ANTHROPOLOGY -the systematic study of man and his culture -Anthropology is the study of the human condition, in all

of its forms and splendors Anthroposfrom the Greek for man We extend this today to mean all of humanity -ology(logos) the study of 2 MAJOR FIELDS Physical or Biological anthropology - concerned with tracing the evolutionary development of the human animal and studying the biological variation within their species Cultural anthropology - studies mans culture or way of life of an entire people Biological Anthropology Studies the human animal Evolution Population and breeding histories and how people create ideas of race and racism Forensic anthropology Cultural Anthropology Focuses on living (or recently living) cultures Identifies rules of social behavior Studies the ways people identify themselves in their societies and the world SUB-FIELDS OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY - Studies the relics of past cultures and reconstruct mans cultural history from remains of human culture LINGUISTICS - Specializes in the study of the structure and history of languages ETHNOLOGY - Specialized branch of cultural anthropology concerned with the study of contemporary cultures Archaeology Studies humanity through the remains left behind by people Provides a unique view across time of culture, language, and physical forms Explores the lost civilizations & cultures of the past Linguistic Anthropology Focuses on human communication Studies the ways we structure our communication Includes components on how the brain and speech emerged together

Covers the ways to be effective in communication SPECIALTIES IN LIGUISTICS Historical linguistics - study how languages change overtime and how they may be related Structural or Descriptive linguistics - interested in how contemporary languages differ in constructions Socio linguistics - study how languages is used in actual speech 4 Fields Unified By Their connection to human-kind Cannot speak of archaeology without referring to culture, or language without referring to biology and culture They all interrelate when we put people in the picture They Also Share An emphasis on Holism An emphasis on Application (sometimes called Applied Anthropology and treated as a 5th subdiscipline) Holism The notion that sets us apart from other social sciences We add factors and look for interrelatedness Other social sciences often look for prime movers and single causal factors They tend to be reductive Application About 70% of all jobs in anthropology are in the private sector Corporations hire anthropologists to study their structure and to improve efficiency Cultural Resource Management archaeology is commonplace But There Is More Anthropology is typically listed as one of the top 5 or 6 most desirable skill areas by employers Everything from personnel management to international business and government positions Anthropology provides you with tools you can use every day! Understanding how people and systems function can help you run a business, serve clients and patients, even navigate the COD bureaucracy

Place in Modern Academia Usually a Social Science Developed in the 19th century as part of the birth of social sciences, along with Sociology Psychology Political Sciecne Anthropologys Scope of Study If humans are involved, we study it This is very broad, perhaps too broad to get a handle on So we break it into 4 subfields This organization is called the quadripartite approach Quadripartite Approach Cultural Anthropology Anthropology 1100 Linguistic Anthropology Anthropology 1115 (new course in Spring) Biological Anthropology (Race, Sex, & Human Evolution) Anthropology 1125 Archaeology (Discovering Archaeology) Anthropology 1120 PART I - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The story of creation is the leading explanation concerning the theory of the origin of life in the world. This Judeo- Christian view of the world is primarily based in the Holy Bible. This biblical account of the story of creation is known as creationism. Early 19th century, the humble beginning of anthropology was traceable to a certain French customs official by the name of Jacques Boucher de Perthes who had great interest in natural history. What is Evolution? - the theoretical process by which all species develop from earlier forms of life. - the gradual development of something into a more complex or better form. What is Evolutionism? - the belief in the theory of biological evolution Many academicians accepted Darwins ideas and they were called anthropological evolutionists. They claimed that society and culture have developed in a regular sequence of predictable stages. And according

to them that cultures will develop similar features even without cultural exchanges which they called, independent inventions. Leading proponents of anthropological evolution Lewis H. Morgan in his book Ancient Society (1877), he identified three stages of social evolution namely; savagery, barbarism, civilization. Sir Edward B. Taylor in his book Primitive Culture (1871), he focused primarily on the development of religion and not on technology. Religion evolved from animism to polytheism to monotheism. Herbert Spencer in his book Principles of sociology (1896), he traced the supposed evolution of marriage practices from polygamy to monogamy. Reactions to Evolutionism Historical Particularism (by Franz Boas) Cultural relativism (by Franz Boas) Diffusionism Functionalism PART II HUMAN EVOLUTION (cultural and biological) About 70 million years ago, the first primates may have appeared in the surface of the earth. This primates are believed to be the ancestors to all living primates today, including monkeys, apes, and humans. Until about 100,000 years ago, modern humans evolved. The theory of evolution gained tremendous popularity with the publication of Charles Darwins book the Origin of the Species (1859) that practically shook the whole world. Darwin was not the first person to view the creation of new species as evolutionary, but he was the first person to provide a comprehensive, well documented explanation for the way evolution had occurred. A. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION What is natural selection? - refers to the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure that selects some individuals and not the others to produce the next generation of the group. Adaptation refers to the possession of certain anatomical, physiological and behavioral characteristics that permit organisms to survive in the special environmental conditions in which they are generally found. Mutation is the chemical alteration of a gene that produces a new allele. Common causes of

mutation are food, climate (environment), and sickness (illness). Allele the alternate forms of a gene located on paired chromosomes and coded for different versions of the same trait. Heredity refers to the transmission of genes from one generation to the next. Genes carrier of the hereditary traits; they are portions of molecules of DNA that directs the development of a single observable traits. Dominant genes the allele of a gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in the heterozygous form. Recessive genes an allele phenotypically suppressed in the heterozygous form and expressed only in the homozygous form. Gene pool the total number of different genes and alleles in a given population. Gene flow the exchange of genes between populations. 3 Kinds of evolution: a) divergent branching from one form to a most diverse form. b) linear a linear progression from one form to a more specialized form of the same type. c) convergent when two dissimilar form develop greater similarities. B. CULTURAL EVOLUTION In biological evolution there are two sources of variability namely; a)genetic recombination and b) mutation. However, in cultural evolution there are also two sources of variability namely; a) recombination of behaviors and b) inventions. Cultures are not closed or reproductively isolated, a species are. A species cannot just borrow genetic traits from another species, but a culture can borrow new things and behavior from other cultures. Paleontology the study of past life through the examination of fossil remains. Strategraphy the study how rock formation and fossils are laid down in successive layer or strata. PRIMATE EVOLUTION THE EMERGENCE OF PRIMATES When did the earliest primates appear? What were they like? What kind of animal did they evolve from? Which of their traits seem to have been favored by that environment?

The goal of primatology (study of primates) is to understand how different primates have adapted anatomically and behaviorally to their environment. The results of such studies may help us to understand the behavior and evolution of the human primate. All living primates belong to the class Mammalia, and they share all the common features of mammals. The earliest primates that have existed was believed to be the fossils that was found by two anthropologists in Eastern Montana in 1964. This suggests that the fossils have existed as far back as the Late Cretaceous period (about 70 m.y.a.) and is known to belong from the genus Purgatorious. AGE OF VERTEBRATES A. Paleozoic (Ancient Life) Era the age of fishes and amphibians. - Cambrian period, Ordovician period, Silurian period, Devonian period, - Carboniferous period, Permian period B. Mesozoic (Middle Life) the age of reptiles and dinosaurs. - Triassic period, Jurassic period, Cretaceous period C. Cenozoic (Recent Life) the age of birds and mammals. - Paleocene , Eocene , Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene Two known types of primates Prosimians (lemurs and tarsiers) Physical features: Arboreal Omnivorous Prehensile hands Stereoscopic vision Social features: Nocturnal animals Long dependency Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans) Physical features: Terrestrial Sexual dimorphism Larger brain size Expanded pelvic bones Social features: Highly nomadic Division of labor by sex Food sharing among adults Diurnal animals

ORDER OF PRIMATES

CLASSIFICATION OF HOMINOIDS

TYPES OF DATING TECHNIQUE A. Relative dating technique uses chemicals to determine the age of specimen. 3 kinds of chemical test used in relative dating technique: a) Fluorine test chemical found in underground water b) Uranium test chemical found in subterranean water c) Nitrogen test found in mans bones B. Absolute dating technique (Chronometric dating) considered as the most accurate of all techniques. This is used to measure the actual age of specimen. 3 kinds of absolute dating technique: a) Carbon 14 dating the most popular technique b) Potassium-Argon 40 dating c) Fission track dating the simplest technique

Overview of Human evolution: Biological & Cultural