International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

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STATIC ANALYSIS OF THIN BEAMS BY INTERPOLATION METHOD APPROACH TO MATLAB

Prabhat Kumar Sinha Vijay Kumar*, Piyush Pandey Manas Tiwari Mechanical Engineering Department Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and sciences, Allahabad

ABSTRACT Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (also known as Engineers beam theory or classical beam theory) is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load carrying and deflection characteristics of beams. It covers the case for small deflection of a beam which is subjected to lateral loads only for a local point in between the class-interval in -direction by using the interpolation method, to make the table of and , then , where, y is a deflection of beam and slope at any point in the thin beams, apply the initial and boundary conditions, this can be calculating and plotting the graph by using the MATLAB is a fast technique method will give results, the result is also shown with numerical analytically procedure. The successful demonstrated it quickly because engineering and an enabler of the Industrial Revolution. Additional analysis tools have been developed such as plate theory and finite element analysis, but the simplicity of beam theory makes it an important tool in the science, especially structural and Mechanical Engineering. Keywords: Static Analysis, Interpolation Method, Flexural Stiffness, Isotropic Materials, MATLAB. INTRODUCTION When a thin beam bends it takes up various shapes [1]. The shapes may be superimposed on graph with the origin at the left or right end of the beam (before it is loaded). At any distance x meters from the left or right end, the beam will have a deflection and gradient or slope . The statement , means: corresponding to
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME

every value of in the range , there exists one or more values of y. Assuming that is a single-valued and continuous and that it is known explicitly, then the values of corresponding to certain given values of , say , ,, , can easily be computed and tabulated. The central problem of numerical analysis is the converse one: Given the set of tabular values , , , , , , , , satisfying the relation where the explicit nature of is not known, it is required to simpler function, such that and agree at the set of tabulated points. Such a process is interpolation. If is a polynomial, then the process is called polynomial interpolation and is called the interpolating polynomial. As a justification for the approximation of unknown function by means of a polynomial, we state that famous theorem due to Weierstrass: If is continuous in , then given any 0, there exists a polynomial such that f ( x ) P ( x ) < , for all in x0 , xn ). This means that it is possible to find a polynomial whose graph remains within the region bounded by - and + for all between and , however small may be [2]. SLOPE, DEFLECTION AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE We have already known the equation relating bending moment and radius of curvature in a beam, namely, Where, M is the bending moment. I is second moment of area about the centroid. E is the Modulus of Elasticity and R is the radius of curvature, Rearranging we have, 1/ / Figure-1 illustrates the radius of curvature which is defined as the radius of circle that has a tangent the same as the point on x-y graph.

Figure-1 Consider an elemental length of a curve. Let the tangents at P and Q make angles and + with the axis. Let the normal at P and Q meet at C. Then C is called the centre of curvature of the curve at any point between P and Q on the curve. The distance CP = CQ = R is called the radius of curvature at any point between P and Q on the curve. Obviously,
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME

Or, / But we know that if , be the coordinate of P,

/

/ / (1) Differentiating with respect to , we have . / / (2) Substituting in equation (1) we have, /

1 / 2 3/2 / (sec ) or / (1 + tan 2 )3/2 For practical member bent due to the bending moment the slope at any point is a small quantity, hence can be ignored. Therefore, 1 / If M be the bending moment which has produced the radius of curvature R, we have, 1 ..(3)

Therefore,

The product EI is called the flexural stiffness of the beam. In order to solve the slope or the deflection at any point on the beam, an equation for M in terms of position must be substituted into equation (1). We will now examine these cases in the example of cantilever beam [3]. OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT WORK The objective of the present work is to develop a MATLAB program which can work without the dependence upon the thin beam materials and the aspect ratio. The input should be geometry dimensions of thin beams for example-plate and circular bar such as length, breadth, thickness and diameter, the materials should be isotropic, materials data such as Youngs Modulus and Flexural Stiffness and to calculate the slope and deflection at any point in between 1-class interval by using interpolation method by analytically as well as
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MATLAB program and the plot the graph of slope and deflection of thin beams by using MATLAB programming and analyzed the graph and verify for the different values for results. LITERATURE REVIEW Addidsu Gezahegn Semie had worked on numerical modelling on thin plates and solved the problem of plate bending with Finite Element Method and Kirchoffs thin plate theory is applied and program is written in Fortran and the results were compared with the help of ansys and Fortran program was given as an open source code. The analysis was carried out for simple supported plate with distributed load, concentrated load and clamped/fixed edges plates for both distributed and concentrated load. From Euler-Bernoulli beam theory [3] is simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load carrying slope and deflection characteristics of beam in direction. This theory was applicable in Mechanics of Solid [4]. The derivation of thin beams of slope, deflection and radius of curvature [5] for example- six cases are occurred 1- Cantilever thin beam with point load at free end [6], 2- Cantilever thin beam with Uniformly Distributed Load (U.D.L.) [7], 3- Cantilever thin Uniformly Varying Load (U.V.L.) [8], 4- Simply supported thin beam point load at mid [9], 5- Simply supported thin beam with Uniformly Distributed Load (U.D.L.)[10]. 6- Simply supported thin beam with Uniformly Varying Load (U.V.L.) [11]. Numerical problem has been taken form Mechanics of Solids, Derivations or formulations made the table of and was used of interpolation method to found out the unknown value between at any point in between 1-class interval by using Newtons forward difference interpolation formula is used from top; Newtons backward difference interpolation formula is used from bottom starting, Stirling interpolation formula is used from the middle to get the results. [12], so it is overcome this problem we may use the Interpolation method by using MATLAB programming. There are general assumptions have been made when solving the problems are as follows. 1- Each layer of thin beams undergoes the same transverse deflection. 2- The mass of the point area is not considered as significant in altering the behaviour of the beams. 3- There is no displacement and rotation of the beam at the fixed end. 4- The material behaves linearly. 5- Materials should be Isotropic. 6- The deflections are small as compared to the beam thickness.[13] Case 1- Cantilever Thin Beam with Point Load at Free End-

Figure-2 The bending moment at any position x is simply Fx. Substituting this into equation (3) we have, [14]
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EI Integrate with respect to , we get

Slope at free end .(8) Deflection at free end

.(7) The main points of interest is slope and deflection at free end where 0. Substituting 0 into (6) and (7) gives the standard equations,

0, in equation (4). This gives 0 /2 2 Substitute , 0 5 0 6 2 3 /3 into equations (4) and (5) and the complete equations Substitute are

EIy= (5) A and B are constants of integration and must be found from the boundary conditions. These are at , 0 (no deflection) at , 0 (gradient horizontal) Substitute

(4) EI Integrate again and we get

(6)

.(9)

Numerical Analysis-1 A cantilever thin beam is 4m long and has a point load of 5KN at the free end. The flexural stiffness is 53.3MN2. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end. Solution:Slope equation

1 2 2 2 0, 6 5000 0 6 2 53.3 10 1.6885 10

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME

Similarly,

2, 6 5000 2 6 2 53.3 10 1.5 10 Also, 4, 6 5000 4 6 2 53.3 10 9.38086 10 And, 6, 6 5000 6 6 2 53.3 10 0
0 1.6885*10-3 Table-1 2 1.5*10-3 4 9.38086*10-4 6 0.000

MATLAB PROGRAM-USING INTERPOLATION METHOD % calculate the slope of beam at any point in between 1-class interval % cantilever beam % point load at free end x=[0 2 4 6]; slope=[1.66885*10.^-3 1.5*10.^-3 9.38086*10.^-4 0.0]; xi=1; yilin=interp1(x,slope,xi,'linear') yilin = 0.0016 (Answer) Plot the graph of slope of beam % plot the graph of slope of beam % cantilever thin beam % point load at free end F=5000; x=[0:1:6]; L=6; EI=53.3*10.^6; slope=(F/2)*[-x.^2+L.^2]/(EI); plot(x,slope,'--r*','linewidth',2,'markersize',12) xlabel('position along the axis (x)','Fontsize',12) ylabel('position along the axis (y)','Fontsize',12) title('slope of cantilever beam with point load at free end','Fontsize',12)

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1.8

x 10

-3

slope of cantilever beam with point load at free end

1.6

1.4

position along the axis (y)

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

position along the axis (x)

Figure-3 Deflection equation [15]

2 6 3 0, 6 5000 6 0 0 6.7542 10 53.3 10 3 Similarly, 2, 6 5000 2 6 2 6 3.5021 10 3 53.3 10 6 2 4, 6 5000 4 6 4 6 1.0 10 2 53.3 10 6 3 6, 6 5000 6 6 6 6 0.0 2 53.3 10 6 3
x(m) y(m) 0 -6.7542*10-3 Table-2 2 -3.5021*10-3 4 -1.0*10-3 6 0.0

MATLAB PROGRAM- USING INTERPOLATION METHOD % calculate the deflection of cantilever thin beam at any point in between % any 1-class interval % point load at free end x=[0 2 4 6]; y=[-6.7542e-3 -3.5021e-3 -1.0e-3 0.0]; xi=1; yilin=interp1(x,y,xi,'linear') yilin =-0.0051(Answer)

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Plot the graph of deflection % plot the graph of deflection of beam % cantilever beam % point load at free end F=5000; x=[0:1:6]; EI=53.3*10.^6; L=6; y=(F/EI)*[((-x.^3)/6)+((L.^2*x)/2)-((L.^3)/3)]; plot(x,y,'--r*','linewidth',2,'Markersize',12) xlabel('position along the axis (x)','Fontsize',12) ylabel('position along the axis (y)','Fontsize',12) title('deflection of cantilever beam with point load at free end','fontsize',12)
0 x 10
-3

deflection of cantilever beam with point load at free end

-1

p o s itio n a lo n g th e a x is ( y )

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7 0

position along the axis (x)

Figure-4 Case 2- Cantilever Thin Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load (U.D.L.)-

Figure-5 The bending moment at position is given by have, 2 Integrate wrt and we get,
261

. Substituting this equation (3) we

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME

10 6 Integrate again we get, 11 24 A and B are constants of integration and must be found from the boundary conditions. These are, , 0 , 0 0 10 and we get, Substitute 0 6 6 Substitute this into (11) with the known solution 0 0 24 6 8 Putting the results for A and B into equations in (10) and (11) yields the complete equations. 12 6 6 13 24 6 8 The main points of interest is the slope and deflection at free end where 0, 0 12 13 gives the standard equations.
Slope at free end

Deflection at free end Numerical Analysis-2

14

15

A cantilever thin beam is 6m long and has a U.D.L. of 300N/m. The flexural stiffness is 60MN2. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end. [16] Solution: Given data:- , 60 , 6

0, 6 0 6 1.7999 10 2, 6 2 6 1.7332 10 , 4, 6 4 6 1.2667 10 and 6, 6 300 6 6 0.00 6 60 10

Slope equation

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME

Slope(m)

Table-3 0 2 4 6 1.7999*10.^- 1.7332*10.^- 1.2667*10.^- 0.00 4 4 4

MATLAB PROGRAM-USING INTERPOLATION METHOD % calculate the slope of thin beam at any point in between 1-class interval % cantilever UDL x=[0 2 4 6]; m=[1.7999e-4 1.7332e-4 1.2666e-4 0.00]; xi=1; yilin=interp1(x,m,xi,'linear') yilin =(1.7666e-004) (Answer) Plot the graph of slope % plot the graph of slope of beam % cantilever udl thin beam w=300; x=[0:1:6]; EI=60*10.^6; L=6; m=(w/6)*(-x.^3+L.^3)/(EI); plot(x,m,'--r*','linewidth',2,'markersize',12) xlabel('position along the axis (x)','fontsize',12) ylabel('position along the axis (y)','fontsize',12) title('slope of cantilever udl thin beam','fontsize',12)
x 10
-4

slope of cantilever udl thin beam

p o s itio n a lo n g th e a x is ( y )

position along the axis (x)

Figure-6

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Deflection equation:-

2, 6

24 6 8 0, 6 300 6 0 0 8.1 10 , 60 10 8

300 2 6 2 6 4.533 10 , 60 10 24 6 8 4, 6 300 4 6 4 6 1.433 10 60 10 24 6 8 And 6, 6 300 6 6 6 6 0.00 24 6 8 60 10

0 -8.1*10.^-4 Table-4 2 -4.533*10.^-4 4 -1.433*10.^-4 6 0.00

MATLAB PROGRAM-USING INTERPOLATION METHOD % calculate the deflection of thin beam at any point in between 1-class % interval % cantilever udl thin beam x=[0 2 4 6]; y=[-8.1*10.^-4 -4.533*10.^-4 -1.433*10.^-4 0.00]; xi=1; yilin=interp1(x,y,xi,'linear') yilin = -6.3165e-004 (Answer) Plot the graph of deflection % plot the graph of deflection of beam % cantilever thin beam % cantilever udl w=300; x=[0:1:6]; EI=60*10.^6; L=6; y=(w/EI)*[(-x.^4/24)+(L.^3*x/6)-(L.^4/8)]; plot(x,y,'--r*','linewidth',2,'markersize',12) xlabel('position along the axis (x)','fontsize',12) ylabel('position along the axis (y)','fontsize',12) title('deflection of cantilever udl thin beam','fontsize',12)
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1 0 -1 x 10
-4

deflection of cantilever udl thin beam

p o s it io n a lo n g t h e a x is ( y )

-2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9

position along the axis (x)

Figure-7 Case 3- Cantilever Thin Beam with Uniformly Varying Load (U.V.L)-

Figure-8 Consider a section at a distance the fixed end AB intensity of loading at .[17] The bending moment at section is given by 1 . 6 2 3 Integrating we get, 24 At B the slope is 0,
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME

Therefore, At 0

17 Deflection equation To find the slope at C at the free end putting the value in the slope equation we get,[18] 24 Therefore, 24 To find the deflection at C putting in the deflection equation we get, 5 1 24 120 120 30 Therefore, 30 Download deflection of
Numerical Analysis-3 Cantilever of length 6 carrying a distributed load whose intensity varies uniformly from zero at the free end to 800N/m at fixed end, flexural stiffness 643300 .[19] Solution:Given data: Span length 6, , 643300, Slope equation

. . 16 Slope equation Integrating again we get, 120 24 The deflection at B is 0 0, 0 0 120 120 Therefore,

Then

0 0 24

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4, 6 6 4 800 6 0.0111 24 643300 6 6, 6 6 6 4 800 4 4 63 0.0112 24 643300 6

Table-4 2 -0.0090

6 0.00 , 2, 6

0, 6

6 0.0090 ,

0 0

4 -0.0111

6 -0.0112

MATLAB PROGRAM-USING INTERPOLATION METHOD % calculate the slope of thin beam at any point in between 1-class interval % cantilever U.V.L. x=[0 2 4 6]; slope=[0 -0.0090 -0.0111 -0.0112]; xi=1; yilin=interp1(x,slope,xi,'linear') yilin = -0.0045 Plot the graph of slope of cantilever U.V.L. MATLAB PROGRAM% plot the graph of slope of thin beam % cantilever U.V.L. w=800; x=[0:1:6]; EI=643300; L=6; m=(1/24)*(w/EI)*[((L-x).^4/L)-L.^3]; plot(x,m,'--r*','linewidth',2,'markersize',12) xlabel('position along the axis (x)','fontsize',12) ylabel('position along the axis (y)','fontsize',12) title('slope of cantilever U.V.L. thin beam','fontsize',12)

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME
slope of cantilever U.V.L. thin beam
0

-0.002

p os ition alo ng the ax is ( y )

-0.004

-0.006

-0.008

-0.01

-0.012

position along the axis (x)

Figure-9
W 24 EI - L-x5 5L L4 4

Deflection equation

L3

20

Put

x = 0m, L = 6m 64

800 y1 = 24*70*109*9.19*10- 6

- (6-0)5 - 6 5*6
3 *0

+ 5

= 0.00m x = 2m, L = 6m

800 y2 = 24*70*109*9.19*10- 6

- (6-2)5 - 6 5*6
3 *2

64 + 5 x = 4m, L = 6m = -0.011m,

800 y3 = 24*70*109*9.19*10- 6

- (6-4)5 - 6 5*6
3 *4

64 + 5 x = 4m, L = 6m = -0.031m,

800 y4 = 24*70*109*9.19*10- 6

- (6-6)5 - 6 5*6
3 *6

64 + 5 = -0.054m,

x (metre) y(metre)

0 0.0000

Table-5 2 -0.0110

4 -0.0310

6 -0.0540

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME

MATLAB PROGRAM-USING INTERPOLATION METHOD

% calculate the deflection of beam at any point in between 1-class interval % cantilever U.V.L. thin beam x=[0 2 4 6]; y=[0.0000 -0.0110 -0.0310 -0.0540]; xi=1; yilin=interp1(x,y,xi,'linear') yilin =-0.0055 Answer is -0.0055m Plot the graph of deflection of cantilever U.V.L.MATLAB PROGRAM% plot the graph of deflection of thin beam % cantilever U.V.L. w=800; x=[0 2 4 6]; EI=643300; L=6; y=(1/24)*(w/EI)*[(-(L-x).^5/(5*L))-L.^3*x+L.^4/5]; plot(x,y,'--r*','linewidth',2,'markersize',12) xlabel('position along the axis (x)','fontsize',12) ylabel('position along the axis (y)','fontsize',12) title('deflection of cantilver U.V.L.thin beam','fontsize',12)
deflection of cantilver U.V.L. thin beam
0

-0.01

p os ition alo ng the ax is (y )

-0.02

-0.03

-0.04

-0.05

-0.06

position along the axis (x)

Figure-10
FUTURE SCOPE
1- It can be extending as apply in simply supported thin beam (point load at mid, uniformly distributed load and uniformly varying load). 2- It can be extending in case of composite materials of beam which are non-isotropic. 3- It can be extending that is used in trusses like perfect, deficient and redundant. 4- It can be extending that is used in tapered and triangular beam. 5- It can be extending in Aeronautics, Aerodynamics and Space Engineering which is consisting of fixed vanes and crossed moving fixed vanes in rotor. 6- It can extending in Orthopaedics in Medical Sciences which is applicable in replace or support to the bones. 269

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013) IAEME

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION It was observed that in case of Cantilever thin beams (point load at free end, u.d.l. and u.v.l.) are carried out by the numerical analysis and MATLAB programming, made the table of verse slope and verse deflection after that taken at any one point in between any 1class-interval in thin beam and then calculated value at same point by using Interpolation Method through the MATLAB programming to analysed the value at that point is slope and deflection, we have analyzed by plotted the graph of static Slopes and Deflections of thin beams through the MATLAB programming. REFERENCES [1] [2] Zhang, G.Y., 2010, A Thin Beam Formulation Based on Interpolation Method, International Journal of numerical methods in engineering, volume 85, pp. 7-35. Wang, Hu, Guang, Li Yao, 2007, Successively Point Interpolation for One Dimensional Formulation, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, volume 31, pp. 122-143. Ballarini, Roberto, S, 2003 Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory, Mechanical Engineering Magazine Online. Liu, Wing Kam, 2010, Meshless Method for Linear One-Dimensional Interpolation Method, International Journal of Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, volume 152, pp. 55-71. Park, S.K. and Gao, X.L., 2007, Bernoulli-Euler Beam Theory Model Based on a Modified Coupled Stress Theory, International of Journal of Micro-mechanics and Micro- engineering, volume 19, pp. 12-67. Paul, Bourke, 2010, Interpolation Method, International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, volume 88, pp. 45-78. Launder, B.E. and Spading D.B., 2010, The Numerical Computation of Thin Beams, International Journal of Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, volume 3, pp. 296-289. Ballarini and Roberto, 2009, Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory Numerical Study of Thin Beams, International of Computer in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, volume 178, pp. 323-341. Thomson, J.F., Warsi Z.U.A. and Mastin C.W., 1982 Boundary Fitted Co-ordinate system for Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations, Journal of Computational Physics, volume 47, pp. 1-108. Gilat, Amos, January 2003, MATLAB An Introduction with Application, Publication- John Wiley and Sons. Hashin, Z and Shtrikman, S., 1963 A Variation Approach to the Theory of Elastic Behaviour of Multiphase Materials, Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, volume 11, pp. 127-140. Liu, G.R. and Gu, Y.T., 2001, A Point Interpolation Method for One-Dimensional Solids, International Journal of Numerical Methods Engineering, pp. 1081-1106. Katsikade, J.T. and Tsiatas, G.C., 2001, Large Deflection Analysis of Beams with Variable Stiffness, International Journal of Numerical Methods Engineering, volume 33, pp. 172-177.

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[14] Atluri, S.N. and Zhu, T., 1988, A new meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) approach in computational mechanics, Computational Mechanics volume 22, pp. 117-127. [15] Atluri, S. N. and Zhu, T., 2000, New concepts in meshless methods, International Journal of Numerical Methods Engineering, volume 47, pp. 537-556. [16] Newmark, N.M., 2009, A Method of Computation for Structural Statics, Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, volume 85, pp. 67-94. [17] Bickley, W.G., 1968 Piecewise Cubic Interpolation and Two-point Boundary Value Problem, Computer Journal, volume 11, pp. 200-206. [18] Sastry, S.S., 1976, Finite Difference Approximations to One Dimensional Parabolic Equation Journal Computer and Applied Maths., volume 2, pp. 20- 23. [19] Liu, G. R. and Gu,Y. T., 2001, A Point Interpolation Method for two-dimensional solids, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, volume 50, pp. 55-60. [20] Timoshenko, Stephen P. and Gere, James M., 1962, Theory of Elastic Stability, International Student Edition by McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. [21] Prabhat Kumar Sinha and Rohit, Analysis of Complex Composite Beam by using Timoshenko Beam Theory & Finite Element Method, International Journal of Design and Manufacturing Technology (IJDMT), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 43 - 50, ISSN Print: 0976 6995, ISSN Online: 0976 7002. [21] Mehdi Zamani, An Applied Two-Dimensional B-Spline Model for Interpolation of Data, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 322 - 336, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.

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