QUARK AND LEPTON PROPERTIES ASSIGNED VIA A CUBOCTAHEDRON J. S.

Markovitch
1/30/2007

SYMMETRIES OF THE CUBOCTAHEDRON

________________________________________________________

Each of its four rings contains three quarks

and three leptons.

Each of its six squares has absolute values

= for Q that sum to 2.

Each of its four rings has generations G of

{ −1, −1, 0, 0, +1, +1 }.

Each of its eight triangles has values for R

that sum to 6.
_________________________________________
STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
Particle = { Quark, Lepton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 } The values for Q in each generation are
{ 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 }.

The values for Q and G allow each particle

to couple via a W± to just one other
particle (except in cases of mixing arising
from the assumption that ν x = ν x ).

=
∆R 1
1
M ( ∆ R , ∆ T ) = 4 .1 m
×3 ×
m
10 ∆T
m = 1 for heavy particles.
m = 2 for light particles.

∆T = 0 ∆T = 0 ∆T = −1 ∆T = 0
WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE m(τ ) m(µ ) m(t ) m(b )
Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 } Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 }
m(e ) m(e ) m(c ) m(c )
Valid for:
WEAK COUPLING RULE: Particles may couple via m(ν 3 ) m(ν 2 ) m(s ) m(d )
a W± only if they possess electric charges Q that T = 1 for b-, c-, u-, and d-quarks. m(ν 1 ) m(ν 1 ) m(u ) m(u )
differ by 1 and generations G that sum to 0. T = 0 otherwise.
 QUARK AND LEPTON ASSIGNMENTS USING FOUR INTERLOCKING RINGS JM-PH-2007-67h
1/29/2007

RING SYMMETRIES
________________________________________________________

The values for T are assigned symmetrically.

= Quarks are opposed by quarks, and

leptons by leptons, where to say particles
are “opposed” means they are
symmetrical about the center point.

All heavy particles (m = 1) are opposed by

light particles (m = 2).

STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE Opposing particles have values for Q that
Particle = { Quark, Lepton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 } differ by 1.

Opposing particles have the same values

for R.
________________________________________

For heavy particles the sum of the lepton

charges minus three times the sum of the
= quark charges equals 0

For light particles the sum of the lepton

charges minus three times the sum of the
quark charges equals 0.

WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 } Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 }

Prepared by J. S. Markovitch
 QUARK AND LEPTON PROPERTIES ASSIGNED VIA A CUBE JM-PH-2007-67h
2
2/1/2007

Each of the cube’s nine orthogonal

slices has absolute values for Q
that sum to 2.

T = 1 for b-, c-, u-, and d-quarks. Each of the cube’s eight corners has
T = 0 otherwise. values for R that sum to 6.
STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
Particle = { Quark, Leton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 }

The location of the four hexagonal

rings of the cuboctahedron.
=

WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 }
Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 } Prepared by J. S. Markovitch
 QUARK AND LEPTON PROPERTIES ASSIGNED VIA A CUBOCTAHEDRON JM-PH-2007-67g
2/1/2007

Particles are “opposed” if they are

symmetrical
Particles about a line
are opposed passing
if they are
through the center of the cube’s
symmetrical about a line passing
top (the red
through thesquare)
center and
of thethecubocta-
center
of the cube’s bottom.
hedron’s “top” (the red square) and
= the center of the cuboctahedron’s
“bottom” (the green square).

Opposing particles have values for

Q that differ by 1.
2

STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

Particle = { Quark, Lepton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 }

Opposing particles have values for m

that differ by 1, where m = 1 for
heavy particles, and m = 2 for light
particles. Note that quarks oppose
= quarks, and leptons oppose
leptons.

Opposing particles have the same

values for R.

WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 } Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 }

Prepared by J. S. Markovitch
 QUARK AND LEPTON PROPERTIES ASSIGNED VIA A CUBE JM-PH-2007-67g
2/1/2007

Particles are “opposed” if they are

symmetrical
Particles about a line
are opposed passing
if they are
through the center of the cube’s
symmetrical about a line passing
top (the red
through thesquare) andthe
center of thecube’s
center
of the cube’s bottom.
top (the red square) and the center
= of the cube’s bottom (the green
square).

Opposing particles have values for

2
Q that differ by 1.
STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
Particle = { Quark, Lepton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 }

Opposing particles have values for m

that differ by 1, where m = 1 for
heavy particles, and m = 2 for light
particles. Note that quarks oppose
quarks, and leptons oppose
= leptons.

Opposing particles have the same

values for R.

WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 } Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 }

Prepared by J. S. Markovitch
 QUARK AND LEPTON PROPERTIES ASSIGNED VIA A CUBE JM-PH-2007-67d
2/1/2007

Each of the cube’s nine orthogonal

slices has absolute values for Q
that sum to 2.

STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

Particle = { Quark, Lepton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 }

Each of the cube’s eight corners has

values for R that sum to 6.

WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 } Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 }

Prepared by J. S. Markovitch
 QUARK AND LEPTON RINGS JM-PH-2007-67h
2/1/2007

STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

Particle = { Quark, Lepton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 }

WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 } Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 }

Prepared by J. S. Markovitch
 QUARK AND LEPTON PROPERTIES ASSIGNED VIA A CUBE JM-PH-2007-67h
QUARK AND LEPTON RINGS AND CIRCLES 2/1/2007

STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

Particle = { Quark, Lepton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 }

WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 } Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 }

Prepared by J. S. Markovitch
 QUARK AND LEPTON PROPERTIES ASSIGNED VIA A CUBE JM-PH-2007-67h
QUARK AND LEPTON RINGS 2/1/2007

STRONG FORCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

Particle = { Quark, Lepton } Electric Charge Q = { 0, −⅓, +⅔, −1 }

WEAK FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Generation G = { −1, 0, +1 } Values for R = { 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 }

Prepared by J. S. Markovitch