ALESIA.

ALEXANDREIA 95
mile from the coast, though it was in the Roman 332. It stood in lat. 31 N. ; long. 47 E. (Arrian,
times a seaport. [E. H. B.] iii.1, p. 156; Q. Curt. iv. 8. 2.) On his TOJIgt
(Alise\ a town of the Mandubii, who
ALE'SIA from Memphis to Canobus he was struck by the
were neighbours of the Aedui. The name is some- natural advantages of the little town of Rhacotis,
times written Alcxia (Floras, iii. 10, note, ed. Duker, on the north-eastern angle of the Lake Mareotis.
and elsewhere). Tradition made it a very old town, The harbour of Rhacotis, with the adjacent island
fnr the story was that it was founded by Hercules of Pharos, had been from very remote ages (Horn.
on his return from Iberia; and the Celtae were said Od. iv. 355) the resort of Greek and Phoenician
to venerate it as the hearth (4<rna) and mother city sea-rovers, and in the former place the Pharaohs kept
of all Celtic* (Diod. iv. 19). Strabo (p. 191) de- a permanent garrison, to prevent foreigners entering
scribes Alesia as situated on a lofty hill, and sur- their dominions by any other approach than the city
rounded by mountains and by two streams. This of Naucratis and the Canobic branch of the Nile.

description may be taken from that of Caesar (B. G. At Rhacotis Alexander determined to construct the
vii.
69), who adds that in front of the town there future capital of his western conquests. His archi-
was a plain about three Roman miles long. The tect Deinocrateswas instructed to survey the harbour,
site corresponds to that of Mont
Auxois, close to and draw out a plan of a military and commercial
to
which is a place now called Ste Reine dAlise. The metropolis of the first rank. (Vitruv. ii. prooem. ;

two streams are the Lozerain and the Loze, both Solin.c.32; Amm. Marc.xxii.40;
Val.Max.i. 4. 1.)
tributaries of the Yonne. In B. c. 52 the Galli The ground-plan was traced by Alexander himself;
made a last effort to throw off the Roman yoke, and the building was commenced immediately, but the
after they had sustained several defeats, a large city was not completed until the reign of the second
force under Yercingetorix shut themselves up in monarch of the Lagid line, Ptolemy Philadelphus.
Alesia. After a vigorous resistance, the place was It continued to receive embellishment and extension
surrendered to Caesar, and Vercingetorix was made from nearly every monarch of that dynasty. The plan
a prisoner (B. G. vii. 68 90). Caesar does not of Deinocrates was carried out by another architect,
speak of the destruction of the place, but Florus named Cleomenes, of Naucratis. (Justin, xiii. 4. 1 .)

says that it was burnt, a circumstance which is not Ancient writers (Strab. p. 791, seq.; Plut. Alex.
inconsistent with its being afterwards restored. 26; Plin. v. 10. s. 11) compare the general form
Pliny (xxxiv. 17. 48) speaks of Alesia as noted for
s. of Alexandreia to the cloak (chlamys) worn by the

silver-plating articles of harness for horses and beasts Macedonian cavalry. It was of an oblong figure,
of burden. Traces of several Roman roads tend rounded at the SE. and SW. extremities. Its length
towards this town, which appears to have been finally from E. to W. was nearly -4 miles; its breadth from
ruined about the ninth century of ouraera. [G. L.] S. to N. nearly a mile, and its circumference, ac-
ALE'SIAE ('AAeo-uu), a village in Laconia, on cording to Pliny (I. c.) was about 15 miles. The
the road from Therapne to Mt. Taygetus, is placed interiorwas laid out in parallelograms: the streets
by Leake nearly in a line between the southern ex- crossed one another at right angles, and were all
tremity of Sparta and the site of Bryseae. (Paus. wide enough to admit of both wheel carriages and
iii. 20. 2; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 164.) foot-passengers. Two grand
thoroughfares nearly
ALESIAEUM ('AAeo-jaTov), called ALEI'SIUM bisected the city. They ran in straight lines to its
('AAeunoi/) by Homer, a town of Pisatis, situated four principal gates, and each was a plethrum, or

upon the road leading across the mountains from Elis about 200 feet wide. The longest, 40 stadia in
to Olympia. Its site is uncertain. (Strab. p. 341 ; length, ran from the Canobic gate to that of the
Horn. //. n. 617; Steph. B. s.v. 'AArjcnoi'.) Necropolis (E. W.): the shorter, 7 8 stadia in
ALESIUS MONS, [MANTINEIA.] length, extended from the Gate of the Sun to the
ALETIUM 76; Eth.
('AA7/Tw Ptol. iii. 1. Gate of the Moon (S. N.). On its northern side
Aletinus, Plin. 16), a town of Calabria,
iii. 11. s. Alexandreia was bounded by the sea, sometimes de-
mentioned, both by Pliny and Ptolemy, among the nominated the Egyptian Sea: on the south by the
inland cities which they assign to the Salentini. Its Lake of Marea or Mareotis; to the west were the
site (erroneously placed by Cluver at Lecce) is Necropolis and its numerous gardens; to the east
clearly marked by the ancient church of Sta Maria the Eleusinian road and the Great Hippodrome. The
della Lizza (formerly an episcopal see) near the tongue of land upon which Alexandreia stood was
village of Pisciotti, about 5 miles from Gallipoli, on singularly adapted to a commercial city. The island
the road to Otranto, Here many ancient remains of Pharos broke the force of the north wind, and of
have been discovered, among which are numerous the occasional high floods of the Mediterranean.
tombs, with inscriptions in the Messapian dialect. The headland of Lochias sheltered its harbours to
(D'Anville, Anal. Geogr. de TItalie, p. 233; Momm- the east; the Lake Mareotis was both a wet-dock
sen, Unter-Ital. Dialekte, p. 57.) The name is and the general haven of the inland navigation of
corruptly written Baletium in the Tab. Feut., which the Nile- valley, whether direct from Syene, or by
however correctly places it between Neretum (Nar- the royal canal from Arsinoe on the Red Sea, while
r//>)
and Uxentum (Ugento), though the distances various other canals connected the lake with the
given are inaccurate. In Strabo, also, it is probable Deltaic branches of the river. The springs of Rha-
that we should read with Kramer 'AATjn'a for 2a- cotiswere few and brackish but an aqueduct con-
;

ATjTri'a, which he describes as a town in the interior veyed the Nile water into the southern section of the
of Calabria, a short distance from the sea. (Strab. city,and tanks, many of which are still in use, dis-
p. 282 ;
and Kramer, ad /oc.) [E. H. B.] tributed fresh water to both public and private edi-
ALEXANDREIA, -IA or -EA (TJ 'AAe|az/5pe<a: fires. (Hirtius, B. Alex. c.
5.) The soil, partly
Eth. 'AAe|ai/5pi;s, more rarely 'AAeav5piT7]s, sandy and partly calcareous, rendered drainage
nearly superfluous. The
fogs which periodically
y, Alexandrinus ; fern. linger on the shores of Cyrene and Etrypt were dis-
the modem
El-SkanderislC), the Hellenic capital of persed by the north winds which, in the summer
Kgypt, was founded by Alexander the Great in B. c. season, ventilate the Delta; while the salubrious
96 ALEX ANDREI A,
atmosphere for which Alexandria was celebrated
was directly favoured by the Luke Mareotis, whose
bed was annually filled from the Nile, and the
miasma incident to lagoons scattered by the re-
gular influx of its purifying floods. The inclina-
tion of the streets from east to west concurred with
these causes to render Alexandreia healthy; since it
broke the force of the Etesian or northern breezes,
and diffused an equable temperature over the city.
Nor were its military less striking than its
ALEXANDREIA.
mercial advantages. Its harbours were sufficiently
capacious to admit of large fleets, and sufficiently
contracted at their entrance to be defended by booms
and chains. A number of small islands around the
Pharos and the harbours were occupied ;with forts,
and the approach from the north was further se-
cured by the difficulty of navigating among the
limestone reefs and mud-banks which front the de-
bouchure of the Nile.
com-

PLAN OK ALEXANDREIA.
1. Acrolochias. 17. Stadium.
2. Lochias. 18. Library and Museum.
3. Closed or Eoyal Port. 19. Soma.
4. Antirhodos. 20. Dicasterium.
5. Royal Dockyards. 21. Pauium.
6. Poseideion. 22. Serapeion.
Dockyards and Quays.
7. City 23. Rhacotis.
Gate of the Moon.
8. 24. Lake Mareotis.
9. Kibotus, Basin of Etinostus. 25. Canal to Lake Mareotis.
10. Great Mole (Heptastadium). 26. Aqueduct from the Nile.
11. Eunostus, Haven of Happy Return. 27. Necropolis.
12. The Island Pharos. 28. Hippodrome.
13. The Tower Pharos (Diamond-Rock). 29. Gate of the Sun.
14. The Pirates' Bay. 30. Amphitheatre.
15. Regio Judaeorum. 31. Emporium or Royal Exchange.
16. Theatre of the Museum. 32. Arsinoeum.

We shall first describe the harbour-line,
the interior of the city.
The harbour-line commenced from the east with
the peninsular strip Lochias, which terminated sea-
ward in a fort called Acro-Lochias, the modern
Pharillon. The ruins of a pier on the eastern
side of it mark an ancient landing-place,
probably
belonging to the Palace which, with its groves and
and next Anton. 69.) Between Lochias and the Great Mole
(Heptastadium) was the Greater Harbour, and on
the western side of the Mole was the Haven of
Happy Return (evi/ooTos), connected by the basin
(/agon-os, chest) with the canal that led, by
one arm,
to the Lake Mareotis, and by the other to the Canobic
" "
ami of the Nile. The haven of Happy Return
fronted the quarter of the city called Rhacotis. It

gardens, occupied this Peninsula. Like all the prin-
cipal buildings of Alexandreia, it commanded a view
of the bay and the Pharos. The Lochias formed, with
the islet of Antirhodus, the Closed or Royal Port,
which was kept exclusively for the king's gallies,
and around the head of which were the Royal Dock-
yards. West of the Closed Port was the Poseideion
or Temple of Neptune, where embarking and return-
ing mariners registered their vows. The northern
point of this temple was called the Timonium,
whither the defeated triumvir M. Antonius retired
after his flight from Actium in b. c. 31. (Plut.
was less difficult of access than the Greater Har-
bour, as the reefs and shoals lie principally NE. of
the Pharos. Its modern name is the Old Port.
From the Poseideion to the Mole the shore was
lined with dockyards and warehouses, upon whose
broad granite quays ships discharged their lading
without the intervention of boats. On the western
horn of the Eunostus were public granaries.
Fronting the city, and sheltering both its
har-
It was
bours, lay the long narrow island of Pharos.
a dazzling white calcareous rock, about a mile from
Alexandreia, and, according to Strabo, 150 stadia
 ALEXANDREIA.
from the Canobic mouth of the Nile. At its
point stood the far-famed lighthouse,
the work of So-
strates of Cnidus, and, nearer the Heptastadium, was
a temple of Phtah or Hephaestus. The Pharos was
begun by Ptolemy Soter, but completed by his suc-
" the
cessor, and dedicated by him to gods So-
teres," or Soter and Berenice, his parents. (Strab. p.
792.) It consisted of several stories, and is baid to
have been four hundred feet in height. The old
light-house of Alexandreia still occupies the site of
its ancient predecessor. A
deep bay on the northern
" Pirates'
side of the island was called the Haven,"
from its having been an early place of refuge for
Carian and Samian mariners. The islets which
stud the northern coast of Pharos became, in the
4th and 5th centuries A. D., the resort of Christian
anchorites. The island is said by Strabo to have
been nearly desolated by Julius Caesar when he was
besieged by the Alexandrians in B. c. 46. (Hirt.
s Alex. 17.)
The Pharos was connected with the mainland by
an artificial mound or causeway, called, from its
length (7 stadia, 4270 English feet, or f of a mile),
the Heptastadium. There were two breaks in the
Mole to let the water flow through, and prevent the
accumulation of silth over these passages bridges
;
were which could be raised up at need. The
laid,
temple of Hephaestus on Pharos stood at one ex-
tremity of the Mole, and the Gate of the Moon on
the mainland at the other. The form of the Hepta-
stadium can no longer be distinguished, since modern
Alexandreia is principally erected upon it, and upon
the earth which has accumulated about its piers. It
probably lay in a direct line between fort Caffaretti
and the island.
Interim* of the City. Alexandreia was divided
into three regions. (1) The Regio Judaeorum. (2)
The Brucheium or Pyrucheium, the Royal or Greek
Quarter. (3) The Rhacotis or Egyptian Quarter.
This division corresponded to the three original con-
stituents of the Alexandrian population (rpia yei'rj,
Polyb. xxxiv. 14; Strab. p. 797, seq.) After
B. c. 31 the Romans added a fourth element, but
this was principally military and financial (the gam-
son, the government, and its official staff, and the
negotiatores), and confined to the Region Brucheium.
Regio Judaeorum, or Jews' Quarter, occupied
1.
the angle of the city, and was encompassed by
NE.
the sea, the city walls, and the Brucheium. Like
the Jewry of modem European cities, it had walls
and gates of its own, which were at times highly
necessary for its security, since between the Alexan-
drian Greeks and Jews frequent hostilities raged,
inflamed both by political jealousy and religious
hatred. The Jews were governed by their own
Ethnarch, or Arabarches (Joseph. Antiq. xiv. 7. 2,
10. 1, xviii. 6. 3, xix. 5. 2, B. J. ii. 18. 7),
by a sanhedrim or senate, and their own national
laws. Augustus Caesar, in B. c. 31, granted to the
Alexandrian Jews equal privileges with their Greek
fellow citizens, and recorded his grant by a public
inscription. (Id. Antiq. xii. 3, c.Apion. 2.)
Philo
Judaeus (Legal, in Caium) gives a full account of
the immunities of the Regio Judaeorum. They
were frequently confirmed or annulled by succes-
sive Roman emperors. (Sharpe, Hist, of
p. 347, seq. 2nd edit.)
2. Brucheium, or Pyrucheium (Epv^e'iov, Uvpo-
Xftbv, Salmasius, ad Spartian. Hadrian, c. 20), the
Royal or Greek Quarter, was bounded to the S. and
K. by the city walls, N. by the Greater Harbour,
ALEXANDREIA. 97
eastern and W. by the region Rhacotis and the main street
which connected the Gate of the Sun with that of
the Moon and the Heptastadium. It was also sur-
rounded by its own walls, and was the quarter in
which Caesar defended himself against the Alex-
The Brucheium
andrians. (Hirtius, B. Alex. 1.)
was bisected by the High Street, which ran from the
Canobic Gate to the Necropolis, and was supplied
with water from the Nile by a tunnel or aqueduct,
which entered the city on the south, and passed a
little to the west of the Gymnasium. This was the
quarter of the Alexandrians proper, or Hellenic citi-
zens, the Royal Residence, and the district in which
were contained the most conspicuous of the public
buildings. It was so much adorned and extended
by the later Ptolemies that it eventually occupied
one-fifth of the entire city. (Plin. v. 10. s. 11.) It
contained the following remarkable edifices On the :
Lochias, the Palace of the Ptolemies, with the smaller
palaces appropriated to their children and the adja-
cent gardens and groves. The far-famed Library
and Museum, with its Theatre for lectures and
public assemblies, connected with one another and
with the palaces by long colonnades of the most
costly marble from the Egyptian quarries, and
adorned with obelisks and sphinxes taken from the
Pharaonic cities. The Library contained, according
to one account,700,000 volumes, according to
another 400,000 (Joseph. Antiq. xii. 2 Athen. i. ;
p. 3) part, however, of this unrivalled collection was
;
lodged in the temple of Serapis, in the quarter Rha-
cotis. Here were deposited the 200,000 voluir.es
collected by the kings of Pergamus, and presented
by M. Antonius to Cleopatra. The library of the
Museum was destroyed during the blockade of Julius
Caesar in the Brucheium; that of the Serapeion
was frequently injured by the civil broils of Alex-
andreia, and especially when that temple was de-
strojed by the Christian fanatics in the 4th century
A. D. It was finally destroyed by the orders of the
khalif Omar, A. D. 640. The collection was begun
by Ptolemy Soter, augmented by his successors,
for the worst of the Lagidae were patrons of litera-
ture, and respected, if not increased, by the Cae-
sars,who, like their predecessors, appointed and sala-
ried the librarians and the professors of the Museum.
The Macedonian kings replenished the shelves of the
Library zealously but unscrupulously, since they laid
an embargo on all books, whether public or private
property, which were brought to Alexandreia, retained
the originals, and gave copies of them to their proper
owners. In this way Ptolemy Euergetes (B. c. 246
221) is said to have got possession of authentic
copies of the works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and
Euripides, and to have returned transcripts of them to
the Athenians, with an accompanying compensation
of fifteen talents. The Museum succeeded the once
renowned college of Heliopolis as the University of
Egypt. It contained a great hall or banqueting
room (olxos jj-tya.^, where the professors dined in
common; an exterior peristyle, or corridor (-Trepnra-
TOI), for exercise and ambulatory lectures; a theatre
where public disputations and scholastic festivals
were held chambers for the different professors and
; ;
possessed a botanical garden which Ptolemy Phila-
J''.yypt, delphus enriched with tropical flora (Philostrat. Vit.
Apollon. vi. 24), and a menagerie (Athen. xiv. p.
654). It was divided into four principal sections,
poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, and
enrolled among its professors or pupils the illustrious
names of Euclid, Ctesibius, Callimachus, A rat us,
 93 ALEXAXDREIA. ALEXAXDREIA.
Aristophanes and Aristarchus, the critics and gram- quays of the Tiber presented no such spectacle as
marians, the two Heros, Ammonius Saccas, Po- the Emporium. In the seventh century, when the
lemo, Clemens, Origen, Athanasius, Theon and his Arabs entered Alexandreia, the Brucheium was in
celebrated daughter Hypatia, with many others. ruins and almost deserted.
Amid the turbulent factions and frequent calamities 3. The Rhacotis, or Egyptian Quarter, occupied
of Alexandreia, the Museum maintained
reputa- its the site of the ancient Rhacotis. Its principal build-
tion, until the Saracen invasion in A. D. 640. The ings were granaries along the western arm of the
emperors, tike their predecessors the Ptolemies, kept cibotus or basin, a stadium, and the Temple of Se-
in their own hands the nomination of the President rapis. The Serapeion was erected by the first or
of the Museum, who was considered one of the four second of the Ptolemies. The image of the god,
chief magistrates of the city. For the Alexandrian which was of wood, was according to Clemens (Cle-
Library and Museum the following works may be con- mens Alex. Protrept. c. 4. 48), inclosed or plated
sulted Strab. pp. 609, 791, seq. ; Vitruv. vii.
:
over with layers of every kind of metal and precious
xii. 2, c. Apion. ii. 7; stones it seems also, either from the smoke of in-
prooem.- Joseph. Antlq. :

Clem. Alex. Strom, i. 22 ; Cyrill. Hieros. Catechet.
iv. 34 Epiphan. Mens. et Pond. c. 9 Augustin.
; ;
Civ. D. xviii. 42 Lipsius, de Biblioth.
;
ii. Bo-
namy, Mem. de lAcad. des Inscr. ix. 10; Matter,
lEcok d'Akxandrie, vol. i. p. 47; Fabric. Bibl.
Graec. vol. iii. p. 500.
In the Brucheium also stood the Caesarium, or
cense or from varnish, to have been of a black colour.
Its origin and import are doubtful. Serapis is some-
;
times defined to be Osiri-Apis; and sometimes the
Sinopite Zeus, which may imply either that he
was brought from the hill Sinopeion near Memphis,
or from Sinope in Pontus, whence Ptolemy Soter
or Philadelphus is said to have imported it to

Temple of the Caesars, where divine honours were adorn his new capital. That the idol was a pan-
paid to the emperors, deceased or living. Its site is theistic emblem may be inferred, both from the ma-
still marked the two obelisks called
" terials of which it was composed, and from its being
by granite Cleo-
patra's Needles," near which is a tower perhaps not adopted by a dynasty of sovereigns who sought to
inappropriately named the " Tower of the Romans." blend in one mass the creeds of Hellas and Egypt.
Proceeding westward, we come to the public gra- The Serapeion was destroyed in A. D. 390 by Theo-
naries (Caesar, B. Civ. iii. 112) and the Mausoleum philus, patriarch of Alexandreia, in obedience to the
of the Ptolemies, which, from its containing the body rescript of the emperor Theodosius, which abolished
of Alexander the Great, was denominated Soma paganism (Codex Theodos. xvi. 1, 2).* The Cop-
(2w/ia, or STJMO, Strab. p. 794). The remains of tic population of this
quarter were not properly Alex-
the Macedonian hero were originally inclosed in a andrian citizens, but enjoyed a franchise inferior
coffin of gold, which, about B. c. 118, was'stolen by to that of the Greeks. (Plin. Epist. x. 5. 22, 23;
Ptolemy Soter II., and replaced by one of glass, in Joseph, c. Apion. c. 2. 6.) The Alexandreia which
which the corpse was viewed by Augustus in B. c. the Arabs besieged was nearly identical with the
30. (Sueton. Octav. 18.) A building to which Rhacotis. It had suffered many calamities both
tradition assigns the name of the
" Tomb of from civil feud and from foreign war.
Alex- Its Serapeion
"
ander found among the ruins of the old city, but
is was twice consumed by fire, once in the reign of
its site does not correspond with that of the Soma. Marcus Aurelius, and again in that of Commodus.
It is much reverenced by the Moslems. In form it But this district survived both the Regio Judaeorum
resembles an ordinary sheikh's tomb, and it stands to and the Brucheium.
the west of the road leading from the Frank Quarter Of the remarkable beauty of Alexandreia (TJ wAr;
to the Pompey's- Pillar Gate. In the Soma were also 'AAecu/5pem, Athen. i. p. 3), we have the testi-
deposited the remains of M. Antonius, the only alien mony of numerous writers who saw it in its prime.
admitted into the Mausoleum (Pint. Ant. 82). In Ammianus (xxii. 16) calls it " vertex omnium civi-
this quarter also were the High Court of Justice (Di- tatum;" Strabo (xvii. p. 832) describes it as ^yiff-
casterium), in which, under the Ptolemies, the senate TUV f/j.iropf'ioi' TT)S ot/cou^Kjy Theocritus (Idyll.
;

assembled and discharged such magisterial duties as xvii.), Philo (ad Place, ii. p. 541), Eustathius (//.
a nearly despotic government allowed to them, and B.), Gregory of Nyssa ( Vit. Gregor. Thaumaturg.),
where afterwards the Roman Juridicus held his and many others, write in the same strain. (Comp.
court. A stadium, a gymnasium, a Diodor. xvii. 52 Pausan. viii. 33.) Perhaps, how-
palaestra, and an ;

amphitheatre, provided exercise and amusement for ever, one of the most striking descriptions of its
the spectacle-loving Alexandrians. The Arsinoeum, effect upon a stranger is that of Achilles Tatius in
on the western side of the Brucheium, was a monu- his romance of Cleitophon and Leucippe (v. 1). Its
ment raised by Ptolemy Philadelphus to the memory dilapidation was not the effect of time, but of the
of his favourite sister Arsinoe ; and the Panium was hand of man. Its dry atmosphere preserved, for cen-
a stone mound, or cone, with a spiral ascent on the turies after their erection, the sharp outline and gay
outside, from whose summit was visible every quarter colours of its buildings; and when in A. D. 120 the
of the city. The purpose of this structure is, how- emperor Hadrian surveyed Alexandreia, he beheld
ever, not ascertained. The edifices of the
Brucheium almost the virgin city of the Ptolemies. (Spartian.
had been so arranged by Deinocrates as to command
a prospect of the Great Harbour and the Pharos.
In its centre was a spacious square, surrounded by * The following references will aid the reader in
cloisters and flanked to the north by the quays
forming his own opinion respecting the much con-
the Emporium, or Alexandrian Exchange. Hither, troverted question of the origin and meaning of
for nearly eight centuries, every nation of the civil- Serapis: Tac. Hist. iv. 84; Macrob. Sat. i. 29 ;

ized world sent its representatives. Alexandreia had Vopiscus, Saturnin. 8; Amm. Marc. xx. 16; Plut.
inherited the commerce of both Tyre and Carthage, Is. etOsir. cc. 27, 28; Lactant. Inst. i. 21; Clem.
and collected in this area the traffic and speculation Alex. Cohort, ad Gent. 4. 31, Strom, i. 1 ; Au-
of three continents. The Romans admitted Alex- gust. Civ. D. xviii. 5 ; Mem. de FA cad. des Imcr.
andreia to be the second city of the world but the ;
vol. x. p. 500; Gibbon, D. and F. xxviii. p. 113.
 ALEXANDRIA. ALEXANDREIA. 99
Hadrian, 12.) It suffered much
c. from the intestine called UroXfuais. Apoll. Rhod. ed. Brunk.)
( Vit.
feuds of the Jews and Greeks, and the Brucheium The senate was elected from the principal members
was nearly rebuilt by the emperor Gallienus, A. D. of the wards (Arftudra<). Its functions were chiefly

260 8. But the zeal of its Christian population judicial. In inscriptions we meet with the titles
was more destructive; and the Saracens only com- SiKcuoSJTjjy, vTrofjLVT]/j.a.T6ypa.(f)os,

pleted their previous

work of demolition. ayopdvo/jios &c.
, (Letronne, Recueil
,

Population of A lexandreia. DiodorusSiculus,who
visited Alexandreia about B. c. 58, estimates (xvii.
52) its free citizens at 300,000, to which sum at least
an equal number must be added for slaves and casual
residents. Besides Jews, Greeks, and Egyptians,
the population consisted, according to Dion Chry-
sostom, who saw the city in A. r>. 69 (Orat. xxxii.),
nt'" Italians, Syrians, Libyans, Cilicians, Aethiopians,
des Inscr. Gr. et Lat. de lEgypte, vol. i. 1842,
Paris; id. Recherches pour servir a THistoire de
tEgypte, &c. Paris, 1823 8.) From the reign
of Augustus, B. c. 31, to that of Septimius Seve-
rus, A. D. 194, the functions of the senate were
suspended, and their place supplied by the Roman
Juridicus, or Chief Justice, whose authority was
inferior only to that of the Praefectus Augmtalis.

Arabians, Bactrians, Persians, Scythians, and In- (Winkler, de Jurid. Alex. Lips. 18278.) The
dians ;" and Polybius (xxxix. 14) and Strabo latter emperor restored the "jus buleutarum."
(p. 797) confirm his statement. Ancient writers (Spartian. Severus, c. 17.)
generally the Alexandrians an ill name, as
give The Roman government of Alexandreia was alto-
a double-tongued (Hirtius, B. Alex. 24), factious gether peculiar. The country was assigned neither
(Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyran. c. 22), irascible (Phil. to the senatorian nor the imperial provinces, but
adv.
tuft Flacc. 519), blood-thirsty, yet cowardly
ii.
p.
was made dependent on the Caesar alone. For
(Dion Cass. i. p. 621). Athenaeus speaks of this regulation there were valid reasons. The Nile-
m
s. as a jovial, boisterous race (x. p. 420), and valley was not easy of access might be easily de-;

mentions their passion for music and the number and fended by an ambitious prefect; was opulent and
strange appellations of their musical instruments populous and was one of the principal granaries of
;

(id. iv. 176, xiv. p. 654). Dion Chrysostom (Orat. Rome. Hence Augustus interdicted the senatorian
xxxii.) upbraids them with their levity, their insane order, and even the more illustrious equites (Tac.
love of spectacles, horse races, gambling, and dissi- Ann. ii. 59) from visiting Egypt without special
pation. Theywere, however, singularly industrious. licence. The prefect he selected, and his successors
Besides their export trade, the city was full of manu- observed the rule, either from his personal adherents,
factories of paper, linen, glass, and muslin (Vopisc. or from equites who looked to him alone for pro-
Saturn. 8). Even the lame and blind had their motion. Under the prefect, but nominated by the
emperor, was the Juridicus (ctpx ^"fC* T7 s )i wno
"

occupations. For their rulers, Greek or Roman, they t

?

invented nicknames. The better Ptolemies and Cae-
sars smiled at these affronts, while Physcon and
Caracalla repaid them by a general massacre. For
more particular information respecting Alexandreia
we refer to Matter, TEcole d'Alexandrie, 2 vols.
" Alexandrinische Schule
the article
Real Encyclopaedic ; and to Mr. Sharpe's History
of Egypt, 2nd ed.
The Government of Alexandreia. Under the
Ptolemies the Alexandrians possessed at least the
semblance of a constitution. Its Greek inhabitants
enjoyed the privileges of bearing arms, of meeting in
the Gymnasium to discuss their general interests,
and to petition for redress of grievances; and they
"
were addressed in royal proclamations as Men of
Macedon." But they had no political constitution
presided over a numerous staff of inferior magis-
trates, and whose decisions could be annulled by the
prefect, or perhaps the emperor alone. The Caesar
appointed also the
keeper of the public records
; (viro(j.vrnj.ar6ypa<po5^) ) the chief of the police (VVK-
"
in Pauly's repwbs <TTpari^y6s'), the Interpreter of Egyptian
law (f^yrjr^s irarpiuv VO/JLUV), the praefectus an-
nonae or warden of the markets (eVtytieArjT^s TUV
T?7 TroAet xp"n <ri tJLU>v ^i an d the President of the Mu-
seum. All these officers, as Caesarian nominees,
wore a scarlet-bordered robe. (Strab. p. 797, seq.) In
other respects the domination of Rome was highly
conducive to the welfare of Alexandreia. Trade,
which had declined under the later Ptolemies,
revived and attained a prosperity hitherto unex-
ampled the army, instead of being a horde of lawless
:

able to resist the grasp of despotism ; and, after the and oppressive mercenaries, was restrained under
reigns of the first three kings of the Lagid house, strict discipline the privileges and national customs
:

were deprived of even the shadow of freedom. To of the three constituents of its population were re-
this end the division of the city into three nations spected: the luxury of Rome gave new
vigour to
directly contributed for the Greeks were ever ready
;
commerce with the East the corn-supply to Italy
;

to take up arms against the Jews, and the Egyp- promoted the cultivation of the Delta and the busi-
tians feared and contemned them both. A connu- ness of the Emporium; and the frequent inscription
bium, indeed, existed between the latter and the of the imperial names upon the temples attested that
Greeks. (Letronne, Inscr. i. p. 99.) Of the govern- Alexandreia at least had benefited by exchanging
ment of the Jews by an Ethnarch and a Sanhedrim the Ptolemies for the Caesars.
we have already spoken how the quarter Rhacotis
: The History of Alexandreia may be divided
was administered we do not know; it was probably into three periods.- (1) The Hellenic. (2) The
under a priesthood of its own but we find in in-: Roman. (3) The Christian. The details of the
scriptions and in other scattered notices that the first of these may be read in the
History of the
Greek population was divided into tribes ((pvAat), Ptolemies (Diet, of Biogr. vol. iii. pp. 565 599).
and into wards (STJ/XOI). The tribes were nine in Here it will suffice to remark, that the city pros-
number ('A\0cus, 'ApiaSm, Arjiaveipis, Aioi/ucn's, pered under the wisdom of Soter and the genius of
Ewef?, etrrfs, Qoavris, Mapcavis, 2Ta$i/Aiy). Philadelphus lost somewhat of its Hellenic cha-
;

(Meineke, Analecta Alexandrina, p. 346, seq. Berl. racter under Euergetes, and began to decline under
1843.) There was, indeed, some variation in the Philopator, who was a mere Eastern despot, sur-
appellations of the tribes, since Apollonius of Rhodes,
a] rounded and governed by women, eunuchs, and fa-
the author of the Argonaittica, belonged to a tribe vourites. From Epiphanes downwards these evils

I H 2
100 ALEXANDREIA
were aggravated. The army was disorganised; trade
and agriculture declined; the Alexandrian people
grew more servile and vicious: even the Museum
exhibited symptoms of decrepitude. Its professors
continued, indeed, to cultivate science
and criticism,
but invention and taste had expired. It depended
become
upon Rome whether Alexandreia should
to Antioch, or receive a proconsul from the
tributary
senate. The wars of Rome with Carthage, Macedon,
and Syria alone deferred the deposition of the La-
gidae. The influence of Rome in the Ptolemaic
kingdom commenced pi-operly in B. c. 204,
when
the guardians of Epiphanes placed their infant ward
under the protection of the senate, as his only refuge
against the designs of the
Macedonian and Syrian
monarchs. (Justin, xxx. 2.) M.
Aemilius Lepidus
was appointed guardian to the young Ptolemy, and
"
" Tutor
the legend Regis upon the Aemilian coins
commemorates this trust. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 123.)
In B.C. 163 the Romans adjudicated between the
brothers Ptolemy Philometor and Euergetes. The
latter receivedGyrene; the former retained Alex-
andreia and Egypt. In B. c. 145, Scipio Africanus
the younger was appointed to settle the distractions
which ensued upon the murder of Eupator. (Justin,
xxxviii. 8; Cic. Acad. Q. iv. 2, Of. iii. 2; Diod.
Legat. 32; Gell. N. A. xviii. 9.) An
inscription,
of about this date, recorded at Delos the existence of
amity between Alexandreia and Rome. (Letronne,
Inscr. vol.i. p. 102.) In B.C. 97, Ptolemy Apion de-
vised by will the province of Gyrene to the Roman se-
nate (Liv. Ixx. Epit.^), and his example was followed,
in B. c. 80, by Ptolemy Alexander, who bequeathed
to them Alexandreia and his kingdom. The bequest,
however, was not immediately enforced, as the re-
public was occupied with civil convulsions at home.
Twenty years later Ptolemy Auletes mortgaged his
revenues to a wealthy Roman senator, Rabirius Pos-
tumus (Cic. Fragm. xvii. Orelli, p. 458), and in
B. c. 55 Alexandreia was drawn into the immediate
vortex of the Roman revolution, and from this period,
until its submission to Augustus in B. c. 30, it fol-
lowed the fortunes alternately of Pompey, Gabinius,
Caesar, Cassius the liberator, and M. Antonius.
The wealth of Alexandreia in the last century B.C.
may be inferred from the fact, that, in B.C. 63,
talents, or a million sterling, were paid to the trea-
sury as port dues alone. (Diod. xvii. 52; Strab.
p.832.) Under the emperors, the history of Alex-
andreia exhibits little
variety. It was, upon the
whole, leniently governed, for Jt was the interest of
the Caesars to be generally popular in a city which
commanded one of the granaries of Rome. Augustus,
indeed, marked his displeasure at the support given
to M. Antonius, by building Nicopolis about three
miles to the east of the Canobic gate as its rival, and
by depriving the Greeks of Alexandreia of the only
political distinction
which the Ptolemies had left them
the judicial functions of the senate. The city,
however, shared in the general prosperity of Egypt
under Roman rule. The portion of its population
that came most frequently in collision with the
executive was that of the Jewish Quarter. Some-
times emperors, like Caligula, demanded that the
imperial effigies or military standards should be
set up in their temple, at others the Greeks ridi-
culed or outraged the Hebrew ceremonies. Both
these causes were attended with sanguinary results,
and even with general pillage and burning of the
city. Alexandreia was favoured by Claudius, who
added a wing to the Museum; was threatened with
ALEXANDREIA.
from Nero, who coveted the skilful applause
'
a visit
'
of its claqueurs in the theatre (Sueton. Ner.
20);
as the head-quarter, for some months, of Vespasian
(Tac. Hist. iii. 48, iv. 82) during the civil wars
which preceded his accession; was subjected to mili-
tary lawlessness under Domitian (Juv. Sat. xvi.);
was governed mildly by Trajan, who even supplied
the city, during a dearth, with corn (Plin. Panegyr.
31. 23); and was visited by Hadrian in A. r>. 122,
who has left a graphic picture of the population.
(Vopisc. Saturn. 8.) The first important change
in their politywas that introduced by the emperor
Severus in A. n. 196. The Alexandrian Greeks
were no longer formidable, and Severus accordingly
restored their senate and municipal government.
He ornamented the city with a temple of Rhea,
also
and with a public bath Thermae Septimianae.
Alexandreia, however, suffered more from a single
visit of Caracalla than from the tyranny or caprice
of any of his predecessors. That emperor had been
ridiculed by its satirical populace for affecting to be
the Achilles and Alexander of his time. The ru-
mours or caricatures which reached him in Italy were
not forgotten on his tour through the provinces and ;
although he was greeted with hecatombs on his arri-
val at Alexandreia in A. D. 211 (Herodian. iv. 9),
he did not omit to repay the insult by a general mas-
sacre of the youth of military age. (Dion Cass.
Ixxvii. 22 Spartian. Caracall. 6.) Caracalla also
;
introduced some important changes in the civil rela-
tions of the Alexandrians. To mark his displeasure
with the Greeks, he admitted the chief men of the
quarter Rhacotis i. e. native
Egyptians into
the Roman senate (Dion Cass. li. 17; Spartian.
Caracall. 9); he patronised a temple of Isis at
Rome and he punished the citizens of the Brucheium
;
by retrenching their public games and their allow-
ance of corn. The Greek quarter was charged with
the maintenance of an additional Roman garrison,
and its inner walls were repaired and lined with
forts.
From the works of Aretaeus (de Morb. Acut.
i.) we learn that Alexandreia was visited by a pes-
tilence in the reign of Gallus, A. D. 253. In 265,
the prefect Aemilianus was proclaimed Caesar
6250 by his soldiers. (Trebell. Pol. Trig. Tyrann. 22,
Gallien. 4.) In 270, the name of Zenobia, queen
of Palmyra, appears on the Alexandrian coinage;
and the city had its full share of the evils con-
sequent upon the frequent revolutions of the Ro-
man empire. (Vopisc. Aurelian. 32.) After this
period, A. D. 271, Alexandreia lost much of its pre-
dominance in Egypt, since the native population,
hardened by repeated wars, and reinforced by Ara-
bian immigrants, had become a martial and turbulent
race. In A. D. 297 (Eutrop. ix. 22), Diocletian be-
sieged and regained Alexandreia, which had declared
favour of the usurper Achilleus.
itself iu The em-
made a lenient use of his victoiy,
peror, however,
and purchased the favour of the populace by an
increased largess of corn. The column, now well
known as Pompey's Pillar, once supported a statue
of this emperor, and still bears on its base the in-
"
scription, To the most honoured emperor, the de-
liverer of Alexandreia, the invincible Diocletian."
Alexandreia had its full share of the persecutions
of this reign. The Jewish rabbinism and Greek
philosophy of the city had paved the way for Chris-
tianity, and the serious temper of the Egyptian
population sympathised with the earnestness of the
new faith. The Christian population of Alexan-
 ALEXAXDREIA.
,. la was accordingly nmnonms when the imperial
edicts were put in force. Nor were martyrs wanting.
The city was already an episcopal see; and its bishop
Peter, with the presbyters Faustus, Dius, and Am-
monias, were am-nig the iirst victims of Diocletian's
The Christian annals of Alexandria have
rescript.
so little that is peculiar to the city, that it
suffice to refer the reader to the general history of
the Church.
more interesting to turn from the Arian and
it is
It
.lanasian feuds, which sometimes deluged tin-
Athana
ts of the city with blood, and sometimes made
Mcesn ry the intervention of the Prefect, to the
aspect which Alexandreia presented to the Arabs, in
A. D. 640, after so many revolutions, civil and re-
ligious. The Pharos and Heptastadium were
uninjured: the Sebaste or Caesarium, the Soma, and
the (Quarter Khacotis, retained almost their original
grandeur. But the Hippodrome at the Canobic
Gate was a ruin, and a new Museum had replaced
in the Egyptian Region the more ample structure of
the Ptolemies in the Brucheium. The Greek quar-
ter was indeed nearly deserted the Regio Judaeorum
: old Canobic Canal; others are found in the convents
was occupied by a few miserable tenants, who pur-
chased from the Alexandrian patriarch the right to
follow their national law. The Serapeion had been
converted into a Cathedral; and some of the more
conspicuous buildings of the Hellenic city had be-
conme the Christian Churches of St. Mark, St. John,
.Marv, &c. Yet Amrou reported to his master
^ Khalif Omar that Alexandreia was a city con-
taining four thousand palaces, four thousand public
tail
batl. mr hundred theatres, forty thousand Jews
:
rho paid tribute, and twelve thousand persons who
who
herbs. (Eutych. Annal. A. D. 640.) The
ult of Arabian desolation was, that the city, which
had dwindled into the Egyptian Quarter, shrunk
into the limits of the Heptastadium, and, after the
year 1497, when the Portuguese, by discovering the
round the Cape of Good Hope, changed the
whole current of Indian trade, it degenerated still
further into an obscure town, with a population of
about t6000, inferior probably to that of the original
Khacot is.
Rm>
Ruins of Alexandreia. These may be divided
into two classes: (1) indistinguishable mounds of
masonry; and (2) fragments of buildings which
may, in some degree, be identified with ancient sites
or structures.
" The Old Town" is surrounded by a double
wall, with lofty towers, and five gates. The Rosetta
Gate the eastern entrance into this circuit; but it
is
does not correspond with the old Canobic Gate, which
was half a mile further to the east. The space in-
closed is about 10,000 feet in length, and in its
breadth varies from 3200 to 1600 feet. It contains
generally shapeless masses of ruins, consisting of
shattered columns and capitals, cisterns choked with
rubbish, and fragments of pottery and glass. Some
of the mounds are covered by the villas and gardens of
the wealthier inhabitants of Alexandreia. Nearly in
the centre of the inclosure, and probably in the High
Street between the Canobic and Necropolitan Gates,
gtood a few years since three granite columns. They
were nearly opposite the Mosque of St. Athanasius,
and were perhaps the last remnants of the colonnade
which lined the High Street. (From this mosque
was taken, in 1801, the sarcophagus of green
breccia which is now in the British Museum.)
Until December, 1841, there was also on the road
leading to the Rosetta Gate the base of another
ALEXANDKKIA. 101
similar commn. But
these, as well as other rem-
nants of the capital of the Ptolemies, have disap-
peared; although, twenty years ago, the intersection
of its two main streets was distinctly visible, at a
point near the Frank Square,
and not very far from
the Catholic convent. Excavations in the Old
will Town occasionally, indeed, bring to light parts of
statues, large columns, and fragments of masonry:
but the ground-plan of Alexandreia is now pro-
bably lost irretrievably, as the ruins have been con-
verted into building materials, without note being
taken at the time of the site or character of the
remnants removed. Vestiges of baths and other
buildings may be traced along the inner and outer
bay; and numerous tanks are still in use which
still fonned part of the cisterns that supplied the city
with Nile-water. They were often of considerable
si/e; were built under the houses; and, being arched
and coated with a thick red plaster^ have in many
cases remained perfect to this day. One set of
these reservoirs runs parallel to the eastern issue of
the Mahmoodeh Canal, which nearly represents the
which occupy part of the site of the Old Town;
and others again are met with below the mound of
Pompey's Pillar. The descent into these chambers
is either by steps in the side or by an
opening in the
roof, through which the water is drawn up by
ropes and buckets.
The most striking remains of ancient Alexandreia
are the Obelisks and Pompey's Pillar. The former
are universally known by the inappropriate name of
"
Cleopatra's Needles." The fame of Cleopatra has
preserved her memory among the illiterate Arabs,
who regard her as a kind of enchantress, and ascribe
to her many of the great works of her capital, the
Pharos and Heptastadium included. Meselleh is,
" a
moreover, the Arabic word for packing Needle,"
and is given generally to obelisks. The two columns,
however, which bear this appellation, are red granite
obelisks which were brought by one of the Caesars
from Heliopolis, and, according to Pliny (xxxvi. 9),
were set up in front of the Sebaste or Caesarium.
They are about 57 paces apart from each other: one
is still vertical, the other has been thrown down.
They stood each on two steps of white limestone.
The 73 feet high, the diameter at
vertical obelisk is
its base is and 7 inches; the fallen obelisk
7 feet
has been mutilated, and, with the same diameter, is
shorter. The latter was presented by Mohammed
Ali to the English government and the propriety of
:
its removal to England has been discussed during
the present year. Pliny (1. c.) ascribes them to an
Egyptian king named Mesphres: nor is he altogether
wrong. The Pharaoh whose oval they exhibit was
the third Thothmes, and in Manetho's list the first
and second Thothmes( 18th Dynasty: Kenrick, vol.ii.
p. 199) are written as Mesphra-Thothmosis. Ra-
meses III. and Osirei II., his third successor, have
also their ovals upon these obelisks.
Pompey's Pillar, as it is erroneously termed, is de-
nominated by the Arabs Amood esowari; sari or so-
wari being applied by them to any lofty monument
which suggests the image of a " mast." It might
more properly le termed Diocletian's Pillar, since a
statue of that emperor once occupied its summit, com-
memorating the capture of Alexandreia in A. D. 237,
after an obstinate siege of eight months. The t >tal
height of this column is 98 feet 9 inches, the shaft
is 73 feet, the circumference 29 feet 8
inches, and
the diameter at the top of the capital is 16 feet 6
H 3
 102 ALEXANDREIA. ALEXANDREIA.
inches. The
shaft, capital, and pedestal are ap- Iskcrukrun). a town on the east side of the Gulf of
parently of different ages ; the latter are of very in- Issus, and probably on or close to the site of the
ferior workmanship to the shaft. The substructions Myriandrus of Xenophon (Anab. i. 4), and Arriau
of the column are fragments of older monuments, and (Anab. ii. 6). It seems probable that the place re-
the name of Psammetichus with a few hieroglyphics ceived a new name in honour of Alexander. Ste-
is inscribed upon them. phanus mentions both Myriandrus and Alexandreia of
The origin of the name Pompey's Pillar is very Cilicia, by which he means this place but this does ;
"
doubtful. It has been derived from Tlo/jLiraios, con- not prove that there were two towns in his time.
ducting," since the column served for a land-mark. Both Stephanus and Strabo (p. 676) place this Alex-
In the inscription copied by Sir Gardner Wilkinson andreia in Cilicia [ AMANUS] place called Jacob's
. A
"
and Mr. Salt, it is stated that Publius, the Eparch Well, in the neighbourhood of Iskenderun, has been
of Egypt," erected it in honour of Diocletian. For supposed to be the site of Myriandrus (London Geoff.
"
Publius it has been proposed to read Pompeius." Journ. vol. vii. p. 414); but no proof is given of this
The Pillar originally stood in the centre of a paved assertion. Iskenderun is about 6 miles SSW. of the
area beneath the level of the ground, like so many Pylae Ciliciae direct distance. [AaiANus.] The
of the later The pave-
Roman memorial columns. place is
unhealthy in summer, and contained only
ment, however, has long been broken up and carried sixty or seventy mean houses when Niebuhr visited
away. If Arabian traditions may be trusted, this it; but in recent times it is said to have improved.
now solitary Pillar once stood in a Stoa with 400 (Niebuhr, Reisebeschreibung, vol. iii.
p. 19 ;
London
others, and formed part of the peristyle of the an- Geog. Journ. vol. x. p. 511.) i

cient Serapeion. 6. OxiANA. [SOGDIANA.]

Next in interest are theCatacombs or remains of 7. In PAROPAMISUS. [PAROPAMISADAE.]
the ancient Necropolis beyond the Western Gate. 8. TROAS Tpwas), sometimes
('A.\edv8peia
T)

The approach to this cemetery was through vineyards and sometimes Troas(Acts
called simply Alexandreia,
and gardens, which both Athenaeus and Strabo cele- Apost. xvi. 8), now Eski Stambul or Old Stambul,
brate. The extent of the Catacombs is remarkable : was situated on the coast of Troas, opposite to the
they are cut partly in a ridge of sandy calcareous south-eastern point of the island of Tenedos, and
ptone, and partly in the calcareous rock that faces north of Assus. It was founded by Antigonus, one
the sea. They all communicate with the sea by of the most able of Alexander's successors, under the
narrow vaults, and the most spacious of them is name of Antigoneia Troas, and peopled with settlers
about 3830 yds. SW. of Pompey's Pillar. Their from Scepsis and other neighbouring towns. It was
style of decoration is purely Greek, and in one of unproved by Lysimachus king of Thrace, and named
the chambers are a Doric entablature and mould- Alexandreia Troas; but both names, Antigoneia, and
ings,
which evince no decline in art at the period of Alexandreia, appear on some coins. It was a flou-
their erection. Several tombs in that direction, at rishing place under the Roman empire, and had re-
the water's edge, and some even below its level, are ceived a Roman colony when Strabo wrote (p. 593),
"
entitled Bagni di Cleopatra."" which was sent in the time of Augustus, as the
A
more particular account of the Ruins of Alex- name COL. Avo. TROAS on a coin shows. In
andreia will be found in Sir Gardner Wilkinson's the time of Hadrian an aqueduct several miles in
Topography of Thebes, p. 380, seq., and his Hand- length was constructed, partly at the expense of
Book for Travellers inEgypt, pp. 7 1 100, Murray, Herodes Atticus, to bring water to the city from Ida.
1847. Besides
the references already given for Many of the supports of the aqueduct still remain,
Alexandreia, its topography and history, the follow- but all the arches are broken. The ruins of this
ing writers may be consulted: Strab. p. 791, seq ; city cover a large surface. Chandler says that the
Ptol. iv. 5. 9, vii. 5. 13, 14, &c. &c.; Diod. walls, the largest part of which remain, are several
xvii. 52; Pausan. v. 21, viii. 33; Arrian, Exp. miles in circumference. The remains of the Thermae
Akx. iii. 1. 5, seq.; Q. Curtius, iv. 8. 2, x. 10. or baths are very considerable, and doubtless belong
20; Plut. Alex. 26; Mela, i. 9. 9; Plin. v. 10, to the Roman period. There is little marble on the
11; Amm. Marc. xxii. 16; It. Anton, pp. 57, 70; site of the city, for the materials have been carried

Joseph. B. J. ii. 28
Polyb. xxxix. 14
; Caesar, B. C. ;
off to build houses and public edifices at Constanti-
iii. 112. [W. B. D.] nople. The place is now nearly deserted.
ALEXANDREIA (r> VUu^&peia). Besides the There a story, perhaps not worth much, that the
is

celebrated Alexandreia mentioned above, there were dictator Caesar thought of transferring the seat of
several other towns of this name, founded by Alex- empire to this Alexandreia or to Ilium (Suet. Goes.
ander or his successors. 79); and some writers have conjectured that Au-
1. In ARACHOSIA, also called Alexandropolis, on gustus had a like design, as may be inferred from
the river Arachotus; its site is unknown. (Amm. the words of Horace (Carm. iii. 3. 37, &c.). It may
Marc, xxiii. 6.) be true that Constantine thought of Alexandreia
2. In ARIANA (?)
eV 'Apuns, or Alexandreia Arion (Zosim. ii. 30) for his new capital, but in the end
as Pliny, vi. 17, names it), the chief city of the he made a better selection.
country, now Herat, the capital of Khorassan, a 9. ULTIMA ('AAe|di'?peto eVxorrj, or 'A\eaf-
town which has a considerable trade. The tradition SpeVxaro, Appian, Syr. 57), a city founded among
is that Alexander the Great founded this Alexandreia, the Scythians, according to Appian. It was founded
but like others of the name it was probably only so by Alexander upon the Jaxartes, which the Greeks
called in honour of him. (Strab. pp. 514, 516, 723; called the Tanais, as a bulwark against the easteni
Amm. Marc, xxiii. 6.) barbarians The colonists were Hellenic mercenaries,
.

In BACTRIANA, a town in Bactriana, near

3. Macedonians who were past service, and some of the
Bactra (Steph. Byz.). adjacent barbarians : the city was 60 stadia in circuit.
4. In CARMANIA, the capital of the country, now (Arrian, Anab. iv. 1. 3; Curtius, vii. 6.) There is
Kerman. (Amm. Marc, xxiii. 6.) no evidence to determine the exact site, which may
5. AD ISSUM (TI Kar' "Iffarov :
Alexandreum, be that of Khodjend, as some suppose. [G. L.]
 ALEXANDKI AKAE. ALISO. 103

ALEXAND1U ARAE or COLUMNAE (ol

i
been lower down, on the southern slope of the lull;

'AA6cif5pou /3a>/nof).
It was a well-known custom and was probably a growth of later times. It was

'f the ancient conquerors from Sesostris downwards situated on the Via Latina; and the gorge or narrow
to mark their progress, and especially its furthest pass through which that road emerged from the hills
is still called la Cava dell' Aglio, the latter word
limits, by monuments; and thus, in Central Asia, |

near the rim Jaxartes (Sihoun), there were shown being evidently a corruption of Algidus. (Nibby,
altars of Hercules and Bacchus, Cyrus, Semiramis Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 123.)
'

;md Alexander. (Hiii. vi. 16. s. 18; Solin. 49.) I We lind mention in very early times of a temple
adds that Alexander's soldiers supposed the of Fortune on Mt. Algidus (Liv. xxi. G2), and we
J'liny |

.Jaxartes to be the Tanais, and Ptolemy (iii. 5. 26) \

learn also that the mountain itself was sacred to

actually places altars of Alexander on the true j

Diana, \\lio ap]>ears to have had there a temple of
TanaYs (Don), which Ammianus Marcellinus ancient celebrity. (Ilor. Carm. Saec. 69.) Exist-

(xxii. 8), carrying

the confusion a step further, ing remains on the summit of one of the peaks of the
transfers to the Borysthenes. (Ukert, vol. iii. pt. 2, ridge are referred, with much probability, to this

pp. 38, 40, 71, 191, 196.) Respecting

Alexander's temple, which appears to have stood on an elevated
altars in India, see HYPHASIS. [P. S.] platform, supported by terraces and walls of a very
A'LGIDUS ("AA7i8os), a mountain of Latiiun, massive construction, giving to the whole much of
forming part of the volcanic group of the Alban the character of a fortress, in the same manner as

Hills, though detached from the

central summit, the Rome. These remains
in the case of the Capitol at

Mons Albanus or Monte Cavo, and separated, as which are not easy of access, on account of the
well from that as from the Tusculan hills, by an drn.se woods \\ith which they are surrounded, and

elevated valley of considerable breadth. The extent hence api<ear to have been unknown to earlier writers
in which the name was applied is not certain, but it are described by Cell (Topography of Rome, p.
Tins to have been a general appellation for the 42) and Nibby (Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 121),
north-eastern portion of the Alban group, rather than but more fully and accurately bv Abeken (Mittel-
that of a particular mountain Mimmit. It is cele- Italien, p. 215). [E. 11. B.]
brated by Horace for its black woods of holm-oaks AL1NDA Eth. 'AAtJ/Sevs), a city of
("A\it>5a :

( Hiyrae J trad frond is in Alytdo),

and for its cold Caria, which was surrendered to Alexander by Ada,
and snowy climate Alyido, Carm. i. 21. 6, queen of Caria. It was one of the strongest places
(itii-ali
23. 9,*iv. 4. 58): but its lower slopes became
iii. in Caria (Arrian. Anab. i. 23; Strab. p. 657). Its

afterwards much frequented by the Roman nobles position seems to be properly fixed by Fellows (Dis-
as a place of summer retirement, whence Silius Itali- coveries in Lycia, p. 58) at Demmeergee-derasy,
cus gives it ainoena Algida (Sil.
the epithet of between Arab Hissa and Karpuslee, on a steep
Ital. xii. 536; Martial, x. 30. 6). It has now very rock. He found no inscriptions, but out of twenty
much resumed its ancient aspect, and is covered with copper coins obtained here five had the epigraph
.'.-use forests, which are frequently the haunts of Alinda. [G. L.]
banditti. ALIPHE'RA ('AAi'^rjpa, Pans.; Aliphera, Liv. ;
'

At an plays an important part in

earlier period it "AAi^etpa, Polyb. Eth. 'AAt^rjpeus, A.\i<pTjpdios on
:
,

the history of Rome, being the theatre of numberless coins AAIfcEIPEftN, Aliphiraeus, Plin.iv. 6. s. 10.
conflicts between the Romans and Aequians. It is 22), a town of Arcadia, in the district Cynuria,
not clear whether it was as supposed by Dionysius said to have been built by Alipherus, a son of Lycaon,

(x. 21), who followed by Niebuhr (vol. ii. p. 258)

is was situated upon asteep and lofty hill, 40 stadia S.
ever included in the proper territories of the of the Alpheius and near the frontiers of Elis. A
Aequians the expressions of Livy would certainly
:
large number of its inhabitants removed to Mega-
l"ad to a contrary conclusion: but it was continually lopolis upon the foundation of the latter city in
occupied by them as an advanced post, which at once B. c. 371; but it still continued to be a place of
secured their own communications with the Volscians, some importance. It was ceded to the Eleaus by
and intercepted those of the Romans and Latins with Lydiades, when tyrant of Megalopolis; but it was
their allies the Hernicans. The elevated plain taken from them by Philip in the Social War, B. c.
which separated it from the Tusculan hills thus 219, and restored to Megalopolis. It contained
became their habitual field of battle. (Liv. iii. 2, temples of Asclepius and Athena, and a celebrated
23, 25, &c.; Dion. Hal. x. 21, xi. 3, 23, &c.; Ovid, bronze statue by Hypatodorus of the latter goddess,
Fast. vi. 721.) Of the exploits of which it was the wko was said to have been bom here. There are
scene, the most celebrated are the victory of Cincin- still considerable remains of this town on the hill of
natus over the Aequians under Cloelius Gracchus, Nerovitza, which has a tabular summit about 300
in B. c. 458, and that of Postumius Tubertus, in yards long in the direction of E. and W., 100 yards
B. c. 428, over the combined forces of the Aequians broad, and surrounded by remains of Hellenic walls.
and Volscians. The last occasion on which we find At the south-eastern angle, a part rather higher
the former people encamping on Mt. Algidus, was in than the rest formed an acropolis: it was about
B.C. 415. 70 yards long and half as much broad. The walls
In several passages Dionysius speaks of a town are built of polygonal and regular masonry inter-
named Algidus, but Livy nowhere alludes to the mixed. (Paus. viii. 3. 4, 26. 5, 27 4, 7;
existence of such a place, nor does his narrative Polyb. iv. 77, 78; Liv. xxviii. 8; Steph. B. *. v.\
admit of the supposition: and it is probable that Leake, J/orea, vol. ii. p. 72, seq.; Ross, Reisen im
Dionysius has mistaken the language of the an- }\ln]>onnes, vol. i.
p. 102; Curtius, Peloponnesos,
" "
nalists, and rendered in Algido by lv ir6\ei 'AA- vol. i.
p. 361, seq.)
yi5 v .
3; Strph. B. s. v. "A\yi-
(I)ionys. x. 21, xi. ALI'SO or ALI'SUM (E\iff<av, *A\tt>rot> :
per-
8os, probably copies Dionysius.) In Strabo's time, haps Elsen, near Paderborn), a strong fortress in
however, it is certain that there was a small town Germany, built by Drusus in B. c. 11, for the pur-
(7roAt'x"iof) of the name (Strab. p. 237): but if pose of fcecuring the advantages which had been
we can construe his words strictly, this, must have gained, and to have a safe place in which the Romaic