Implementation phase is the most critical aspect of the entire program, since this is the central goal of any

energy management effort. What is desire here is that the firm now carry out those measures which have been identified by the energy manager. Obsiously, one requirement of the implementation phase is that the firm be prepared to make the investment necessary to begin saving energy. It is generally usefull to categorize the energy management opportunities identified into three groups: Operations and maintenence option Retrofit and modification option New design or major contruction option

These can be senn to call an increasting scale of capital investment, ranging from zero to minimal for housekeeping changes, to extensive for options requiring new contruction. One effective approach for the energy manager to employ with investmentwary top management is to suggest that all the operation and maintenence EMOs be made first. The next step to get management to agree to flagging the saving resulting from the first implementation steps. These saving can then be considered to be set aside to implement subsequent steps in the plan. In many case, this approach will not be necessary. When the possibilities for saving money and energy are fully understood, the necessary changes will be made. However, the criteria for determining which investments are suitable vary widely. For many industries with limited access to investment cpital, a payback period of one year or less will be sought. Larger firms which access to capital may sattle for two to three years. Certain goverment agencies may find three to ten years acceptable to his or her management early in the process. These topics are discussed in more detail in chapter 12. Several other steps are important in the implemantation phase. These can be summarized as follows : Establish energy effectiveness goals for various department, division, or individual Institute reporting procedures Promote continuing awareness and involvement of personnel Provide for periodic review and evaluation of the overall energy management program

Most of these point are self-evident and do not require further elaboration. The first two points reflect the fundamental management concept that people are only able to operate affectively if : 1. They know what they are supposed to accomplish 2. They receive feedback which tells them how well they are doing. For example, figure 4.5 show how a large seattle department store energy manager tracks energy use in the stores under his supervision. He has provided each store manager with a goal, expressed in electrical watts per square foot for selling space. He reports back to the manager his or her usage for a base year (1973), actual usage for the last two years and usage for the current year. These are

graphed against a monthly goal which is adjusted to reflect seasonal variations. The sam chart also reports monthly and year to date kilowatt housrs and cost. The third point deserves emphasis since it is ultimately human being who are entrusted eith r=these marvels of engineering which are supossed to save all this energy and money. Experience indicates that more efficiant equipment and improved processes half the battle. The humant element is vital, and his all too often ignored. Obsviously, it makes little difference how efficientare plant and equipment, if the operating personnel : 1. Do not understand the need for efficiency 2. Dont believe in the need 3. Do not know how to operate their new, improved equpment Finally, the program must succeed. It must be reviewed periodecally to determine its strengths and weatnesses. It shoul be flexible, capable of responding to changing program need and economic conditions As time passes, the easy things eill have been done, and it will become thouger to find major new saving. The program should then shift to a series of cost effective five tunning operations. However, it seems certain that energy prices will rise fir several more decades, providing a continuing challenge to the professional energy manager.

CONCLUSIONS

An effective energy management program must begin with management comitment. The next step is to evolve ap plan subsequent actions. A review of historical patterns of energy use provides a foundation for energy audits and further engineering studies and analysis. Early in the program, suitable economic criteria must be eatiblished for evaluating possible energy management projects. Trainning, personel awareness and information program are vital. The succces of any program depend as much on human motivation as it does technology.

EXERCISES FOR THE STUDENT 1. Review historical patterns of energy use in your home or the home of friend for the past two or three years. Describe trends, both in terms of energy usage and costs. 2. The following data apply to a hospital with 150.000 ft2 and 200 beds : Electricity cost 0,045 $.kWh, natural gas 3 $/MBTU and fuel oil 0,8 $/galon. Determine :

a). Total annual energy use and const in GJ and $ b). Graph energy use, determine if there in a summer or winter peakand speculate your findings c). Determine energy use performance factor in MJ/m2.year and MJ/bed.year

3.

A manufactering firm has the following electrical equipment. The peak demand charges are excessive. The president asks you to find out why and recommend a solution. A second shift for operations c or f is possible. Determine total annual electricity costs for your plan if 1 kW of demand costs $5/month during the summer and $3/month during the winter. Energy cost 0.05$/kWh.

4. Interview the energy manager of a firm in your community. Determine : a) problem experienced implementating the program, b) succes the date , c). Recomendation if he/she were to do it over again.