KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD

Kerala State Electricity Board
A Technical Presentation Melvin Koshy
College of Engineering, Trivandrum August 18, 2010
Melvin Koshy
Introduction
Power sector - One of the important sectors fuelling the GDP growth Private sector participation has increased recently - pushed by policies and regulations Complexities increased manifold Renewable energy - thrust area - REC R & D initiatives required in optimising system management shift from command control to contractual control
Melvin Koshy
World Power Scenario
Demand for electricity is closely linked to economic growth The share of electricity in total energy consumption 2002 - 16% 2030 - 20% During past thirty years, growth of global economy - 3.3% per year electricity demand - 3.6% Electricity demand by 2030 would be doubled
Melvin Koshy
Probable Scenario in 2030
Developing countries demand tripled Developed countries, growth of 1.4% per year
Indonesia - 5.2% India - 4.9% China - 4.5%
Sectoral growth
Residential electricity consumption - 119% Services sector - 97% Industry - 86%
Melvin Koshy
Sources of Power
Dominant fuel in the past - Oil Last 30 years - More Coal Present Trend - More LNG Gas preferred to coal for
environmental advantages lower capital costs operational exibility
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Sources of Power
Nuclear stations
Long term cost advantage as base load Major impediment - safety hazards
Hydro
Environmental issues Cost of development in the rural areas. Salination of river deltas Erosion and siltation of dams Alienation of productive farmland Destruction of forests
Melvin Koshy
World Power Scenario
Fossil Fuels
Increased pollution due to sulphur dioxide, nitric oxides and carbon dioxide Trans-boundary issues such as acid rain Stratospheric ozone depletion Greenhouse eect
By 2030, power generation will account for nearly half of world consumption of natural gas
Melvin Koshy
Power scenario in India
Growth of Economy - 7 8%
Power sector growth required - 10 12% about 12000 MW capacity addition per annum
Percapita consumption - 733 kWh Projected for 2012 - 1000 kWh Power shortage
8% on average basis 12% on peaking basis
Hydro Power
Potential - 150,000 MW Utilised - 32,000 MW Target for 2017 - 50,000 MW
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Installed Capacity
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Power System Operation - Basics
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Management of Electricity
Electricity cannot be stored in large quantities Production to match with consumption in real-time Power ow depend only on the laws of Physics Electrical Network needs to be Controlled andCoordinated technically and economically Hence, a need for Load Dispatching
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Load Dispatching
Coordination of
Generation system Transmission system Distribution system and Load
Ensuring
Safety Stablity Power quality Economical rate
Optimum Load Generation Balance
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Functions of Load Dispatch
Power System Control Objective: Safe and Secure Operation Control parameters Voltage Frequency Power System Coordination Objective: Most economic operation Control parameters Schedule of generation Arrangement of transmission system Crisis Management
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Load Generation Balance
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Load Generation Balance
Real time The actual demand has to be met with power availability
Sources
Internal from the control area itself External to the control area Thermal Hydel Others
Long term (Control period)

Energy requirement for the control period is to be met
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Demand of Control Area
Demand depends on Weather Social factors - festivals/holidays, examinations, major cricket matches etc. Political factors Availability of transmission, distribution system due to technical reasons Predictable/Unpredictable reasons
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Integrated Operation
The power system is operated on integrated mode. This provides Better stability Better reliability Low spinning reserve requirement Possibility of economic operation Requirements Extensive transmission network Complex control and coordination
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India - Power Map
Indian Power System is divided into Five Regional Grids Northern Region Western Region Eastern Region North-Eastern Region Southern Region
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Electrical Regions
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All India Power demand Peak in MW
Peak demand Peak demand met Decit
April 2010 121220 102894 18326 (15.1%)
April 09 - March 2010 119166 104009 15157 (12.7%)
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Southern Region Power position Peak in MW
April 2010 31087 29054 2033 (6.5%)
April 09 - March 2010 32178 29049 3129 (9.7%)
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Southern Region Power position Energy in MU
April 2010 20410 18245 2165 (10.6%)
April 09 - March 2010 220576 206544 14032 (6.4%)
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Power System Control
Control parameters Frequency ACTIVE POWER Voltage REACTIVE POWER Loading POWER FLOW
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Frequency Control
Control parameter: Active power Generation to match with load at any instant Generation control Manual Automatic Load control Consumers choice Contingency Imposed by utility
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Generation control Manual

Sources Hydel Thermal Gas Liquid Fuel Combined cycle Open cycle Nuclear Non-Conventional Wind Solar Small Hydel Others
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Automatic Control
Instantaneous response Governor Control FGMO RGMO Frequency based automatic schemes
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Load Control
Power shortage Constraints Contingency Imposed by utility
Load shedding
Energy shortage Choices Aordability Choice for consumer
Power Cut
Melvin Koshy Kerala State Electricity Board
Demand Management
Starts acting when f < 49.7 Hz Load shedding below f < 49.5 Hz Automatic under frequency load shedding
Plain UF df/dt
SCADA based selective remote tripping to maintain control area error at lower frequencies
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System Performance Parameters
Main factors Generation

Spinning Reserve Size of grid Interconnection
Transmission n1 n2
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Allowed Voltage variation (as per IEGC)
Nominal 765 400 220 132 110 66 33
Maximum 800 420 245 145 121 72 36
Minimum 728 380 198 122 99 60 30
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Factors aecting voltage
Voltage balance Reactive power Reactive sources

Reactors Capacitor banks Transmission line SIL, length of line
Loading constraints Compensation Location
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Power Map of Southern Region
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Active power ow
Depend on laws of physics KVL and KCL hold good Principle - Power ow by displacement
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Principle of HVDC
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Activities in Load Dispatching
Data Monitoring Data Analyzing Optimal Decision making
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Data Requirement
Output of Generators Power Flow through Grid Inter State Power Flow Bus Voltage System Frequency Reservoir Levels Fuel Position Power availability
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Power System SCADA
SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition SCADA makes entire power system available to the operator for control It also permits the operator to interfere in the grid by remote switching in exigencies It is integrated up to national level with drill-down facility
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Information ow
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SCADA GUI - SLDC, Kalamassery
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SCADA in Kerala
32 Remote Terminal Units covering all generating stations, 220 kV substations and 110 kV grid stations Broadband backbone with OF/MW links Radial connections through PLCC Three sub load dispatch centres and one state load dispatch centre
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Control Levels in Power System
National Load Dispatch Centre, Delhi Regional Load Dispatch Centres State Load Dispatch Centres Sub Load Dispatch Centres
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Hierarchy of Controls
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Power system Coordination
Parameter to be controlled - Cost Control variables Schedule of generators Arrangement of transmission network Basically an optimisation problem
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India - Power Map
Interconnected grid Generation outside geographic boundaries Principle of displacement
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Typical Demand Pattern
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Constraints in Generation
Nuclear power - Strictly base load plant Coal based - 75% to 100%, Limited start stops Combined cycle - 75% to 100%, Limited start stops Open cycle - Cost high Hydel - Water discharge commitment, Spillage/Shortage of water
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System based constraints
Transmission constraints Voltage constraints Minimum generation Spinning reserve
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Enforcement of optimisation - Tari
Tari determines charges, penalties and incentives To facilitate enforcement of optimisation, Availability Based Tari (ABT) was introduced, which has three components Capacity charges (Fixed cost) Energy charges (Variable cost) Unscheduled interchange (UI charges)
Melvin Koshy
Mechanism of the ABT
The commercial mechanism of the ABT disciplines of all three entities in the grid - the generator, transmitter and the beneciaries The UI charges combined with capacity charge on availability basis facilitates the marketing of both capacity and energy on a continuous basis, and enforcement of grid discipline Availability Based Tari is appropriate as it reects all elements of capacity made available as well as capacity utilised
Melvin Koshy
Unscheduled Interchange (UI)
Demand of the grid is not constant Frequency of the grid is not constant Depending on various conditions, the tie line ow varies from instant to instant Thus UI is unavoidable in an integrated network UI can be harnessed eectively to the advantage of the constituents if system permits Rate depends on frequency
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UI Rate for dierent frequencies w.e.f. 03-05-2010
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Beneciary UI
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Generator UI
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VAR Rates
Payable at10 ps./kVARH for VAR injection at Voltages above 103% of rated voltage VAR absorbed at Voltages below 97% of rated voltage Receivable at 10 ps./kVARH for VAR drawal at Voltages above 103% of rated voltage VAR injection at Voltages below 97% of rated voltage
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Merit order Dispatch
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Trading of power
Act 2003 and Electricity policy recognises trading of Electricity as a distinct activity Open access is provided in transmission sector so that any utility can buy power from any source in India or even from abroad Transmission charges are payable to the transmission company Losses associated are to be borne
Melvin Koshy
Necessity of electricity trading
Quality of power is determined by the overall behaviour of all agencies

Manufacturers (generators) Customers (SEBs/DISCOMs) Transporters (transmission and distribution agencies)
No agency is able to control the quality of his production or purchase in an integrated network. Power trading contributes to
Better grid conditions Grid discipline Reduction of the overall cost
Melvin Koshy
Players in the eld
Trading can be
Bilateral Through traders approved by regulatory commissions Direct
Through Exchanges
Indian Energy Exchange Power Exchange India Ltd.
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Advantages of trading
Resources optimization Reducing peaking shortage by ensuring transfer of electricity from surplus region to decit region on day to day basis and even on real time basis Signal for investment in generation (Evident from the number of generators coming up on merchant basis and willing to sell power to the needy consumers by participating in tender formalities) Harnessing of various sources of power such as co-generation, captive, wind power etc. Better utilisation of transmission assets eectively reduces the overall transmission cost as Short term trading is done by utilizing the inherent margin of the transmission network
Melvin Koshy
Transactions through power exchanges
Most of the trade in power exchanges is through day-ahead market. The requirement/availability for the next day can be quoted on hourly basis. There is no obligation on time period for oers, the quantum of requirement Prices quoted are to be considered as true reection of the merit order of purchasers. The oered price by sellers is based on market conditions
Melvin Koshy
Features of Power Exchanges
Pre-conditions like must buy for a time period, say o-peak along with peak, day time with o-peak etc. are common Ensure scheduling of the plant above technical minimum throughout the day Possibility of subsidising some portion of o peak sale with the margin available during peak or day-time Agreements for longer period-typically week ahead or month ahead Swap covering several months also possible
Melvin Koshy
Signicance of Power Exchanges
Purchase can be restricted to the essential period alone in case of power shortage This preserves the overall merit order-Even purchase for 4 h (say), peak at a rate higher than the costliest internal station may prove to be in merit order Very low prices discovered in exchanges in some period can be utilised for meeting energy shortage
Melvin Koshy
THANK YOU
Melvin Koshy

KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD - KSEB - Overview

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KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD - KSEB - Overview

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A Technical Presentation Melvin Koshy

College of Engineering, Trivandrum August 18, 2010

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

World Power Scenario

Kerala State Electricity Board

Probable Scenario in 2030

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

World Power Scenario

Kerala State Electricity Board

Power scenario in India

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

Power System Operation - Basics

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

Optimum Load Generation Balance

Kerala State Electricity Board

Functions of Load Dispatch

Kerala State Electricity Board

Load Generation Balance

Kerala State Electricity Board

Load Generation Balance

Long term (Control period)

Kerala State Electricity Board

Demand of Control Area

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

India - Power Map

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

All India Power demand Peak in MW

Peak demand Peak demand met Decit

April 2010 121220 102894 18326 (15.1%)

April 09 - March 2010 119166 104009 15157 (12.7%)

Kerala State Electricity Board

Southern Region Power position Peak in MW

Peak demand Peak demand met Decit

April 2010 31087 29054 2033 (6.5%)

April 09 - March 2010 32178 29049 3129 (9.7%)

Kerala State Electricity Board

Southern Region Power position Energy in MU

Peak demand Peak demand met Decit

April 2010 20410 18245 2165 (10.6%)

April 09 - March 2010 220576 206544 14032 (6.4%)

Kerala State Electricity Board

Power System Control

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

Generation control Manual

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

Kerala State Electricity Board

System Performance Parameters

Main factors Generation

Kerala State Electricity Board

Allowed Voltage variation (as per IEGC)

Nominal 765 400 220 132 110 66 33

Maximum 800 420 245 145 121 72 36

Minimum 728 380 198 122 99 60 30

Kerala State Electricity Board