4.6 Deduction and Induction 4.6a Reasoning by deduction or reasoning by induction 1.

A conclusion is made through (a) ______________________________ (b) ______________________________ 2. Deduction is ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ For example, All the odd numbers are not divisible by 2 x is an odd number x is not divisible by 2
General statement/premise

Specific conclusion

3. Induction is ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ For example 2=2x1 4=2x2 6=2x3 8=2x4 Therefore, nth even number is 2n where n = 1, 2, 3,

Specific case/ premise

General conclusion

4.6b Making a conclusion by deduction Conclusion can be made based on a given general statement (premise) given. Example: (a) Each exterior angle of a regular polygon with n sides is 3600 n What conclusion can you make about each exterior angle of a regular hexagon?

(b) Given am x an = a m+n . What conclusion can you make about 72 x 73?

4.6c Making a generalization by induction Generalization can be made based on the pattern of a numerical sequence by induction. Example: 1. Make a generalization about the following number sequence (a) 1, 8, 27, 64, . 1 = 13 8 = 23 27 = 33 64 = 43

Answer: ______________________________________________________

(b) 1, 6, 11, 16 ,.. 1 = 1 + 5(0) 6 = 1 + 5(1) 11 = 1 + 5(2) 16 = 1 + 5(3) Answer: ______________________________________________________ 4.6d Problems solving Induction and deduction can be used to solve problems in life. Example: The tables in the Bunga Raya Restaurant can be arranged in the following pattern.

1 table 8 seats

2 tables 12 seats

How many seats can be arranged if seven tables are to be arranged in a row?

Exercise 4.6 1. Determine whether each of the following conclusions is made through reasoning by deduction or reasoning by induction. Complete the table below. Argument Reasoning 0 (a) If the two sum angles is 180 , then the angles are the supplementary angles. The sum of <a and < b is 1800 , therefore <a and <b are supplementary angles (b) 2 + 2 = 4 4+2=6 2+6=8 process

Even number + even number = even number (c) A regular polygon with n sides has n axes of symmetry. Therefore a regular hexagon has 6 axes symmetry. (d) - 3 x 2 = -6 , 2 x (-5) = -10, -1 x 4 = - 4 Therefore , the result of multiplication of positive number and negative number form a negative number. 2. Make a conclusion about a specific case based on each of the following general statements given by deduction. (a) If one of the prime number are larger than 2, therefore the number is odd number. Make a conclusion about a prime number between 10 and 15?

(b) Each interior angle of regular polygon with n sides is 1 2 x 1800 . n Make a conclusion about each interior angle of a regular octagon.

(c) Given (an)m = anxm with condition a = 0 and n and m are integer. Make a conclusion about (32)- 5??

(d) Area of triangle = 1 x base x height. What are the area of triangle PRS? 2

3. Make a generalization about each of the following number sequences by induction. (a) 3, 7, 11, 15, 3 = 4(1) - 1 4 = 4(2) - 1 6 = 4(3) - 1 8 = 4(4) - 1 (b) 2, 5, 10,17,. 2 = 12 + 1 5 = 22 + 1 10 = 32 + 1 17 = 42 + 1 (c) 6, 10, 14, 18,.. 6 = 4 (1) + 2 10 = 4 (2) + 2 14 = 4 (3) + 2 18 = 4 (4) + 2

(e) 24, 21,18,15,.. 24 = 24 3(0) 21 = 24 - 3 (1) 18 = 24 3(2) 15 = 24 3 (3)

(d) 7,9,11,13

(e) 15,30,45,60,75,

4. The relationship between the cost, RMC, of producing p printers is given as C = 9p + 100 (a) What is the cost of producing 2000 printers?

(b) How many printers are produced if the production cost is amounted to RM 45100?