URL: www.ijar.lit.

az
26
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF AN M-DRIVEN EARTH
ELECTRODES IN AN N-LAYERED SOIL

E.U. Ubeku, O.K. Ogbeide*

Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering
University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State (NIGERIA)
*Corresponding author: ogbeidek2002@yahoo.com


ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to present a procedural methods of obtaining an effective earthing system that can
withstand impulse currents. The correlation of the transient impedance with the earth electrode resistance of
vertically driven earth rods buried in either a uniform soil, two layered soil or enhanced soil forms the main
presentation. A fast rising impulse current were preformed on various number of parallel connected earth rods of
different lengths and the resulting transient impedance and potential plotted. The earthing system comprising of
vertically driven earth rods was assumed as an R-L series circuit whose R, L, C parameters are computed using
well known formulas. The results of the transient impedance of the various earthing systems formulations studied
provide very useful information for the design of and effective earthing system that provides an all year round
protection of personnel and installations from lightning strokes.

Key words: transient impedance, two-layer soil model, enhanced soil, impulse, effective earthing


1. INTRODUCTION

Earthing systems are always design with effectiveness and sustainability in mind. By effectiveness we
mean the ability of the earthing system to perform its duty when the need arises. Effective earthing of electrical
substations is of vital importance to the increase in the reliability of the power supply as it helps to provide stability
of voltage conditions, prevents excessive voltage peaks during disturbances, provide protection against lightning
and most importantly guarantee the safety of personnel during earth faults in the power system [Osman, M
(2003)]. By sustainability we mean an all year round performance of the earthing system. The earthing system
must be immune to climatic variations.
Up to present, the main problems relating to earthing system in electric power stations and distribution
substations have been widely studied and solutions on how to obtain effective earthing systems provided [Jinliang
He (2005), Bok-Hee Lee (2004)]. But colossal loses in both human and equipments are on the increase due to
poorly designed earthing systems.
In this paper we present a procedural method on how to achieve the best results in the design of earthing
system in both electric power stations and distribution substations that can effectively discharge earth fault current
and lightning current in the ground. The earthing system presented are the vertically driven ones that are arrange
in m-parallel configurations and are assumed to be buried in either a uniform soil, n-layered soil or an enhanced
soil. Due to the highly destructive nature of lightning currents, the behaviour of the earthing system under lightning
determines the degree of protection provided by the system. This makes it obvious for the presentation of
analysis of the procedure predicting the transient behaviour of and m-driven earth electrodes buried in various soil
topologies.

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Soil Characteristics

(a) Resistivity Measurements

No two sub-stations have the same soil characteristics no matter how close they are. The design of
earthing system for distribution substation begins with the soil characteristics survey. The most important soil
parameter is its resistivity. The method mostly used in the determination of a site soil resistivity is the Wenners
method. In this method four rods with the same spacing o are arranged in parallel and buried to a depth b in
the soil. For each measurement a current I is injected between the outermost probes C
1
and C
2
and the
voltage between the inner probes P
1
and P
2
measured as illustrated in fig. 1. The apparent resistivity p
u
of
such measurement is given as [Puttarach, A (2007); Ramdan, E (2009); ]:

(1)

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010


Fig.1. The Wenner Method for soil resistivity measurement

If the depth of burial of the probes does not exceed u.1o, then we assumed b = u and then equation 1,
becomes:

p
u
= 2no
v
I
(2)


(b) N-Layer Soil Apparent Resistivity

Equation 1 and 2 are derived by assuming the soil to be uniform. A uniform soil is assumed to have
resistivity which is constant both laterally and with depth to infinity, which is not the case. Soils are now found to
be stratified into N-layers. Soil is modelled as assuming it to be made up of horizontal N-layers each with a unique
soil resistivity. Fig. 2 shows the model of a two layered soil. The model is made up of an upper layer of resistivity
p
1
with finite depth above a lower layer of resistivity p
2
with infinite depth.



Fig.2. Two-Layer Soil Model


The apparent resistivity of a two layered soil measured using the Wenners method is given as:

p
u
= p
1
_1 + 4
K
n
_
1+[2n
h
c

=1

K
n
_
4+[2n
h
c

2
_ (3)

The term K in equation 3, which is defined as the reflection factor due to the abrupt change in resistivity
at the boundaries of each soil layer is express as:

K =
p
2
-p
1
p
2
+p
1
(4)

Taking several readings of apparent resistivity with various electrode spacing p
1
,p
1
and can be
computed.

2.2 Fundamental expressions

The important parameters in the determination of the transient impedance of vertically driven earth
electrodes are the earth electrode resistance R
c
, the electrode resistance r and inductance I of the earth
electrode, the earth electrode capacitance. The transient impedance of the earth electrode is significantly
dependent on the self and mutual inductance of the earthing electrode. Thus, a vertically driven earthing system
can be modelled by the electrical equivalent circuit consisting of earth electrode resistance, as well as inductance
of the earthing electrode and the earth capacitance as illustrated in fig.3.


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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010


Fig. 3. Equivalent Circuit for a vertically driven earth rod stroked by lightning

If this earthing system is struck by a lightning current i, the system can be simulated by a R I series
circuit and the transient potential u of the earth electrode is expressed as:

u(t) = Ri(t) + I
d(t)
dt
(5)

Using the solution method as presented by [Gonos, I.F (1999)] and assuming the lightning current as a
double exponential function [i(t) = I
0
(c
-ut
c
-bt
) with o and b being constants then equation 4 can
be expressed as:

u(t) = I
0
_R[
c
-t
(b-u)+c
-ct
(:-b)-c
-bt
(:-u)
(:-u)(:-b)
+I(bc
-bt
oc
-ut
)_
(6)
Where, is the inverse of the time constant and is given as:

=
1
RC
(7)

The transient impedance z of the earthing electrode is the ratio of the transient potential to the lightning
current and is given as:

z(t) = R _
c
-t
(b-u)+c
-ct
(:-b)-c
-bt
(:-u)
(:-u)(:-b)(c
-ct
-c
-bt
)
] +I [
bc
-bt
-uc
-ct
c
-ct
-c
-bt
(8)

2.3 M-driven Earth Electrode

(a) Homogeneous Soil

The earth electrode resistance of m-driven earth rods of length l and diameter J arranged in a parallel
configuration and spaced l distance apart and buried in a uniform soil of resistivity p
soI
is given by [ ]

R =
p
scil
2nmI
jln[
4I
d
1[ |2 c
-0.17(m-1)
] m = 1,2, .
(9)

The earth capacitance of m-driven earth rods is given as

C =
2nms
0
s
r
I
jIn[
4l
d
-1[|2-c
-0.1(m-1)
]
m = 1,2, .. (10)

Similarly, the inductance of m-driven earth rods is given as

I =
210
-
mI
jln[
4I
d
1[ |2 c
-0.17(m-1)
] m = 1,2, (11)


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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010
(b) N-layered Soil

In this paper we are limiting our number of soil layers to two, of which the apparent soil resistivity and
apparent soil permittivity can be expressed as[ANSI/IEEE Std 80-2000]

p
u
=
I(p
1
p
2
)
(p
2
(H-h)+p
1
(I+h-H))
(12)

e
u
=
I(s
1
s
2
)
(s
2
(H-h)+s
1
(I+h-H))
(13)

Incorporating equation 8 and 9, the earth electrode resistance of m-driven earth rods of length l arranged
in a parallel configuration and spaced l distance apart and buried in an N-layered is given by

R =
p
c
2nmI
jln[
4I
d
1[ |2 c
-0.17(m-1)
] m = 1,2, . (14)
The earth capacitance of m-driven earth rods in an n-layered soil is given as

C =
2nms
0
s
c
I
jIn[
4l
d
-1[|2-c
-0.1(m-1)
]
m = 1,2, (15)

Similarly, the inductance of m-driven earth rods in an n-layered is given as

I =
210
-
mI
jln[
4I
d
1[ |2 c
-0.17(m-1)
] m = 1,2, . (16)


(c) Enhanced Soil

Soils especially those in the tropical regions are highly resistive with their resistivities ranging from about
150 to about 2000 ohms-metre. Obtaining a low earth electrode resistance requires a lot of material and labour.
To address this problem, soil enhancing materials are usually employed [ANSI/IEEE Std 80-2000; Georg Eduful
(2009)]. The earth electrode resistance of m-driven earth rods of length l arranged in a parallel configuration and
spaced l distance apart and encased in a soil enhancing material of resistivity p
cn
buried in a highly resistive
soil of resistivity p
soI
is given as:


R =
1
2nmI
jp
cn
ln[

d
+p
soI
ln[
4I

[ |2 c
-0.17(m-1)
] m = 1,2, .. (17)

The capacitance of m-driven earth rods of length l arranged in a parallel configuration and spaced
l distance apart and encased in a soil enhancing material of relative permittivity e
cn
buried in a highly
resistive soil of relative permittivity e
soI
is given as

C =
2nms
0
I
|2-c
-0.1(m-1)
]
_
s
cn
In[
D
d

s
scil
In[
4l
D

_ m = 1,2, . (18)

Similarly, the inductance of m-driven earth rods encased in an enhancing soil material is given as

I =
210
-
mI
jln[
4I
d
[ |2 c
-0.17(m-1)
] (19)



3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The design of effective earthing systems for the protection of impulse currents due to lightning phenomena
depends on the understanding of the transient behaviours of earthing systems. Sensitivity analysis is usually
carried to determine the optimal amount of materials to be used. In this paper we carried out a sensitivity analysis
of the earthing system transient response of a fast impulse (1.S7ups) when parameters such as earth


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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010
electrode length, soil resistivity, resistivity of enhancing material and dugout diameter of encased material are
varied. Three cases are examined these are, uniform soil, two layer soil and enhanced soil.

3.1 Case 1: Uniform soil
Table 1 shows the parameters investigated in the sensitivity analysis of the transient behaviour of vertically
driven earth rod buried in a uniform soil

Table 1. Examined Cases for a uniform soil

Excitation Type
1. Sps/70ps
Length of earth rod 0.5-5m
Number of Earth rods 1-5
Soil resistivity 100, 500, 1000,2000
Soil relative permittivity 5
Diameter of earth rod 150mm


Fig. 1. Transient Impedance of various earth rod lengths driven in a homogeneous soil of
resistivity 100 ohms-metre

Fig. 2. Transient Potential of various earth rod lengths driven in a homogeneous soil of
resistivity 100 ohms-metre

Fig. 1 and 2 shows the results the transient impedance and potential obtained for the vertically driven
earth rods for six different earth rod lengths in a soil of resistivity 100 ohms-metre. The transient impedance
curves decays exponentially towards the R
dc
value. The transient impedance values depend on the length of the
earth rod. The magnitude and rise time of the transient potential decreases as the length of the earth rod
increases. The length of the earth rod is the vital parameter in this case, but its contribution in the reduction of the
values of both the transient impedance and potential diminishes as the length increases. Thus at 5 metres the %
change in values is almost insignificant. The optimal length is between 4 and 5 metres.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t

Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
O
h
m
s
)


1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t

P
o
t
e
n
t
ia
l
(
V
o
lt
s
)


1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010

Fig. 5. Transient Impedance of a 3-metre earth rod driven in various soils of resistivities

Not all substation sites have the same soil resistivity. Fig. 5 shows the results the transient impedance
obtained for 3-metre vertically driven earth rod in five soils of different soil of resistivities. The transient impedance
curves apart from that of the 100 Ohm-metre, decays exponentially initially and then rises towards the R
dc
value.
The transient impedance values depend on the soil resistivity. The soil resistivity is the vital parameter in this
case, thus the optimal length requirement for an effective earthing system is a function of the soil resistivity of the
site and the earth electrode resistance R
dc
required.

Fig. 4. Transient Impedance of various number of parallel connected 3-metre earth rods driven in a homogeneous
soil of resistivity 390 ohms-metre with a relative permittivity of 4

Since the installation of earth rods deeply into a uniform soil may not result into any appreciable drop in
transient impedance and potential a method must be found to achieve this. Fig. 3 and 4 shows the results the
transient impedance and potential obtained for a 3-metre vertically driven earth rod for 1,2,3,4, 5 and 6 parallel
connected configurations in a soil of resistivity 390 ohms-metre. The transient impedance curves decays
exponentially initially and then rises towards the R
dc
value. The transient impedance values depend on the
number of parallel connected earth rods. The magnitude and rise time of the transient potential decreases as the
number of parallel connected earth rods increases. The number of earth rods is the vital parameter in this case,
but its contribution in the reduction of the values of both the transient impedance and potential diminishes as
number of earth rods increases. Thus for a five, 3 metre earth rods connected in parallel the % change in values
is almost insignificant. The optimal numbers of parallel connected earth rods are between 4 and 5 spaced 3 metre
apart.

3.2 Case 2: M-layer soil
Table 2 shows the parameters investigated in the sensitivity analysis of the transient behaviour of vertically
driven earth rod buried in a two layer soil model

Table 2. Examined Cases for a two layered soil

Excitation type
1.5ps/70ps
Length of earth rod 0.5-5m
Top layer resistivity 120.00, 340
Bottom layer resistivity 450.00, 102
Thickness of layer 4,1.1
Number of earth rod 1-5
Diameter of earth rod 150mm
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
(
O
h
m
s
)


100 Ohm-metre
500 Ohm-metre
1000 Ohm-metre
1500 Ohm-metre
2000 Ohm-metre
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
O
h
m
s
)


1
2
3
4
5
6


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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010

Fig. 7. Transient Impedance of various earth rod lengths driven in a two layered soil where p
1
< p
2




Fig 8. Transient Potential of various earth rod lengths driven in a two layered soil where p
1
< p
2


Fig. 7 and 8 shows the results the transient impedance and potential obtained for the vertically driven earth
rod for a two layer soil model with p
1
< p
2
that is p
1
= 12u Ohm-metre and p
2
= 4Su Ohm-metre .The
transient impedance and potential values depends on the length of the earth rod, but the deeper the earth rod the
higher the earth electrode resistance. The magnitude and rise time of the transient potential increases as the
length of the earth rod increases. In sites with p
1
< p
2
with a layer thickness of t the optimal length is just
below the surface up to a deep of 1 metre. Within this range a 1 metre earth rod as shown in fig. 7 has a R
dc

value of 14 Ohms.

Fig. 9. Transient Impedance of various earth rod lengths driven in a two layered soil where p
1
> p
2


Fig. 9 show the results the transient impedance obtained for the vertically driven earth rod for a two layer
soil model with p
1
> p
2
, that is p
1
= S4u Ohm-metre and p
2
= 1u2 Ohm-metre .The transient
impedance values in this case depends on the length of the earth rod, the deeper the earth rod penetrates the
bottom soil the lower the earth electrode resistance. In sites with p
1
> p
2
with a layer thickness of t the
optimal length is between 4 and 5 metres.



0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time (seconds)
T
ra
n
s
ie
n
t
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(O
h
m
s
)


1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t
P
o
t
e
n
tia
l
(O
h
m
s
)


1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
O
h
m
s
)


1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010

Fig. 10. Transient Impedance of various number of parallel connected earth rods driven
in a two layered soil of which p
1
< p
2


Fig. 10 show the results the transient impedance obtained for various number of 1-m earth rods
connected in parallel for a two layer soil model with p
1
< p
2
, that is p
1
= 12u Ohm-metre and p
2
= 4Su
Ohm-metre with a top layer thickness of 4 metre. The transient impedance values in this case depends on the
number of parallel connected earth rods, provided they are 1 metre long. In sites with p
1
< p
2
with a layer
thickness of t the optimal number is between 4 and 5, and should be 1 metre in length.


Fig. 11. Transient Impedance of various number of parallel connected earth rods driven
in a two layered soil of which p
1
> p
2


Fig. 11 show the results the transient impedance obtained for a number of 4-metre parallel connected
earth rods for a two layer soil model with p
1
> p
2
, that is p
1
= S4u Ohm-metre and p
2
= 1u2 Ohm-
metre .The transient impedance values in this case depends on the number of earth rods. In sites with p
1
>
p
2
with a layer thickness of t the optimal number of parallel connected earth rods is also between 4 and 5.

3.3 Case 3: Enhanced soil
Table 3 shows the parameters investigated in the sensitivity analysis of the transient behaviour of
vertically driven earth rod embedded in a soil enhancing material buried soil of resistivity 390 Ohms-metre.

Table 3. Examined Cases for an Enhanced soil

Excitation type
1.5/70ps
Length of earth rod 0.5-5m
Number of earth rod 1-5
Soil resistivity 390
Enhancing material resistivity 2.5, 10.4, 26,30
Soil relative permittivity 4 (dry soil)
Enhancing material relative permittivity 4 (dry material)
Diameter of critical cylinder 0.2-1 m
Diameter of earth rod 150 mm
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time (seconds)
T
ra
n
s
ie
n
t
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(O
h
m
s
)


1
2
3
4
5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Time (seconds)
T
ra
n
s
ie
n
t
Im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(O
h
m
s
)


1
2
3
4
5


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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010

Fig. 12. Transient Impedance of various earth rod lengths driven into a soil enhancing material of resistivity 30
ohm-metre buried in a round dugout of diameter 0.5 metre in a soil of resistivity 390 ohms-metre

Fig. 13. Transient Potential of various earth rod lengths driven into a soil enhancing material of resistivity 30
ohm-metre buried in a round dugout of diameter 0.5 metre in a soil of resistivity 390 ohms-metre

Fig. 12 and 13 shows the results the transient impedance and potential obtained for the vertically driven
earth rods embedded in a soil enhancing material buried in a soil of resistivity 190 ohms-metre. The transient
impedance curves decays exponentially towards the R
dc
value. The transient impedance values depend on the
length of the earth rod if the rest factors like soil and enhancing material resistivities are kept constant. The
magnitude and rise time of the transient potential decreases as the length of the earth rod increases. The length
of the earth rod is the vital parameter in this case, but its contribution in the reduction of the values of both the
transient impedance and potential diminishes as the length increases. Thus at 5 metres the % change in values
is almost insignificant. The optimal length is between 4 and 5 metres.

Fig. 14. Transient Impedance of various number of parallel connected earth rods each
driven into a soil enhancing material of resistivity 30 ohm-metre buried in a round dugout of diameter
0.5 metre in a soil of resistivity 390 ohms-metre

Fig. 14 shows the results the transient impedance obtained for a 3-metre vertically driven earth rod for
1,2,3,4 and 5 parallel connected configurations each encased in a soil enhancing material of resistivity 30 ohm-
metre buried in a soil of resistivity 390 ohms-metre. The transient impedance curves decays exponentially initially
and then rises towards the R
dc
value. The transient impedance values depend on the number of parallel
connected earth rods. The number of earth rods is the vital parameter in this case, but its contribution in the
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
O
h
m
s
)


1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t

P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

(
V
o
l
t
s
)


1 m
2 m
3 m
4 m
5 m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
V
o
l
t
s
)


1
2
3
4
5

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 2. No. 4. July 2010
reduction of the values of both the transient impedance and potential diminishes as number of earth rods
increases. Thus for a five, 3 metre earth rods connected in parallel the % change in values is almost insignificant.
The optimal numbers of parallel connected soil enhancing material embedded earth rods are between 4 and 5
spaced 3 metre apart.

Fig. 15. Transient Impedance of a 3-metre earth rod driven into a soil enhancing material of various dug-out
diameters buried in a soil of resistivity 390 ohms-metre

Fig. 15 shows the results the transient impedance obtained for a 3-metre vertically driven earth rod each
encased in a soil enhancing material of resistivity 30 ohm-metre buried in various dugouts in a soil of resistivity
390 ohms-metre. The transient impedance curves decays exponentially initially and then rises towards the R
dc

value. The transient impedance values depend on the size of the dugout diameter. The dugout diameter is the
vital parameter in this case, but its contribution in the reduction of the value of the transient impedance
diminishes and the cost of excavation increases as the size of dugout increases. The optimal dugout size is 1.5
m but the cost is high.

4. CONCLUSION

The performance plots obtained from the simulations shows that the maximum values of the transient
impedance is a function of soil resistivity, type of layered soil, resistivity of enhancing material, the length and
number of earth rods. The maximum value of the transient impedance decreases exponentially to the R
dc

values. These simulations will enable us have a better understanding of the relationship between transient
impedance and the R
dc
values which allows us to reduce the cost of material and labour. It will also serve as a
guide in the optimisation of any planned earthing system design


REFERENCES

1. ANSI/IEEE Std 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
2. Bok-Hee Lee, Dong-Cheol Jeong, Su-Bong Lee and Keun-Chul Chang (2004) Effective Impulse
Impedances of Deeply Driven Grounding Electrodes KIEE International Transaction on EA. Vol. 4-
C. No. 5 pp 207-214
3. George Eduful, Joseph Ekow Cole and Okyere, P.Y(2009)Optimum Mix of Ground Electrodes and
Conductive Backfills to Achieve a Low Ground Resistance Proceedings of the World Congress on
Engineering and Computer Science 2009 Vol. 1 WCECS 2009, October 20-22, 2009 San Francisco,
USA
4. Gonos, I.F, Antoniou, M.K, Stathopulos, I.A and Topalis, F.V (1999) Transient analysis of the
behaviour of grounding systems consisted by driven rods Progress in Simulation, Modelling,
Analysis and Synthesis of Modern Electrical and Electronic Devices and Systems, pp. 130-135,
World Scientific and Engineering, Athens.
5. Jinliang He and Rong Zeng (2005) Studies on Grounding Technologies for Power System in China
IEEJ Trans. PE, Vol.125, No.8,pp.750-753
6. Osman, M, Chen,G and Pilling, N (2003)Effect of high barrier on earthing system XIIIth
International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Netherlands 2003, Smit(ed.) pp.1-4.
7. Ramdan E. Rajab, N Mohamad Nor and Ramar, K (2009) Investigation of Two-Layer Earth
Parameters at Low Voltage: Measurement and Calculations American J. Of Engineering and
Applied Sciences 2(1): 165-170)



0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
x 10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Time (seconds)
T
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
O
h
m
s
)


0.5 m
1 m
1.5 m
2 m
2.5 m
3 m