiguities in locating the sources of sound, and dust. None of these problems affect the SmartFill solution. By providing plants with previously unavailable information, SmartFill thus brings many advantages. These include: interference-free measurement no influence from other mills or machines nearby;
Fixed directly onto the coal mill, SmartFill avoids the acoustic interference which can cause problems for other level sensors significantly enhanced precision of measurement; reliable and precise measurement of the fill level; independent measurements are possible on both sides of the mill, or in two chambers; better level measurement allows the mill to operate with greater stability, with consequent higher throughput, less wear and more consistent particle size; and
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self-powered system with integrated generator means that it is not necessary to stop the mill to change batteries. SmartFill has been used successfully in many different types of ball mills in the cement and mining industries. Within the last seven years the system has been successfully sold and installed in more than 450 applications. KIMA also provides the next logical step towards process optimization: the MillMaster predictive control system for grinding processes. Working unattended, MillMaster controls grinding circuits in fully automatic mode. A single MillMaster system keeps up to six mills operating with optimum performance. As well as improving grinding performance, the system also increases plant availability thanks to its ability to protect against overfilling and similar malfunctions. Keeping the fill level at a constant optimum level makes for a more homogenous product, which improves the combustion properties of the coal. This, in turn, leads to a reduction in unburned carbon and consequently better energy efficiency. www.kimaE.de
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May 2013 POWER
EUROPE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
Trent 60s boost output at RWE Lingen power station

Replacing ageing gas turbines with highly-efficient aero-derivative Rolls-Royce Trent 60 gas turbines has delivered more power for less at a German power station
ingen power plant in Emsland, north-west Germany, is home to two early combinedcycle blocks units B and C installed in 1974/75. These each have a gas-fired boiler and a steam turbine, and also include a topping gas turbine connected to each boiler. In 2009 the operator, RWE, decided to remove the two ageing low-efficiency gas turbines and replace them with modern, state-of-theart Rolls-Royce Trent 60 WLE gas turbine generators. The replacement has proved to be the key to transforming the elderly natural gas fuelled B and C units of the Lingen power station into highly efficient and flexible generating assets for Germanys leading electricity producer. As a result of the 200 million upgrade the power plant provides process heat to local industry as well as generating electricity. As an aero-derivative gas turbine, the Trent 60 WLE is capable of very fast starts: some nine minutes to full power. At the same time it is also highly efficient, achieving 40 percent, compared with only 26 percent efficiency for the two older gas turbines
replaced at Lingen. Re-powering this existing station with the higher-efficiency Trent 60 gas turbine has achieved a number of environmental and production benefits for RWE including a saving of around 45,000 tonnes of CO2 annually. As a result of the Trent 60 retrofit the efficiency of the plant as a whole, originally 41 percent, has increased by 58 percentage points, while the total power has been increased by 130 MW, from 820 MW to 950 MW. This has led to less gas consumption and reduced emissions of carbon dioxide and NOx. At Lingen, having four gas turbines instead of two, as well as boosting the power output, also further helps to increase flexibility, a very valuable characteristic for a power station, opening up a variety of different operating modes, depending on grid requirements. The Lingen B and C retrofit project was completed on time and on budget. The same approach should be applicable to extending the useful life of other ageing gas-fuelled power plants. www.rolls-royce.com
The new Rolls-Royce Trent 60s replaced older gas turbines operating in a topping cycle at RWEs Lingen power plant
Global services with local presence

Sulzer Turbo Services specializes in maintenance and upgrading of generators, gas turbines, steam turbines, generators and auxiliary equipment
Sulzer Turbo Services has many years of experience in maintaining turbines and generators in conventional power plants. This experience, combined with a flexible approach, allows the company to tailor solutions to specific needs. Core competence focuses on the power train: the generator, gas or steam turbine, auxiliaries and control systems. Experts at all of Sulzer Turbo Services locations worldwide re-manufacture and repair generators. Rotor rewinds are done at the companys own facilities. Condition monitoring can support the life-cycle management of generators. Older units can be up-rated with the latest insulation systems to provide more flexible operation. Sulzer Turbo Services is at the forefront of servicing advanced F-technology gas turbines. The company has invested continuously in innovative repair processes and in-house technologies to support customer needs and make power train operation more reliable and flexible. On mature gas turbines, advanced technology can be applied during upgrades to increase availability and reliability. Sulzer
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Sulzer Turbo Services supports owners and operators worldwide
ulzer Turbo Services is the leading independent, technically advanced and innovative service and maintenance provider for all types of rotating mechanical and electromechanical equipment worldwide. The company supports customers in sectors such as oil and gas, power generation (both renewable and conventional), transport, petrochemical and general industries. With more than 40 locations on five continents, Sulzer Turbo Services is close to its customers with high-quality local service.
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Turbo Services manufactures replacement parts for combustion systems as well as turbine and compressor sections. The solutions focus on reducing maintenance costs and improving the life cycle of turbine equipment. Sulzer Turbo Services manufactures steam turbine parts such as blades, seals, turbine disks and rotors in-house. Careful project management ensures that repair projects are completed on time. When changes in the process plant configuration require re-rates, the company provides services that can boost plant performance. Successful re-rates can allow for additional steam extraction or increased steam flow. Sulzer Turbo Services provides a wide range of balance of plant (BOP) services for rotating equipment not directly involved with the power train. Motors, blowers and other kinds of rotating equipment are important in the operation of a power plant and need to be maintained efficiently and correctly. The balance of plant services can be provided on a planned or emergency basis to maximize operating reliability. www.sulzer.com
POWER May 2013
The Most Important Conference for Turbomachinery Professionals The Most Important Conference for Turbomachinery Professionals
Presented by ASME International Gas Turbine Institute
June 3 -7, 2013 s a n a n t o n i o

N N TEXAS N USAN N N
www.turboexpo.org
ASME INTERNATIONAL GAS TURBINE INSTITUTE phone +1-404-847-0072 | fax +1-404-847-0151 | igti@asme.org
NEW PRODUCTS
TO POWER YOUR BUSINESS
Wireless Condition Monitoring for Bearings

SKF has launched SKF Insight, intelligent wireless technologies that are integrated into SKF bearings, enabling them to communicate their operating conditions continuously, with internally powered sensors and data acquisition electronics. The miniaturized packaging of sensor technologies enables measurement of parameters such as rpm, temperature, velocity, vibration, load, and other features so that damage can be monitored from the first microscopic effect as it is happening, allowing customers to take remedial action. The self-powered smart bearings can communicate through each other and via a wireless gateway to form a mesh network and can send information relevant to their condition for analysis, even in areas where traditional WiFi cannot operate. The technology could be especially useful in critical machinery and technically challenging applications, including wind turbines. (www.skf.com)
Ergonomic Oxy-Fuel Torch

Victor, a Victor Technologies brand, has launched its new 400 Series of oxy-fuel torches. The 400 series is a two-piece torch that incorporates innovative handle and cutting attachment designs that offer better ergonomics, a clearer view of the cutting path, visual cues for easier use, and enhanced safety. The new torch is available in medium- and heavy-duty models and also is sold as part of the Medalist 250 and Medalist 350 outts. Outts include the torch handle, cutting attachment, welding tip, G Series regulators, and hoses. The handle uses an engineered zinc-aluminum alloy called Zamak that has three times the tensile strength of brass, so it better resists deformation. The handle is lighter than brass, yet it balances naturally when hoses and attachments are connected. To simplify use, oxygen and fuel valves are labeled and color-coded for instant identication and easier operation by indicating directions for open and closed valve positions. These features can be especially valuable for inexperienced and multi-lingual workforces. (www.victortechnologies.com)
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POWER May 2013
PNNL SEEKS VISIONARY LEADERSHIP IN GRID AND ADVANCED CONTROLS

Pacic Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is currently seeking nationally and internationally recognized academic and industrial leaders in the elds of advanced control theory and power systems. Specic interests include, but are not limited to, advanced control systems applications for energy use in buildings, advanced control systems related to the electric grid, and the development and application of highperformance computing algorithms to the electric grid. Successful candidates will enjoy the opportunity to shape and direct transformational research efforts with signicant budgetary authority and resources. PNNL is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory with a $1.1 billion operating budget focused on advancing scientic frontiers to solve complex energy, national security, and environmental problems. Visionary leadership is sought to further scientic and technological advancements in the efciency and optimization of large, distributed systems.
For additional information contact: Kristi Ross | kristi.ross@pnnl.gov | (509) 372-6317 http://jobs.pnnl.gov
Attention Engineers and Architects

New York City Transit
Capital Program Management
Monday, April 29, 2013 9 a.m. - 4 p.m.

2 Broadway, 20th Floor, NY, NY 10004
New York City Transits Department of Capital Program Management is looking for all levels of engineers and architects, from entry-level professionals to senior-level technical managers, and cost estimators and schedulers. Exciting opportunities exist in various disciplines to contribute to design, construction, renovations, and innovations to meet the current and future needs of the greatest urban mass transit system in the country. Entry-level positions require a related college degree. Some supervisory and senior-level positions may require a Professional Engineer (P.E.) or Registered Architect (R.A.) license or Certified Construction Manager (C.C.M.) certificate and over 10 years of experience. Senior-level positions generally require significant related experience in transportation. New York City Transit offers competitive salaries, a comprehensive benefits package, and excellent opportunities for professional development. If you are unable to attend our career fair, please review New York City Transit job postings on the MTA website, http://mta.info/employment and submit a resume for the position(s) for which you qualify.* Openings exist in these areas: Architecture Civil/Structural Engineering Electrical Engineering Signals Engineering Mechanical Engineering Systems Engineering Communications Engineering Environmental Engineering Commissioning Cost Estimating and Scheduling Quality and Safety Construction Management Design Management
*Please note: For these positions New York City Transit will not sponsor H-1B applications for employment or applications for permanent citizenship.
Career Fair
Directions to 2 Broadway Take the 4 or the 5 train to Bowling Green or the R train to Whitehall Street. A valid government issued photo ID is required to enter the building. All bags will be searched.
POWER PROFESSIONALS
Opportunities in Operations and Maintenance, Project Engineering and Project Management, Business and Project Development, First-line Supervision to Executive Level Positions. Employer pays fee. Send resumes to:
P.O. Box 87875 Vancouver, WA 98687-7875 email: dwood@powerindustrycareers.com (360) 260-0979 l (360) 253-5292 www.powerindustrycareers.com
CAREERS IN POWER
NAES Corporation is a leading provider of 3rd party O&M services to the Independent Power Industry. As we continue to grow, we have constant needs for power professionals across the nation. For more info, log onto: www.naes.com/careers
Media Blasting Services

Regardless of the surface, MoleMaster has a media blasting solution for you.
From Dry Ice to Walnut Shells, MoleMaster does Abrasive Blasting safely and eficiently.
FOR SALE/RENT
24 / 7 EMERGENCY SERVICE BOILERS

20,000 - 400,000 #/Hr.
NEED CABLE? FROM STOCK

Copper Power to 69KV; Bare ACSR & AAC Conductor Underground UD-P & URD, Substation Control Shielded and Non-shielded, Interlock Armor to 35KV, Thermocouple Fax (773) 539-3500 Ph. (800) 227-4292 E-Mail: basicwire@basicwire.com WEB SITE: www.basicwire.com
READER SERVICE NUMBER 202
DIESEL & TURBINE GENERATORS

50 - 25,000 KW
BASIC WIRE & CABLE
GEARS & TURBINES

25 - 4000 HP Air Pre-Heaters Economizers Deaerators Pumps Motors Fuel Oil Heating & Pump Sets Valves Tubes Controls Compressors Pulverizers Rental Boilers & Generators
WE STOCK LARGE INVENTORIES OF:
Toll Free: 800.322.6653 Fax: 740.374.5908 info@molemaster.com
847-541-5600 FAX: 847-541-1279 WEB SITE: www.wabashpower.com
Turbine Controls Woodward, GE, MHC Parts and Service

www.molemaster.com
wabash
POWER
EQUIPMENT CO.
TurboGen (610) 631-3480 info@turbogen.net
444 Carpenter Avenue, Wheeling, IL 60090
May 2013 POWER 103
www.powermag.com www.powermag.com
POWER May 2013 103
POWER PLANT BUYERS MART
GEORGE H. BODMAN, INC.

Chemical cleaning advisory services for boilers and balance of plant systems
George H. Bodman
Pres. / Technical Advisor
BoilerCleaningDoctor.com Ofice 1-800-286-6069
Layup Desiccant Dehumidification & Filtration Units for long term layup of power generation equipment. Call us.
Tom Haarala 612-202-0765 thaarala@cdims.com Todd Bradley 810-229-7900 tbradley@cdims.com www.cdims.com
GAS TURBINES FOR SALE LM6000 FRAME 9E FRAME 5

50/60Hz, nat gas or liq fuel, installation and service available
Ofice (281) 359-4006 PO Box 5758 E-mail: blrclgdr@aol.com Kingwood, TX 77325-5758 Fax (281) 359-4225
READER SERVICE NUMBER 206 READER SERVICE NUMBER 207
Available for Immediate Shipment
NATIONAL ELECTRIC COIL

800 King Avenue Columbus, OH 43212 USA Phone: 614-488-1151 Fax: 614-488-8892 E-mail: sendinfo@national-electric-coil.com Website: http://www.national-electric-coil.com
Tel: +1 281.227.5687 Fax: +1 281.227.5698 John.clifford@woodgroup.com
To Advertise in POWER Classiieds

CONTACT: Diane Burleson PHONE 512-250-9555
May 2013 POWER
FAX 512-213-4855
www.powermag.com
dianeb@powermag.com
104
PRODUCT
Showcase
MERCURY COMPLIANCE
Environmental Supply Companys Mercury Sorbent Trap Monitor is the PS-12B solution for a cost effective and reliable primary system for Mercury Compliance, or as a backup to your existing analyzer-based CMM.
OFF Button
4 Simplifies NFPA 70E compliance 4 Protects from arc flash

Qualified technicians can quickly deenergize and service equipment.
Contact Advanced CEMS today!

www.advancedcems.com sales@advancedcems.com (205) 532-1677
Rated up to 200A, 600V, NEMA 4X

Dead Front Safety Shutter
meltric.com 800.433.7642
LOTO
Power plant Buyers Mart

CONDENSER OR GENERATOR AIR COOLER TUBE PLUGS THE CONKLIN SHERMAN COMPANY, INC.
Easy to install, saves time and money.

ADJUSTABLE PLUGS - all rubber with brass insert. Expand it, install it, reverse action for tight fit. PUSHPULLPLUGS- are all rubber, simply push it in. Sizes 0.530 O.D. to 2.035 O.D. Tel: (203) 881-0190 Fax:(203)881-0178 E-mail: Conklin59@aol.com www.conklin-sherman.com OVER ONE MILLION PLUGS SOLD
CLEAN CONDENSER TUBES IN SECONDS GC11 TUBE CLEANING GUN & CLEANERS John R.Robinson Inc. Ph# 800-726-1026 Condenser & Heat Exchanger Tools www.johnrrobinsoninc.com
When a plugged drain line would mean disaster...
Model A100 Plug Resistant Orifice for critical drain lines
CU Services LLC 725 Parkview Cir, Elk Grove Vlg, Il 60007 Phone 847-439-2303 rcronfel@cuservices.net www.cuservices.net
105
www.powermag.com
POWER May 2013
Factors For Unit Conversion Wallchart

This POWER magazine chart has now been blown up to display in your of ce. Printed on glossy stock, size 26x40, the Factors for the Unit Conversion wallchart brings equivalent values conveniently to your of ce wall.
Quantities included on this wallchart:

Mass Length Area Volume Force Energy, Work Power Pressure Viscosity
Density Heat Transfer Rate Heat Flux Heat Transfer Coefficient Mass Flowrate Specific Heat Temperature Thermal Conductivity
FOR FACTORS VERSIONS UNIT CON
QUANTITY
MASS
LENGTH
m.t. lb = 0.001 g oz. = 2.20462 m kg = 453.593 g = 35.27392 = 0.453593 1 kg =1,000 4 = 0.03108 slugs = 510 tons 1 lb m = 16 oz 10 angstroms (A) 6 = 10 m =10 = 1,000 mm mi 1 m = 100 cm yd = 0.0006214 8 ft = 1.0936 cm 3.280 = 30.48 = in. 8m = 39.37 mils = 0.304 = 1/3 yd = 0.012 1 ft = 12 in. in.2 ft2 = 1,550.0 3 Imp. gal. = 1 m2 = 10.764 5 ft3 = 220.8 AREA 3 = 106 mL = 35.314 6 L =10 cm 3 1 m3 =1,000 qt 28,317 cm .68 VOLUME 1,056 3 = 28.317 L = = 264.17 gal 0.028317 m 3 7.4805 gal = 3 = 1,728 in. = ft 1 2 = 0.22481 lb f 105 gcm/s 2 = 105 dynes = 5 210 dynes 1 N = 1 kgm/s 2 N = 4.448 2 FORCE lb mft/s = 4.448 32.174 = 7 lb 1 f kWh = 2.77810 107 dynecm 7 = 10 ergs = 4 Btu 1 J = 1 Nm = 9.48610 ENERGY, WORK = 0.7376 ftlb f = 0.23901 cal /s = 0.7376 ftlb f = 0.23901 cal/s 3 1 W = 1 J/s 10 hp 4 Btu/s = 1.341 POWER 10 ft H2O 2 = 9.486 lb /in. = 33.89 bars = 14.696 f = 760 torr kPa = 1.013 = 760 mm Hg 1 atm = 101.3 2 = 10.33 m H2O 4 /in.2 PRESSURE = 1.033 kgf/cm 1.45010 lb f = 29.92 in. Hg 2 = 105 bars = 4 2 = 1 kg/(ms ) s = 6.7210 1 Pa = 1 N/m s) = 0.001 Pa 2 s) = 0.001 kg/(m 2 s/cm dynes = 0.01 g/(cm P 0.01 = 0.01 5 = 1 cP 10 lb fs/ft VISCOSITY lb /(fth) = 2.09 lb /(fts) = 2.42 m DENSITY HEAT TRANSFER RATE HEAT FLUX HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT ATE MASS FLOWR SPECIFIC HEAT TEMPERATUR 43 lb m/ft 3 1 kg/m = 0.062 3 3 515.38 kg/m 1 slug/ft = Btu/h 1 W = 3.412
2 Btu/(hft ) 2 1 W/m = 0.3171 2 2 = 1.163 W/m ) 1 kcal/(hm m 3
EQUIVALENT
VALUES
Makes a unique gift!
ft2 F) 2 = 0.1761 Btu/(h 1 W/(m K) 6 lb m/s 6 lb m/h = 2.204 1 kg/s = 7,936. 4 Btu/(lb mF) 2.388610 1 J/(kgK) = + 459.67]/1.8 /1.8 = [T(F) + 273.15 = T(R) T(C) = T(K) 32]/1.8 T(C) = [T(F) 7 = T(F) + 459.6 T(R) = 1.8 T/(K) 273.15] +32 T(K) 1.8[ + 32 = C) T(F) = 1.8 T(C) 9 kcal/(hm ftF) = 0.859 0.57782 Btu/(h 1 W/(mK) =
Order your copy online at www.powermag.com/powerpress or call 888-707-5808

E THERMAL Y CONDUCTIVIT
21922 Horizontal Wall Chart Ad.indd 1
4/9/13 1:44 PM
POWER
From the editors of POWER: The online magazine devoted to the coal-fired power generation industry
Te c h n o l o g i e s f o r c o a l - f i r e d p o w e r p l a n t s a r e e v o l v i n g ra p i d l y , a n d COA L P O W E R h a s e v o l v e d t o o . I n i t s l a t e s t o n l i n e f o r m a t y o u g e t everything you valued in print and so much more:
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Subscribe today for e-mail alerts when each new issue is posted. e-mail: subscribe@coalpowermag.com
T h e n v i s i t t h e o n l i n e h o m e o f COAL POWE R w w w. c o a l p o w e r m a g . c o m
106
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POWER May 2013
Advertisers Index
Enter reader service numbers on the FREE Product Information Source card in this issue.
Reader Service Number
www.magnetrol.com
Page
www.abresist.com
Reader Service Page Number

Magnetrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 23 Marrone Bio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 . . . . . . . 51
www.gotmussels.com
Abresist Kalenborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . . . . . . . 57 Aggreko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 . . . . . . . 35

www.coolingtower.com
AMEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 . . . . . . . 47
www.amec.com/power
Martin Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . 11
www.martin-eng.com
Applied Bolting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 . . . . . . . 45
www.appliedbolting.com
Matrix Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . . 52
www.matrixservice.com
AREVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 . . . . . . . 59
www.areva.com
Mitsubishi Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . 18

www.mpshq.com
Atlas Copco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . 39
www.atlascopco.us
NAES Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . . 19
www.naes.com
Baldor Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . 22
www.baldor.com
NatronX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . 32
www.natronx.com
Beumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . 6
www.beumer.com
Nol-Tec Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . 21
www.nol-tec.com
Brand Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . 5
www.beis.com
Orion Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 . . . . . . . 58
www.orioninstruments.com
BRUKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 . . . . . . . 31
www.bruks.com
Paharpur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 . . . . . . . 30
www.paharpur.com
Burns & McDonnell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 . . . . . . . 34

www.burnsmcd.com
Parkline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 . . . . . . . 60
www.parkline.com
Carboline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . 28
www.carboline.com
Phillips 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . 3
www.phillips66lubricants.com
Caterpillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . 4
www.catelectricpowerinfo.com/pm
PIC Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . 16
www.picworld.com
CleaverBrooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 . . . . . . . 42
www.cleaverbrooks.com/engineered
Power & Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . 29

www.piburners.com
Corrpro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 . . . . . . . 61
www.corrpro.com
Rentech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 2 . . . . . 1
www.rentechboilers.com
Diamond Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 . . . . . . . 46
www.diamondpower.com
Rolls-Royce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . 2
www.rolls-royce.com
EDF Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 . . . . . . . 54

www.edf-re.com
Sealeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . 13
www.sealeze.com
Enercon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 . . . . . . . 41
www.enercon.com
STF S.p.A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . 25
www.stf.it
Exxon/Mobil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . 12
www.exxonmobil.com
Sturtevant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . 27
www.sturtevantinc.com
Flexco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . 8
www.flexco.com
Sulzer Turbo Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . 20

www.sulzerts.com
Fluor Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 . . . . . . . 37
www.fluor.com
Superbolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 . . . . . . . 53
www.superbolt.com
FP Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . . . . . . . 56
www.fpsoluzs.com
TEAM Industrial Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . 10

www.teaminc.com
Frontier Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . 38
www.fic-services.com
TerraSource Global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 4 . . . . . 63

www.terrasource.com
FSE Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . 15
www.fseenergy.com
TIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 . . . . . . . 48
www.tic-inc.com
Hadek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . 24
www.hadek.com
TurboCare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . 33
www.turbocare.com
Harco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 40
www.harcolabs.com
URS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . . 26
www.urs.com
Hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 . . . . . . . 43
www.hatch.ca
Victory Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . 7
www.victoryenergy.com
Hawk Measurements America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . 55

www.hawkmeasure.com
Zachry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 . . . . . . . 49
www.zhi.com
Hitachi Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 3 . . . . . 62

www.hitachipowersystems.us
Hytorc Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . 14
www.hytorc.com
Indeck Power Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 . . . . . . . 50

www.indeck.com
Classified Advertising
Pages 103-106. To place a classified ad, contact Diane Burleson, 512-250-9555, dianeb@powermag.com
Kiewit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . 17
www.kiewit.com
KIMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 9
www.kimae.de
May 2013 POWER
www.powermag.com
107
COMMENTARY
A Safety Milestone at NV Energy

By Dariusz Rekowski
afety is as Safety Does and Ignoring a Warning Can Cause Much Mourning are two of the more creative safety slogans Ive heard. Such inventive catch phrases and workplace safety posters are just part of what helps us achieve our ultimate goal, which is to ensure our employees return to their homes and loved ones in the same condition they left. Only a collaborative and concerted effort, coupled with individual responsibility, can help us safely manage our power industry environment, which is full of extremely high temperatures, high pressures, and, of course, electricity. We are always learning and improving at NV Energy, and I felt it was important to share some of the values and methods we use to help keep each other safe.
Culture of Safety One place within our fleet that stands out is at our natural gasfueled Fort Churchill Generating Station, just north of Yerington, Nevada. Remarkably, this plants team of more than 30 employees crossed a silver-anniversary safety threshold last year. The vigilant personal responsibility and watch-out-foreach-other safety culture at Fort Churchill has resulted in more than 25 years of operation without experiencing a single losttime accident. Weve been told that is the best in the nation for a fossil-fueled plant, and we are very proud of our team and what theyve accomplished. Its even more amazing when you think about it this way: The last lost-time accident happened when Ronald Reagan was president and a gallon of gasoline sold for under $1. No one effort or policy or program can take full credit for such an accomplishment, but weve discovered that one of the most important and successful approaches we use is unfiltered communications between our maintenance and operations crews and the executive level of our company. Specifically, our executive team and safety leaders regularly visit power plants to directly talk to our employees about safety. To reduce normal employee inhibitions about communicating information and making suggestions, we excuse our power plant directors, leaders, and supervisors from these meetings. This enables the discussion to focus on safety solutions, without worry of unintended innuendo. Our role as executives is to understand the issues and work to remove any actual or perceived barriers to achieving a best-in-class safety experience. Another best practice at NV Energy is freeing up time and resources to routinely allow small teams of power plant employees to audit other power plants or work environments. Too often safety-minded workers in a longstanding or comfortable environment are blind to some of the everyday little
108
things that could turn into safety problems or injuries. At the Fort Churchill Generating Station, we responded to more than 1,500 safety suggestions over the years, which combined to make the plant the safest in the nation. Those safety recommendations came from safety meetings, safety audits, individual suggestions, and the plants safety committee. Additionally, the safety culture of our Fort Churchill team benefits from the fact that our employees are part of a larger community, where children play sports together, spouses see each other at the local market, and employees socialize offsite. These interactions tend to strengthen our watch-out-for-each-other safety culture. Timely, widespread employee communications about safety successes and failures are also part of our safety culture. Any time we have an injury, we require our safety teams to do a root-cause safety analysis. We want the lessons learned to be available to all team members as soon as possible. This helps to prevent similar situations and serves as a reminder of the importance of safety in our workplaces.
Everyone Goes Home, Every Day All of this brings me back to this thought: I believe that the most important key to our success has been our dedication to value safety over productionalways. Leaders have the opportunity to demonstrate this at all times, and employees know that they are expected to stop all work, including plant production, when safety could be compromised. Our teams have established intentional slowdowns at the beginning and end of planned outages to purposely demonstrate this value. We have specific work tasks that are not permitted to be performed when an employee is solo, or when the site is in production mode with only two employees. We insist that deliveries be turned away when we do not have the proper after-hours staffing to accommodate unloading. Everyone must own safety. We cannot be hampered by the potential of hurt feelings or myriad other factors that inadvertently creep into a safety culture that could compromise safety. Words cannot describe the hurt and loss to family members when loved ones are injured or killed. Similarly, I know how difficult it is for company family members when a fellow employee is hurt. No motto can fix those situations only an ongoing collaborative effort that helps us keep up with an ever-changing safety environment. We cannot compromise on our environmental integrity, and we cannot compromise our commitment to return our dedicated employees back to their loved ones each and every day. Dariusz Rekowski is NV Energys executive over power generation.
POWER May 2013
www.powermag.com
HITACHI INTRODUCES NEW COMBUSTION TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
HITACH GAS TURBINE PRODUCT LINE 60 HZ

ITEM Output Efciency Heat Rate Exhaust Flow Exhaust Temp UNIT MW %(LHV) Btu/kWh lb/h F H-15 16.9 34.4 9,950 420,000 1,047 H-25 32 34.8 9,806 767,000 1,042 H-80 99.3 37.5 9,100 2,262,000 986
ISO Conditions (Sea Level, 59F, 60% RH), Natural Gas Firing
HITACHI HAS DEVELOPED SEVERAL NEW MODELS including a 100 MW

combustion turbine (Hitachi H-80), and several upgrades of the mature H-25 combustion turbine technology, ranging from 3242 MW. Hitachis combustion turbine lineup is ideal for upgrading/replacing existing simple cycle and combined cycle combustion turbines. Nominal combined cycle outputs of 140 MW or 285 MW are achievable with the H-80 combustion turbine in 1x1 or 2x1 plant arrangements. Learn more from Hitachi Power Systems America.
HITACHI POWER SYSTEMS AMERICA, LTD.

645 Martinsville Road, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920 power.info@hal.hitachi.com Tel: 908-605-2800 www.hitachipowersystems.us
Power. Progress. Partnership.

TerraSource Global is the ultimate resource for material processing and handling equipment, uniting three market leaders whose brands are recognized and trusted around the globe.
Gundlach Crushers, Jeffrey Rader and Pennsylvania Crusher are three distinguished brands with one common mission: to provide size reduction and material handling equipment of the highest quality in the market to serve the power, mining, forest products, cement, steel, aluminum and industrial waste industries, to name a few. TerraSource Global has sales, engineering and service ofces strategically located throughout the world to offer customers around the globe a complete range of processing solutions. Contact us today to learn what we can do for you. Please email us for more information at: info@terrasource.com
www.TerraSource.com
The brands of TerraSource Global are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Hillenbrand, Inc. (NYSE: HI), which is based in Indiana. 2013, TerraSource Global. All rights reserved.
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Vol. 157 No.

The Fall of Coal in Ontario

CIRCLE 1 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Established 1882 Vol. 157 No. 5

COVER STORY: ENERGY POLICY

34 Germanys Energy Transition Experiment

54 OPG Proposes New Nuclear Construction at Darlington

60 Small Hydro, Big Opportunity

Connect with POWER

Join the LinkedIn POWER magazine Group

68 Are SMRs U.S. Nuclear Powers Last, Best Hope?

74 mPower: Its Now or Never

76 China Wrestles with Power Shortages

80 Microbial Control in Cooling Water Improves Plant Performance

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

88 Mexico Uses Nuclear Plant Simulator for Safe Training

92 CFB Scrubbing: A Flexible Multipollutant Technology

6 Bait and Switch

18 Performance-Driven Maintenance 21 Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Potential Fire Hazard

24 EPA Not Backing Down on Title V Source Rules

102 NEW PRODUCTS COMMENTARY

108 A Safety Milestone at NV Energy

POWER May 2013

A natural t for any environment.

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EDITORIAL & PRODUCTION

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35,000 hours. Zero varnish.

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Construction Begins at Two U.S. Nuclear Reactors

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THE BIG PICTURE: Critical Energy Agendas

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Dan relies on Flexco because he knows lost material is lost revenue.

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