All the keynote papers and abstracts in this book of the international conference on Green Chemistry for Sustainable

Development are contribution made by the authors participating in this conference. Therefore, the content written herein reflects those of the authors and do not necessarily constitute endorsement by editors, organizers, the sponsors of the conference. The entire abstract presented in this book has been peer-reviewed for the content and their suitability for presentation at the conference. The editors, organizers, and sponsors are not liable to any claim arising from the technical content in this book.

Editors Dr. Md. Zaved H Khan Ovinu Kibria Islam

Copyright and Reprint Permission: Photocopy of an article is permitted for authors and other researchers for their own reading and research. Abstracting and indexing of the papers are permitted but acknowledgement should be given to the conference name and the authors of each specific abstract. Written permission should be obtained from the publishers to prior to any other type of reproduction. Please contact: Dept. of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Jessore Science and Technology University Jessore 7408, Bangladesh. Phone: +880 421 61097 Fax: +880-42161199 Email: zaved@jstu-conferences.com Website: www.jstu.edu.bd

ISBN: 978-984-33-5307-8

Printed by Momin Offset Press 9 Nilkhet, Babupura, Dhaka Tel: 9675332, 8616471

Executive Summary
In recent years Green Chemistry has become widely accepted as a concept meant to influence education, research, and industrial practice. It is important to realize that it is not a subject area in the way that chemistry is. Rather, Green Chemistry is meant to influence the way that we practice. Green chemistry, also known as sustainable chemistry, is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle, including the design, manufacture, and use of a chemical product. The Green Chemistry initiative aims to regulate the creation and use of materials hazardous to human health and the environment by encouraging innovative design and manufacturing, and ultimately safer consumer product alternatives. Green Chemistry aims not only for safer products, less hazardous consequences to the environment, saving energy and water, but includes broader issues which can promote in the end Sustainable Development. The rapid development of new chemical technologies and the vast number of new chemical products in the last decades turned the attention of environmentalists to remedial actions for the negative. But the fact is that the most effective way to reduce the negative impacts is the design and innovation in the manufacturing processes, taking into account energy. Presently Green chemistry has gained a strong foothold in the areas of research and development in both industry and academia, especially in the developed industrial countries. Several international conferences, scientific journals, numerous publications and new courses in universities testify to the increasing influence of Green Chemistry philosophy. Our Conference entitled Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development is an excellent occasion to those involved or interested in the mitigation of environmental issues and the global climate change to become acquainted with and to discuss about the Green Chemistry approach, its current development and its applications for the reduction of the generation of both pollutants and greenhouse gases. The Conference aims to contribute to promote industrial innovation through scientific knowledge in order to achieve new and better performing, less toxic commercial products, made attainable whenever feasible from biomaterials.

Dr. Md. Zaved H Khan Secretary of the conference

Professor Dr. A K Azad Chowdhury

Chairman (State Minister) University of Grants Commission of Bangladesh

Message
It gives me immense pleasure to know that Jessore Science and Technology University (JSTU) is organizing an International conference on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development in their campus on 14th July 2012. I hope, in light of the significant progresses and challenges in the development and implementation of green and sustainable chemistry, this conference reviews the recent results generated by a more efficient use of resources to minimize carbon footprints, to foster the eradication or minimization of solvent use in chemistry, and deliver processes which lead to increased harmony between chemistry and the environment. I am sure that the interaction of the participants from Bangladesh with various internationally renowned scientists will go a long way in knowledge exchange. The conference will provide a platform for exchanging scientific ideas on sustainable development. It is only through knowledge transfer and exchanges that one can hope to keep up with the rapidly changing world around us. My best wishes to all the participants of the International Conference a grand success in their mission of making competitive research for sustainable development. I wish the conference a grand success.

Professor Dr. A K Azad Chowdhury

Chairman (State Minister)

Professor Dr. A. I. Mustafa

Chief Guest of the Conference & Chairman Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR)

Message
I am delighted to know that Jessore Science and Technology University (JSTU) is going to organize their 1st international conference on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development in the university campus. It is a privilege for me to be amongst the distinguished guests and participants, a bunch of talented scientists, in this very eventful occasion. It is my firm believes that this conference will focus on tangible actions and initiatives enabling the global transition to green economy through greening industrialization and building green industries. Green chemistry, also known as sustainable chemistry, is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, and use. It is a highly effective approach to pollution prevention because it applies innovative scientific solutions to real-world environmental situations. Sustainable development is vital for maintaining the prosperity of our society while safeguarding resources for future generations. Chemistry as well as chemical engineering is one of the central science disciplines to enable sustainable development because it is the key to the production of a broad range of old and new materials and goods that make our life easier, more comfortable or healthier. This conference will provide a platform for exchanging scientific ideas on the latest developments of green chemistry around the world. I hope that the discussion at this conference will not be just for the benefit of the teachers and scientists, but will stimulate the concerned research groups who are aiming to work for green environment as a whole. I also hope that the discussion will promote awareness and facilitate education and practice of green chemistry in industry, commerce and academia. I do believe that the base of national as well as global sustainable development will be strengthened due to such scientific program. I wish every success of the conference.

(Professor Dr. A. I. Mustafa)

M. M. Rahman
Member University Grant Commission of Bangladesh (UGC)

Message
I am pleased to learn that Jessore Science and Technology University is holding an international conference with the theme Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development on 14 July 2012. This is a highly laudable effort by a new university. The importance of sustainable development is recognized all over the world, and for a developing country like Bangladesh, it is all the more important. Chemistry plays a vital role in the economic development of a nation. In Bangladesh, the vital industries like pharmaceutical industries, chemical industries and textile industries involve the application of chemistry, which invariably leads to discharge of chemicals in the environment. Some of these may degrade the environment. Green Chemistry is the practice of chemistry which involves minimum amount of chemicals, avoids the use and production of harmful chemicals or converts such chemicals into harmless products. Therefore, unless green chemistry is practiced, the development may not be sustainable. Even in the laboratories of academic institutes it is Important that in all activities of teaching and research green chemistry is practiced. The scientific presentations in the conference dealing with the importance of green chemistry and new innovations in this field will stimulate important and useful discussions and lead to new ideas for work in future. In particular, the local scientists working in this field will be immensely benefitted. The conference will certainly be a big stride towards improving the quality of higher education in the university. Let me offer my sincere congratulations to all participants of the conference, and to the university authority for organizing the event. I wish the event great success.

M. M. Rahman

Professor Dr. Md. Abdus Sattar

Chief Patron of the Conference & Vice-chancellor Jessore Science & Technology University Jessore, Bangladesh.

Message
It is my great Pleasure that an International Conference on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development is going to organize for the first time in Jessore Science and Technology University campus. Researchers from all over the world are involved to develop new process, synthetic methods, reaction condition, catalysts etc. to reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances under the new concept green chemistry. Green chemistry supports more environment friendly chemical process, minimizing the negative impact of the procedures and optimizing efficiency, which in turn makes the development sustainable. In that sense, the present conference at JSTU has prime importance for researchers, industrialists, policy makers and academicians in home and abroad. There is no end to the quest for improvement by any country seeking to address any socioeconomic and environmental problem associated with progress. Despite the challenges, a sustainable socioeconomic development path is based on productivity enhancement, driven by innovation, and inspired by the ideals of human development is achievable. I am looking forward to seeing you all at Jessore Science and Technology University during conference to sharing a most pleasant, interesting and fruitful conference and best wishes for successful proceedings. Let us work for a better world, a better environment friendly world, so that all human beings and living entities can survive here in peace and mutual respect and Bangladesh may play an important role in this process.

Professor Dr. Md. Abdus Sattar

Organizing Committee
Chief Patron of the Conference Prof. Dr. Md. Abdus Sattar Vice-chancellor, Jessore Science and Technology University (JSTU)

Secretary of the Conference Dr. Md. Zaved H Khan

Treasurer of the Conference Dr. Shaikh Mizanur Rahman

Local Organizing Committee Chair: Dr. Biplob Kumar Biswas, JSTU

Members S. M. Nur Alam Md. Abdur Rauf Sarkar Mohammad Jashim Uddin Roksana Sharmin Md. Shahedur Rahman Ovinu Kibria Islam Rezaul Karim Bablu Hira Mandal Md. Jahangir Alam Shams Muhammad Galib

Advisors
Prof. Sharif Enamul Kabir, Ex- V. C., Jahangirnagar University Prof. M. Alauddin, V.C, Islamic University Prof. M. A. Jalil Miah, V.C, Begum Rokeya University Prof. Mohammad Alauddin, Pro-V. C., University of Chittagong Prof. A. I. Mustafa, Chairman, BCSIR Prof. A B M Faroque, University of Dhaka Prof. Abu Sara Shamsur Rouf, University of Dhaka Prof. Md. Anwar Hossain, University of Dhaka Prof. M. Shahabuddin K. Choudhuri, Jahangirnagar University Prof. Mohamed Rahmatullah, Pro-V.C., University of Dev. Alternative Prof. Dil Afroza Begum, Bangladesh University of Engg. & Technology Prof. Md. Iqbal, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology Prof. Shamir Sadhu, Khulna University Prof. Md. Abdul Aziz, Khulna Uni. of Sci. and Technology Prof. Akhtarul Islam, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology Prof. S. S. Bari, Panjab University, India Prof. Tetsuya Osaka, Waseda University, Japan Dr. Md. Anisur Rahman, JSTU Mr. Rabbur Reza, COO, Beximco Phama Ltd. Mr. Md. Jawaid Yahya, MD, Advent Pharma Ltd. Mr. Md. Rafiqul Islam, COO, Supreme Pharma Ltd. Mr. Dawood Farhan, MD, D. J. Agro Ltd. Mr. Q M Ferdows, ED, Talukder Group Ltd.

Scientific Committee
Prof. M. Shahabuddin K. Choudhuri, Jahangirnagar University Prof. Khabir Uddin, Jahangirnagar University Prof. Bupesh Chandra Roy, Islamic University Prof. Rustom Ali, University of Rajshahi Prof. Md. Elias Hissain, University of Rajshahi Prof. Zennat Ferdousi, University of Rajshahi Assoc. Prof. Md. Abu Reza, University of Rajshahi Assoc. Prof. Md. Atiqur Rahman, Islamic University Assoc. Prof. Salma Akhter, Shahjalal Uni. of Science & Technology Dr. Biplob Kumar Biswas, JSTU Dr. A. S. M. Mojahidul Hoque, JSTU Dr. Ashraf Ali Seddique, JSTU Dr. K. M. Delowar Hossain, JSTU Dr. Md. Ziaul Amin, JSTU Ms. Nigarin Sultana, JSTU

10

Sub-Committees
Finance Sub-Committee Dr. Shaikh Mizanur Rahman Dr. Md. Ziaul Amin Dr. Biplob Kumar Biswas Registration Sub-Committee Dr. Wasikur Rahman Md. Abdur Rauf Sarkar Md. Nazmul Hasan Md. Jahangir Alam Md. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal Reception Sub-Committee Mohammad Jashim Uddin Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman Rokshana Sharmin Md. Abdus Samad Sheauly Khatun Transportation and Information Sub-Committee Md. Jahangir Alam Md. Hafiz Uddin Leisure Sub-Committee S. M. Nur Alam Bablu Hira Mandal Decoration Certificate Sub-Committee Shams Muhammad Galib Rezaul Karim Sayka Jahan Md. Obayed Raihan Imran Khan Food and Accommodation Sub-Committee Bablu Hira Mandal (Accommodation) Md. Shahedur Rahman Md. Ashrafuzzaman Zahid Md. Amzad Hossain Md. Arif Rahman Md. Abdus Samad Editorial Sub-Committee Ovinu Kibria Islam Md. Tanvir Islam Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan

11

Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge the sponsorship support from the following companies-

Main Sponsors

D J Agro Ltd. Talukder Group

Co-sponsors

ShouroBangla Ltd. Nestle Ltd. Sciencetech Corporation Digital Medical Systems Ltd. Elephant Brand Cement Berger Paints Ltd. Active Fine Chemicals Ltd. Beximco Pharma Anwar Group Ad-din Hospital Agrani Bank Ltd. BLC Ltd. Himalay Cement Ltd. Invent Technologies Ltd. RRF Training & Resource Centre

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Contents
Program Schedule Program Details Abstracts of Oral Presentations Session I: Green Biochemistry and Microbiology Session II: Green Pharmacology Session III: Emerging Green Technologies Session IV: Green Environmental Chemistry Session V: Sustainability and Chemical Manufacturing Session VI: Green Biotechnology Session VII: Green Pharmacy Abstracts of Poster Presentations 29 41 55 67 80 102 120 128 15 16

13

14

Program Schedule
14th July 2012
07:30 09:00 Registration Academic Building - Ground Floor 08:00 08:45 Opening Remarks Academic Building - Auditorium 09:00 10:15 Lecture Sessions I, II, III, IV ( in parallel) Room: 201, 203, 234 and Gallery 10:15 10:30 Tea Break Academic Building - 1st Floor 10:35 12:00 Lecture Sessions I, II, III, IV ( in parallel) Room: 201, 203, 234 and Gallery 12:00 14:00 14:00 15:15 Lunch Lecture Sessions V, VI, VII ( in parallel) Room: 201, 203, 234 15:15 15:30 Tea Break Academic Building - 1st Floor 15:30 17:00 Lecture Sessions V, VI, VII ( in parallel) Room: 201, 203, 234 17:00 17:30 Closing Ceremony Academic Building - Auditorium

Poster Session
13:00 14:00 All the posters will be pasted on the gallery corridor wall and will be open for all the day. The judges will visit the posters from 13:00 14:00 and will evaluate. We are requesting all the poster presenters to stay in front of their own posters during that time.

15

Program Details
Session I: Green Biochemistry and Microbiology
Keynote speaker: Prof. Dr. Md. Anwar Hossain, University of Dhaka Chairs: Prof. Dr. Tapan Kumar Das and Prof. Dr. Sirajul Islam Khan 09:00 09.35 Keynote speech: Pollution of Antibiotics and Resistant Bacteria: Prospective Studies on Spreading of Antibiotics Resistance, Food Hygiene and Aquaculture in Bangladesh Md. Anwar Hossain, and Munawar Sultana Biological Studies on the Rhizome of alpinia calcarata Rosc Rasheda Perveen, Golam Kader and Tanzima Yeasmin The Probiotic Technology, a Green Technology for Sustainable Shrimp Production in Bangladesh M. Manjurul Karim, Shafiqur Rahman and M. Niamul Naser 10:10 10:25 10:25 10:40 10:40 10:55 Systems Biological Study of Chitosan Metabolism in Saccharomyes cerevisae Md. Fahmid Islam, Sheikh Md. Enayetul Babar

09:35 09:55 09:55 10:10

Tea Break
Prevalence of Cytolethal Distending Toxin Producing Escherichia coli in Aquatic Environment of Bangladesh Md. Tanvir Islam,Selina Akter and Sirajul Islam Khan Effect of Lead Nitrate in Different Tissues of Swiss Albino Mice Satrupa Chakraborty, Trina Mukherjee, Swarup Roy and Tapan Kumar Das Prospects of Agarwood in Bangladesh, a Multidisciplinary Approach Could form a Goldmine Selina Akter, Md. Tanvir Islam, Zulkefeli Mat Zusoh and Sirajul Islam Khan Microbiological Analysis and Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Chitosan S. M. Rashid, Z. U. M. Khan Study of the Sensitivity of Different Species of Bacteria Against Portulaca oleracea Extracts Md. Saidul Islam, Md. Khasrul Alam, Anzana Parvin, S. K. Biswas,M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal, Dr. Md. Rezuanul Islam Fungal Conversion of Agrowaste into Nutritionally Enriched Animal Feed Through Solid State Fermentation Md. Rezaul Karim, Harun or Rashid, Zinat Mahal, Safia Iqbal, Md. Rezuanul Islam,Md. Shahedur Rahman, M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal

10:55 11:10 11:10 11:25

11:25 11:40 11:40 11:50

11:50 12:00

12:00 12:10

Study on Bioactivity of Selected Shrubs of the Sundarbans Md. Jalal Uddin, Md Shamim Akhter, Kazi Didarul Islam, Md Morsaline Billah

16

Session II: Green Pharmacology

Keynote Speaker: Prof. Md. Shahabuddin Kabir Choudhuri, Jahangirnagar University Chairs: Prof. Dr. Md. Anwar Ul Islam and Dr. Madhuresh K Sethi 09:00 09.35 09:35 10:00 Keynote Speech: Think Big ! Start Small !! Act Now !!! M S K Choudhuri Invited Speech: Understanding Green Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Industry Dr. Madhuresh K Sethi 10:00 10:15 In vivo Screening for Narcotic Analgesic Property using Swiss-Webster Mice to Understand the Comparative Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Medicinal Preparations Ashraf-ul Kabir, Dipan Kumar Kundu, Syeda Seraj, Rabiul Hasan, Shemonty Hasan and M. S. K. Choudhuri 10:15 10:30 Chemical and Biological Investigation of Pyran Derivative antiMicrobial Compound from Aspergillus fumigatus Zakia Sultana Sathi, Ranjan Kumar Barman, Md Ajijur Rahman, Afia Akter, Md Abdul Kader, Mir Imam Ibne Wahed, Md Abdul Gafur, Abu Syed Md Anisuzzaman, Md Anwar Ul Islam 10:30 10:40 10:45 11:00

Tea Break
Isolation of Stigmasterol and -Sitosterol from N-Hexane Extract of the Leaves of Saurauia roxburghii (Actinidiaceae) Yunus Ahmed, Parul Akther, Faridul Islam, Shahab Uddin Ahmed, Shakila Rahman

11:00 11:15

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extract and its Various Fractions from the Seeds of Syzygium fruticosum (Roxb.) DC. Samima Nasrin, Shafiqul Islam, Mohammad Ali Khan, Md. Abdul Aziz, Aziz Abdur Rahman, Mamunur Rashid, Golam Sadik and A.H.M. Khurshid Alam

11:15 11:30

Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies of Amalaki Rasayan Gazi Sharmin, Mirza Asif Ali, Mohammad Jashim Uddin, Krishna Roy, Rubaiyat-E-Tasneem Islam and M. S. K. Choudhuri

11:30 11:45

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Dhatri Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Khurshid Jahan Nimmi, Md Mobassher Hossain, Shah Marzia Mahjabin, Aklima Akter, Amrita Sutradhar and M. S. K. Choudhuri

11:45 12:00

A Clinical study on the Efficacy and Safety of Pancatikta Ghrta Guggulu in Eczema. Shurab Hossain, Paritosh Chakma, Swagata Sarker, Nayma Abedin, Fahima Faroque Archi and M. S. K. Choudhuri

17

Session III: Emerging Green Technologies

Keynote Speaker: Prof. Dr. Kalyan K Mukherjea, Jadavpur University, India Chairs: Prof. Dr. Atsushi Sugiyama and Prof. Dr. Harjinder Singh 09:00 09.35 09:35 09:55 Keynote Speech: Role of Transition Metal Complexes in Biology Kalyan K Mukherjea Electroless and Electrodeposition of Nickel from Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Choline Chloride M. Rostom Ali 09:55 10:15 Photo Voltaic Power System Network a Global Scenario Swapna Roy, Sunita Haldernee Dey, Biswajit Ghosh 10:15 10:30 10:35 10:55

Tea Break
Electrochemical Inclusion of Carbon and its Application to Gold-nickel Alloy Films Atsushi Sugiyama, Yasutaka Kazumi, Tokihiko Yokoshima, Hiroshi Okinaka, and Osaka Tetsuya

10:55 11:10

Redox Interaction of Biologically Important Electroactive Metal Ligand Complexes with Multi-step Electron Transfer Reaction K.M. Salim Reza, M. Motiar Rahman, M. A. Motin and M. A. Aziz Design, Construction and Stress Analysis of a Model Solar Car Mahmudul Hasan, S.M. Hasan, M.A.Kader, M. Riazul Islam Growth Promotion of Crop Plants by Application of Plant GrowthPromoting Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria under Genotobiotic Conditions Md. Rashedul Islam, Tahera Sultana Tailoring MgH2 with Ternary Mg-Nb Oxides Towards Hydrogen Storage M.W. Rahman, S. Livraghi, S. Enzo, E. Giamello, M. Baricco

11:10 11:25 11:25 11:40

11:40 11:55

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Session IV: Green Environmental Chemistry

Keynote Speaker: Prof. Dr. Md. Khabir Uddin, Jahangirnagar University Chairs: Prof. Dr. Ashok K. Keshari and Prof. Dr. Kalyan K Mukherjea 09:00 09:35 Keynote Speech: Green Chemistry and Sustainability M. Khabir Uddin 09:35 09:55 Use of Bioassay Test as a Performance Indicator in Effluent Treatment Systems Including Role in Encouraging Shift Towards use of Green Chemicals Sandeep Garg, Deepika Kansal 09:55 10:10 Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mudstones from the Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh H. M. Zakir Hossain 10:10 10:25 Study on Quality Changes of Fresh Water Prawn (Galda) in the Shrimp Value Chain For the Development of Sea Food Quality. A. Chakrabortty, M. A. Aziz and M. A. Rashed 10:25 10:35 10:40 10:55

Tea Break
Removal of BOD5 from Municipal Wastewater by Electrocoagulation (EC) Technique: A Novel Approach Md. Sabbir Ahmed, Tanveer Mehedi Adyel, S. M. Nazrul Islam, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Riffat Ara Yesmin

10:55 11:10

Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Oxygen in the Miocene Sediments of the Nhila Hill Range, Coxs Bazar, Bangladesh H. M. Zakir Hossain, Sabbir Ahamed, John S. Armstrong-Altrin, Alcides N. Sial, Md. Nahid Nowsher

11:10 11:25

GIS Based Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability In and Around Narayanganj Town, Bangladesh Ashraf Ali Seddique and Kazi Matin Ahmed

11:25 11:40

Development of Household Based Arsenic Removal Technology by using Natural Occurring Iron and Slow Sand Filtration in Rural Areas Md. Abu Shamim Khan, Md. Shamim Uddin Untreated DHCH Hospital Wastewater Pollutes Environment with Active Antibiotics and MDR Bacteria Nihad Adnan, Ovinu Kibria Islam and M Anwar Hossain Poultry Litters and Veterinary Waste of Savar Area Disseminate MDR Bacteria in the Surrounding Environments Muhammad Yasin Ahmed, Salequl Islam, Hasibur Rahman and Nihad Adnan

11:40 11:55

11:55 12:10

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Session V: Sustainability and Chemical Manufacturing

Keynote Speaker: Prof. Dr. Harjinder Singh, IIT, Hyderabad, India Chair: Prof. Dr. M. Rostom Ali and Prof. Dr. Tanzima Yeasmin 14:00 14.35 Keynote Speech: Computational Methods as Important Tools of Green Chemistry: A Few Examples N V Suresh Kumar & Harjinder Singh 14:35 14:50 Design of Enzyme/Polymer Complex: Improvement of Heat Resistance of Enzymes Sumon Ganguli, Mohammad Helal Uddin, Md. Nazrul Islam, Ayesha Afrin, Md. Bellal Hossain 14:50 15:05 Drug Release Profile and Sub-acute Toxicity Study of Malic acid-butane 1,4-diol-glycerol Co-polyester M. A. Bakr and A. Mahmud 15:05 15:15 Dye Sensitized Solar Cell-The Green Technology for Producing Solar Power: An Alternative to the conventional PV Cell Shahajada Mahmudul Hasan 15:15 15:30 15:35 15:50

Tea Break
Production of Liquid Fuel and Activated Carbon from Mahogany Seed by Using Pyrolysis Technology M. A. Kader, M. U. H Joardder, M. R. Islam, B.K. Das and M.Hasan Self-Assembling of Silicon Polymer Films Synthesized By High Vacuum Electron Bombardment Method Md. Abdul Mannan, Yuji Baba Volumetric and Viscometric Properties Observed for the Mixtures of DMF and Other Alcohols (Butanol & 1-propanol) Md. Hafizur Rahman, Md. Atik Shahriar, Md. Helal Uddin, Md. Abdullah-AlMasud

15:50 16:05

16:05 16:15

16:15 16:30 16:30 16:40

Food Coloring without Color Green Color Retention in Greener Way Shameem Alam Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Bakul oil Kaniz Ferdous, Md. Rahim Uddin, Rehnuma Islam, M. Rakib Uddin, Maksudur R. Khan, M. A. Islam

16:40 16:50 16:50 17:00

Tethering Surface at Nano-scale for Point-of-care Monitoring Md Morsaline Billah, Farah Sabrin, Aysha Ferdoushi Pyrolysis Conversion of Solid Tire Waste into Alternative Liquid Fuel: A Green Commercial Step in Bangladesh M. R. Islam, M. N. Islam, N. N. Mustafi, and H. Haniu 20

Session VI: Green Biotechnology

Keynote Speaker: Prof. Dr. Ashok K. Keshari, Asian University for Women Chair: Prof. Dr. Md. Anwar Hossain and Prof. Dr. M. Manjurul Karim 14:00 14.35 Keynote Speech: Green Chemistry of Municipal Solid Waste Emanating from Urban Cities Ashok K. Keshari An Alternative Promoter for Recombinant Protein Expression: Characterization of a Snake Venom Promoter Which Contributes Extremely High Level of Expression Md. Abu Reza In Vitro Regeneration for Mass Propagation in Commercial Scale of Medicinal Plant Ocimum Sanctum L M. Abu Hena M. Jamal, A.N.M. Rubaiyath-Bin Rahman, D. K. Paul, M. R. Islam Isolation and Identification of seed-borne and seed Associated Fungi of Country bean [lablab purpureus (l.) Sweet] in Northern Region of Bangladesh S. K. Biswas, A. K. Roy, R. Islam, N. Alam, S. P. Chowdhury and S. Alam In vitro Clonal Propagation of Vitex negundo L. An Important Native Medicinal Plant. Safia Iqbal, Md. Rezaul Karim,A.N.K. Mamun, Md. Rezuanul Islam, M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal,A.K.M Nazmul Huda

14:35 14.55

14:55 14:05

14:05 15:15

15:15 15:25

15:25 15:40 15:40 15:55

Tea Break
Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Bsm1 (A>G) And Fok1 (C>T) Polymorphism in the Pathogenesis of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in a Bangladeshi Subjects M. K. Islam, A. Siddika, M. Das, I. Khan, M. S. Akhter, M. Billah, Z. Hassan, L. Ali Inhibitory Activity in Flower Extracts of Nymphaea nouchali against Selected Bacteria Biplab Kumar Dash, MD. Ziaur Rahman, MD. Khasrul Alam Study on in vitro Propagation of Stevia rebaudiana from shoot tips and Nodal Explants F. K. Saikot, K. J. Ferdouse and M. F. Hasan Determination of Ld50 of naja naja Snake Venom and its Effects on Liver and Cardiac Tissues of Mice Md. Abdul Hakim and M. A. Reza Determination of Acetylator Gene Common Variants in Bangladeshi Urinary Bladder Cancer Patients S Ahasan, M Rahmatullah, Z Hassan, I Khan Reverse Vaccinology: Promise of the Vaccines of New Era F. M. Nazmul Hassan, Khondokar Moazzem Hossain 21

15:55 16:05

16:05 16:20

16:20 16:30

16:30 16:40

16:40 16:50

SESSION VII: Green Pharmacy

Keynote Speaker: Prof. Dr. A B M Faruk, University of Dhaka Chair: Professor Dr. Abu Shara Shamsur Rouf and Prof. Md. Shahabuddin Kabir Choudhuri 14:00 14.35 14:35 14.55 Keynote Speech: Better Late than Never A B M Faruk Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies of Patrangasav Arpita Goswami, Mirza Asif Ali, Mohammad Jashim Uddin, Rubaiyat-ETasneem Islam, Nima Akhter and M. S. K. Choudhuri 14:55 15:10 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Guduchyadi Louha after Chronic Administration to Male SPRAGUE-Dawley rats Tanmoy Sana, M. Mafruhi Sattar, Md. Mostafa Kamal, Md Afaz Uddin, Tahmina Akter and M. S. K. Choudhuri 15:10 15:25 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Barunadya Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley rats Zaki Uddin Ahmed, Motahar Hossain Chowdhury, Md Wadud Hossain Siddiquee, Sufia Khatun, Mithun Kumar Pramanic and M. S. K. Choudhuri 15:25 15:40 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Basanta Kusumakar Ras (Madhumeha) after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Kamrun Nahar, Palash Chandra Malo, Fanniha Islam, Ferdousi Akter, Md Asikur Rahman and M. S. K. Choudhuri 15:40 15:50 15:55 16:10

Tea Break
Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Brihat Agnikumar Ras after Chronic Administration to male Sprague-Dawley Rats Md. Mahmudur Rahman, Asma Kabir, M Salahuddin Bhuiyan, Salma Ahmed, Masnun Ali and M. S. K. Choudhuri

16:10 16:25

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Jakridari Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Mantasha Tabussum, Tasmina Rahman, Alok Kumar Paul, Nishat Afrose, Marjana Khalil, and M. S. K. Choudhuri

16:25 16:40

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Swaskas Chintamoni after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley rats Sumon Kanti Chowdhury, Tamanna Rahaman, Md. Mamun Shikdar, Mst. Sharmin Akter, Mustari Hossain and M. S. K. Choudhuri

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Poster Presentations
Green Biochemistry and Microbiology
BMPP01 Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaves of Saurauia roxburghii Yunus Ahmed, Parul Akther, Shahab Uddin Ahmed, Faridul Islam, and Shakila Rahman An attempt to Virotype Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine Samples Md. Julkernine Julfiker, Azizur Rahman, Md. Shariful Islam, Bishwajit Roy, Sirajul Islam Khan, Anowara Begum and Humaira Akhter Isolation and Characterization of Vibrio Fluvialis Strains Isolated from River Water Md. Mamunul Karim, Chowdhury Rafiqul Ahsan

BMPP02

BMPP03

Green Biotechnology
BTPP01 Anti-bacterial Evaluation and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Analysis of Nerium oleander against Bacterial Pathogens M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal, Md. Ziaur Rahman, Md. Samsul Alam, Md. Azizul Islam BTPP02 Antibacterial Activity of stem Extract of Cissus quadrangularis Against some Infectious and Industrial Waste Watered Bacteria Monokesh Kumer Sen, Kanis Fatema and Hossain Md. Faruquee BTPP03 Detection and Analysis of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): A Bioinformatics Approach Papia Jahan, Abdullah-Al-Emran BTPP04 Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene G>T And T>C Polymorphisms in the Pathogenesis of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in a Subjects of Bangladeshi Origin M. Shahabuddin, A. Siddika, M. Das, I. Khan, M. S. Akhter, M. Billah, Z. Hassan and L. Ali Growth and Yield Performance of Onion as Affected by Different Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Md. Mahfuz Al Masud, and Dr. Md. Kawser Ali In Vitro Regeneration of Helianthus Annuus Mahmuda Yeasmin, Deepika dey, Md. Azizul Islam, Saidul Islam,Md. Nazmuzzaman,M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal In vitro Plant Regeneration from Nodal Explants of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) K. J. Ferdouse, F. K. Saikot, M. E. Haque, B. Sikdar and M. F. Hasan

BTPP05

BTPP06

BTPP07

23

BTPP08

Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Stem and Root Extracts M. F. Hasan, and B. Sikdar In vitro Clonal Propagation of Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) through Axillary Bud Explant Md. Abdur Rauf Sarkar, Md. Enamul Haque, Biswanath Sikdar Molecular Characterization of Bacillus spp. by 16S rDNA Sequence and their Sensitivity Towards Different Extracts and Essential Oil of CUMIN (Cuminun cyminum L.) M Yousof Ali, M Mizanur Rahman, Atiqur Rahman, Marina Basaglia, and Sergio Cassella

BTPP09

BTPP10

BTPP11

Systems Biology Study of Cell Wall Integrity in Saccharomyes cerevisae Md. Fahmid Islam, Sheikh Md. Enayetul Babar

Emerging Green Technologies

EGTPP01 Renewable Energy Scenario of Bangladesh: Barriers for Sustainability of the Alternative Energy Technologies Md. Nazmul Islam, and Md. Mahfuz-Al-Mamun EGTPP02 EGTPP03 Design and Implementation of Microcontroller Based Digital Soil pH Meter M. A. A Mashud, M. H. Uddin, and Md. Serajul Islam Preparation of Biodiesel from Non-Edible oil by Three-step Method Kaniz Ferdous, Md. Rahim Uddin, Rehnuma Islam, M. Rakib Uddin, Maksudur R. Khan, M. A. Islam EGTPP04 A Nobel Potentiometric Biosensor for the Detection of Neurotransmitters Md. Zaved Hossain Khan, Tetsuya Osaka

Green Environmental Chemistry

ENVPP01 Ecosan: An Environment Friendly Technology to Sanitation in Rural Bangladesh Shuvo Ramo Saha, Khondoker Mahbub Hassan, Md. Monzur Hossain ENVPP02 Green Chemistry for Groundwater Quality Enhancement: A Proposal Kumar Fagun Mallick, Quazi Hamidul Bari, Jewel Kumar Golder, Md. Selim Reza ENVPP03 Non-Chemical Treatment of Wastewater Jewel Kumar Golder, Quazi Hamidul Bari, Kumar Fagun Mallick, Md. Selim Reza ENVPP04 A Comparative Study on Electro Coagulation and Chemical Coagulation Process for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater Md. Milon Hossain, Md. Iqbal Mahmud and Md. Shohan Parvez

24

ENVPP05

Effect of Salinity-heavy Metal Interaction as Evaluated by Maize (zea mays) Plant Analysis Md. Sanaul Islam, Md Zaber Hosain, Md. Bappy Shahrier, Khandoker Qudrata Kibria and Anisur Rahman Soil Organic Matter Characterization of Ganges Meander Floodplain Soils under different Cropping Patterns Masuda Islam, Md. Sadiqul Amin and Md. Bappy Shahrier Characterization of Solid Sludge from ETP of Textile Industry; Focusing on the Sustainable Management of the Sludge Md. Mostafizur Rahman, Nusrat Jakarin Easha, Taslima Zaman and M Khabir Uddin

ENVPP06

ENVPP07

Sustainability and Chemical Manufacturing

SCMPP01 Microwave Assisted Synthesis Of 5,7-Diaryl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2,4-Dioxo5h-Pyrano[2,3-D] Pyrimidines Using Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction Mst Khodeza Khatun, Tanzima Parvin, Tapan Kumar Sarkar, Sharif M. Al-Reza, M. A. Sattar, M. A. Rahaman, Mohammad Nurnabi Separation of Acetic Acid from Aqueous Solution Using Various Organic Solvents Sumona Haque, Md. Helal Uddin, and Bhupesh Chandra Roy Rapid and Efficient Condensation of Organic Compounds in Microwave Condition. Most. Sheauly Khatun, M.K. Khatun, A. Rahman, M.A. Sattar Comparative Study on the Synthesis of Arylideneacetophnones by using Conventional and Microwave Irradiation Method Mst. Khodeza Khatun, Mst. Panna Khatun, Sharif M. Al-Reza, Atiqur Rahman, M. A. Rashid and M. A. Sattar Paper Making from Banana stem Sustainability and Environment Md. Zaved Hossain Khan, S M Nur Alam, Md. Forhad Ibne Al Imam Natural Curcumine Dye sensitized Solar Cells Md. Faruk Hossain, Takakazu Takahashi Dissimilarity of Internal Radiation dose Absorbed in Male and Female, and also Comparison between that Resultant data with ICRP-53 Recommended Data Md. Nazrul Islam

SCMPP02

SCMPP03

SCMPP04

SCMPP05 SCMPP06 SCMPP07

Green Pharmacy
PHRPP01 Antioxidant potential of essential oil and rhizome extracts of curcuma zedoaria rosc. Atiqur Rahman, Monira Afroz, Rafiquel Islam, Sharif M. Al-Reza, Tanzima Parvin and M. A. Sattar Volatile constituents and antimicrobial activity of essential oil isolated from Cestrum nocturnum L. Most. Afroza Khatun

PHRPP02

25

PHRPP03

Analysis of Antidiabetic Effect with Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extract of azadirachta indicia and andrographis paniculata Faridul Islam, M Mahabub-Uz-Zaman, A.M. Abdullah, Rasheda Akter, Most. Afroza Khatun and Nazim Uddin Ahmed

PHRPP04

Hypoglycemic Effect of Compound(s) of Petroleum ether Fraction of Mangifera indica Red Leaves Rokshana sharmin, Md. Sarowar hossain, Md, Rafiqul Islam khan, Most. Afia Akhtar, ASM Anisuzzaman, Maruf Ahmed

PHRPP05

Effects of Arsenic on Concentration and Distribution of Nutrients in Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata) Anisur Rahman, Jagadish Chandra Joardar, Joya Mondol, Md Zaber Hosain, Khandoker Qudrata Kibria and Md. Sanaul Islam

PHRPP06

An Ethnomedicinal Survey Conducted among Folk Medicinal Practitioners (Kavirajes) of Balidha Village in Jessore District, Bangladesh Shakila Akter, Md. Majedul Hasan, Mansur Ahmed, Mohammad Washim Khan, Md. Shahadat Hossan, Md. Nazmul Hasan, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah

PHRPP07

A Survey of Plants used during Times of Food Scarcity in Silakhana Village of Bagerhat District, Bangladesh Md. Tabibul Islam, Alok Kumar Paul, Anita Paul, Protiva Rani Das, M. Nur Kabidul Azam, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah

PHRPP08

Studies on Excess Volumetric and Viscometric Properties for DMF and other Alcohols Mixtures from 303.15K to 323.15K Md. Shaharul Islam, Md. Helal Uddin, Md. Abdullah-Al-Masud and Md. Ahsanul Haque

PHRPP09

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect the Leaves of Ethanol Extract of Saurauia roxburghii Faridul Islam, Md. Saidur Rahman, Muhammad Abu Bakar and A M Abdullah Antimicrobial Potential of Essential Oil and 16-hydroxyl Beutilinic acid from mikania scandens (l.) Willd.17 Atiqur Rahman, S. A. Siddiqui, Mst Khodeza Khatun, M. A. Rashid, A. H. M. Jamal, Rezuanul Islam, Dipak Kumar Paul Medicinal Plants of the Bongshi Tribe Inhabiting the Tangail District in Bangladesh Protiva Rani Das, Md. Tabibul Islam, Rabina Jerin Ripa, Shakila Akter, Zubaida Khatun, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah A Survey of Famine Food Plants Consumed by the Rural Population in five Villages of Lalmonirhat and Nilphamari Districts, Bangladesh Md. Humayoun Kabir, Md. Rashedul Hassan, Abdul Mannan, F.M. Safiul Azam, Anup Biswas, Protiva Rani Das, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah

PHRPP10

PHRPP11

PHRPP12

26

PHRPP13

Medicinal Plants used in Treatment of Tumors: Results from a Survey of Folk Medicinal Practitioners in two Randomly Selected Villages in Khulna and Bagerhat distrIcts, Bangladesh Md. Nazmul Hasan, Md. Nasir Ahmed, Md. Zobaer Ahmed Bhuiyan, Md. Mizanur Rahman, M.N.K. Azam, Mohammed Rahmatullah

Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry

PHMPP01 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Chintamani Chaturmukh Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Taslima Bushra, Tasmina Rahman, Kaniz Fatema, Afrin Parvin, Md Mahabubay Sobahani, and M. S. K. Choudhuri PHMPP02 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Mehamudgar Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Tanzina Hamid Ekra, Tania Binte Wahed, Musfira, Muhammad Arif Hasan, Arjyabrata Sarker and M. S. K. Choudhuri PHMPP03 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Nasta Puspantak Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Md. Monir Hossain, Masum Shahriar, Syed Samiul Haque, Habiba Sultana, Ashrafy Tahmida and M. S. K. Choudhuri Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Pradarantak Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Mariyam Akter, Mohammad Salim Hossain, Md. Mahmudur Rahman, Projjal Kanti Biswas, M. Rakib Hasan and M. S. K. Choudhuri PHMPP05 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Brihat Vat Gajangkush after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Shah Alam, Masum Shahriar, Shaila Nowshad, Soniya Akter, Nayma Abedin and M. S. K. Choudhuri PHMPP06 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Brihat Purnachandra Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Sarder Arifuzzaman, Paritosh Chakma, Naushad Abedin, H M Lutfor Rahman Mazumder, Uday Krishna Mondal and M. S. K. Choudhuri PHMPP07 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Brihat Somnath Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Md. Mehedi Hasan, Motahar Hossain Chowdhury, Jannatul Fardous, Muslima Khanam, Md Imran Khan and M. S. K. Choudhuri PHMPP08 Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Maharaj Nripatiballav after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Santu Kumar Singha, Ishtiaque Ahmed Chowdhury, Imran Ashab, Maksud Hassan, Pritam Saha Podder and M. S. K. Choudhuri

PHMPP04

27

PHMPP09

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Rajakalyan Vati after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Projjal Kanti Biswas, Nisrat Jahan, M Salahuddin Bhuiyan, Kumar Narasinha Roy, Faria Farzana Perveen, and M. S. K. Choudhuri Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Slesma Sailendra Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Chinmoy Kumar Sen, Palash Karmakar, Latifa Bulbul, Jamiuddin Ahmed, Sudip Kumar Dam and M. S. K. Choudhuri Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Swalpa Chandrodaya Makaradhwaj after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Shuvagata Kahali, Rubina Akhter, S. J. Sarah Muneem, Sagor Chandra Roy, Humia Akter and M. S. K. Choudhuri Organ Body Weight Ratio Toxicity Studies of Panchatikta Ghrita Guggulu after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Shurab Hossain, Shuvagata Kahali, Ishtiaque Ahmed Chowdhury, Kamrun Nahar, Rehana Hossain and M. S. K. Choudhuri Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Pancatikta Ghrta Guggulu after Chronic Administration to Male and Female SpragueDawley Rats Shurab Hossain, M. Babul Akhter, Projjal Kanti Biswas, Md. Mahmudur Rahman, Farheen Faroque Ruchita and M. S. K. Choudhuri Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Maha Jogaraja Guggulu after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Mst. Reshma Khatun, M. Mafruhi Sattar, Swagata Sarker, Md Tareq Rahman, Md. Reza Ul Karim and M. S. K. Choudhuri In vivo Screening for Non-narcotic Analgesic Property using Swiss-Webster Mice to Understand the Comparative Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Medicinal Preparations Ninadh Malrina DCosta, Dipan Kumar Kundu, Ariful Islam, Md. Siddikur Rahman, Mst. Farzana Yasmin and M. S. K. Choudhuri In vivo Screening for Antihistaminic Property using Swiss-Webster Mice to Understand the Comparative Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Medicinal Preparations Md Mahmudul Hasan, Mehdi Bin Samad, Md Shamiul Hasan Khan, Ishtiaque Ahmed Chowdhury, Neshat Masud and M. S. K. Choudhuri In vivo Screening for Antihypoxic Property using Swiss-Webster Mice to Understand the Comparative Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Medicinal Preparations Md Rajib Ruhan, Syeda Hurmatul Quader, Masud Rana, Nadia Sultana, Sabrina Akter and M. S. K. Choudhuri

PHMPP10

PHMPP11

PHMPP12

PHMPP13

PHMPP14

PHMPP15

PHMPP16

PHMPP17

28

Session I Green Biochemistry and Microbiology

29

Keynote Speech
Pollution of Antibiotics and Resistant Bacteria: Prospective Studies on Spreading of Antibiotics Resistance, Food Hygiene and Aquaculture in Bangladesh
Munawar Sultana1 and Md. Anwar Hossain1
1

Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000 E-mail: hossaina@du.ac.bd

Abstract: Hospital and agriculture wastewater (clinical wastewater or CWW) is mostly responsible for causing environmental pollution by spreading un-metabolized antibiotics and resistant bacteria, especially in Bangladesh. At present, very little is known about the fate and persistence of multiresistant bacteria (MRB), resistant genes pool, and active antibiotics within the natural environment of Bangladesh. The present work will address the quantitative and qualitative assessment of selected CWW in Bangladesh with respect to resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistant gene-pools and antibiotics. The results clearly demonstrate that- (i) CWW of Dhaka, Chittagong, and Enam Medical College, Savar Dairy farm, and five poultry farms pollute the environment with multi-resistant bacteria (MRB); (ii) CWW spread resistant gene(s) pool; (iii) Some of the isolates have zoonotic potentials; and (iv) CWW pollutes water bodies with antibiotics and resistant pathogenic/ zoonotic bacteria. The results further suggest that the occurrence of unacceptable level of MRB in CWW may transfer these resistant genes vertically and horizontally in diverse microbial communities to aggravate further MRB pollutions of our environment. Our findings suggest the need of a national survey on antibiotics pollution and its resistance condition spread through CWW in Bangladesh; and its impact on public health. Introduction The persistent environmental pollution with antibiotics and resistant bacteria and its entry into food chain is potentially devastating, threatening the availability of safe food. There are growing concern on environmental pollution with antibiotics and resistant bacteria and bioaccumulation of antibiotics or their metabolites in food chain. Bangladeshi people are exposed to various hazardous substances like antibiotics released from hospitals and clinical waste waters, various tannery wastes containing toxic chemicals, industry effluents releasing un-metabolized chemicals and so on. In Bangladesh, the wastewater pollution is more alarming due to direct disposal of hospital and agricultural wastewater to the environment. Antibiotics and their extensive use are pivotal in the selection of bacterial resistance towards various groups of antibiotics and the spread of resistance genes. This situation is initiated by the counter availability, indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents in Bangladesh. An alarming instance is the progressive loss of susceptibility towards ciprofloxacin due to its increased use in the treatment of a broad range of clinical conditions such as urinary tract infections, upper respiratory tract infections, as a prophylaxis in neutropenic patients and in poultry sector. Also the natural microflora is acquiring antibiotic resistant genes upon direct contact with the released antibiotics or from resistant bacteria. A change in antimicrobial profile within the normal microbial community in aquatic system is ultimately affecting human drinking water system and food chain. The motto of twentieth century is maintenance of green environment i.e. to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous chemicals, often through the form of molecular level pollution prevention. To this purpose prospective study on cultural and genetic detection of pollution should be 30

performed. There is a growing concern on the situation of antibiotic dissemination and its pollution in Bangladesh. Our poultry, veterinary, aquacultureall sectors are being affected by the harmful impact on antibiotic pollution. Knowledge on antibiotics and resistance bacterial pollution of environments and its spreading through food chain as well as integrated approach to address the problems is very limited. To this context, the current study presents an overview of analyzing the hospital effluents and clinical wastewater (CWW) with respect to antibiotic pollution, resistant bacteria and its genetic mechanisms. Clinical Wastewater pollutes environment with antibiotics and resistant bacteria Untreated CWW which originates in hospitals, clinic or in house hold, veterinary and poultry become the reservoir of resistant bacteria and active antibiotics or its metabolites. This contaminated CWW when released into environment via sewage system or directly pollutes our agriculture and aquatic environments. Recent studies have reported the emission of mg/L concentration range of antibiotics from hospitals and households into municipal sewage in Germany (Kmmerer and Henninger, 2003). Of these, the chronology of abundance was penicillins (38.3 mg/L), sulphonamides (12.8 mg/L), cephalosporins (13.5 mg/L) and quinolones (2.1 mg/L). In Northern Vietnam, quantitative analysis of antibiotic pollution within VAC (Vegetable, Aquaculture and Caged animal) environment has commonly detected sulfonamide. Specifically, sulfamethazine was a major contaminant in pig farm pond (4756662 ng/l) and sulfamethoxazole was a major one in city canal (6124330 ng/l). Erythromycin (1542246 ng/l) and clarithromycin (2.8778 ng/ml) were the common macrolides in city canal (Hoa et. al., 2011). The study also reported a positive correlation between sulfamethoxazole concentration and occurrence of sulfamethoxazole-resistant bacteria in dry season. In Bangladesh research survey was carried out on major antibiotics usage in various leading hospitals, poultry and dairy firms during the period of 2008-2012. It was observed that most frequently used antibiotics in the DMCH (Dhaka Medical College Hospital), CMCH (Chittagong Medical College Hospital) and Enam medical college, Savar were Cephalosporin and Fluoroquinolone groups of antibiotics followed by Penicillin, Gentamycine and Tetracycline. Among these cefixime within the cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin within the fluoroquinolone groups were mostly used. Fluoroquinilone groups of antibiotics ciprofloxacin (12.5 mg/L) from direct effluent sample of DMCH and both ciprofloxacin (10 mg/L) and levofloxacin (20 mg/L) have also been detected from the hospital effluents through chromatographic extraction procedure. Table 1: Total viable and resistant (ciprofloxacinand cefixime) bacterial count within various hospital connected and non-connected (control) liquid waste samples
Total resistance bacterial count / ml MDR DMCH 1 DMCH 2 DMCH 3 DMCH 4 (control) CMCH 1 CMCH 2 CMCH 3 CMCH 4 (control) 4.13 X 10 2.30 X 10 3.85 X 10 1.21 X 10 5.20 X 10 1.41X 10 3.20 X 10
6 7 6 7 8

Sample No.

TVC / ml

TVC over control

Occurrence of resistant bacteria over control 2.65 4.80 1.14 1.00 1.57 X 10 7.67 X 10 83.67 95.20
5 2

Percentage of resistance

0.341 01.90 0.318 01.00 3.55 1.6 0.44 1.0

1.35 X 106 2.45 X 10 5.8 X 10 5.10 X 10 1.54 X 10 7.52 X 10 8.20 X 10

6 5 5 7 4 3

32.69 10.65 08.52 04.21 13.54 0.15 0.06 0.003

1.136 X 10
7

9.80X 10

31

TVC is total viable count

The release of these antibiotics into the municipal sewage system is also favoring the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria. In our survey, the highest bacterial count was observed for the water samples connected with different units (burn/surgical) of hospitals as compared to hospital nonconnected samples, even at 1.9 fold higher amount in DMCH (Table 1). Further, the municipality drainage of CMCH that carries mixed hospital and non-hospital wastewater contain more than 200 times ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria. Therefore, antibiotic pollution can enrich the population of intrinsically resistant microorganisms, and reduce the population of susceptible microbiota. CWW introduces multidrug resistant bacteria in the environment The strong increase of antibiotic concentrations in natural ecosystems shifts the original functions of antimicrobials, and resistance elements to the weapon. These changes might influence, not just the selection of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, but also the structure of the natural microbial populations and may alter the physiology of microorganisms as well. Antibiogram of the CWW isolates against 28 commonly used antibiotics revealed that various CWW isolates were resistant to 10 to 5 groups of antimicrobial agents. The molecular detection of various isolates has confirmed the zoonotic potential of the bacteria ranging from typhoidal fever to carcinogenic potentials. Such zoonotic isolates along with multidrug resistant pattern are potential threat to the human health. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) (resistance to greater than or equal to three classes of antimicrobial agents) Salmonella, Enterobacter and E. coli has been frequently isolated from CWW samples (Table 2). Some of the isolates even possess resistance against imipenem group of antibiotic. Our recent investigation has also detected the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBLs) production within various isolates through phenotypic confirmation experiment (Fig1). Table 2: Drug resistant pattern of selected clinical waste water isolates
Isolate Poultry isolate 30 Poultry isolate 9 Poultry isolate 104 Hospital waste water isolate 26 Hospital waste water isolate 1.13 Isolate identification Salmonella Typhimurium Salmonella Enteritidis Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Escherichia coli Drug Registance pattern A, Amp, E, F, P, S, Clin,Ox,Rif,Van A, Amp, E, F, P, Strep, Su, T A, Amp, C, E, F, G, P, S, Su, T , Azi,Azt, Cepha,Clin,Dox,Ox,Rif,Van Cipro, Cef,Caz, Azt, Amp, Ox, Rif, Van, Nali, A, Amp, Cipro, Cef, Caz, Imi

Amount of antibiotics per disc: A- amoxicillin 25 g; Amp- ampicillin 10 g; C-ciprofloxacin 5 g; E- erythromycin 15 g; S- streptomycin 10 g; T- tetracycline 10 g; F- nitrofurantoin 300 g; Susulfamethaxol 10 g; G-gentamycin 10 g; P-penicillin; Fig 1: Double disk synergistic test showing ESBL producing phenotype of DMCH wastewater isolate 26, Escherichia coli

32

Resistant bacteria act as source of environmental resistant gene pool: Antibiotic pollution can enrich the population of intrinsically resistant microorganisms, and reduce the population of susceptible microbiota. It was predicted that acquisition of antibiotic resistant phenotype would disappear in the absence of selective pressure. Unfortunately, this situation is not always true. Acquisition of antibiotic resistance may produce specific changes in the bacterial metabolism that can be even beneficial for bacterial growth in some habitats (Sanchez et al., 2002; Alonso et al., 2004; Linares et al., 2005; Luo et al., 2005). The wide dissemination of genes frequently present in human pathogens in places without a high antibiotic load (Pallecchi et al., 2008) indicates that, once those elements are present in gene-transfer platforms, the probability for their maintenance in natural ecosystems can be high. For this reason, antibiotic resistance genes are being considered as pollutants themselves. In a survey of deciphering the resistant mechanisms within the CWW isolates in Bangladesh, our study has detected chromosomal and plasmid mediated resistant genes. For instant, we have detected and confirmed Escherichia coli isolates possessing both chromosomal and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance. Chromosomal gyrase mutation was detected from CMCH E. coli isolates and the binding mode of ciprofloxacin with DNA gyrase has been reported in our previous study (Akter et. al., 2012). We have also detected and confirmed plasmid mediated qnr gene from DMCH E. coli isolates (Fig 2) and transformation experiment has proved the transferable property of the gene. Plasmid curing of corresponding isolates showed that quinolone resistance isolates upon curing became sensitive to ciprofloxacin (data not shown). Research is also going on relating to a combination of chromosomal, plasmid mediated as well as efflux pump associated drug resistant mechanism within the CWW isolates of Bangladesh. Furthermore we have also detected vancomycin drug resistant gene within the CWW isolates and it is alarming that such antibiotic gene pools have also been detected within our natural river water habitat.

26 C

26 V517 28 28 C

Fig 2: PCR amplification product of qnr gene of DMCH E.coli isolate 26 and 28 (a) and plasmid profile of cured (26C and 28 C) andnon-cured isolates (b)

Fig: 2a

Fig: 2b

Antibiotic pollution and resistant gene pool concern public health The data and experimental observation of our research group discussed so far provide an overview of the alarming situation of antibiotic pollution, resistant bacteria and resistant gene pool pollution in 33

Bangladeshi habitat. However, the main concern of all these phenomena relating to antibiotic pollution is the public health hazard. Antibiotic resistant gene pollution can increase the chances of human pathogens for acquiring resistance that we have already observed within the zoonotic poultry isolates. The spread of resistance genes in natural ecosystems can challenge the population dynamics and the physiology of natural microbial populations staking our drinking water system and food chain. Therefore the release of residues from hospitals that contain human commensal and infective bacteria (resistant and susceptible) as well as antibiotics should be reduced to a minimum to avoid interchange of genetic material. A judicious utilization of antibiotics in therapeutic and nontherapeutic sector is a must and nationwide awareness from governmental and non-governmental organization in Bangladesh should support the refinement of CWW in order to prevent antibiotic pollution to evade our aquaculture and food chain. Conclusion Most successful drugs used in human therapy, animal farming and agricultural purposes are antibiotics. The present study represents the clearest consequence of antibiotic release in natural environment of Bangladesh with respect to dissemination of mg level of antibiotics, selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria with resistant mechanism, dissemination of zoonotic strains within the poultry sector and their acquisition of antibiotic resistant genes. So, prompt steps should be taken to avoid direct contact of antibiotics with human and environmental natural microflora. References Akter, F., Amin, M.R., Osman, T., Anwar, N., Karim, M.M., Hossain, M.A., 2012. Ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli in hospital wastewater in Bangladesh and prediction of its mechanism of resistance. W.J. Microbiol biotechnol. 28: 827-834 Hoa, P.T., Managaki , S., Nakada, N., Takada, H., Shimizu, A., Anh, D.H., Viet, P.H., Suzuki, S., 2011. Antibiotic contamination and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments of northern Vietnam. Sci of the Tot Environ. 409 28942901 Kmmerer, K., Henninger, A., 2003. Promoting resistance by the emission of antibiotics from hospitals and households into effluent. Clin Microbiol Infec. 9: 1203-1214 Luo, N., Pereira, S., Sahin, O., Lin, J., Huang, S., Michel, L., Zhang, Q., 2005. Enhanced in vivo fitness of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni in the absence of antibiotic selection pressure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 541546. Linares, J.F., Lopez, J.A., Camafeita, E., Albar, J.P., Rojo, F., Martinez, J.L., 2005. Overexpression of the multidrug efflux pumps MexCD-OprJ and MexEF-OprN is associated with a reduction of type III secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 187, 13841391. Pallecchi, L., Bartoloni, A., Paradisi, F., Rossolini, G.M., 2008. Antibiotic resistance in the absence of antimicrobial use: mechanisms and implications. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 6, 725732. Sanchez, P., Linares, J.F., Ruiz-Diez, B., Campanario, E., Navas, A., Baquero, F., Martinez, J.L., 2002. Fitness of in vitro selected Pseudomonas aeruginosa nalB and nfxB multidrug resistant mutants. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50,657664.

34

Biological Studies on the Rhizome of Alpinia Calcarata Rosc

Rasheda Perveen, Golam Kader and Tanzima Yeasmin*
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205. Bangladesh. E-mail: yeasmin_bio@yahoo.com.

Abstract: The rhizomes of A. calcarata Rosc. was subjected to cold extraction with ethanol and the crude ethanol extract was fractionated by using solvent-solvent partitioning and standard chromatographic techniques. The powdered rhizome of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. were extracted separately with ethanol. The concentrated crude ethanol extract was then partitioned with pet-ether and water. The crude ethanol extract and its fractions were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and insecticidal activity. All the fractions were subjected to antibacterial investigation by the disc diffusion method. The zone of inhibition varied form 06 mm to 13 mm. All the fractions showed lower antibacterial activity at low doses but at higher dose they showed moderate activity against some pathogenic bacteria. The crude ethanol extracts was subjected to brine shrimp (Artemia Salina) lethality bioassay. The extract shows the lowest LC50 values (14.07 g/ml) compared with positive control Ampicillin trihydrate ( 21.48 g/ml). All the fractions were subjected to cytotoxic activity along with the exposure time (12h, 24h, 36h and 48h) against T. castaneum adults. The crude ethanol extracts and the water soluble fraction of the rhizome showed a prominent insecticidal activity against Tribolium Castaneum after 48 hours of exposure .The highest activity was found in case of water fraction (0.663 mg/cm2), followed by the EtOH extract (0.607mg/cm2) at 48 hours of exposure.

The Probiotic Technology, A Green Technology for Sustainable Shrimp Production in Bangladesh
M. Manjurul Karim1,*, Shafiqur Rahman1 and M. Niamul Naser2
Department of Microbiology, and 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000 Email: manjur@univdhaka.edu
1

Abstract: The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens as a result of uncontrolled use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections is a cause of concern for shrimp industries. Probiotics the friendly bacteria with a host of benefits can be an alternative to chemicals and antibiotics uses urging us to isolate probiotic bacteria from shrimp niches. Six isolates were identified as putative probionts from ninety six isolates obtained from rearing environment of shrimp aquaculture in the coastal areas of Bangladesh by using different culture media, both selective and non selective as a rudimentary method. The potential six isolates were selected through a series of methods that include analyzing their antagonistic activity to target pathogens, isolated beforehand from the gut of the diseased shrimps; non-hemolytic properties for mammalian system, and cytotoxic effect in vivo using brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Further, in a co-culture experiment it was apparent that the isolated probiotic bacteria were shown to inhibit the growth of target vibrio pathogens due to their antagonistic properties. Taken together, isolated probionts had been demonstrated to exert outcompeting nature against the shrimp pathogens which might have important, economic implications for our shrimp industries that frequently face heavy losses owing to the bacterial infections, and overuse of antibiotics. However, the findings need to be tested in outdoor shrimp ponds of Bangladesh so as to realize the true efficacy of microbial control of bacterial disease in shrimp. Once successfully translated in the culture ponds, this will be an eco-friendly harmless 35

approach to combat the bacterial infections without compromising the shrimp quality. A green technology like this is therefore the science for today for ensuring food safety in shrimp industries of Bangladesh.

Systems Biological Study of Chitosan Metabolism in Saccharomyes cerevisae

Md. Fahmid Islam, Sheikh Md. Enayetul Babar*
Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh Email: babarku@yahoo.com

Abstract: Systems biology is the most modern mean for the biotechnological progression in regards of sustainable development. It views life or living systems as an integrated and interacting network of genes, proteins and biochemical reactions. With its emergence, the genome scale metabolic model reconstruction has been proved to be highly efficient for engineering metabolic processes in order to enhance the performance of different industrial microbes. The introduction of this new science is more than a necessity for the research community of biological arena in Bangladesh. From such an urge, we are working to reconstruct a genome scale metabolic model for chitosan, a biopolymer produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a significant commercial importance and might stand as a potential economic pilgrim for Bangladesh if nursed properly. The simulation and interpretation of such an in silico model will help to predict important strategies for metabolic engineering to optimize the production of chitosan. Keywords: systems biology, genome scale metabolic model, Sacchartomyces cerevisae, chitosan, metabolic engineering

Prevalence of Cytolethal Distending Toxin Producing Escherichia coli in Aquatic Environment of Bangladesh
Md. Tanvir Islam1,2, Selina Akter1, Sirajul Islam Khan1
2

Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka Department of Microbiology, Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore Email: tanvirislam@jstu.edu.bd

Abstract: The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) constitute the most recently discovered family of bacterial protein toxins, causing irreversible cell cycle arrest or death of the target cells. In Bangladesh, poor sanitation and hygiene has been responsible for the pollution of the natural aquatic system particularly in and around big cities. Besides this, Escherichia coli has also been used as indictor for fecal contamination. Forty six different aquatic samples were monitored around the country including both in fresh and marine water for detection of CDT producing E. coli. After preenrichment and enrichment of the samples, DNA was extracted and PCR technique was employed to detect different cdt genes. Eight pairs of primers for eight targets corresponding to five different cdt alleles were used for PCR amplification during the study. cdtIA stood out to be the most prevalent type (73.91%) present in both marine and fresh water irrespective of sources, followed by detection of cdtIIA (63.04%), cdtIVB (19.56%), cdt III (10.86%) and cdtVB (4.34%). Both cdtVA and cdtVC were present at 23.91% sampling sites. In four sites (8.69%) no cdt allele was detected. Among the diarrheagenic virotypes of E. coli ETEC was the most prevalent type (60.86%); which was followed by EIEC (47.82%), EPEC (19.56%), EAEC (4.34%) and EHEC (2.17%). In 12 sites (26.09%), no 36

diarrheagenic virotype was detected. No significant co-existence between CDT producing E. coli and diarrheagenic E. coli could be established. Conventional cultural techniques become inadequate for analyzing the presence of such pathogenic form because they are under stress and shock in the environment. Proper resuscitation of culture media, selective pre-enrichment and enrichment media are not yet optimized for isolation of such bacteria. Hence molecular detection techniques such as PCR plays major role in monitoring bacteria in the environment. Further characterization of the detected virotypes, using integrated approach comprising serology, biochemical, DNA hybridization, PCR, protein profiling, cell culture assay and gene sequencing should be planned in near future for developing appropriate water quality criteria. Key words: CDT producing E. coli, Diarrheagenic E. coli, PCR, Cell culture assay.

Effect of lead Nitrate in different Tissues of Swiss Albino Mice

Satrupa Chakraborty, Trina Mukherjee, Swarup Roy and Tapan Kumar Das*
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India, PIN-741235 Email: tapndas@hotmail.com

Abstract: Lead is the most ubiquitous, unessential and detrimental heavy metal even at very trivial level. Exposure of lead occurs through the soft tissue of different system like gastrointestinal, excretory, nervous and reproductive tissue of animals. In this study male Swiss albino mice weighing approximately 1530 g (2-2.5) months have been selected and the mice are randomly divided into two groups .One group of mice was treated with lead nitrate whereas another group was considered as standard which were not treated with lead nitrate. It was observed that animal exposed to Pb(II) faced with some biochemical changes due to lead stress. To asses the oxidative stress in cellular environment due to Pb(II) toxicity LPO level, reduced glutathione content and total protein level were measured from different organ like brain, liver, testis and kidney. Assay of some antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase have also been done. These biochemical observations were supplemented with some histological examination of Liver, brain ,testis and kidney and activities of catalase , super oxide dismutase and total protein content were found to change dramatically. Microscopic observation of the histological slides prepared with different tissues indicated the presence of some lesions due to lead toxicity reflected to the different tissues. .Our target to evaluate the efficacy of the fungal strain , Aspergillus foetidus. MTCC8876 for removal of lead from different organs of a lead infected animal which are in progress.

Prospects of Agarwood in Bangladesh, a Multidisciplinary Approach Could form a Goldmine

Selina Akter1, Md. Tanvir Islam2, Zulkefeli Mat Zusoh3 and Sirajul Islam Khan1
2

University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore 7408, Bangladesh 3 Mara University of Technology, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Email: selinamicrobiol@bio.uib.no or selinamicrobiol@yahoo.com tanvirislam@jstu.edu.bd,mzmj@salam.uitm.edu.my, sikhan@du.ac.bd

Abstract: Agarwood or eaglewood (Aguru in Bengali) is the most expensive wood in the world, which is an occasional product of a few genera of Aquilaria and Gyrinops in the plant family Thymelaeaceae. Agar is a scented product, oleoresin, obtained from a pathological condition of the 37

wood of live trees containing many aromatic substances. Various bacteria and fungi have been found to be associated with Agarwood formation, although it is still not absolutely clear which are important or even necessary. Infection and agar formation is a slow process and considerable agar formation reported in trees at least 50 years old. A number of different fungi imperfecti were isolated in agar accumulated wood, such as Torula sp. and Aspergillus agallocha. Use of Cladosporium sp. Epicoccum granulatum, Philophora parasitica, Pencillium citrinum, Aspergillus tamarii, Fusarium solani and Botryodiplodia theobromae were also reported to be useful in enhancing agar synthesis. The quality of agar mostly depends on the plant species and the fungi involved as well as certain other unknown factors. The quantity depends on the persistence of a successful infection and time. The objectives are to ensure agar formation in 100% of the relevant trees, increase in quality and most possibly quantity of agar yield per tree with minimizing the maturation time. Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Cladosporium spp, and Torula spp. as well as their mixed cultures were inoculated in both the phloem and the core xylem of the healthy trunk of plants, which were further induced by chemicals. Inorganic metal ions have already proved to influence on the immune response of different plants on infection. The inducer recipes contained the inorganic salts of Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc, Potassium and Sodium. Iron and copper salts are shown to have induction effect on resin formation at fungal infected sites, after about one year of induction but it also induced the healing as well. Re-inoculation further initiates the infection and is advised for more agarwood accumulation. Specificity of fungal infection is a minor criterion of agarwood formation rather than the plants physiological state, immune responses and presence of inducer. All the fungi reported in many published and unpublished data are able to synthesize, in various extents, some enzymes like cellulase and pectinase and hypothetized to be the major agent for mode of injury and initiation of immune response. Pure enzyme or the fast growing bacteria producing the similar enzymes may have an effect on the agarwood formation. So, the new venture would be the selection of bacterial counterpart or enzymes capable of inducing plants immune responses. The agar production could be a field of prospects in Bangladesh. The hilly barren area of the country could be converted to goldmine without deforestation. A multidisciplinary approach could be initiated with the experts of forestry, mycology, biochemistry and microbiology to achieve the major goal.

Microbiological Analysis and Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Chitosan

S. M. Rashid, Z. U. M. Khan
Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, 9 Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh E-mail:shawrav86@gmail.com

Abstract: Chitosan an important biopolymer found in crustaceans shell and have different food and industrial importance. In this experiment its antimicrobial effect was examined on Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +ve bacteria) and E. coli (Gram ve bacteria). The shells from shrimp (Metapenous Monoceros) were used as raw material. Different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 N) of sodium hydroxide were used for deproteinization, and 1.5 N at 60C for 3 hours showed clear result. Different percentages (4, 5, and 6%) of hydrochloric acid were used for demineralization, and 5% at room temperature for 3 hours had the best result. Deacetilation was carried out by using different percentages (40, 50, and 60%) of sodium hydroxide, and 50% at autoclaving condition (121C, 15pb) for 35 minutes yielded better quality of chitosan. Extracted chitosan was soluble in 1% acetic acid. Microbiological analyses of the samples were done to determine the total viable bacterial count 38

(TVBC), total Coliform count (TCC), total Staphylococcus count (TSC), total Shigella and Salmonellae count (SSA) using dried media plate count agar, Mac-Conkey agar, Mannitol salt agar (MSA) and Shigella-Salmonella agar (SSA) respectively. Raw material was found highly contaminated with TVBC (6.2X106 cfu/g), TSC (4.6X 103 cfu/g) and TCC (3.2X 103 cfu/g), but after deproteinization and demineralization contamination gradually decreased. After deacetilation no growth of Staphylococcus and Coliform were observed, but TVBC were found to be 1.2X102 cfu/g. Antimicrobial activity of the extracted chitosan was tested by using Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +ve) and E. coli (Gram ve) bacteria. Using 1mg chitosan/ml medium, hundred percent antimicrobial activities was observed for the Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria. Experiment concludes that extracted chitosan is safe for human consumption and has antimicrobial property.

Study of the Sensitivity of different Species of Bacteria Against Portulaca oleracea Extracts
Md. Saidul Islam, Md. Khasrul Alam, Anzana Parvin, S. K. Biswas, M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal, Dr. Md. Rezuanul Islam*
Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia Email: wafirezwan@hotmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Portulaca oleracea which were collected randomly from Islamic University Campus, Kushtia. Portulaca oleracea is an annual succulent in the family Portulacaceae. The air dried leaves powder was used for the preparation of Dichloromethane, Ethylacetate,Methanol and Petroleum spirit solvent extracts by sequential extraction method. Four different bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina lutea) were selected for antibacterial activity against the extracts of Portulacea oleraceae.The MIC of the extract were also measured. From these bacterial species Bacillus subtilis showed a significant sensitivity against all of the solvent extracts ,Sarcina lutea also showed all except Petroleum spirit and Escherichia coli showed sensitivity against Dichloromethane and Petroleum spirit extracts. Ethyl acetate and Dichloromethane extract of Portulaca oleracea showed the maximum activity with the MIC value for Sarcina lutea. So the antimicrobial activity that are showed by Portulaca oleracea extract against the bacterial strains may be used as an effective agent to protect the disease causing by this bacteria to prevent their growth.

Fungal Conversion of Agrowaste into Nutritionally Enriched Animal Feed through Solid State Fermentation
Md. Rezaul Karim1, Harun or Rashid2, Zinat Mahal2 Safia Iqbal1, Md. Rezuanul Islam1 Md. Shahedur Rahman1, M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal1*
1

Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia. 2 Institute of Food and Radiation biology, Atomic Energy Commission, Bangladesh. Email: mostofajamal_btg@yahoo.com

Abstract: Khesari plant and sugarcane bagasse, weeded from field during cultivation for better yielding, are considered as agro-waste. Taking this view in mind, we have investigated the conversion of these lignocellulosic agro-wastes such as Khesari plant and mixed (khesari plant + sugarcane bagasse) substrate to upgraded animal feed by solid state fermentation using a cellulolytic fungus, Pleurotus sajor-caju. The strain required 8 weeks to complete the fermentation on the substrates at 30 39

C. Higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein were found in each of the lime treated substrates than untreated substrates. Results also indicated that every presoaked substrates contained higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein than unsoaked ones. Among the substrates, mixed substrate (khesari plant + sugarcane bagasse) was found to accumulate higher amount of sugar, 22.15 mg/g and protein, 22.80 mg/g than those of khesari plant in the 5th week of fermentation. The treatments that augmented the level of sugar and protein were also found to enhance the cellobiase, carboxy methyl cellulase and avicelase activity of crude culture extracts. These results suggest that lime treatment and presoaking seem to increase the digestibility of the substrates by the fungal cellulolytic enzymes. During eight weeks of fermentation, relatively higher cellobiase activity was found compared to that of carboxymethylcellulase and avicelase at 30 0C required for the fungul strain. The results of the present study clearly indicate that fungal conversion with pretreatment renovates these lignocellulosic agro-wastes to a nutritionally enriched animal feed. Further research are, however, indeed necessary to develop upgraded animal feed in developing countries including Bangladesh.

Study on Bioactivity of Selected Shrubs of the Sundarbans

Md. Jalal Uddin, Md Shamim Akhter*, Kazi Didarul Islam, Md Morsaline Billah
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh. E-mail: shamim11_akhter@yahoo.com

Abstract: Use of plant based drugs and chemicals for curing various ailments and personal adornment is as old as human civilization. Plants and plant-based medicaments are the basis of many of the modern pharmaceuticals we use today for our various ailments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Clerodendrum inerme (Family: Verbenaceae) and Caesalpinia crista (Family: Leguminosaceae), two widely distributed shrubs of the Sundarbans mangrove forest. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was tested against E. coli, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, V. cholerae , S. paratyphi, Proteus spp, S. aureus and S. epidermis using disc diffusion assay where the chloroformic extract of bark of C. inerme showed excellent performance against E. coli. The chloroformic extracts of bark of C. crista also showed significant activity against V. cholera, S. dysenteriae and E. coli. A general cytotoxicity of all the extracts were determined by brine shrimp lethality assay where the chloroformic extract of bark of C. inerme showed the lowest LC50 value of 5g/ml. The ethanolic and chloroformic extracts of leaf of C. inerme and methanolic extracts of bark of C. crista also exhibited good cytotoxic activity with LC50 values of 10g/ml, 9.10g/ml and 10g/ml, respectively. Acknowledgement: This study was supported by an INSPIRE grant (No. SP_137, 2011-2013) from the British Council.

40

Session II Green Pharmacology

41

Keynote Speech
Think Big ! Start Small !! Act Now !!!
M S K Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Email: mskchoudhuri@yahoo.com

Most of the population in developing countries still rely mainly on Traditional practitioners and local medicinal plants for primary medical care and interest in traditional and alternative systems of medicine has grown in industrialized countries also in the last decade. However, the potential of traditional medicine is far from being fully utilized in most national health systems. Many elements of Traditional Medicine are beneficial, but others are not. Therefore, traditional medicine should be examined critically, with an open mind. WHO encourages and supports the countries in their efforts to find safe and effective remedies and practices for use in Health services, while not endorsing all form of traditional medicine. Despite the existence of herbal medicines for many centuries, only a small number of plant species about 5000 have been studied for their possible medicinal applications. Safety and efficacy data exist only in respect of a much smaller number of plants, their extracts and their active ingredients. The establishment and use of regulations, procedures and quality control have become major concerns in both developing and industrialized countries. It is indeed commendable that the Government of Bangladesh brought the Ayurvedic and Unani drugs under the purview of the Drug Control Act of 1982, and recently integration of Traditional Medicine with the existing health care delivery system has been completed in 30 districts. However, much more is in need to be done - in the areas of policy on the practice of traditional medicine, adequate training of the practitioners, ensuring quality control, safety and efficacy of the traditional drugs, production and availability of the drugs to the people at affordable prices and proper scientific research in traditional system of medicine. As a nation we are steeped in tradition, and traditional medicines have a bearing in the cultural attitude which has spread its root deep and wide, even in the far-flung corners of the country. Although, allopathic medicine has established itself in dispensing medicine predominantly to the urban areas, the rural mass still bank upon Traditional System of Medicine. In the context holding of the workshop assumes the practicality of our cultural values of Traditional System of Medicines, and thus promote the use of Ayurveda Medicines which has a great potential for curing the dreaded diseases. It is unfortunate that Ayurveda and other indigenous systems of medicine have suffered official as well as societal neglect after Independence. We as a nation need to promote their development in every aspect - education, infrastructure and production of medicines, standardization, R&D and synthesis with the modern allopathic system of medicine. Therefore, it is imperative for us, the followers of the Oriental civilization, to enrich Ayurveda, which has an indivisible relationship with the Mother Nature, for the welfare of our future generation. A coordinated approach and collective as well as individual effort form all sectors of the society are highly desirable for this. I believe, establishing Traditional medicine as an area of special research and development with a view to making it more effective and able to contribute immensely to the people of Bangladesh as well as the whole of human civilization particularly in a new millennium. Considering the important role, played by indigenous systems of medicine in health care delivery networks of Bangladesh specially in the rural areas, the Government has been adopting various measures to develop the system by further improving educational facilities for ensuring quality and dependable clinical medical care services and for ensuring availability of safe and effective drugs of 42

indigenous system. Medicinal plants are the major ingredients of Unani and Ayurvedic medicines. The geographical location, climatic and topographic conditions of Bangladesh help to grow most of these plants locally in different areas of this country. But due to continuous massive deforestation, destruction of homestead trees/plantations, frequent natural disasters, commercial mono-culture plantations etc, most of these precious medicinal plants are going to be reduced in availability and may even lead to extinction in this country in the near future. If such trend is continued, these plants will scarcely be available locally to create the need of local manufacturing plants in the near future. It has been observed that there were many studies and researches done in Bangladesh during the period of last few decades and valuable reports and recommendations were prepared. But due to absence of central appropriate organization and national program, these recommendations / findings could not be scrutinized critically and scientifically and adopted for implementation through national system to make the output/benefit available to the population. Present policies of the Government in respect to traditional medicine necessitates the stock taking of the findings and outcome of the researches and to select and prioritize appropriate ones for implementation to develop these system leading to further development of the system. Work done by mostly Europeans Dr. Garcia da Orta was, perhaps, the earliest European to describe some of the Indian drugs. He came from Portugal to India in 1534 and resided in Goa. In 1554-55, he was appointed as medical adviser to the Portuguese Viceroy. He traveled over different parts of country. His original book in the Dutch has been translated into English. The first historic incidence of interaction between the Ayurveda and Modern medicine started in our country on 23rd/29th May, 1786 by the creation of Hospital Boards by the Court of Directors, Governor General in Council of the East India Company. Subsequently, after ten years of its existence, a medical Board was established on 30th June, 1796. This process was further crystallised by an appointment of the Director General of Medical Department on 25th January 1858. In addition to these administrative steps on academic side, H. H. Wilson, succeeding Sir W. Jones and H. T. Colebrooks, introduced the ancient Indian Medicine through an essay on the "Medical and Surgical Science of the Hindus'' in 1823. He was followed by J. F. Royle's study of the "Antiquity and independent Origin of Hindu Medicine" 1837, T. A. wise in 1845 published the first comprehensive treatise on Indian medicine in any foreign language. This was entitled as the Commentary on the Hindu system of Medicine. These publication do not seem to have created any stir in the Western medical world. Moreover, any interest which they might have created, soon died down. After a lapse of about sixty years, A. F. H. Hornle revived the languishing interest in the ancient Indian medicine by the publication of his studies in medicines of the ancient India, part-I Osteology (1907), This was followed by a series of critical and scholarly articles entitled "Studies in Ancient Indian Medicine" in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1906-1910). Besides these studies, he also edited the Bower Ms with consumate skill and scholarship (1893-1912, Kutumbiah 1962). An attraction to the orthodox Ayurvedic system of medicine amongst the British people at that time was very superficial. But in view of prevailing circumstances of our country at that time, their attention was mostly confined to the economically commercial plants of the country. Later, the pharmacodynamics of the medicinal plants also aroused their inquisitiveness to a limited extent. It, however, could result in the preparation of such books as the Indigenous drugs of India by K. L. Dey, 1867; Useful plants of India and Handbook of Indian flora by H. Drury 1893; Materia Medica of Hindus by U C. Dutta, 1877: Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants (Transaction of Asiatic Society) by John Fleming 1810; Supplement to the pharmacopoeia of India by Moodeen Sheriff 1865; Pharmacopoeia of India and Bazar Medicines by Waring in 1868 and 1874; Dictionary of Economic Plants by Smith J. 1882 and Dictionary of Economic products of India l-IV Vol. by George Watt in 1889 etc. (Abdul Wahid and Siddiqui 1961;).

43

Table 1: Showing the Tentative List of Publications Having Relevance to Ayurveda in British Period
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Name of the Publication Described some Indian Drugs; His original book in Dutch has been translated into English Catalogue of Indian Medicinal plants in transactions of the Asiatic society. Journey on the Himalayas Mountains The Medical and Surgical Science of the Hindus. The antiquity and independent origin of Hindu medicine First treatise on Indian medicine in foreign language A commentary on the Hindu System of Medicine. Travel in India and Kashmir Journey through Oudh Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia of India Indigenous drugs of India Pharmacopoeia of India Useful Plants of India Bazar Medicines A Hand Book of Indian Flora Materia Medica of Hindus Dictionary of Economic Plants The Dictionary of Economic Products of India I to IV Vol. Useful plants of India and A Hand Book of Indian Flora Medicine of Ancient India Part I (Osteology) Series of critical and Scholarly articles entitled studies in ancient Indian medicine in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Edited Bower's Mss Side by side the Indian protagonists of Ayurveda also wrote a number of books during this period through they were mostly compilations. Year of publication 1554-55 1810 1820 1823 1837 1845 1853 1858 1865 1867 1868 1873 1874 1873 1877 1882 1889 1893 1907 1906-1910 Author Dr. Garcia da orta John Fleming Fraser H. H. Wilson J. F. Royle T. A. Wise E. V. Schonberg Sleeman Moodeen Sheriff K. L Dey Waring G. Drury Waring G. Drury U. C. Datta J. Smith George Watt G. Drury A. F. H. Hoernle A. F. H. Hoernle Baron

21

1893-1912

A. F. H. Hoernle

Work done by Modern Medical People Rich materia medica of Ayurvedic medicines attracted the attention of researchers in the western system of Medicine also The organised and modern research work on indigenous drugs started under the patronage of the Government of India in 1894 and on the recommendation of Pharmacological Section of Indian Medical Congress, a systematic study of the pharmacological and clinical uses of various indigenous drugs was made during the next twenty years. The initial attempt helped in establishing the School of Tropical Medicine having a chair of pharmacology to make scientific studies on various native drugs. From 1921 onwards, voluminous research was conducted on drugs

44

under the auspices of the Indian Research Fund Association under the guidance of Sri R. N. Chopra and others. In this connection we may draw the attention of the reader to publications of (i) Kritikar and Basu's Indian Medicinal Plants; (ii) Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica - 4000 herbs described and (iii) Chopra's Indigenous drugs of India. The main idea behind these studies was to discover useful medicines from the vast ocean of Ayurvedic drugs suitable to be used by the Western practitioners. This eventually led to the preparation of the Indian Pharmacopoeia. These studies become so fruitful and rewarding to the modern medicine that the Indian Council of Medical Research set apart a large sum of money for indigenous drug research. Again in 1950, A Central Drug Research Institute was established at Lucknow for the said purpose. Most of the Departments of Pharmacology in the Medical Colleges and Pharmaceutical concerns in our country have been engaged in the study of plants, its chemistry and pharmacodynamics in addition to the academic activity of literary research. Major ecosystems of Bangladesh In Bangladesh there are a total of 3 gymnosperms, 1700 pteridophytes and 5700 angiosperms. Of the 5700 angiosperms 68 plants are exploited for their woody values, 130 of them yield fibres, approximately 500 of them have medicinal value and 29 of them are orchids. Approximately 27 plants are now being threatened or declared to be endangered species. The major ecosystems of Bangladesh can be grouped under six headings: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Agricultural land ecosystem Hill forest ecosystem Plain land sal forest ecosystem Coastal mangrove ecosystem Fresh-water swamp forest / wetland ecosystem Homestead ecosystem

The agricultural land ecosystem covers approximately 0.9 billion hectares. The Hill forest ecosystems in North and South-east fringe covers approximately 0.670 million hectare and includes a flora of 2260 species angiosperms and 7 species of bamboos. The plain land sal forest ecosystem (Barind tract) includes 25 angiosperms and 5 different kind of bamboos. The coastal mangrove ecosystem comprises of 6 million natural and 100,000 hectare planted areas, comprising of 245 genera and 334 species. The fresh-water swampland comprises of 300 plants. The homestead ecosystem consists of 25 fruit trees and 30 timber/wood/fuel yielding plants. In Bangladesh there are approximately 5000 plants of which 1500 to 2000 plants are covered through different ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal surveys. Conservatively a minimum total of 1000 plants have medicinal values. Primary Health Care Package Rawdrug Powder Considered for Possible Recommendation for Primary Health Care Package Kit: Acorus calamus (Rhizome) Adhatoda vasica (Root, leaves) Aegle marmelos (Unripe fruit) Allium sativum (Bulb) Aloe barbadensis (Dried leaf gel) Alpinia galanga (Root) Andrographis paniculata (Whole plant) Asparagus racemosus (Tubers) Astercantha longifolia (Whole plant) Azadirachta indica (Stem-bark, leaves) Bacopa monnieri (Whole plant) Bergenia ligulata (Root) Boerhavia diffusa (Whole plant) Cassia fistula (Bark) 45

Centella asiatica (Whole plant) Cinnamomum tamala (Leaf) Cocos nucifera (Green coconut water) Cuminum cyminum (Seeds) Curcuma longa (Rhizome) Cynodon dactylon (Whole plant) Eclipta alba (Whole plant) Embelia ribes (Seeds) Ferula foetida (Gum) Ficus racemosa (Stem-bark, fruit) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Root) Hemidesmus indicus (Root) Ipomoea mauritiana (Rhizome) Mesua ferrea (Dried flowers) Mollugo pentaphylla (Whole plant) Myristica fragrans (Seed, aril) Ocimum sanctum (Root, leaf) Phyllanthus urinaria (Whole plant) Piper longum (Fruit) Plantago ovata (Seed-husk) Punica granatum (Fruit rind) Santalum album (Heartwood) Saussurea lappa (Root) Solanum xanthocarpum (Whole plant) Terminalia belerica (Fruit shell) Tinospora cordifolia (Stem) Tribulus terrestris (Fruit) Vetiveria zizanoides (Root) Vitis vinifera (Dried fruit) Zingiber officinale (Rhizome) Aegle marmelos (Unripe fruit) Alstonia scholaris Aphanamixis polystachya Bombax ceiba Carica papaya Cinnamomum tamala (Leaf) Citrus grandis (Fruit) Emblica officinalis (Fruit shell) Ficus racemosa (Stem-bark, fruit) Holarrhena antidysenterica (Bark, seed) Mallotus philippensis Moringa oleifera Oroxylum indicum Premna integrifolia Punica granatum (Fruit rind) Saraca indica (Bark) Terminalia belerica (Fruit shell)

Cinnamomum cassia (Bark) Citrus limonum (Fruit) Commiphora mukul (Gum) Curculigo orchioides (Rhizome) Curcuma zedoaria (Rhizome) Cyperus rotundus (Tubers) Elettaria cardamomum (Seeds) Emblica officinalis (Fruit shell) Ficus bengalensis (Stem-bark, underground root) Ficus religiosa (Stem-bark) Gymnema sylvestris (Leaves) Holarrhena antidysenterica (Bark, seed) Lawsonia inermis (Leaves) Mimusops elengi (Bark, stem) Murraya koenigi (Leaf) Nardostachys jatamansi (Root) Oxalis corniculata (Whole plant) Picrorhiza kurroa (Root) Piper nigrum (Seeds) Plumbago zeylanica (Root) Ricinus communis (Root) Saraca indica (Bark) Sida cordifolia (Root) Terminalia arjuna (Bark) Terminalia chebula (Fruit shell) Trachyspermum ammi (Seed) Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fruit) Vitex negundo (Root) Withania somnifera (Root) Homestead Medicinal Flora (Tree) Albizzia lebbeck / Albizzia procera Anthocephalus cadamba Azadirachta indica (Stem-bark, leaves) Butea monosperma Cassia fistula (Bark) Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Bark) Cocos nucifera (Green coconut water) Eugenia jambolana Gmelina arborea Lawsonia inermis (Leaves) Mesua ferrea (Dried flowers) Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Pongamia pinnata Psidium guajava Ricinus communis (Root) Terminalia arjuna (Bark) Terminalia chebula (Fruit shell) 46

Vitex negundo (Root) Medicinal plants which can be planted in home gardens: *Adhatoda vasica (Root, leaves) *Aloe barbadensis (Dried leaf gel) *Andrographis paniculata (Whole plant) *Asparagus racemosus (Tubers) *Bacopa monnieri (Whole plant) *Boerhavia diffusa (Whole plant) *Centella asiatica (Whole plant) *Cinnamomum cassia (Bark) *Cinnamomum tamala (Leaf) *Citrus limonum (Fruit) *Curcuma longa (Rhizome) *Curcuma zedoaria (Rhizome) *Elettaria cardamomum (Seeds) *Lawsonia inermis (Leaves) *Murraya koenigi (Leaf) *Ocimum sanctum (Root, leaf) *Piper longum (Fruit) *Piper nigrum (Seeds) *Plumbago zeylanica (Root) *Punica granatum (Fruit rind) *Ricinus communis (Root) *Tinospora cordifolia (Stem) *Vitex negundo (Root) *Zingiber officinale (Rhizome) Medicinal plants which can be planted by the side of family-ponds: Acorus calamus (Rhizome) *Aegle marmelos (Unripe fruit) *Cassia fistula (Bark) *Ficus bengalensis (Stem-bark, underground root) *Ficus religiosa (Stem-bark) *Mesua ferrea (Dried flowers) *Saraca indica (Bark) *Terminalia belerica (Fruit shell) Spices: Allium sativum (Bulb) Trachyspermum ammi (Seed) Small-scale money-making garden possible: Alpinia galanga (Root) Gymnema sylvestris (Leaves) Withania somnifera (Root) Weeds: Astercantha longifolia (Whole plant) Eclipta alba (Whole plant) Oxalis corniculata (Whole plant) Solanum xanthocarpum (Whole plant) Aquatic weed: Vetiveria zizanoides (Root) IS IT SAFE !!! TOXICITY INFORMATION Arranged according to toxicity 43 out of 90 Safer than the Tea we drink !!! 9052 1 A 02 1001 RH Acorus calamus Linn (Buch) (Ar 973 7686 1 A 14 1001 PX Adhatoda zeylanica Medik @ (Acanth 869 [VASAK] 8436 1 A 03 1001 LF Aloe vera Tourn ex Linn (Lili 904 [GHREETOKUMARI] 47 Cynodon dactylon (Whole plant) Hemidesmus indicus (Root) Sida cordifolia (Root) Cuminum cyminum (Seeds) Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fruit) Embelia ribes (Seeds) Phyllanthus urinaria (Whole plant) Cyperus rotundus (Tubers) *Azadirachta indica (Stem-bark, leaves) *Emblica officinalis (Fruit shell) *Ficus racemosa (Stem-bark, fruit) *Holarrhena antidysenterica (Bark, seed) *Mimusops elengi (Bark, stem) *Terminalia arjuna (Bark) *Terminalia chebula (Fruit shell) Medicinal plants which can be planted by the roadside:

3806 1 A 03 1001 SB Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meli 609 [NEEM] 3814 1 A 12 1001 WS Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meli 609 0568 1 A 04 1001 PX Ficus bengalensis Linn (Mor 343 [BOT] 5080 1 A 03 1001 PX Lawsonia inermis Linn (Lythr 743 [MENDI] 7828 1 Z 02 1001 RH Nardostachys jatamansi DC (Valerian 887 6954 1 A 04 1001 PL Ocimum americanum Linn (Lami 865 3142 1 A 02 1001 PL Oxalis corniculata Linn (Oxalid 570 3306 1 A 09 1001 PL Phyllanthus urinaria Linn (Euphorbi 581 7444 1 A 04 1001 RH Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Ben (Scrophulari 867 3544 1 A 12 1001 SD Ricinus communis Linn (Euphorbi 581 [BHERENDA] 8282 1 A 10 1001 RH Saussurea lappa (Decne) Sch-Bip (Aster 895 3172 1 A 14 1001 FR Tribulus terrestris Linn (Zygophyll 573 2392 1 A 06 1001 SD Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn (Fab 561 [METHI] 6878 1 A 03 1001 PX Vitex negundo Linn (Verben 864 [NISHINDA] 6880 1 A 11 1001 RT Vitex negundo Linn (Verben 864 7330 1 A 02 1001 RT Withania ashwagandha Kaul @ (Solan 866 9236 1 A 02 1000 RH Alpinia galanga Willd (Zingiber 992 3650 1 Z 02 1000 RT Murraya koenigii (Linn) Spreng (Rut 603 6240 1 A 04 1000 PL Pergularia daemia (Fors) Chiov @ (Asclepiad 857 0660 1 A 13 0825 FR Ficus racemosa Linn (Mor 343 2070 1 A 01 0750 RH Bergenia ligulata 500 (W) Engl $ (Saxifrag 533 5682 1 A 09 0750 SD Embelia ribes Burm f (Myrsin 811 3092 1 A 06 0750 PX Saraca indica L (Caesalpini 563 [ASHOK] 5186 1 A 06 0750 PX Syzygium cuminii (Linn) Skeels (Myrt 749 1540 1 A 05 0750 ST Tinospora malabarica Miers ex Hf (Menisperm 455 3810 1 A 09 0681 SD Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meli 609 [NEEM] 3798 1 A 12 0681 FP Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meli 609 3808 1 A 12 0681 SC Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meli 609 3802 1 A 12 0681 RB Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meli 609 3804 1 A 12 0681 WR Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meli 609 3800 1 A 12 0681 LF Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meli 609 9090 1 A 09 0681 RH Cyperus rotundus Linn (Cyper 981 2518 1 A 10 0681 RT Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn $ (Fab 561 [JOSTIMADHU] 6242 1 A 09 0681 PX Pergularia daemia (Fors) Chiov @ (Asclepiad 857 7326 1 A 09 0681 RT Withania somnifera (L) Dunal (Solan 866 5736 1 A 11 0562 PL Plumbago indica Linn @ (Plumbagin 821 5566 1 A 01 0500 FR Cuminum cyminum Linn (Api 779 9176 1 A 01 0500 RH Curcuma longa 250 Linn (Zingiber 992 [HALUD] 0662 1 A 03 0500 GA Ficus racemosa Linn (Mor 343 5730 1 A 02 0500 RT Plumbago zeylanica Linn (Plumbagin 821 5316 1 A 06 0500 PX Terminalia arjuna (Roxb) Wig & Arn (Combret 759 [TEA] 1748 1 A 11 0464 LF Camellia sinensis (Linn) O Kuntze @ (The 489 9232 1 A 11 0464 PL Elettaria cardamomum (L) Maton (Zingiber 992 0664 1 A 13 0464 PX Ficus racemosa Linn (Mor 343 12 out of 90 more toxic than the Tea we drink !!! 6228 1 A 03 0375 PX Gymnema sylvestre R Br (Asclepiad 857 3648 1 Z 02 0350 PX Murraya koenigii (Linn) Spreng (Rut 603

48

2072 1 A 12 0316 RH Bergenia ligulata (W) Engl $ (Saxifrag 533 8438 1 A 01 0250 PL Aloe barbadensis 100 Mill @ (Lili 904 9166 1 A 02 0250 RH Curcuma zedoaria Rosc (Zingiber 992 9084 1 A 02 0250 RH Cyperus scariosus R Br (Cyper 981 7642 1 A 11 0215 PL Andrographis paniculata Wal ex Nees (Acanth 869 9238 1 A 06 0188 RH Alpinia galanga Willd (Zingiber 992 5318 1 A 05 0187 SB Terminalia arjuna (Roxb) Wig & Arn (Combret 759 6598 1 Z 10 0121 PL Ipomoea nil (Linn) Roth (Convolvul 861 5760 1 A 10 0068 PX Mimusops elengi Linn (Sapot 831 7428 1 A 02 0050 PL Bacopa monnieri (Linn) Penn (Scrophulari 867 ANOTHER SERIES OF COMPARATIVE TOXICITY LIST: 24 out of 30 les toxic than Tejpata we use as spice !!! 3722 1 A 01 0000 RT Aegle marmelos 1000 (L) Correa ex Rox (Rut 603 3720 1 A 01 0000 FR Aegle marmelos 1000 (L) Correa ex Rox (Rut 603 8406 1 A 01 0000 PX Asparagus racemosus 1000 po Willd (Lili 904 7550 1 A 01 0000 PL Astercantha longifolia 1000 Nees (Acanth 869 0956 1 A 01 0000 RT Boerhaavia diffusa 1000 Linn (Nyctagin 383 [PUNARNAVA] 0954 1 A 01 0000 PL Boerhaavia diffusa 1000 Linn (Nyctagin 383 8832 1 A 01 0000 PL Cynodon dactylon 1000 Pers (Po 951 [DURBA GHASH] 8068 1 A 01 0000 PL Eclipta alba 1000 (Linn) Hassk (Aster 895 6112 1 A 01 0000 SB Holarrhena antidysenterica 1000 po W(Apocyn 855 6960 1 A 01 0000 LF Ocimum sanctum 1000 Linn (Lami 865 [TULSHI] 3542 1 A 01 0000 RT Ricinus communis 1000 Linn (Euphorbi 581 4550 1 A 01 0000 PL Sida cordifolia 1000 Linn (Malv 675 7276 1 A 01 0000 PL Solanum xanthocarpum 1000 po Sc & We (Solan 866 5302 1 A 01 0000 FR Terminalia bellirica 1000 Roxb (Combret 759 [BAHERA] 8502 1 A 01 0000 PL Curculigo orchioides 500 Gaertn (Amaryllid 907 0598 1 A 01 0000 SB Ficus religiosa 500 Linn (Mor 343 6176 1 A 01 0000 PL Hemidesmus indicus 500 (W) R Br (Asclepiad 857 3546 1 A 01 0000 ST Ricinus communis 500 Linn (Euphorbi 581 1544 1 A 01 0000 PL Tinospora cordifolia 500 (W) Mie (Menisperm 455 8764 1 A 01 0000 RT Vetiveria zizanioides 500 (Linn) Nash @ (Po 951 3024 1 A 01 0000 PD Cassia fistula 250 Linn (Caesalpini 563 5454 1 A 01 0000 PL Centella asiatica 250 (Linn) Urban (Api 779 [THANKUNI] 6110 1 A 01 0000 FR Holarrhena antidysenterica 250 Wall (Apocyn 855 1546 1 A 01 0000 ST Tinospora cordifolia 250 (W) Mie (Menisperm 455 6 out of 30 same toxic as the Tejpata we use as spice !!! [TEJPATA] 1266 1 A 01 0000 LF Cinnamomum tamala 100 Nees & Eberm (Laur 433 0666 1 A 01 0000 SB Ficus racemosa 100 Linn (Mor 343 3540 1 A 01 0000 LF Ricinus communis 100 Linn (Euphorbi 581 5306 1 A 01 0000 FR Terminalia chebula 100 Retz C inpt (Combret 759 3174 1 A 01 0000 SL Tribulus terrestris 100 Linn (Zygophyll 573 1 out of 30 more toxic than the Tejpata we use as spice !!! 7274 1 A 01 0000 FR Solanum xanthocarpum 50 Schrad & Wen (Solan 866 Its Too Late for Later. A sentiment: that later is over for our generation. The time is now, the place is here. Stay in the present. You can do nothing to change the past, and the future will never come exactly as you plan or hope for. --Dan Millman 49

Understanding Green Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Industry

Dr Madhuresh K Sethi
Mylan Laboratories Ltd, R & D Centre, Hyderabad, India

Abstract: In the past two decades, the Green Chemistry movement has helped industry become much cleaner, but mindsets changes slowly, and the revolution still has long way to go.Green chemistry concepts however, apply to an incredible diversity of scientific endeavor, which has invariably led to difference between and amongst both academia & industry what constitutes Green chemistry reen Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Industry should include The quest for benign synthetic processes that reduce the environmental burden & enabling the delivery of our current standards of living Green Chemists in Pharmaceutical Industry must strive for correct choice of starting material and order of chemical steps, the appropriate use of solvents and reagents and effective strategies for isolation and purification. They must achieve a balance for highest efficiency, safety, and robustness, within the existing industry engineering constrains and with concern with the environment. The technique should be synergistic, accounting for combined synthetic performance as well as individual compound toxicity. Process of replacing a toxic solvent / reagent must be examined holistically to ensure maximum efficiency. Particularly attention should be paid to solvents, however, as 80% of waste generated during manufacture of API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient which is formulated to life saving drug) is related to solvent use. Chemo-enzymatic routes combination of chemical and biocatalytic steps. In this case biocatalyst in aqueous media is preferentially used to perform the key reactions requiring high selectivity or specificity or to reduce the environmentally intolerable reaction steps.

In Vivo Screening for Narcotic Analgesic Property Using SwissWebster Mice to Understand the Comparative Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Medicinal Preparations
Ashraf-ul Kabir1, Dipan Kumar Kundu1, Syeda Seraj2, Rabiul Hasan2 Shemonty Hasan3, and M. S. K. Choudhuri3
1Department of Pharmacy. North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2Department of Pharmacy, University Of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3Department of Pharmacy, Jahangir Nagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Animals were first screened to have a reaction time between 7-15 seconds. The animals were placed on hot plate apparatus maintained at a temperature of 540.5C for a maximum time of 20s per exposure to prevent blister formation and skin damage, both of which might affect our results. Reaction time was recorded as the animals licked their fore and hind paws and jumped, at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 seconds. The control group was administered with distilled water. The positive group was administered with 30mg/kg Tramadol p.o.,. The 20ml/Kg and 40ml/Kg drug groups were treated with the drug solution as stated previously. One Way Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by Dunnets and Bonferronis correction was used to analyze the data. The drugs Shirisharista (SRS) 20ml/kg (p=0.132), SRS 40ml/kg (p=0.128), Prasarani Sandhan (PRS) 20ml/kg (p=0.248), PRS 40ml/kg (p=0.138), Amritarista (MRT) 20ml/kg (p=0.717), MRT 40ml/kg (p=1.00), Kalomeghasav (KLM) 20ml/kg (p=0.338), Kutajarista (KTJ) 20ml/kg (p=0.1), Brihat Haridra Khanda (HKM) 20ml/kg (p=0.2), and HKM 40ml/kg (p=0.30) had their p-values greater than 0.10 and were considered to have no significant result. The drugs Amalaki Rasayan (MLK) 20ml/kg (p=0.08), MLK 50

40ml/kg (p=0.072), Kalomeghasav (KLM) 40ml/kg (p=0.06), and Kutajarista (KTJ) 40ml/kg (p=0.06) had their p-values less than 0.10 but greater than 0.05 and were considered to have no significant result. The drugs Kanakasav (KNK) 20ml/kg (p=0.006), KNK 40ml/kg (p=0.015), Arjunarista (RJN) 20ml/kg (p=0.000), RJN 40ml/kg (p=0.003), Dasamularista (DSM) 20ml/kg (p=0.002), DSM 40ml/kg (p=0.000), Moha Draksharista (MDR) 20ml/kg (p=0.000), MDR 40ml/kg (p=0.000), Punarnavasav (PNR) 20ml/kg (p=0.05), PNR 40ml/kg (p=0.02), and Tramadol (p=0.000) had their p-values less than 0.05 and considered to have highly significant result.

Chemical and Biological Investigation of Pyran Derivative Antimicrobial Compound from Aspergillus fumigatus
Zakia Sultana Sathi1, Ranjan Kumar Barman2, Md Ajijur Rahman2, Afia Akter2 Md Abdul Kader2, Mir Imam Ibne Wahed2, Md Abdul Gafur2, Abu Syed Md Anisuzzaman2, Md. Anwar Ul Islam2
2

Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka-1207 Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

Abstract: The ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of Aspergillus fumigatus and chromatographic analysis has lead to the isolation of an antimicrobial compound. The structure of the compound was identified as pyran derivative from its IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, EIMS, HMBC, HMQC data. Biological activity of the isolated compound and the extract was determined by antimicrobial assay by disc diffusion and serial dilution technique, and also by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Both the compound and extract showed significant antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect. However, the toxicological studies were performed on Long Evans rat.

Isolation of Stigmasterol and -sitosterol from N-hexane Extract of the Leaves of Saurauia Roxburghii (Actinidiaceae)
Yunus Ahmed1*, Parul Akther2, Faridul Islam3, Shahab Uddin Ahmed4, Shakila Rahman5
Department of Chemistry, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh. 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4341, Bangladesh. 3 Drugs and toxins Research Division, BCSIR,Chittagong-4220, Bangladesh. 4 Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh 5 Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: yunusahmed@cuet.ac.bd, yunus.acctiu@gmail.com
1

Abstract: General phytochemical screening of the leaves of Saurauia roxburghii (Actinidiaceae) revealed the presence of Alkaloids, glycosides. O-glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, steroids, reducing sugar, tannins, phlobatannins and saponin are present in this plant whereas cardiac glycosides are absent. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize the bioactive principle from the leaves of the plant. It has wide folk medicinal use. Two compounds were isolated from the n-hexane extract of the leaves from Saurauia roxburghii. Based on the spectral evidence FTIR,1H NMR and13 C NMR, structures were determined to be stigmasterol (1) and -sitosterol (2). This is the first report so far of occurrence of these compounds from S. roxburghii. Keywords: Saurauia roxburghii, Phytochemical, Stigmasterol, sitosterol.

51

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extract and its Various Fractions from the Seeds of Syzygium Fruticosum (Roxb.) DC.
Samima Nasrin1, Shafiqul Islam1, Mohammad Ali Khan1, Md. Abdul Aziz2, Aziz Abdur Rahman1, Mamunur Rashid1, Golam Sadik1 and A.H.M. Khurshid Alam1*
2

Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh * Email: kalam_rep@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties of crude methanolic extract and its various fractions from the seeds of Sygygium fruticosum (Roxb.) DC (abbreviated as SF). The crude methanolic extract (CME) was successively fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate to get four fractions: petroleum ether fraction (PEF), chloroform fraction (CHF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and lastly aqueous fraction (AQF). The content of phenolics and flavonoids of CME and its four fractions EAF, AQF, PEF and CHF were found to be 301.63, 526.22, 259.875, 17.56 and 118.13 mg of gallic acid equivalent, GAE/gm and 246.13, 275.73, 204.35, 234.0 and 410.40 mg of catechin equivalent, CAE/gm of dried extract, respectively. The content of flavonols and proanthocyanidins of CME and its four fractions were in moderate levels. The extractives also showed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids and alkaloids. The CME and its four fractions showed strong antioxidant activity. In DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, EAF showed significant scavenging with IC50 of 4.85 and 69.5 g/ml, respectively, followed by CME (IC50 9.90, 90 g/ml), AQF (IC50 12.0, 122.5 g/ml), PEF (IC50 63.0, not active) and CHF (IC50 23.70, 200 g/ml). The antioxidant activity of EAF was greater than that of standard BHT. In iron reducing capacity, the CME and its four fractions showed the following order: ascorbic acid, AA > EAF > AQF > CME > CHF > PEF. The iron reducing capacity of EAF was closely resembled to that of standard AA. In addition, EAF showed the most potent inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation with IC50 of 65 g/ml followed by CME (84.5 g/ml), AQF (99 g/ml), PEF (214 g/ml) and CHF (200 g/ml). The EAF showed the highest antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic bacterial strains. The MIC value of EAF was found to be 32 g/ml. The results from this study suggest that the seeds of SF posses significant antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitors or scavengers. Seeds of SF may therefore be a good candidate for functional food as well as pharmaceutical plant-based products.

Pharmacological and Toxicologucal Studies of Amalaki Rasayan

Gazi Sharmin1, Mirza Asif Ali1, Mohammad Jashim Uddin2, Krishna Roy3 Rubaiyat-E-Tasneem Islam4 and M. S. K. Choudhuri1
2

Department of Pharmacy, Jahangir Nagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacy, Jessore Science and Technology University, Ambottala, Jessore, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 4 Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Pharmacological study of Amlaki Rasayan (MLK) an Ayurvedic preparation used in gastroenterological disorders was carried out utilizing small laboratory animals. In the Open field test, MLK (5 ml/kg, 10 ml/kg, 20 ml/kg) treated mice exerted an increase in total movement in comparison to that of the control group in the initial hours of 30-60 min followed by an decrease at the later phase of 12052

240 min. At a dose level of 5 ml/kg the decrease at 120 min was statistically significant (p=0.045). In the Hole board test MLK increase in ambulatory activity at 20 ml/kg at 30 and 60 min was statistically significant (p=0.001 and 0.046 respectively). MLK at 20 ml/kg showed an increase in head dipping at 240 min which is statistically significant (p=0.052). The increase in emotional defecation at 10 ml/kg at 30 min was statistically significant (p=0.051). In the Elevated plus maze, MLK at a dose of 10 ml/kg at 60 min exerted a decrease in locomotor activity which was statistically significant (p=0.04). MLK affect coordination as detected in the Rotarod performance at least in the initial time interval of 30 and 60 min. MLK was found to increase the gastric emptying. In the Metabolic study other than food intake, no significant change was noted in defecation, water content of stool, water intake and urination. The decrease in food intake at 0-4 and 0-6 hr was statistically significant (p=0.003 and p=0.02 respectively). In the Castor oil induced diarrhea test, MLK causes a statistically significant increase in the latent period (p=0.047).

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Dhatri Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Khurshid Jahan Nimmi, Md. Mobassher Hossain, Shah Marzia Mahjabin Aklima Akter, Amrita Sutradhar and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

DhatriLouha(DTR) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of colicky in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of DTR, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 43 days chronic administration of the DTR preparation the following toxicological changes were noted.In the male rats there was decrease in the Total protein (18.393 % decr.), the Albumin (11.558 % decr.) and the Globulin (28.151 % decr.)content in the plasma.A highly significant decrease in the Total protein (18.393%)(p=0.002) content in plasma was noted. None of the decrease in the Albumin(p=0.108) and the Globulin (p=0.071) content were significantly different from their corresponding control values but both were noticeable.The (74.152%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was not statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values but it was noticeable (p=0.072).In the male rats there was increase in the triglyceride level (13.087 % incr.) which was statistically not significant (p=0.483) and increase in the VLDL (35.166 % incr.) content in the plasma.was noted which was statistically significant (p=0.033).Whereas decrease in the total cholesterol (10.101 % decr.) was noted which was not statistically significant (p=0.412), decrease in LDL (89.172 % decr.) was noted which was statistically highly significant (p=0.008) and decrease in HDL content in the plasma (6.930 % decr.) was noted which was not statistically significant (p=0.681).The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (29.130 % incr) was not statistically significantly different (p=0.304), whereas the decrease in LDL/HDL ratio (80.658 % decr) though not statistically significant (p=0.098) yet it was noticeable.After chronic administration ofDhatri Lauha (DTR) to the male rats a decrease of bilirubin level (11.154% decr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.806). There was a decrease in the creatinine (19.109%decr.) content in plasma in the DTR treated male rats.which though not statistically significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.087).On the contrary, an increase of urealevel (29.039% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group, the increase wasstatistically significant (p=0.011). A statistically very highly significant increase in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (71.023%) in plasma was noted (p=0.001).

53

A Clinical Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Pancatikta Ghrta Guggulu in Eczema.
Shurab Hossain1, Paritosh Chakma2, Swagata Sarker2, Nayma Abedin2 Fahima Faroque Archi3 and M. S. K. Choudhuri2
2

Government Unani and Ayurveda Medical College, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Pharmacy. North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Results of a single blind clinical study comprising of 20 patients (6 males and 14 females) to be presented. Panchatikta ghrita guggul (PTK-G) was administered orally at a dose of 500 mg capsules thrice daily for a period of 6 weeks. PTK-G reduced itching and vesicle formation. A total absence of scaling, oozing, erythema and fissure were noted. Haematological findings reveal lowering of ESR, decrease in total count (TC) of wbc with a noteworthy decrease in eosinophil count. Clinical chemistry revealed lowering of lipid profile and decrease in urea, creatinine, uric acid, sGOT, sGPT and serum Alkaline phosphatase level. Side effects noted were lowering of haemoglobin level.

54

Session III Emerging Green Technologies

55

Keynote Speech
Role of Transition Metal Complexes in Biology
Prof. Kalyan K Mukherjea
Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India Email: k_mukherjea@yahoo.com

Transition metals have always been on Earth. Transition metals have an important place within medicinal biochemistry. The transition metals and their compounds are known for their homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic activity. They also play various important roles in the field of material synthesis, photochemistry and catalysis both in the chemical and biological systems. The chemical catalysis includes the activation of C-H bonds of the hydrocarbons to convert them into more useable products. The other field of chemical catalysis is the mimicking of biological reactions by developing metal complexes with the same donor environments as those of the native enzymes. Transition metal complexes are also of current interest because of their potential applicability as probes of DNA structure, DNA dependent electron transfer and site specific cleavage of nucleic acids with the aim of developing novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The synthesis and structural characterization of some transition metal complexes and their potential applicability by way of catalyzing various chemical and biological transformations will be discussed. The present work on the role of metal complexes is divided into the major four heads like development of 1. Chemical nucleases; (Haloperoxidases). 2. Radioprotector; 3. Catalysts (homogeneous); 4.Biomimetics

1. Development of chemical nucleases: Chemical nucleases are redox active coordination complexes that cleave DNA by an oxidative pathway. The preparation of new DNA cleavage reagents and the establishment of new methods for DNA cleavage have important biochemical and biotechnological implications, since they can be potentially used for cancer therapy or as restriction nucleases.

1.1. Synthesis of Sr(phen)2(DMF)2][Fe(CN)5NO] complex (complex 1):

The first step in all the cases is obligatorily, the design and synthesis of suitable functional metal complexes. The synthesis of the complex Sr(phen)2(DMF)2][Fe(CN)5NO] has been accomplished which exhibited Nuclease activity1. The ORTEP View of the complex is presented in Fig. 1.

Fig: 1. Ortep view of Sr(phen)2(DMF)2][Fe(CN)5NO]

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1.1.1. Nuclease activity:

The nuclease activity was monitored by gel electrophoresis, super coiled pUC19 DNA (6l) was treated with the metal complexes and H2O2, and the mixtures were incubated for 1hr at 370C and the results are shown below; Table: 1. Extent of DNA SC pUC19 (0.2 ng) cleavage by Sr-Phen complex
Sl. no. 1 2 3 4 Reaction condition DNA control DNA+H2O2 DNA+ complex DNA+H2O2 + complex Form I (%SC) 90 80 75 42 Form II(%NC) 10 20 25 58

Fig: 2. Cleavage of supercoiled pUC19 DNA by complex in DMF in the presence of peroxide (50mM) in TrisHC and 50mM NaCl at 37 C. Lane 1, DNA control; Lane 2, DNA+ H2O2; Lane 3, DNA+ Srcomplex; Lane 4, DNA+ H2O2+ Sr-Complex.

1.2.

Nuclease activity of Pr(phen)2(MeOH)(H2O)2][Fe(CN)5NO] (MeOH)(H2O) (Complex 2) and [MoO(O2)(QO)2] (Complex 3):

.(phen)

(DMF)

The nicking reaction by another a cyano bridged one dimensional chain 3d-4f nitrosyl complex [Pr(phen)2(MeOH)(H2O)2][Fe(CN)5(NO)] .(Phen) (DMF) (MeOH) (H2O) (Complex 2) and [MoO(O2)(QO)2] (Complex 3) have been demonstrated2,3 .The results are presented below and in in Fig. 3(a & b).

Lane1

Fig: 3(a & b). Cleavage of supercoiled pUC19 DNA (0.2ng) by complex in DMF in the presence of peroxide (50mM) in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-Hcl and 50 mM NaCl at 37 C.

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2. Radioprotector molecule (Complex 4)

Development of Radio protector molecule: The molecule was synthesized 4 and tested for its ability in protecting Radiation induced DNA damage to which is responded positively to achieve our goal.

Fig: 4. The proposed structure of MoG.

3. Catalytic activity To achieve such goal Vanadium bases compounds have been synthesized (5) and their roles have been established. Catalytic bromination by complex 5:

Fig: 5. Structure of [VO (L1)(CH3OH)]ClO4 (complex 5)

Table: 2. Details of the catalytic bromination by complex 5 in presence of KBr and H2O2 in acid medium using CH3CN as solvent. Substrate: Catalyst= 1000:1.

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4.Development of Poly functional metal complex (Vanadium based): Design, Synthesis, Photo physics, Nuclease and Bromoperosidase activity of a Single Vanadium complex (6). The complex as shown below demonstrates all these functionalities.

Fig: 6. ORTEP view of the complex 6.

4.1. DNA Binding Study 4.1.1. Electronic absorption spectral study:

Fig. 7. Absorption spectra of (20 M) complex in the presence of increasing amounts of CT DNA, [DNA]/[Complex] = 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8;1.0;1.2;1.4;1.6; 1.8;1.9; 2.0.

4.1.2.

Luminescence Study:

Fig: 8. Emission titration of complex with CT DNA in Tris buffer [complex] =0.7M, in the presence of increasing amounts of CT DNA, [DNA] =700 M, over the range of 0-240 M, exc = 268nm. 59

4.1.3.

Nuclease activity:

Fig: 9. Gel electrophoresis of supercoiled pUC19 DNA (0.5 g) incubated for 45 min at 37C, in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl and 50 mM NaCl at 37 C pH 7.2 with increasing complex concentrations.

4.2. Biomimetic (VHPO activity): Table: 3. Details of the catalytic bromination of olefinic alcohol using 7 as catalyst in presence of H2O2 and KBr in acid medium at room temperature are shown below. The reaction period was 5hrs.

5. Conclusions: The Sr-Fe nitrosyl complex (complex 1) alone does not show any significant nicking, while in the presence of H2O2 , complex shows nuclease activity upto58%. In case of Pr-Fe nitrosyl complex ( complex 2), a significant cleavage is observed at a concentration of 1mM and 5mM of complex in presence of H2O2 , and shows 84% cleavage . Plasmid DNA treated with either H2O2 or with [MoO(O2)(QO)2] complex alone produced very little amount of form II(NC) 27% and 38%, respectively; whereas a combination of both H2O2 and [MoO(O2)(QO)2] complex (complex 3) is capable of inducing a substantial amount of DNA cleavage, precisely induces a 61% DNA cleavage. When DNA was treated with higher concentration (200M) of [VO (O2)(phen)(PAH)] complex (complex 6), a significant cleavage is observed. This study shows that the complex 6 cleaves 53% of SC DNA to NC DNA. 60

The synthesized radioprotector MoG complex (complex 4) can bind with DNA strongly as well as have free radicals scavenging property implies its use as an efficient radioprotector for normal tissues in radiotherapy as well. The bromoperoxidase activities are exhibited by the formation of heterocyclic brominated products namely 2-(bromomethyl)-tetrahydrofuran and 3-bromo-pentahydropyran from the substrate (4pentene 1-ol) where the percentage of brominated products is quite high. When 1-octene 3-ol and 9decene 1-ol substrate are taken; acyclic brominated products including acyclic epoxides are obtained as products.Cyclic brominated products are not obtained because the position of OH group in the substrate is not able to stabilize the brominated cyclic ether due to extreme instability of the ring. References: 1. M. Selim, S.R. Choudhury, and K. K Mukherjea; Int. J. Biol.Macromol. 2007. (Elsevier) 41, 579,

2. S.Roychaudhuri ,M. Selim S. Chatterjee, S. Igarashi, Y. Yukawa and K. K Mukherjea; J. Coord. Chem. 2012(in press). 3. M. Selim and K. K. Mukherjea,; J. Biomole. Struct. Dynm. (U.S.A), 26, 561, 2009. 4. M. Selim, A. Saha and K. K. Mukherjea ; Monats. Chem. (Springer) 143, 227, 2012. 5. T. K. Si, M. G.B. Drew and K. K. Mukherjea; Polyhedron, 30, 2286, 2011. 6. T.K.Si, S.S.Paul, M.G.B.Drew and K .K .Mukherjea ; Dalton Trans, 41, 5805, 2012. 7. A. Kellett. et al. ,Dalton Trans., 2011, 40, 1024. 8. M.R. Maurya, S. Agarwal, C. Bader, M. Ebel, D. Rehder, Dalton Trans. (2005) 537. Acknowledagement: Funding agencies Thanks are due to Jadavpur University, UGC-CAS, DST-FIST and PURSE, Department of Chemistry, JU. , UGC, India, UGC-DAE CSR, KC, India, and CSIR, India for funding. Co-Workers Dr S Roy Chaudhury , Dr M. Selim , Dr T.K.Si , S.Chatterjee , and S.S Paul. Collaborators Professor M.G.B.Drew, of University of Reading, U.K. and Dr A.Saha, of UGC-DAE CSR, KC, India , Dr S. Igarashi, and Dr Y. Yukawa both of Niigata University , Japan

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Electroless and Electrodeposition of Nickel from Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Choline Chloride
M. Rostom Ali
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh E-mail : dmrali@yahoo.com

Abstract: The electroless and electrolytic deposition of nickel from a solution of the nickel chloride separately in ethylene glycol (EG)-choline chloride and urea-choline chloride based ionic liquids have been carried out onto copper and steel cathodes by different conditions. It is found that electroless nickel deposits of up to several microns have been obtained by dip coating from only EG based ionic liquids above 70oC without the use of catalysts. The influence of various conditions on electrodeposition and the morphology of the deposited layers have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It is shown that very smooth, shiny and dense, good adherence and bright metallic colourednickel coatings can be obtained from both EG and urea based ionic liquids at applied deposition potential up to -0.50 V and applied deposition current density up to -5.0 A m-2 between 50oC and 100oC. The cathodic current efficiency for the deposition of Ni is about 97%. Keywords: Electroless deposition; electrodeposition;ethaline; reline, nickel; cyclic voltammetry.

Photo Voltaic Power System Network a Global Scenario

Swapna Roy1, Sunita Halder Nee Dey2, Biswajit Ghosh3
1

Electrical Engineering Department, Netaji Subhash Engineering College Garia, Kolkata-700032, 2 Jadavpur University, 3Jadavpur University Email: Swapna2006@gmail.com, sunitaju@yahoo.com, bghosh3@gmail.com

Abstract: The challenges of climate change and global warming provides an exciting opportunity to pursue long-term economic development as well as environment protection by supporting sustainability-oriented industries like renewable energy. The power system network is incorporating or integrating Photovoltaic power in almost all developing countries around the world. The gradual depletion of natural energy resources and projected future energy crisis evolve makes the photovoltaic energy generation as one of the most important area of research for researchers and practicing engineers. Latest technological advancement ensures the successful operation of grid connected photo voltaic power. Enhancement of the efficiency of Grid connected PV power plant is a challenge in photo voltaic research where PV array design by different combination of solar module is itself a complex and tedious job as PV array may suffer lower performance due to inverter efficiency, mismatch, shading and thermal losses. Distributed Photo voltaic generation is very prospective and it refers to relatively small-scale generators that produce several kilowatts (kW) to tens of megawatts (MW) of power and are generally connected to the grid at the distribution or substation levels. The Japanese government set revised solar PV targets in 2009 where the country targets 28 GW of solar PV capacity by 2020, 53 GW of solar PV capacity by 2030 and 10% of total domestic primary energy demand met with solar PV by 2050. The grid connected solar power capacity in India has increased by more than four times and the government policy to promote solar power has increased the growth rate. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar mission(JNNSM)has been put the major thrust , which

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target 20,000MW of solar capacity by 2020. European country like Germany, Spain are expanding PV generation in a massive way, almost 73% of the new generation. The challenges of grid integration of PV plant are non dispatchability, grid stability, and utility transition. In this paper, recent global scenario of PV generation will be explored and challenges of design parameters and impact on environment for successful operation of photo voltaic grid will be discussed.

Electrochemical Inclusion of Carbon and its Application to Gold-Nickel Alloy Films

Atsushi Sugiyama, Yasutaka Kazumi, Tokihiko Yokoshima Hiroshi Okinaka and Osaka Tetsuya
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan Email: osakatets@waseda.jp, sugiyama@aoni.waseda.jp

Abstract: One unique advantage of electrochemical plating is that it positively uses the codeposition of organic or inorganic impurities from plating solutions in order to control film properties such as adhesion, brightness, corrosion resistance, ductility, electrical conductivity, hardness, internal stress. The research on the additive that is the source of impurities is still potential study in the electrochemical plating field. We recently succeeded in developing the process for electrodepositing Au-Ni alloy with low sheet resistance and high wear resistance by incorporating a significant amount of carbon in the alloy. The wear resistance evaluated by the linear repetitive sliding method showed more than 5 times the cycles obtained with the conventional hard gold. The carbon was originated from the cyanide ion -CN of the gold salt or potassium cyanide in plating bath, i.e., we used carbon and cyanide ion as an impurity and an additive, respectively. Especially, it was discovered that the amorphous Au-Ni film contained a larger amount of carbon (18 atom %) than did the crystalline film (13 atom %). The state of the included carbon was analyzed by using Raman spectroscopy, which revealed that the carbon existed in different valency states depending on the microstructure of the deposit and that the amorphous deposit contained elemental carbon with sp2 and sp3 bonds. From these viewpoints, the film will be called Au-Ni-C alloy film [1-4]. On the other hand, the electrodeposition from a plating solution containing no Au salt but KCN as the source of cyanide ions showed a sharp peak at 2 = 42.2 in the XRD pattern [1], and it was assigned to cubic Ni-carbide. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an electrochemical formation of the Ni-carbide. In the last couple of years, Ni- carbide has drawn consideration attention because of its ability to form graphene of a future green material. We would like to report mainly how to form AuNiC and Ni-carbide at the conference.

Redox Interaction of Biologically Important Electroactive Metal Ligand Complexes with Multi-step Electron Transfer Reaction
K.M. Salim Reza, M. Motiar Rahman, M. A. Motin* and M. A. Aziz
Department of Chemistry, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna 9203, Bangladesh Email:abdulmotin75@yahoo.com

Abstract: Interaction of some biologically significant metals such as Cu(II), Fe (III), Ni (II) and Mn (II) with electroactive phenylalanine, aspartic acid and 3-nitrobenzene sulfonate in aqueous medium 63

were studied by cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) technique. CV and DPV techniques demonstrate that the interaction of metals with phenylalanine, aspartic acid and 3-nitrobenzene sulfonate that are the formation of metal, -phenylalanine or aspartic acid or 3nitrobenzene sulfonate complexes. The interaction studies have been carried out in variation of metal ion concentration, phenylalanine, aspartic acid and 3-nitrobenzene sulfonate concentration, pH and scan rate. All the metal ligand complexes voltammetric peaks was quasireversible except Cu-ligand systems. The voltammogram shows that both the cathodic and anodic peaks were shifted or developed new peaks upon the addition of the ligands in the metal solutions. The development of the new peaks or shifting of peaks ascribed that the formation of metal-ligand complex. The intensities of the new peaks or shifting peaks were increased with increasing both the concentrations of metal ions as well as ligands. This is due to the formation of more metal-ligands complexes that enhanced the peak intensities. The coordinating ability of ligands with metals was pH dependent. The effect of pH on the redox behavior of metal ligand systems were studied in acetate buffer solution. The intensities of the peak current were also increased with increasing scan rate that has been explained by the Randles-Sevcik equation. Most the voltammograms for the metal ligand complexes showed two pairs of peaks for both the cathodic and anodic modes and every step was single electron transfer process. The number of electrons transferred was determined by taking the ratio of the square of the slope to the intercept of Cottrell plots by chronoamperomytry at a small disk electrode without knowing values of diffusion coefficients. The proportionality of net peak currents against the squareroot of the scan rates suggests the diffusion-control of the reactant at each redox reaction. On the contrary, some peak currents have non-zero intercepts, probably because of the adsorption control of the reactant at each redox reaction.

Design, Construction and Stress Analysis of a Model Solar Car

Mahmudul Hasan*, S.M. Hasan, M.A.Kader, M. Riazul Islam
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204 Email: shakil_ruetbd@yahoo.com, smhme01@yahoo.com, kader042017@yahoo.com, riazruet07me@yahoo.com

Abstract: Solar assisted car has been a major concern in the recent past as a part of green technology development. This inexhaustible source potentially capable of meeting a significant portion of the nations future energy needs with a minimum of adverse environmental consequence. In this project a model solar powered car has been designed and constructed. A stress analysis of its various parts has also been conducted later on. As usual, this model car engages silicon based PV cells of efficiency 15-20% to convert sunlight into electricity, storage system, electric motor, and power transmission. The capacity of the PV cell used here is of 6V-1.5A and that of the battery or storage system charged by the panel is of 3.7V-1000mAh. The system took about 4 hours to fully charge the battery. The fully charged battery can move the car for about 2 hours which is equivalent to 5.11km when no charging system is included. But when charging and discharging is simultaneous the fully charged battery can move the car for about 4.2 hours which is equivalent to 10.3 km. Stress analysis clearly indicated that a substantial amount of material used for the model car can be saved and hence the overall performance of the car was expected to be greater than the existing one. Keywords: Green technology, Model solar car, PV cell, stress analysis, overall performance

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Growth Promotion of Crop Plants by Application of Plant Growth-Promoting Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria under Gnotobiotic Conditions
Md. Rashedul Islam, Tahera Sultana
Department of Biology, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea E-mail address: rashed@inha.ac.kr

Abstract: Interest in the beneficial plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has increased tremendously in recent years due to their potential as bio-fertilizers. In the present work, 13 nifH gene positive nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains belonging to 11 different genera isolated previously from paddy soils were tested for their PGP attributes (Islam et al, 2010). All of the strains were positive for ACCD, IAA, SA, and ammonia production while negative for cellulase, pectinase, and HCN production (Table 1). The strains Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 and Serratia sp. RFNB14 were the most effective in solubilizing both Ca3(PO4)2 and ZnO. In addition, all strains except Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 were able to oxidizing sulfur, and six strains were positive for siderophore synthesis. Each strain tested in this study possessed at least four or more properties in addition to nitrogen fixation. Nine strains were selected based on their multiple PGP potential, and evaluated for their effects on early growth of tomato and red pepper under gnotobiotic conditions. As compared to the uninoculated control, bacterial inoculation significantly influenced various growth parameters including root length (up to 90%), shoot length (up to 42%), seedling vigor (up to 118%), and dry biomass (up to 57%) of the two crop plants. Table 1. Plant growth promotion activities of nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains.
Bacterial strain Bacillus sp. RFNB2 ARA (nM ethylene/h/mg of protein) 4.9 0.14ef IAA (g/ml) 2.1 0.11d 2.3 0.16c 1.3 0.18i 1.4 0.24hi 1.6 0.17gh 3.1 0.25a 1.4 0.21hi 1.6 0.17fg 1.9 0.08e 1.5 0.17gh 2.5 0.18b SA (g/ml) ACCD ( nM Phosphate KB/min/mg of solubilization protein) (cm dia.) 1.0 0.11b 0.7 0.02d 5.2 0.06e 102.6 0.34a 23.2 0.87c 5.1 0.09ef 4.4 0.01f 3.3 0.02g 18.5 0.17b 56.7 0.93i 6.2 0.03h 283.6 2.12a 0.9 0.08c 14.7 0.49c 48.3 1.05j 8.0 0.19g 63.2 0.31g 0.4 0.06fg 167.5 1.87b 0.3 0.01g 19.4 0.81a 73.8 2.09e 0.3 0.04g 1.2 0.10a

10.6 0.59e 137.1 1.18c 15.1 0.66c 65.9 1.09f 9.4 0.07f 42.6 0.71k 38.3 0.25l

Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 2.0 0.59h Paenibacillus sp. RFNB5 29.9 0.29b Serratia sp. RFNB8 Ochrobactrum sp. RFNB9 Lysinibacillus sp. RFNB10 Burkholderia sp. RFNB13 Serratia sp. RFNB14 Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21 Sphingomonas sp. RFNB23 Herbaspirillum sp. 1.8 0.28h 4.7 0.12ef

11.0 0.29e 116.5 1.54d

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Bacterial strain RFNB25 Herbaspirillum sp. RFNB27 Brevundimonas sp. RFNB29 LSD (P<0.05)

ARA (nM ethylene/h/mg of protein)

IAA (g/ml)

SA (g/ml)

ACCD ( nM Phosphate KB/min/mg of solubilization protein) (cm dia.)

23.5 0.40c 9.4 0.03d 0.83

1.8 0.10ef 2.2 0.31cd 0.18

49.1 0.55j 0.5 0.01ef

12.5 0.72d 59.4 1.25h 0.6 0.03e 0.86 2.01 0.11

Results are expressed as meanSE (n=3). Mean values in the same column with common letters are not significantly different from each other according to LSD test

Tailoring MgH2 with Ternary Mg-Nb Oxides Towards Hydrogen Storage

M.W. Rahman1,2*, S. Livraghi2, S. Enzo3, E. Giamello2, M. Baricco2
1

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore-7408 2 Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, NIS Centre of Excellence, Universit di Torino Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy 3 Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
E-mail: engr_wasik54@yahoo.com

Abstract: A breakthrough in H2 absorption and desorption kinetics of MgH2 was achieved by ballmilling with 1 mol% MgNb2O6, Mg4Nb2O9 and Mg3Nb6O11. The presence of Mg-Nb oxides remarkably increases the H2 absorption and desorption kinetics of nano-structured MgH2, were examined by a volumetric Sievert apparatus. Prior to this experiment, the ternary Mg-Nb-O compounds were investigated by Mass Spectrometry (MS) in order to understand their interaction with H2 in mild conditions. Among the various ternary oxides, Mg3Nb6O11 compound showed remarkable uptake and release of H2, may be due to the presence of octahedral niobium clusters in the oxide structure. The results obtained from pressure-composition-isotherms (PCI) measurements, pointed out that the H2 desorption rate increases with increasing temperature from 593 to 673 K and in the same conditions absorption rate decreases. The most promising results obtained for Mg3Nb6O11 doped MgH2 nano-particle, even compared to MgH2 promoted with Nb2O5, the best additive reported so far. The MgH2/Mg3Nb6O11 system completely dehydrogenated (3.93 wt%) within 5 mins at 673 K under 0.1 MPa H2 and the activated sample takes only 3 mins for fully rehydrogenation (3.20 wt%) at 613 K under 2.5 MPa H2. The H2 content of the nano-structured materials is lower than the stoichiometric capacity may be due to the presence of a non-reactive MgO layer on the surface or at the grain boundaries. Structural analysis of the solid-state materials was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and solid-state phases were analysed by Rietveld method. Desorption curves were constructed and analysed by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami formalism in order to derive reaction rate constants at different temperatures. Activation energy was estimated by Arrhenius plot and the values obtained for MgH2/Mg3Nb6O11 mixture and bare MgH2 to be 106 and 142 kJ/mol, respectively. All desorption data were verified with that obtained from differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), connected to a H2 detector. The role of ternary Mg-Nb oxides on H2 absorption and desorption properties of MgH2 nano-powder will be discussed on the basis of kinetic model, explains by the formation of reactive pathways of ternary oxide species with easier splitting of H2 that facilitate the H2 transport into the solid structure, proposed in this context. Keywords: hydrogen storage, MgH2, Mg-Nb oxides, absorption and desorption kinetics, activation energy. 66

Session IV Green Environmental Chemistry

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Keynote Speech
Green Chemistry and Sustainability
M Khabir Uddin
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh E-mail: khabir88@yahoo.com

Summary: Green chemistry is described as a more environmental friendly chemical process and considered as sustainable chemistry. The main theme of the process is to reduce wastes and byproducts. The atom efficiency is taken as the main pathway to new products and chemical process in green chemistry. The most of the chemical process is designed with the nature so that it can achieve maximum efficiency with minimum environmental stress. Extensive research is required to establish Green chemistry as the main chemical process in a country like Bangladesh. We should bear in mind that Green chemistry is not a chemistry of only for the developed countries. This process can drive our economy with sustainability. Introduction: Green chemistry was coined by Paul Anastas in 1991. Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Green chemistry is also called sustainable chemistry and a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances.TT Whereas environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural environment, and of pollutant chemicals in nature, green chemistry seeks to reduce and prevent pollution at its source. In 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act was passed in the United States. This act helped create a modus operandi for dealing with pollution in an original and innovative way. Green Chemistry is the universally accepted term to describe the movement towards more environmentally acceptable chemical processes and products [1]. It encompasses education, research, and commercial application across the entire supply chain for chemicals [2]. Green Chemistry can be achieved by applying environmentally friendly technologies some are old and some are new [3]. While Green Chemistry is widely accepted as an essential development in the way that we practice chemistry, and is vital to sustainable development, its application is fragmented and represents only a small fraction of actual chemistry. It is also important to realize that Green Chemistry is not something that is only taken seriously in the developed countries. In 2005 Ryji Noyori identified three key developments in green chemistry; Use of supercritical carbon dioxide as green solvent, Aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean oxidations and The use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis.

The developing countries that are rapidly constructing new chemical manufacturing facilities have an excellent opportunity to apply the catchphrase of Green Chemistry Benign by Design from the ground upwards. It is much easier to build a new, environmentally compatible plant from scratch than to have to deconstruct before reconstructing, as is the case in the developed world. Green chemistry cover the following issues; Waste Minimisation at Source Use of Catalysts in place of Reagents Using Non-Toxic Reagents 68

Use of Renewable Resources Improved Atom Efficiency Use of Solvent Free or Recyclable Environmentally Benign Solvent systems

Why do we need Green Chemistry? Green Chemistry can be considered as a series of reductions (Figure:01). These reductions lead to the goal of triple bottom-line benefits of economic, environmental, and social improvements [4]. Costs are saved by reducing waste (which is becoming increasingly expensive to dispose of, especially when hazardous) and energy use (likely to represent a larger proportion of process costs in the future) as well as making processes more efficient by reducing materials consumption. These reductions also lead to environmental benefit in terms of both feedstock consumption and end-of-life disposal. Furthermore, an increasing use of renewable resources will render the manufacturing industry more sustainable [5]. It is particularly important to seek to apply Green Chemistry throughout the lifecycle of a chemical product (Figure:02) [6, 7].

Figure 01: Reducing the heart of the Green chemistry

Figure 02: Green chemistry in the life cycle of a product

Green chemistry looks at pollution prevention on the molecular scale and is an extremely important area of Chemistry due to the importance of Chemistry in our world today and the implications it can show on our environment. The Green Chemistry program supports the invention of more environmentally friendly chemical processes which reduce or even eliminate the generation of hazardous substances. This program works very closely with the twelve principles of Green Chemistry. Much of the research effort relevant to Green Chemistry has focused on chemical manufacturing processes. Here we can think of Green Chemistry as directing us towards the ideal synthesis (Figure: 03) [3, 8].

Figure 03: Features of ideal synthesis. 69

Environmentally Friendly Technologies There is a pool of technologies that are becoming the most widely studied or used in seeking to achieve the goals of Green Chemistry. The major clean technologies are summarized in (Figure: 04). They range from well-established and proven technologies through to new and largely unproven technologies.

Figure 04: The major clean technologies Nature manufactures enormous arrays of chemicals to perform the many functions that its creatures need to survive, grows, and propagate. A tree contains some 30 000 different molecules ranging from simple hydrocarbons to polyfunctional organics and high molecular weight polymers. Many of these molecules have immediate and sometimes very high value, for example as pharmaceutical intermediates. The selective extraction of compounds from such complex mixtures is, however, often impractical and uneconomic and may lead to a very high environmental impact product as a result of enormous inputs of energy and outputs of waste. Making more direct use of the chemicals in biomass and the functionality they contain, rather than reducing them to simpler, smaller starting materials for synthesis, makes sense from a lifecycle point of view as well as economically (Figure:05).

Figure 05: The use of biomass chemicals in traditional chemical industry processes. 70

The major uses of Green Chemistry Energy Global Change Resource Depletion Food Supply Toxics in the Environment Energy: The vast majority of the energy generated in the world today is from non-renewable sources that damage the environment. Carbon dioxide Depletion of Ozone layer Effects of mining, drilling, etc Toxics Green Chemistry will be essential in developing the alternatives for energy generation (photovoltaics, hydrogen, fuel cells, biobased fuels, etc.) as well as continue the path toward energy efficiency with catalysis and product design at the forefront.

Global change: Concerns for climate change, oceanic temperature, stratospheric chemistry and global distillation can be addressed through the development and implementation of green chemistry technologies. Resource depletion: Due to the over utilization of non-renewable resources, natural resources are being depleted at an unsustainable rate. Fossil fuels are a central issue. Renewable resources can be made increasingly viable technologically and economically through green chemistry. o o o o o o Biomass Nanoscience & technology Solar Carbon dioxide Chitin Waste utilization

Food supply: While current food levels are sufficient, distribution is inadequate, and aagricultural methods are unsustainable. Future food production intensity is needed. Green chemistry can address many food supply issues; Green chemistry is developing: Pesticides which only affect target organisms and degrade to innocuous by-products. Fertilizers and fertilizer adjuvants that are designed to minimize usage while maximizing effectiveness. Methods of using agricultural wastes for beneficial and profitable uses.

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Toxics in the Environment: Substances that are toxic to humans, the biosphere and all that sustains it, are currently still being released at a cost of life, health and sustainability. One of green chemistrys greatest strengths is the ability to design for reduced hazard. Why Green chemistry is Sustainable? Green chemistry is sustainable chemistry. There are several important respects in which green chemistry is sustainable: Economic: At a high level of sophistication green chemistry normally costs less in strictly economic terms (to say nothing of environmental costs) than chemistry as it is normally practiced. Materials: By efficiently using materials, maximum recycling, and minimum use of virgin raw materials, green chemistry is sustainable with respect to materials. Waste: By reducing insofar as possible or even totally eliminating their production, green chemistry is sustainable with respect to wastes.

Figure 06: Two general approaches to the implementation of green chemistry.

The dashed loops on the left represent alternative approaches to environmentally benign means of providing chemicals already used for chemical synthesis. A second approach, where applicable, is to substitute entirely different, environmentally safer raw materials.

Figure 07: Illustration of Atom economy.

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Research activities: Green chemistry needs extensive research in different dimensions. The department of environmental sciences, Jahangirnagr University in doing such research activities. We are trying to establish zero wastes theme in real filed and susainable sludge management from textile industries. Our research is for the green environment with a minimum investment in the safegurding of our environment. Conclusion: The recent days are very important for the utilization of the concept of green chemistry. These technologies might fall within the definition of Green Chemical Technologies. They may use alternative feedstocks to synthesize existing desirable molecules, make more efficient use of fossilfuel (oil) derived materials, and/or, finally, create substances which give the same effect (utility) than those used currently but with less environmental or public health impact. References: 1.
2. 3. P.T. Anastas and J.C. Warner, Green Chemistry,Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998. P.T. Anastas and R.L. Lankey, Green Chem., 2000, 2, 289. J.H. Clark and D.J. Macquarrie, Handbook of Green Chemistry & Technology, Blackwell, Oxford, 2002. J. Elkington, Australia CPA, 1999, 69, 18. C.V. Stevens and R.G. Vertie, eds., Renewable Resources, J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2004. T.E. Graedel, Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1998. A. Azapagic, S. Perdan and R. Clift, Sustainable Development in Practice, J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2004. J.H. Clark, Green Chem., 1998, 1, 1.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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Use of Bioassay Test as a Performance Indicator in Effluent Treatment Systems including Role in Encouraging Shift Towards use of Green Chemicals
Sandeep Garg1 Deepika Kansal2
1

Environment engineer and practitioner, 1225, Sector-34C, Chandigarh 160 034, India 2 Associate Professor PGGCG Sector 42 Chandigarh, India Email: consulteco@yahoo.com

Abstract: Industrial effluents as from textile, pharmaceutical, tanneries, electroplating industries etc. contain many organic and inorganic compounds and metals. Determining impact of these pollutants on natural water bodies is a time consuming and uneconomical task if one tries to measure levels of each pollutant in order to determine its impact. Some of the pollutants may be present in trace levels and using instruments as atomic absorption spectrophotometer or gas chromatographs further adds to cost. In addition the limited physical-chemical analysis is of little help in determining the impact of different pollutants in a comprehensive manner. The Central Pollution Control Board, India therefore developed techniques for bio-monitoring of water bodies and notified Biological Water Quality Criteria for comprehensive assessment of health of water bodies. In addition standard was notified for bioassay test so as to understand combine (synergistic or antagonistic) effects on health and aquatic lifes as hazardous chemicals and toxic metals may undergo bio-accumulation and magnification. This paper reviews the methodology and utility of Bioassay test- determining 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent, in water pollution control. It is concluded that use of bio-monitoring techniques not only provides a cost effective solution but will also encourage industries to use green chemicals that are biodegradable, non-toxic and does not damage aquatic life.

Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mudstones from the Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh
H. M. Zakir Hossain
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Jessore Science and Technology University Jessore 7408, Bangladesh E-mail: zakir_kln@yahoo.com

Abstract: The selected biomarkers, including aliphatic and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in mudstones from the Sylhet Trough, Bangladesh, in order to obtain information regarding organic matter (OM) distribution, sources, palaeoclimates and depositional environments. The occurrence of combustion-derived and land plant-derived PAHs in sediments have been related to the wildfires as well as palaeoclimatic conditions. The predominance of long chain nalkanes (n-C25-36), oleanane, sterane C29 biomarkers, and ratio values of pristane/phytane, n-C29/n-C19 and phenanthrene/alkylphenanthrene in the Sylhet Trough mudstones show that OM is derived from terrestrial higher plant including angiosperms, subsequently deposited in oxic environmental conditions and at marginal maturity for hydrocarbon generation. Comparatively high sterane C27 and C28 together low 17(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane/18(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane ratio in the middle of the Sylhet succession is indicative of phytoplankton source material input subsequently deposited 74

in anoxic environmental conditions. Presence of C24 tetracyclic terpanes in the studied mudstones further suggests a higher contribution of land plant OM. The relative abundances of fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzofluoranthenes, benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene suggest PAHs were originated from combustion sources. Consequently, perylene and retene abundances indicating fungi and land plant sources. The changes in the abundances of these combustion markers and aromatic plant markers imply warm and humid climatic conditions. Keywords: Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon; palaeoclimate; mudstone; Sylhet Trough; Bangladesh

Study on Quality Changes of Fresh Water Prawn (Galda) in the Shrimp Value Chain for the Development of Sea Food Quality
A. Chakrabortty1, M. A. Aziz 1* and M. A. Rashed2
2

Department of Chemistry, KUET, Khulna Fish Inspection & Quality Control, Department of Fisheries, Khulna E-mail: maaziz51@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted to assess the quality loss of shrimp (Macrobracium rosenbergii) known as Galda in the value chain of Bagerhat region. The investigation was carried out in December 2011 to February 2012. The study was undertaken in twelve selected shrimp farms, four faria, four depot and five factory receiving point of different locations, viz. Fakirhat, Bagerhat Sadar, Mollahat and Sharankholla in Bagerhat region. Quality assessment included proximate analysis of Protein parameters and Biochemical (TVB-N and TMA). The TVB-N and TMA were determined by using Conways Micro-diffusion Technique and Protein was determined by proximate analysis (kjeldhal method in wet way). Protein contents of forty eight samples were found in the range of 17.68% to 24.05% in wet weight method. At the farm level, the protein content was 23.170.80%, 23.800.31, 23.010.27% & 23.160.66% respectively in Fakirhat, Bagerhat Sadar, Mollahat and Sharankholla station in Bagerhat region. At factory receiving point, protein content was 18.550.75%, 18.910.37%, 18.170.15% & 18.820.96% respectively in Fakirhat, Bagerhat Sadar, Mollahat and Sharankholla station in Bagerhat region. Protein loss of Shrimp was being 19.94%, 20.55%, 20.03% & 18.74% respectively in Fakirhat, Bagerhat Sadar, Mollahat and Sharankholla from farm to factory receiving point. From farm to factory receiving point, grand protein loss was 19.820.91%. The TVB-N value was found from 10.14 mg/100g to 19.54 mg/100g. The TMA value was found from 7.37 mg/100g to 16.75 mg/100g. Overall major problems of quality deterioration in shrimp value chain were due to use of non-potable water for washing, longer duration after harvesting, exposure of shrimp at high ambient temperature (delayed icing), time & temperature abuse, cross- contamination, dipping of shrimp in excess water for long time, packed under pressure, put up shrimp on a dirty floor, unhygienic handling, use of dirty utensils, contamination with pests and vermins at depot level, resulting in considerable loss of shrimp quality. The quality of shrimp may be improved if these measures are taken. The use of potable water for washing, less duration after harvesting, dipping of shrimp in excess water not for long time, put up shrimp in clean floor, hygienic handling, use of sterilization utensils and exposure of shrimp at ambient temperature.

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Removal of BOD5 from Municipal Wastewater by Electrocoagulation (EC) Technique: A Novel Approach
Md. Sabbir Ahmed1, Tanveer Mehedi Adyel2*, S. M. Nazrul Islam1 Syed Hafizur Rahman1, Riffat Ara Yesmin1
1

Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh 2 Department of Environmental Science, Z. H. Sikder University of Science & Technology Madhupur, Bhedergonj, Shariatpur, Bangladesh E-mail: tanveeradyel@gmail.com

Abstract: In present study municipal wastewater was treated by electrocoagulation (EC) technique for reduction of BOD5 up to standard level using sacrificial iron electrodes. Raw samples were collected from the drain just before of discharging into the Buriganga River covering area of Babubazar to Kamalbagh, Dhaka. The overall experiment was carried out at different current density, contact time (15, 30, 45 and 60 min), pH (pH 3, 5, 7 and 9), voltages (15, 30, and 45 volt) and electrode distances (2, 4, and 6 cm). The most effective operation condition for the effective removal (96.96%) of BOD5 were15 min contact time, 15 volt, pH 7 and 4 cm electrode distance at 1.35 A current. This operation condition removed enough BOD5 from the wastewater in lower time and voltage, without adding any chemical to fulfill the standard criteria for inland surface water set by Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh. The iron dissociation and sludge generation were 0.05 g/350ml and 0.3239 g/350ml, respectively. The cost of this operational condition was 13.37 Tk/m3, proving its cost effectiveness than the other treatment system. So EC can act as a novel system to treat heterogeneous municipal wastewater.

Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Oxygen in the Miocene Sediments of the Nhila Hill Range, Coxs Bazar, Bangladesh
H. M. Zakir Hossain1*, Sabbir Ahamed1, John S. Armstrong-Altrin2 Alcides N. Sial3, Md. Nahid Nowsher1
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Jessore Science and Technology University Jessore 7408, Bangladesh 2 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologa, Unidad de Geologa Marina y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Circuito Exterior s/n, 04510, Mexico DF, Mexico 3 Nucleo de Estudos Geoqumicos e Laboratrio de Istopos Estveis (NEG-LABISE) Departmento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Caixa Posta 7852,Recife, PE, Brazil E-mail: zakir_kln@yahoo.com
1

Abstract: Stable isotopes of carbon (13C) and oxygen (18O) were analyzed in the Miocene calcareous sediments and molluscan shells of the Nhila Hill Range, Coxs Bazar district, Bangladesh, in order to get information concerning paleoclimatic proxies as well as paleoenvironmental conditions during deposition. The 13CPDB values vary from -13.90 to -1.56, 18OVPDB values from -4.71 to -2.13 and 18OVSMOW values from 25.39 to 28.03. The carbon and oxygen isotopes in the molluscan shells (about -2.18 and -3.27 respectively) are comparable to calcareous mudstone in the top and more positive excursion than calcareous mudstones (up to -13.90 and -4.71 respectively). The negative 18OVPDB values in mudstones signify meteoric diagenesis. Correlations between 13CPDB and 18OVPDB are poor and there are no clear spatial trends in the carbon and oxygen isotopic values of sediments or shells. The negative 18OVPDB values in the studied samples are very similar to oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate rocks of the upper Miocene Kudankulam 76

Formation, southern India and foraminifera from the Bay of Bengal sediments indicating that the paleoclimate was probably humid due to intensification of Himalayan monsoon precipitation during the Miocene. Consequently, the carbon isotopic compositions further support for arid and humid climates with extensive growth of C4 type of plants in the Himalaya. Keywords: Carbon and oxygen isotope; paleoclimate; sediment; Nhila Hill Range; Bangladesh

GIS Based Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability in and Around Narayanganj Town, Bangladesh
Ashraf Ali Seddique1* and Kazi Matin Ahmed2
1

Dept. of Petroleum & Mining Engineering, Jessore Science & Technology University, Jessore7408 2 Dept. of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000 E-mail: aseddique@yahoo.com

Abstract: In Narayanganj Town groundwater abstraction has increased significantly from both the shallow Holocene alluvial and deeper Dupi Tila aquifers to the meet the demands of increasing urbanization and industrialization. The present study used Geographical Information System (GIS) to assess the groundwater vulnerability in and around Narayanganj Town. The groundwater setting of Narayanganj Town is hydrogeologically complex, with an uneven silty clay aquitard covering an upper aquifer of highly variable thickness, which is separated from a deep aquifer, by a second aquitard. Limited available data and Arc View 3.2 software have been used to produce groundwater vulnerability map along with a potential hazardous activities map and groundwater quality map. As all the parameters for conventional vulnerability assessment were not available, selected parameters such as thickness of upper clay, depth to water level and excavation has been considered for producing groundwater vulnerability map (GVM). Three vulnerability zones i.e. high, moderate and low have been mapped. The moderate vulnerability zone covers most of the area whereas few hot-spot of high vulnerability occurs. A stretch of low vulnerability zone occurs in the central part and along the northern boundary. Potential hazardous activities map (PHAM) has been produced by considering the existing point and diffused pollution sources. Seven different types of point sources have been considered along with diffused sources. Locations of point and diffused pollution sources have been superimposed on the groundwater vulnerability map to produce the hot-spot map. The GVM and PHAM have been superimposed to produce the groundwater resource planning map (GRPM). This map identifies three different zones for future land use and groundwater development viz. the strictest, intermediate and permissive zones. Concentration of certain trace metals such as arsenic, lead, manganese nickel and along with some physico-chemical properties of groundwater (e.g. EC) are relatively high in the upper aquifer (20-80 m in depth), whereas these are low the in middle and lower aquifers, illustrate that the groundwater quality is polluted in the upper aquifer in the study area. Groundwater quality map also suggests that cumulative effects of over abstraction, industrial effluents discharge and municipal disposal are responsible for polluting the groundwater aquifer in the study area. The results of the study can be used for future land use and groundwater management planning. The same approach can be used in developing groundwater vulnerability maps for other areas of Bangladesh.

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Development of Household Based Arsenic Removal Technology by using Natural Occurring iron and Slow Sand Filtration in Rural Areas
Md. Abu Shamim Khan, Md. Shamim Uddin
Environmental Laboratory, Arsenic Center, Asia Arsenic Network Benapole road, Krishnobati, Pulerhat, Jessore, Bangladesh Email: abuskhan2000@yahoo.com, shamim_raj@hotmail.com

Abstract: This research study is the potential of removing arsenic from water by treating with naturally occurring iron and slow sand filtration. The filtration unit operation and maintenance is users friendly and construction materials are available in local markets. It consists of three individual buckets; the top bucket contains arsenic contaminated tube-well water and the middle bucket was filled (10kg) fine sand and the last bucket is the collector for filtered water. The filtration system was using simple theories of aeration, sedimentation and slow sand filtration. In this process, tube well water was taken in a top bucket, mixed it with air and preserved it through overnight. After preservation arsenic was absorbed on to iron, which was settling down at the bottom of the bucket. Then the water went down to the middle bucket, which was filled with sand. The sand also absorbed arsenic. The last bucket was a container to store the filtered water. The capacity of filter plant for producing potable water (< 0.05mg/l) was monitored and found that it depends on the raw water arsenic and iron concentration range ( Fe:As ). It was found that about 67-85% arsenic removed by sedimentation with natural iron (III) and sand filter. In Jessore district tube well water arsenic concentration range was 0.057- 0.687 mg/l and iron concentration range was 4-10 mg/l (Fe:As 6117).The study showed that arsenic removal efficiency(67-79%) was effective for maintaining appropriate Fe:As ratio(6-10), raw water arsenic concentration (0.150-0.200 mg/l). The filtration rate was 3L/hour. The maximum capacity of arsenic safe water production was 1000L (If the raw water contains 5 mg/l iron and 0.150 mg/l arsenic) by the treatment with aeration, sedimentation and sand filtration. Sand filter also removed iron, phosphate and ammonia from tube well water. Sand was washed by clean water when it was clogged by iron-arsenic contaminated sludge. The waste sludge was generated from the sedimentation bucket, which was treated with cow dung.

Untreated DHCH Hospital Wastewater Pollutes Environment with Active Antibiotics and MDR Bacteria
Nihad Adnan1,2, Ovinu Kibria Islam1,3 and M Anwar Hossain*1
*Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 3 Department of Microbiology, Jessore Science an Technology University, Jessore Email: anwar5533@yahoo.com
2
1

Abstract: To assess the risks of spreading antibiotic resistant bacteria and active antibiotics in the environment by DMCH (Dhaka Medical College Hospital) wastewater several microbiological, molecular and analytical analysis were carried out during the period of 2009-2010. Samples were collected from three sites connected to DMCH liquid wastes discharge, denoted samples 1, 2 and 3, and from one control group denoted sample 4, non-connected to DMCH discharge. Total antibiotic resistant bacterial count showed that hospital wastewater carries resistant bacteria about 40 times higher than those of control samples. All of the ciprofloxacin resistant isolates showed multi-drugs 78

resistance patterns and for some MBC was over 600 g/ml of ciprofloxacin. Plasmid curing and transformation with plasmids of lower than 6.03 kDa revealed that smaller plasmids may contain some ciprofloxacin and cephalosporin resistant gene marker in DMCH wastewater. Analysis with these wastewaters using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) coupled with SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) and Ultrasonic extraction showed that through DMCH wastewater a significant concentration of ciprofloxacin is spread in the surrounding aquatic environments. Through this study it is concluded that DHCH hospital liquid waste pollutes the environment with antibiotic resistant microorganisms but along with that it also spreads active antibiotics in the surrounding environments thus enhancing the antibiotic resistance selection pressure in the proximal environment.

Poultry Litters and Veterinary Waste of Savar Area Disseminate MDR Bacteria in the Surrounding Environments
Muhammad Yasin Ahmed, Salequl Islam, Hasibur Rahmanand Nihad Adnan*
Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342 Email: nihad_adnan@yahoo.com

Abstract: Antibiotics are frequently used in the veterinary hospitals and poultry farms for treating infectious diseases and promoting growth of domestic birds and animals. To evaluate the possible environmental hazards specially on surrounding soil and aquatic environments caused by the antibiotics used in Savar area, where poultry and cattle industries have developed over time, we carried out microbiological analysis of waste water samples from three poultry farms and three veterinary hospitals from October 2011 to December2011. The total bacterial count in poultry and veterinary samples ranged from 5.75 x 108 to 2.38 x 1011 and 1.94 x 106 to 5.44 x 106 CFU/ml respectively, among which, 32% was resistant to ciprofloxacin and 51% was that to cefixime. When grown in the nutrient agar medium containing both these two drugs where 14-26% of the isolates were found to be resistant to the duo. About 10-40% and 15-43% bacteria grown on MacConkey and XLD media respectively, were resistant against ciprofloxacin and cefixime. In total of 40 Cip-Cef resistant isolates were then subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test to other commonly used drugs, where 80% of the isolates were also found resistant to trimethoprim, 33% to tetracycline, 21% to gentamicin, and 30% to amoxicillin. From this study, it is evident that, an alarming percentage of resistant bacteria, possessing multi drug resistance (MDR) properties, are disseminating through the poultry litter and veterinary waste and hence there is an immense potential of intra- and inter- species horizontal and vertical gene transfer of resistance determining elements which can be spread to the surrounding aquatic environments to pose a serious health threat to human as well. Further biochemical and molecular studies will be carried out to characterize these MDR isolates and determine the molecular basis of the antimicrobial resistance they harbor.

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Session V Sustainability and Chemical Manufacturing

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Keynote Speech
Computational methods as important tools of green chemistry: Examples from structure and properties study of sugar amino acids
N V Suresh Kumar and Harjinder Singh*
International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500032, India Email: laltu@iiit.ac.in

Abstract: Insights obtained using computational methods have contributed remarkably in reducing wasteful use of chemicals. Today, not only accurate structures and properties of a given compound can be calculated theoretically, near accurate predictions of reaction pathways and analysis of observed reactive behavior are common place. We discuss strategies and protocol of theoretical approaches using quantum-chemical methods. We will present a review of work done by us on the chemistry of complex medium sized molecules, namely furanoid peptides. We will discuss in detail one such study providing justification for several experimental findings, e. g., preferential heterochiral cyclic trimerization of 5-(aminoethyl)-2-furancarboxylic acid (AEFC), using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We explore reaction pathways at different levels of theory, e. g., using M06/6-31G(d,p) and MP2/6-31G(d,p) basis sets and show kinetic preference for heterochiral cyclization. We show the existence of strong hydrogen bonding interactions in the solvated heterochiral tripeptides. 1 Introduction The word 'Green' generally refers to a relatively more environmentally friendly effort. Harm to environment can be caused in several ways, chemical pollution being one of the worst kinds. It is desirable that the amount of chemicals utilized in reactive processes and the amount released as waste to the environment be minimized. The advent of computers and the progressively increasing use of computers in chemical research in the last half a century is a significant step in this direction. Just like microwave radiation has provided a faster alternative to long time scale thermally induced processes, computational methods have opened up the possibility of exploring chemistry without the use of chemicals and glassware. It took five hundred years for the evolution from alchemy to chemistry; a period of mere fifty years for computers to take over much of chemistry is ten times faster. Computers can never replace benchwork, nor can they be the most ideal green equipment (the wastage of energy and disposal of outdated computers remains a major issue), but reaction pathways and mechanisms are understood with greater clarity and speed and at the same time at much less cost using computers. Practically nothing in chemistry research is complete today without substantiation of results using computational analysis. We have been involved in different areas of theoretical research including computational chemistry. We describe here a couple of examples of meaningful intervention in exploring reactive processes using quantum chemistry. In particular, we will discuss our use of Density functional theory (DFT)[1], a popular quantum chemical method to study molecular structures associated with strong as well as weak bonding (Hydrogen bond) interactions, their heats of formation and reaction pathways with reasonable accuracy. Among various DFT exchange correlation functionals, hybrid functional, B3LYP[2] has emerged as good compromise between computational cost and accuracy[3]. We have used this functional to study biologically active synthetic peptides containing furanoid ring structures. Peptides are key to development of new drugs as they bind to the membrane receptor, influence cellcell communication and control some important functions[4, 5]. Problems associated with the peptide 81

drugs are poor absorption, low metabolic stability after oral ingestion and rapid excretion through liver and kidneys[6]. Thus, they are ineffective as orally administered drugs. To avoid the problems, chemists work on modification of peptide libraries[7, 8]. Recent advances in chemistry have led to synthesis of modified peptides that show improved pharmacological properties and mimic either function or part of structure of peptides. These are called peptidomimetics[9]. As a receptor of a ligand, a peptidomimetic can imitate (agonism) or block (antagonism) the biological effect of a peptide at receptor level[6]. Use of pyranoid and furanoid ring structures in peptidomimetic design is increasingly realized as a relevant concept in synthetic bio-organic chemistry[9, 10]. They combine structural properties of carbohydrates with functional group diversity of peptides. In general, such molecules are called sugar amino acids (SAAs). According to Kessler, SAA is a compound with carbohydrate frame that has immediate linkages of amino and carboxyl functionalities (See Fig. 1 (A))[9]. Linear and cyclic peptides formed from the SAAs have found an important place in the area of peptidomimetic studies. Like those in native -peptides and proteins, wide variety of secondary structures found in SAAs containing peptides are ranging from helices, -strands, reverse turns, etc. It makes them wonderful molecules, intriguing from the angle of structural analysis[9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Present article is a review of strategies and protocol of quantum-chemical methods to explore the chemistry of linear tripeptides containing tetrahydrofuran amino acids (TAAs) with all possible combinations of stereochemistries at 2, 5 positions of TAA (Fig. 1 (B)), intra and intermolecularly cyclized structures of tripeptides shown in Fig. 1 (C), and homo, heterochiral cyclic trimerization of 5-(aminoethyl)-2-furancarboxylic acid (AEFC)(Fig. 1 (D)). These are designed with an idea to synthesize peptide drugs that show antimicrobial and antiviral activities with improved pharmacokinetic properties. The theoretical methods remarkably reduce wasteful use of chemicals and minimize generation of unwanted substances in the process of designing of new peptides. The studies are also helpful in explaining reactivity of new molecules and empower the synthetic chemist to design pathways with selective and judicious choices.

Figure 1: (A): General structure of furanoid sugar amino acid. (B): Terminal blocked tripeptides formed by tetrahydrofuran amino acid (TAA), Leucine (Leu), Valine (Val) (Boc-TAA-Leu-Val-OMe). (C): Linear tripeptides containing `2,5-cis'(2S,5R)-TAA and `2,5-trans'(2S,5S)-TAA. (D): R- and S- isomers of 5-(aminoethyl)-2-furancarboxylic acid (AEFC).

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2 Methodology Minimum energy structures of linear and cyclic tripeptides containing tetrahydrofuran amino acids and chiral furan amino acids, AEFC, and reaction pathways leading to the peptides were determined at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory[16, 17, 18, 19]. Using a straight forward peptide bond formation mechanism shown in Fig. 2, geometries in reaction pathways leading to formation of the cyclic peptides were modeled. Line drawings for the structures in intra and intermolecular cyclization of peptides containing TAA and cyclic trimerization of AEFC are shown in Figs. 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The M06 functional is reported to be better for calculating barrier heights and non-covalent interactions[20]. Activation energies for the cyclization of AEFC were also calculated at M06/631G(d,p) level of theory. Single point energy (Eel) calculations on geometries in the reaction pathways, explored at B3LYP/631G(d,p) level of theory, were carried out using B3LYP functional and an array of basis sets, namely, 6-311G(d,p), 6-311+G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), cc-pVDZ, aug-cc-pVDZ and cc-pVTZ in order to estimate the dependence of energies on the quality of basis sets used. Additionally, calculations such as MP2/6-31G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) were also carried out. Effects of electron correlation on reaction energies of the species were studied and the results for barrier heights were compared by comparing electronic energies obtained at MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory.

Figure 2: Stepwise and concerted peptide bond formation mechanisms

Figure 3: Line drawings for structures in (a) concerted and (b) stepwise intramolecular cyclization reactions of TAA1 and TAA2. Representation of symbols used in notation is as follows; 1: TAA1, 2: TAA2, s: stepwise, c: concerted, TS: Transition state, TS1-2: Transition state 1-2, I: Intermediate, 3: intra-TAA1, 4: intra-TAA2. The notation used in the text is indicated here.

Solvent phase calculations on cyclization of AEFC were carried out using implicit Onsager reaction field model[21] and polarizable continuum model (PCM)[22] at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory to estimate the solvent effects. Microsolvation of cyclic tripeptides formed by AEFC was carried out to determine atomic level interactions between solvent and solute. 83

Hessian calculations were carried out on the geometries of gas and solvent phases, at the level of theory used for optimization. All geometries show real frequencies indicating that they are at local minimum on potential energy surface. Changes in zero point corrected electronic energy (E) and free energy (G) for formation of products were calculated. Geometric analysis was carried out on all the geometries. We looked for presence of stabilizing hydrogen bonding interactions. The criteria used for recognition of interactions, A...H-D are: 2.5 AD 3.5 and 100 A...H-D bond angle 180 [23].

Figure 4: Line drawings for structures in (a) concerted and (b) stepwise-a, -b intermolecular cyclization reactions of TAA1 and TAA2. Representation of symbols used in notation is as follows; 1: TAA1, 2: TAA2, s: stepwise, c: concerted, TS: Transition state, TS1-2-3-4: Transition state 1-2-3-4, I1: Intermediate 1, I2a-3a: Intermediate 2 and 3 obtained in mechanism stepwise-a, I2b-3b: Intermediate 2 and 3 obtained in mechanism stepwise-b, I3: Intermediate 3, 5: cis dimer, 6: trans dimer.

84

Figure 5: Line drawings for structures in (a) concerted and (b) stepwise cyclic trimerization of linear tripeptides formed by R- and S-isomers of AEFC. Representation of symbols used in notation is as follows; R: R-AEFC, S: S-AEFC, x 2DMF (2 units of DMF molecules), s: stepwise, c: concerted, TS: Transition state, TS1-2: Transition state 1-2, Cy: Cyclized. Solvent assisted linear tripeptides, transition states (TSs), Intermediates (INT) are denoted with stereochemistry of amino acids arranged in the order of N- to C-terminal direction in the respective peptide. The notation used in the text is indicated here.

IR spectra are very sensitive to the presence of H-bonds and lead to a qualitative diagnosis about the H-bonding[24]. We computed IR spectra for the peptides in order to estimate interaction energies of the H-bonds. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO)[25] analysis was performed in order to quantify all possible stabilizing intramolecular interactions in the species. The topology of electron density distribution along the bond path of atoms interacting through hydrogen bonding was determined using AIMALL[26, 27]. Molecular electrostatic potential surface (MESP)[27, 28, 29, 30] is the property sensitive to the structural changes in molecules. We analyzed the MESP surfaces of all cyclic peptides optimized in gas phase in order to gain further insights into their structural properties. The ESP contours for the cyclic tripeptides were generated using MOLDEN[31]. Using GaussView, ESP surfaces of cyclic peptides were mapped onto the corresponding electron density plots with isodensity setting of 0.0004 a.u. Isovalue of the electron density surface is defined by 0.002electrons/bohr3 contour of the molecular electron density. MESP mapped onto electron isodensity plots of the cyclic peptides were analyzed for electron rich, depletion and no charge regions. All quantum chemical calculations were carried out using the Gaussian09[32] suite of programs.

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3 Results and Discussion We discuss first the conformational behavior of terminal blocked linear tripeptides Boc-TAA-LeuVal-OMe prepared from four different stereoisomers of TAA, (2R,5S)-cis-TAA (TAA1), (2S,5R)-cisTAA (TAA2), (2R,5R)-trans-TAA (TAA3) and (2S,5S)-trans-TAA (TAA4). Subsequently, pathways leading to intra and intermolecular cyclization of the tripeptides are analyzed. Finally, results on preferential heterochiral cyclic trimerization of chiral furan based amino acids are presented.

Figure 6: Terminal blocked tripeptides constituted by tetrahydrofuran amino acid (TAA), Leucine (Leu), Valine (Val) represented as Boc-TAA-Leu-Val-OMe. The four molecules are tripeptides containing (i) 2R,5S-cis TAA (TLV1) (ii) 2S,5R-cis TAA (TLV2) (iii) 2R,5R-trans TAA (TLV3) (iv)2S,5S-trans TAA (TLV4).

Linear tripetides containing tetrahydrofuran amino acids (TAA): Terminal blocked tripeptides, Boc-TAA-Leu-Val-OMe prepared from four different stereoisomers of TAA, (2R,5S)-cis-TAA (TAA1), (2S,5R)-cis-TAA (TAA2), (2R,5R)-trans-TAA (TAA3) and (2S,5S)-trans-TAA (TAA4) shown in Fig. 6 are considered as model species to study stereochemical control in structural properties of the peptides. It is envisaged that the structures derived for these peptides will be useful to predict the secondary structures of all furanoid sugar amino acid containing peptides as the remaining two stereocenters in the furanoid ring are not part of the peptide backbone.

Figure 7: Conformations with their relative free energy G, of terminal blocked tripeptides TLV1, TLV2, TLV3 and TLV4, optimized at DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory in gas phase.

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Optimized geometries of the peptides are shown in Fig. 7. The peptides with cis relationships, i. e., TLV1 and TLV2, have shown secondary structural elements such as C13 (-turn like), C10 (-turn like) and C7 (-turn turn like) hydrogen bonded cycles. On the other hand, the systems containing trans TAA show only a C7 cycle. Stable structure of TLV1, i. e., TLV1a is host for a three-centered hydrogen bond interaction. The interaction is part of C13 and C10 type cycles. Another conformer, TLV1b which is higher in free energy by 3.4kcal/mol is associated C10 and C7 cycles. While lowest energy conformer of TLV2, i. e., TLV2a is associated with C10 (-turn type) and C7 (inverse -turn type) cycles, experimental structure, TLV2c, shows only a C10 cycle. A -turn type folding pattern is found to be most probable H-bonded pseudocycle in TLV1-2. Minimum energy structures of TLV34 show -turn type structure. Stretching frequencies of NH groups involved in H-bonds are shifted towards lower frequency side as compared to that of NH-Boc in the peptides. The IR spectra of the conformers of TLV1 at NH bond stretching region, show peaks corresponding to amino mediated intramolecular H-bonding interactions at different wavenumbers. On the other hand, the spectra of TLV2a, b, c show a single peak at around 3550 cm-1. It indicates that, TLV2 is populated with various conformers that are associated with narrow range of potential field around amide protons. When we add stabilization energies of all second order interactions, the NBO results are consistent with free energy analysis of the peptides. AIM analysis of the interactions agrees with the NBO data. Cyclization of the peptides containing TAA: Cyclic peptides with their additional conformational restraints and stability towards the proteases are of greater significance than their linear counterparts. Along with naturally occurring several bioactive macrocyclic peptides[33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41], synthetic cyclic peptides containing sugar amino acids have also shown promising therapeutic effectiveness[42, 43]. For example, cyclic peptides containing tetrahydrofuran amino acids are reported to have antimicrobial effects[44]. During synthesis of such an antimicrobial substance factors like size, chemical composition, amphipathicity and cationic charge will be considered as important issues, since the substance may proceed through pore formation in the lipid bilayers[44]. In this context, preferential cyclic dimerization of linear tripeptides, TAA1 and TAA2 (See Fig. 1(C)) in acetonitrile solvent, involving pentafluorophenyl diphenyl phosphinate (FDPP)[45] as catalyst, over intramolecular cyclization has been received a significant attention for theoretical study[46]. Cyclized products of varying ring sizes have different reactive properties in the context of drug discovery research. Geometries of intra-TAA1, intra-TAA2, cis dimer and trans dimer are shown in Fig. 8. The change in free energies (G) of the cyclization reactions for TAA1 and TAA2 shows that intermolecular cyclization is favored over intramolecular cyclization reactions (See Fig. 9).

Figure 8: Geometries 3: Intra-TAA1, 4: Intra-TAA2, 5: cis dimer, 6: trans dimer, optimized at B3LYP/631G(d,p) level of theory in gas phase.

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Figure 9: Relative values of free energy (G) of various structures obtained in stepwise and concerted mechanisms of reactions 1Cy, 2Cy and stepwise-a, b and concerted mechanisms of reactions, 1Cy-di, 2Cy-di, in gas phase at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Here, 1Cy: TAA1 intra-TAA1, 2Cy: TAA2 intra TAA2, 1Cy-di: TAA1 cis dimer, 2Cy-di: TAA2 trans dimer.

Free energy of activation (Gact) along all the reaction paths for intramolecular cyclization reactions is relatively larger than that for intermolecular cyclization (Fig. 9). Activation energy calculations performed using a series of basis sets show similar results. The higher activation energies in intramolecular cyclization are attributed to larger rotation around peptide bonds during the cyclization. This is further substantiated by longer peptide bond lengths in intra molecularly cyclized products. Stabilizing hydrogen bonding interactions are identified in all the geometries. Number of such interactions in intermolecularly cyclized products is relatively larger as compared to those that in intramolecularly cyclized products. Second order stabilization energy, E(2), of intramolecular Hbonding interactions shows that while the magnitudes of interactions decrease during intramolecular cyclization, they increase in intermolecular cyclization. Change in HOMO-LUMO energy gap between reactant and product geometries obtained during intermolecular cyclization is greater than those that observed in intramolecular cyclization. According to principle of Maximum Hardness (PMH) [47] intermolecular cyclization is favored. Cyclic peptides formed by chiral furan amino acids: Cyclic peptides with rigid molecular frameworks containing predisposed cavities of precise dimensions are attractive tools for chemists to carry out in vitro studies on molecular recognition processes in biological systems. Notable classes of such compounds are cyclic peptides formed by 5-(aminomethyl)-2-furan carboxylic acid (AMFC) and 5-(aminoethyl)-2-furan carboxylic acid (AEFC) (See Fig.1(D)). Earlier studies have reported that a symmetric cyclic tripeptide formed by S-isomer of AEFC shows significant activities against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria[48]. The AEFC is a chiral monomeric unit. Stereochemical control in the structure and reactive properties of linear and cyclic tripeptides formed by AEFC is important as chirality has an important role in biological architecture and functionality. 88

Figure 10: Axial view of cyclic tripeptides RRR-Cy, RRS-Cy optimized at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory in gas phase. The dotted lines indicate potential H-bonding interactions. Magnitudes of bond distance (O...H) (in ) and bond angle are shown.

Table 1: Change in zero point corrected electronic energy (ZPE), E, and free energy, G, for formation of linear di, tri and cyclic tripeptides, calculated at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory for gas phase, PG, implicit solvation using Onsager reaction field model, PSO and PCM. All the values are in kcal/mol.
Species RR SS SR SR RRR SSS SRR RSS RSR SRS RRS SSR RRR-Cy SSS-Cy RRS-Cy RSS-Cy PG E 3.4 -3.4 -2.9 -2.9 -17.1 -17.1 -16.4 -16.4 -14.8 -15.5 -14.9 -14.9 -5.7 -5.7 -4.3 -4.3 G -1.9 -1.9 -1.2 -1.2 -9.2 -9.2 -8.9 -8.9 -6.9 -7.5 -6.9 -6.9 -6.5 -6.4 -5.0 -5.0 PSO E -3.9 -4.0 -3.9 -3.9 -19.4 -19.4 -18.7 -18.7 -18.0 -17.8 -18.0 -17.7 -9.5 -9.5 -7.5 -7.5 G -2.7 -3.2 -2.4 -2.4 -11.5 -11.4 -11.2 -11.2 -10.3 -9.8 -10.4 -10.0 -10.5 -10.4 -8.4 -8.4 PCM E -4.3 -4.3 -4.4 -4.4 -17.5 -17.5 -17.9 -17.9 -17.0 -16.7 -17.1 -17.1 -10.6 -10.6 -8.5 -8.5 G -2.5 -2.5 -2.6 -2.6 -10.3 -10.3 -10.4 -10.4 -9.4 -8.9 -9.6 -9.6 -11.4 -11.3 -9.1 -9.1

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Figure 11: Cyclic tripeptides, RRR-Cy and RRS-Cy, complexed with two molecules of N, N, Dimethyl formamide, optimized at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory in gas phase. The dotted lines indicate potential H-bonding interactions. Magnitudes of bond distance (O...H) (in ) and bond angle are shown.

Table 2: Electronic energies of interaction of cyclic tripeptides, RRR-Cy and RRS-Cy complexed with solvent molecules of DMF, calculated at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory for gas phase, PG, and implicit PCM. All values are in kcal/mol.
Complex PG Without BSSE correction E1-int RRR-Cy-1DMF RRS-Cy-1DMF RRR-Cy-2DMF; Con I RRS-Cy-2DMF; Con I RRR-Cy-2DMF; Con II RRS-Cy-2DMF; Con II -11.4 -11.0 -15.5 -23.7 -14.2 -13.5 With BSSE correction E2-int -5.6 -4.6 -6.0 -11.4 -5.3 -4.0 With ZPE correction E3-int -10.2 -9.6 -12.6 -20.9 -12.6 -11.8 PCM With ZPE correction E3-int -7.6 -6.7 -8.4 -12.7 -8.8 -7.9

Geometries of RRR-Cy and RRS-Cy are shown in Fig. 10. The isomers of AEFC do not show significant chiral preference in the formation of linear dipeptides in gas phase as well as implicit solvent phase (See Table 1). Formation of homochiral linear (RRR) and cyclic (RRR-Cy) tripeptides is slightly more favorable over their heterochiral counterparts (RRS and RRS-Cy) in gas phase. A similar trend is observed in implicit solvent phase. Microsolvated stable structures of homo and hetero chiral cyclic tripeptides are shown in Fig. 11. The heterochiral cyclic tripeptides show strong interaction with solvent molecules as compared to that of homochiral cyclic tripeptide (Table 2). Solvent assisted reaction pathways explored at M06/6-31G(d,p) level of theory reveal thermodynamic and kinetic preference for formation of heterochiral linear and cyclic tripeptides as compared to their respective homochiral tripeptides (See Fig. 12). Change in single point electronic energy for formation of complex geometries calculated at MP2/6-31G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory also substantiates the trends. Geometric analysis reveals that heterochiral peptides are associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions with solvent molecules. The IR absorption frequency shift corresponding to stretching mode of vibration of hydrogen bond donor group, NH, is large in heterochiral cyclic

90

tripeptide complexed with solvent molecules. NBO and AIM analyses for interactions also reveal that the intermolecular interactions are strong in RRS-Cy complexed with solvent molecules. Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) surface mapped onto electron isodensity surface shows that electron change distribution around RRS-Cy is such that both faces of the peptide can interact with a solvent molecule. The homochiral cyclic tripeptide does not show this property.

Figure 12: Relative values of zero point corrected electronic energy (E) and free energy (G) of various solvated structures obtained in both the pathways of reactions, RRR-CyR and RRS-CyR calculated at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and M06/6-31G(d,p) levels of theory in gas phase. Each geometry in pathway is complexed with two units DMF molecules (x 2DMF). The profiles denoted by R1-F1, R1-F2 indicates pathways for reaction RRR-CyR explored at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and M06/6-31G(d,p) levels of theory respectively. Similarly, R2-F1, R2-F2 denote pathways for reaction RRS-CyR explored at B3LYP/631G(d,p) and M06/6-31G(d,p) levels of theory respectively.

4 Conclusion Geometric analysis of optimized geometries confirmed presence of intramolecular H-bonding interactions in the linear peptides. Stereochemical control in the peptides is analyzed by comparing the secondary structure patterns associated with TLV1-4, optimized in gas phase as well as solvent phase. The C10 -turn type structure is predicted to be most likely found secondary structure in the peptides containing 2,5-cis TAA. An inverse -turn type C7 cycle is the predominant one in the peptides containing 2,5-trans TAA. Conformational preference of the peptides is determined by investigating IR spectra corresponding to stretching frequencies of -NH groups. Strength of hydrogen bonding interactions is determined using NBO and AIM analyses. Cyclization of linear peptides containing `2,5-cis'(2S,5R) and `2,5-trans'(2S,5S)-tetrahydrofuran amino acids shows thermodynamic and kinetic preference for intermolecular cyclization of the peptides. Higher activation energies seen in intramolecular cyclization are due to larger rotation around amide bonds, longer peptide bond lengths and decrease in number of stabilizing hydrogen bonding interactions as reaction proceeds. On 91

the other hand, intermolecular cyclization does not disturb the planarity of the peptide bonds. Hydrogen bonding interactions seen in intra products are part of seven membered turn like structures. While cis dimer is the host for -, - and -turn like structures, trans dimer is associated with - and -turn like structures. Further justification comes from NBO analysis and concepts such as molecular hardness and polarizability profiles. Simultaneous validity of maximum hardness and minimum polarizability principles is observed in case of reactant and product geometries. Our studies show preferential heterochiral cyclic trimerization of 5-(aminoethyl) 2-furancarboxylic acid. Formation of linear dipeptides does not show significant chiral preference. While formation of homochiral linear and cyclic tripeptides is favorable in gas phase, in explicit solvent phase their heterochiral counterparts have shown predominant stability. Free energy of activation of transition states in both the stepwise and concerted pathways shows clear kinetic preference for heterochiral tripeptide. The heterochiral cyclic tripeptide complexed with solvent molecules is a stable thermodynamic and kinetic product. Geometric analysis of H-bonding interactions in complex structures of linear and cyclic structures supports energetics of formation of the peptides. Further justification for the results comes from IR, NBO and AIM data of H-bonding interactions. Electron rich and depletion regions around cyclic tripeptides, identified using MESP mapped onto electron isodensity plots also support observed preference for heterochiral cyclic trimerization of AEFC in explicit solvent phase. All our results agree with the experimental findings. It shows that the computational methods are reliable tools in achieving a goal of green chemistry, i. e., to prevent pollution at its source or reduce release of hazardous substances in chemical research. Acknowledgement We thank Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Government of India for financial support (SR/S1/OC-01/2007). References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] W. Kohn, A. D. Becke, R. G. Parr J. Phys. Chem. (1996) 100 12974. P. J. Stephens, F. J. Devlin, C. F. Chabalowski, M. J. Frisch J. Phys. Chem. (1994) 98 11623. J. Tirado-Rives, W. L. Jorgensen J. Chem. Theory Comput. (2008) 4 297. X. Gao, H. Matsui Adv. Mater. (2005) 17 2037. R. V. Ulijn, A. M. Smith Chem. Soc. Rev. (2008) 37 664. A. Giannis, T. Kolter Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (1993) 32 1244. J. H. Hemman, G. M. Enslin, A. F. Kotze Biodrugs (2005) 19 165. C. Adessi, C. Soto Curr. Med. Chem. (2002) 9 963. K. J. Jensen, J. Brask Peptide Science (2005) 80 747. T. K. Chakraborty, P. Srinivasu, S. Tapadar, B. K. Mohan J. Chem. Sci. (2004) 116 187. M. D. P. Risseeuw, M. Overhand, G. W. J. Fleet, M. I. Simone Tetrahedron Asymmetry (2007) 18 2001. T. K. Chakraborty, P. Srinivasu, S. Tapadar, B. K. Mohan Glycoconjugate J. (2005) 22 83. S. A. W. Gruner, E. Locardi, E. Lohof, H. Kessler Chem. Rev. (2002) 102 491. F. Schweizer Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. (2002) 41 230. T. K. Chakraborty, S. Ghosh, S. Jayaprakash Curr. Med. Chem. (2002) 9 421. T. K. Chakraborty, N. V. S. Kumar, S. Roy, S. K. Dutta, A. C. Kunwar, B. Sridhar, H. Singh J. Phys. Org. Chem. (2011) 24 720. N. V. S. Kumar, P. Sharma, H. Singh, D. Koley, S. Roy, T. K. Chakraborty J. Phys. Org. Chem. (2010) 23 238. N. V. S. Kumar, U. D. Priyakumar, H. Singh, S. Roy and T. K. Chakraborty J. Mol. Model. (2012) DOI

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10.1007/s00894-011-1326-7. N. V. S. Kumar, H. Singh, K. K. Pulukuri, T. K. Chakraborty J. Mol. Graph. Model. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.05.010. Y. Zhao, D. F. Truhlar Acc. Chem. Res. (2008) 41 157-167. W. W. Wong, M. J. Frisch, K. B. Wiberg J, Am. Chem. Soc. (1991) 113 4776. J. Tomasi, M. Persico Chem. Rev. (1994) 94 2027. H. Singh, K. Arora, S. Tapadar, T. K. Chakraborty J. Theor. Comput. Chem (2004) 3 555. W. Chin, M. Mons, J. -P. Dognon, F. Piuzzi, B. Tardivel, I. Dimicoli Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (2004) 6 2700-2709. A. E. Read, R. B. Weinstock, F. Weinhold J. Chem. Phys. (1985) 83 735. A. K. Todd, AIMALL (Version 09.11.08),(2009). R. F. W. Bader Atoms in Molecules, A Quantum Theory Clarendon Press, Oxford (1994). P. Sjoberg, P. Politzer J. Phys. Chem. (1990) 94 3959-3961. J. S. Murray, P. Lane, T. Brinck, P. Politzer, P. Sjoberg J. Phys. Chem. (1991) 95 844-848. C. F. Matta, R. J. Gillespie J. Chem. Educ. 79 (2002) 1141-1152. G. Schaftenaar, J. H. Noordik J. Comput. Aided Mol.Des. (2000) 14 123-134. M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, H. P. Hratchian, A. F. Izmaylov, J. Bloino, G. Zheng, J. L. Sonnenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, T. Vreven, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., J. E. Peralta, F. Ogliaro, M. Bearpark, J. J. Heyd, E. Brothers, K. N. Kudin, V. N. Staroverov, T. Keith, R. Kobayashi, J. Normand, K. Raghavachari, A. Rendell, J. C. Burant, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, M. Cossi, N. Rega, J. M. Millam, M. Klene, J. E. Knox, J. B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R. E. Stratmann, O. Yazyev, A. J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J. W. Ochterski, R. L. Martin, K. Morokuma, V. G. Zakrzewski, G. A. Voth, P. Salvador, J. J. Dannenberg, S. Dapprich, A. D. Daniels, O. Farkas, J. B. Foresman, J. V. Ortiz, J. Cioslowski, D. J. Fox, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, (2010). P. Wipf Synthesis and Structure-Activity Studies of Lissoclinum Peptides Alkaloids (Ed.: S.W. Pelletier) Pergamon, New York (1998) 187. G. R. Pettit Pure. Appl. Chem. (1994) 66 2271. B. S. Davidson (1993) Chem. Rev. (1993) 93 1771. G. Haberhauer, F. Rominger Tetrahedron Lett. (2002) 43 6335. R. S. Roy, A. M. Gehring, J. C. Milne, P. J. Belshaw, C. T. Walsh Nat. Prod. Rep. (1999) 16 249. P. Wipf, P. C. Fritch, S. J. Gieb, A. M. Seer J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1998) 120 4105. Y. -M. Li, J. C. Miline, L. L. Madison, R. Kollerand, C. T. Walsh Science (1996) 274 1188. M. P. Foster, G. P. Concepcion, G. B. Caraan, C. M. Ireland J. Org. Chem. (1992) 57 6671. E. Graf von Roedern, H. Kessler Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (1994) 33 687. E. M. Driggers, S. P. Hale, J. Lee, N. K. Terrett Nature Rev. Drug Disc. (2008) 7 608. C. J. White, A. K. Yudin Nature Chem. (2011) 3 509524. S. Pal, K. Mitra, S. Azmi, J. K. Ghosh and T. K. Chakraborty Org. Biomol. Chem. (2011) 9, 4806. M. S. Leonard, M. M. Joullie Encyclopedia of reagents for organic synthesis. Wiley, New York (2002). T. K. Chakraborty, S. Roy, D. Koley, S. K. Dutta and A. C. Kunwar J. Org. Chem. (2006) 71 6240. R. G. Pearson Chemical Hardness - Applications from molecules to solids Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (1997). T. K. Chakraborty, S. Tapadar, T. V. Raju, J. Annapurna and H. Singh SYNLETT (2004) 14 2484.

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Design of Enzyme/Polymer Complex: Improvement of Heat Resistance of Enzymes

Sumon Ganguli1, Mohammad Helal Uddin2, Md. Nazrul Islam1 Ayesha Afrin1, Md. Bellal Hossain2
Department of Applied & Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh 2 Department of nutrition and Food Engineering, Allied health Science Daffodil International University, Sukrabad, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: sumonganguli@yahoo.com
1

Abstract: Enzymes are generally unstable under extreme conditions. In this study, we show a unique phenomenon for the regulation and preservation of enzymatic activity of lysozyme and ribonuclease A (RNase A) using a cationic smart copolymer, poly(N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-graftpoly(ethylene glycol) (PEAMA-g-PEG), even after the serious heat treatment. PEAMA-g-PEG suppressed the enzymatic activity of lysozyme owing to capping of the active site of lysozyme, which involved an electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged active site of lysozyme and the positively charged amine moiety of PEAMA-g-PEG at neutral pH despite the fact that both are positively charged. The inhibited enzymatic activity was recovered upon the addition of poly(acrylic acid) to the lysozyme/PEAMA-g-PEG complex even after the heat treatment1. Recently, we found that PEAMA-g-PEG prevents heat inactivation of RNase A, which has a positively charged active site opposite to that of lysozyme (Figure 1). Interestingly, after treatment at 98 C for 10 min, the enzymatic activity of RNase A complexed with PEAMA-g-PEG was maintained at up to 75% of the level of the native RNase A whereas PEG was not able to prevent the heat induced irreversible inactivation of RNase A2. Circular dichroism (CD) spectral analysis revealed that heat-induced irreversible inactivation was largely suppressed when enzymes was heated with PEAMA-g-PEG. These findings suggest that the heat resistance of enzymes is improved by the external addition of PEAMA-g-PEG.

(a

(b

Figure 1: Surface structures of (a) RNase A and (b) lysozyme. The models show the molecular surfaces with mapping of the charged areas, whereby positively and negatively charged areas are colored blue and red, respectively. The active site clefts of RNase A and lysozyme are indicated by a dotted line.

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Drug Release Profile and Sub-acute Toxicity Study of Malic acid-butane 1,4-diol-glycerol Co-polyester
M. A. Bakr1 and A. Mahmud2
1

Dept. of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Rajshahi 2 Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi E-mail: mabakr2108@yahoo.com, mahmud.matsc@ru.ac.bd

Abstract: Malic acid-butane 1,4-diol-glycerol co-polyester was synthesized, purified and characterized by its IR-spectrum, molecular weight, solubility in common organic solvents, equilibrium swelling behavior in water and ethanol, elemental analysis, melting point, hydrolytic and soil degradation tests. The purified co-polyester remained unchanged in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and gradually degraded in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4). The polymer was later tried as an enteric coating material on diclofenac sodium core tablet and its drug release pattern corresponded to British Pharmacopoeia (BP) standard drug release profile of enteric coating material. The sub-acute toxicity study of the said co-polyester was performed on normal adult healthy rats of same sex (male) and no adverse effect was observed. Key Words: Malic acid-butane 1,4-diol-glycerol co-polyester, enteric coating material, drug release profile, sub-acute toxicity study.

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell-The Green Technology for Producing Solar Power: An Alternative to the conventional PV Cell
Shahajada Mahmudul Hasan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh. Email: smhme01@yahoo.com

Abstract: During the last decades the energy problem on the planet has been growing steadily. The reason for that is a growing world population and increasing living standard. This has led to increasing fossil fuel prices due to more expensive and more risky fossil fuel depletion. To overcome those problems it is necessary to change the energy infrastructure within this century. The higher energy consumption can be compensated by an increase in usage of solar power. The demand for solar PV technology is rapidly increasing as generating power from solar source. The main problem with solar PV cell is its cost and manufacturing process. Researchers are finding an alternative technology for solar cell fabrication. Dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (DSSC) are of great interest as a cost-effective alternative to conventional silicon photovoltaics.The photo anode in DSSC is a mesoporous anatase TiO2 film consisting of interconnected spherical nanoparticles, sensitized by a monolayer of dye molecules. Upon visible light absorption, excited sensitizer molecules inject an electron into the conduction band of TiO2. These carriers are subsequently transported toward and collected by a back-contact electrode. This paper describes a brief comparison between the existing PV technology and DSSC technology. Bangladesh; blessed with huge potential of solar energy needs an alternative to the conventional PV cells; DSSC can be one.

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Production of Liquid Fuel and Activated Carbon from Mahogany Seed by Using Pyrolysis Technology
M. A. Kader, M. U. H Joardder, M. R. Islam, B.K. Das and M.Hasan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204 E-mail: Kader_042017@yahoo.com

Abstract: The renovation of biomass solid waste in the form of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seed into bio-fuel as well as activated carbon by fixed bed pyrolysis reactor has been taken into consideration in this study. The mahogany seed in particle form was pyrolysed in an enormously heated fixed bed reactor with nitrogen as the carrier gas. The reactor was heated from 4000C to 6000C using a external heater in which rice husk and charcoal were used as the heater biomass fuel. Reactor bed temperature, running time and feed particle size have been varied to get the optimum operating conditions of the system. The parameters were found to influence the product yields to a large extent. A maximum liquid and char yield were 49 wt. % and 35 wt. % respectively obtained at a reactor bed temperature 5000C when the running time was 120 minutes. Acquired pyrolyzed oil at these optimal process conditions were analyzed for some of their properties as an alternative fuel. The oil possesses comparable flame temperature, favorable flash point and reasonable viscosity along with somewhat higher density. The kinematic viscosity of the derived fuel is 3.8 cSt and density is 1525 kg/m3. The higher calorific value is found 32.4 MJ/kg which is significantly higher than other biomass derived fuel. Moderate adsorption capacity of the prepared activated carbon in case of methyl blue and tea water was also revealed. Keywords: Pyrolysis oil, Activated carbon, Fixed bed, Mahogany seeds.

Self-Assembling of Silicon Polymer Films Synthesized by High Vacuum Electron Bombardment Method
Md. Abdul Mannan1,2, Yuji Baba2
2

Department of Chemistry, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan Email: amannan75@yahoo.com

Introduction Thin films of organic silicon polymer have excellent optical and electric properties such as high electric conductivity and high heat resistance. Silicon polymers are also considering as ideal onedimensional molecular wires due to their small - gap compared with carbon-based polymers. Since the electric and optical properties in thin films of polymers strongly depend on the molecular configuration of one-dimensional chain, it is important to determine precisely the orientation of the polymers on solid surfaces. In the previous report, we have shown that the polydimethylsilane (PDMS) grown on indium tin oxide (ITO) are self-ordered and stand-up on the surface [1]. In this report, we present the precise configuration of PDMS molecules on ITO by polarization-dependent NEXAFS spectra.

96

Fig.1 (a) Si K-edge NEXAFS spectra taken at different incident angles for multilayered PDMS film on ITO. (b) Normalized intensity I of the peak A in the NEXAFS spectra as a function of the incident angle . The filled circles are the experimental values.

Experimental All the experiments have been performed in situ at the BL-27A station. The evaporation was done by electron-bombardment heating. The evaporation rate was presicely controlled by monitoring the positive current of the shutter. The electronic structures and molecular orientations were investigated by XPS and NEXAFS measurements. The NEXAFS spectra were taken with the total electron yield mode.

Fig.2 Images of two types of conformation for a PDMS molecule standing-up on the surface.

Results and discussion Fig.1(a) shows the Si K-edge NEXAFS spectra taken at different incident angles. The NEXAFS spectra show at least four resonance peaks of which two peaks are found to be strongly polarization dependent. The peak A is due to the resonance excitation from Si 1s to * pyz orbitals localized at the SiC bond, and the peak B corresponds to the resonance from Si 1s to * px orbitals localized at the SiSi bond [2]. Fig.1(b) displays the normalized intensity of the peak A as a function of the incident angle [3]. It was shown that the experimental data follow the line =40where is the polar angle of the final state plane-type *SiC orbitals (peak A) Fig.2 shows the images of the standing-up orientation of PDMS molecules. The left image shows alltrans zig-zag while right one shows all-trans helical conformation. In the case of zig-zag conformation, the SiC bonds are parallel to the surface, so the polar angle of the plane type *SiC orbitals should be 0. In the case of helical conformation, on the other hand, the SiC bonds are not parallel and the polar angles of SiC orbitals were calculated to be 41.5 and 48.5, respectively. Thus it was elucidated that the multilayer film is composed of helix structure and perpendicularly oriented on the ITO surface.

97

Volumetric and Viscometric Properties Observed for the Mixtures of DMF and Other Alcohols (Butanol & 1-propanol)
Md. Hafizur Rahman1, Md. Atik Shahriar1, Md. Helal Uddin1, Md. Abdullah-Al-Masud2
2

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh Department of Applied Physics, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia E-mail: helal3778@yahoo.com (M.H. Uddin)

Abstract: Binary mixtures means such kind of mixtures in which the constituents of two compounds (solids or liquids or gases) are completely or partially mixed. Here, we have observed experimentally binary mixtures properties for (a) N, N-Dimethyl formamide (DMF) + Butanol and (b) N, NDimethyl formamide (DMF) + 1-Propanol at different temperatures. These are useful solvent because of their various types of applications. Such as, DMF is used in the production of acrylic fibers and plastics, as a solvent in pharmaceuticals, in the development and production of pesticides and in the manufacture of adhesives, synthetic leathers, fibers, films, and surface coatings. Butanol is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, polymers, plastics, as an ingredient in perfumes, as a solvent for the extraction of essential oils, in the manufacture of antibiotics, hormones and vitamins, as a solvent for paints, coatings, natural resins, gums, synthetic resins, dyes. It is also used as diluents in the manufacture of ureaformaldehyde and melamineformaldehyde resins. nButanol has also been proposed as a substitute for diesel fuel and gasoline and in fermentations. 1Propanol is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry and for resins and cellulose esters. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes.
78.5

9 8 7 Viscosity/mP 6 5 4 3 2 1
1

78

77.5

Vm /cm mol

-1 3

77

76.5 303.15 K 76 308.15 K 313.15 K 75.5 318.15 K 323.15 K 75 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

303.15 K 308.15 K 313.15 K 318.15 K 323.15 K 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Mole fractionofDMF(X1 )

Mole fractionofDMF(X1 )

Figure 1: Change of molar volume for mixtures of DMF + 1-propanol system at different temperatures.

Figure 2: Change of viscosity for the mixtures of DMF + 1-propanol system at different temperatures.

Densities, molar volume, excess molar volume, viscosity and excess viscosity of two binary systems: N, N-Dimethyl formamide (DMF) + 1-Propanol and DMF + Butanol systems have been measured at five different temperatures ranging 303.15 K- 323.15 K. The volumetric and viscometric behaviors of DMF + alcohols are shown as a function of mole fraction of DMF. Figure 1 indicates that molar volumes increase with increase of aqueous temperature. Figure 2 indicates that viscosity of the systems decrease with increase of aqueous temperature. The molar volume of binary mixtures has been changed according to the chain length of alcohols.

98

For DMF + 1-Propanol system the excess viscosities are found to be negative throughout the entire range of concentration. The negative values decreases with the increase of temperature. These results are satisfied with previous research1. The negative excess viscosities have been explained by the reduction of surface area of DMF alcohol complex due to the segmental inclusion as well as steric hindrance. Reference: 1. M.H. Uddin, M.Sc Thesis, August, 2004, 71.

Food Coloring without Color Green Color Retention in Greener Way

Shameem Alam
Nestle Bangladesh ltd Email: salam1603@gmail.com

Abstract: Color in food is one of the main attribute affecting consumer acceptance and food manufacturer also keep on adding colors to increase appeal to consumers. Approximately 60-70% colors used in food is synthetic color as it gives better stability across the pH range of foods, heat stable and barely fades when exposed to light or oxygen over the period of shelf life. Synthetic colors contain an azo group, -N=N-, as part of the structure, R = R' = aromatic amine groups around the azo bond helps to stabilize this color. Aromatic amines are well known carcinogenic compound. As many consumers are increasingly health conscious and raising demand for natural products, many food industries moving toward substitution of synthetic color by coloring foodstuff as these colors are produced from fruits, vegetables and other edible plants. Green colored noodles, made with spinach powder in dough, studied over the period of shelf life in different packaging materials for its color stability. Spinach contains high amount of chlorophyll (300-600 mg chlorophyll / 28gm spinach) and chlorophyll-a absorbs 430 and 662 nm wavelength lights at maximum rate. It was observed, Alu or Metalized foil with oxygen transmission rate of 1.0cc/m2-day & vapor transmission rate of 0.2 g/m2-day has the capability to block the light transmission of both 430 & 662nm wavelength lights and thus helps to retain green color.

Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Bakul oil

Kaniz Ferdous1, Md. Rahim Uddin1, Rehnuma Islam1, M. Rakib Uddin1 Maksudur R. Khan1, 2, , M. A. Islam1
1

Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh.
2

Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Email: engr_kaniz@yahoo.com, rahimuddin.cep@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, production of biodiesel from Bakul oil (Mimusops Elengi) by three-step method and optimization of the process were studied by the application of factorial design. The raw oil, containing 11.1 wt% Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and viscosity was 76.62 mm2/s. Bakul Oil (BO) was extracted from bakul seed by press method and soxhlet extraction method. Bakul seed was collected 99

from the local source. Since the raw oil contains higher percentage of FFA, so the transesterification method wasnt efficient for biodiesel production. By the transesterification method yield was lower than three-step method, so three-step method was conducted for biodiesel production and optimized. In the three-step method, the first step was saponification of the oil followed by acidification to produce FFA and finally esterification of FFA to produce biodiesel. In the saponification reaction, various reaction parameters such as oil to sodium hydroxide molar ratio and reaction time were optimized and the oil to NaOH molar ratio was 1:3, time was 1.0 h and temperature was 100 oC. Produced soap was acidify with excess molar ratio of HCl and the molar ratio was 1:1.5, temperature was 70 oC under reflux with stirring until soap was completely dissolved. In the esterification reaction, produced FFA was reacted with methanol in presence of acid catalyst. The reaction parameters such as FFA to methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, effect of silica gel and reaction temperature were optimized. The optimum parameters were FFA to methanol 1:6, catalyst concentration 5wt% of FFA, time was 2.0 h, temperature was 60 oC. Silica gel was used during esterification reaction to adsorbs water produced in the reaction and silica gel to FFA ratio was 1:10 wt/wt. Hence the reaction rate was increased and finally the FFA was reduced to 0.70 wt% . A factorial design was studied for esterification reaction and developed to obtain the higher yield of biodiesel. Through factorial design we can easily found the optimum conditions for higher yield, lower viscosity, higher FFA conversion for biodiesel production. Finally various properties of biodiesel such as FFA, viscosity, specific gravity, cetane index, pour point, flash point etc. were measured and compared with biodiesel and petro-diesel standard. Key words: Saponification, Acidification, Esterification, Biodiesel, Factorial design.

Tethering Surface at Nano-scale for Point-of-care Monitoring

Md Morsaline Billah1, Farah Sabrin2, Aysha Ferdoushi2
1

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh 2 Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail -1902, Bangladesh. E-mail: morsaline@yahoo.com.

Abstract: Electrochemical immunosensors offer sensitivity, selectivity and reliability at a low cost, making them very attractive tools for monitoring a number of disease biomarkers. Although these types of biosensors use a broad range of different chemistries, they all depend on the solid electrode surface, interactions of the target biomarkers with the bioreceptors. Traditionally, antibodies have provided the basis of molecular recognition layer as bioreceptors to which analyte of interest/ biomarkers are bound to or interact with. This necessitates that antibodies tether to electrode surfaces at nano-scale and usually requires defined surface chemistries for facilitating directed immobilization in a specific manner. In this study, impedance based electrochemical detection approach has been employed to monitor a variety of cardiac pathology biomarkers with the immunosensors developed by different immobilization procedures. Additionally, these fabrication and analyte recognition processes were characterized by other complementary techniques such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

100

Pyrolysis Conversion of Solid Tire Waste into Alternative Liquid Fuel: A Green Commercial Step in Bangladesh
1
1

M. R. Islam, 1M. N. Islam, 1N. N. Mustafi, and 2H. Haniu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh 2 National University Corporation Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami City, Hokkaido, Japan E-mail: mrislam1985@yahoo.com

Abstract: The standard of living and quality of life of a nation depend on its per capita energy consumption. Bangladesh is a developing country and its per capita energy consumption is 227 kgOE which is much below the world average of 1778 kgOE. Now it is one of the crucial issues to find out alternative and sustainable resources to mitigate the energy crisis in Bangladesh. It is estimated that about 90,000 metric tons tires become scrap and are disposed of every year in Bangladesh. The disposal of non-biodegradable solid tire wastes from human activity is a growing environmental problem for the modern society, especially in developing countries. Pyrolysis as an attractive method to recycle scrap tires has recently been the subject of renewed interest. The Radiant Renewable Energy (RRE) Ltd. has installed a small commercial scale pyrolysis plant at Kainzanul, Vawal Mirzapur, Gazipur, Dhaka to take part as a potential contributor for mitigating liquid fuel crisis in Bangladesh. The pyrolysis technology for production of alternative liquid fuel from solid tire waste is new in Bangladesh and it is the first commercial plant in the country. The RRE Ltd. has applied for consultancy support to the Department of Mechanical Engineering of RUET for better operation and extension of its plant, and also for pyrolysis products upgrading with their improved utilization. To date, pyrolysis of tire wastes has limited application worldwide but has been used at both bench and pilot scale with a considerable degree of success. It is, however, to be noted that the tire waste pyrolysis specialists team of RUET visited the plant and many problems, both technical and operational, need to be solved before the said process could satisfy the reliability and economic conditions set forth by the world market. The plant has two pyrolysis units; each of them consists of a horizontal axis rotary (15 rph) type batch mode reactor (37.50 dm3 in volume and 2.0 m in diameter) with a recycling capacity of 4.5 tons/day. Solid tire wastes in half/quarter size are feed into the reactor chamber, operating at 420oC with a light over-pressure (0.03 bar). Total time for recycling one batch of tire waste is about 16 hours wherein reactor heating time is more/less 8 hours. The reactor is heated externally by burning product pyrolysis liquids for two hours and by burning product pyro-gas for rest six hours. The products distribution are oil: 45 wt%, char: 35 wt%, and gases: 10 wt%, in addition to the steel cords: 10 wt%, all of which have the potential to be recycled. The product liquids have been found to have a high gross calorific value (GCV) of around 44 MJ/kg, which would encourage their use as replacements for conventional liquid fuels. Pyrolytic char may be used as a solid fuel or as a precursor for the manufacture of activated carbon. Pyrolysis gas contains high concentrations of methane, ethane, butadiene and other hydrocarbon gases with a GCV of approximately 37 MJ/m3, a value sufficient to provide the energy required by the tire pyrolysis process.

101

Session VI Green Biotechnology

102

Keynote Speech
Green Chemistry of Municipal Solid Waste Emanating from Urban Cities
Ashok K. Keshari*
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India * Currently at Asian University for Women, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh E-mail: akeshari@hotmail.com, keshari09@gmail.com

Abstract: The quantum of the generation of the municipal solid waste is growing considerably and thereby its disposal is becoming one of major environmental challenges in most urban and semi-urban cities of the South Asian region. It is further complicated in big cities as finding appropriate sites for disposal is not an easy task and the dumped wastes have huge potential of polluting environment, especially drinking water sources and air, and furthermore these waste disposal sites are good sources of emission of greenhouse gases that influence global warming and climate change. The objective of this paper is to present a methodology utilizing green chemistry principles, mathematical modeling and engineering design to reduce the possible contamination to water resources, control the greenhouse gas emissions and generate economic advantages from the municipal solid wastes emanating from urban cities. A detailed survey of wastes is carried out in many cities of South Asia and samples were collected to determine its composition and to develop an understanding of dynamics of waste generation in urban setup, potential emission of greenhouse gases from these wastes, and adverse consequences on environment. A comparative analysis of waste characteristics of developing and developed countries is also presented. An environmental impact assessment of one of the waste disposal site located in Delhi is also presented to show the leachate migration dynamics that help in assessing the potential damages to water resources in terms of water quality deterioration and evolving strategic engineering and non-engineering measures to control groundwater and surface water pollution. The results and findings presented will be useful in better understanding of waste characteristics, its linkages with the environment and society, and in evolving guidelines and strategic measures for the best waste management practices and sustainable development of urban cities. 1. Introduction The municipal solid waste is increasing day by day due to increase in population, urbanization and cosmopolitan lifestyle. The disposal of this waste is becoming a major concern in urban cities due to its potential environmental damages. This issue becomes further complicated in metropolitan cities where the amount of generation of solid waste is considerable and the hydro-geological settings are unfavorable for most sites which are geographically available for disposal. The amount of solid wastes is increasing considerably in developing cities of South Asian region. It necessitates sufficient data generation on the characterization of municipal solid waste for evolving appropriate solid waste management plans for various cities in order to reduce the adverse consequences on the environment. The solid wastes are good source of emissions of greenhouse gases and thereby contribute to global warming and climatic change significantly. The composition and generation rates of solid waste vary from country to country depending on the economic situation, industrial structure, waste management regulations and life style (IPCC 2006). The availability and the quality of data also vary hugely from country to country (IPCC 2006). The impact of urbanization resulting from population growth (UN 2006), lifestyle and livelihood opportunity on the growth of waste generation and greenhouse gas emission is poorly understood.

103

The present study investigates the municipal solid waste characteristics in a number of countries in South Asia and a methodology is presented to examine and assess the potential impacts on the environment in terms of deterioration of water quality, air pollution and global warming so that appropriate engineering and non-engineering strategies can be evolved to control and remediate possible resulting environmental damages. The methodology utilizes the principle of green chemistry, mathematical modeling and engineering design. The cities considered in the study are Chittagong in Bangladesh, Jaffna in Sri Lanka and Delhi in India. The study further presents the results and findings of environmental impact study carried out for a Bhatti mines area located in South Delhi for the construction of a sanitary landfill facility that help in chalking out remediation strategies or plans for protection of groundwater resources and surface water bodies from contamination and controlling the greenhouse gas emissions from the wastes. 2. Waste Characterization for Urban Cities in South Asia The waste samples were collected from a number of cities in South Asia, namely, Chittagong in Bangladesh, Jaffna in Sri Lanka and Delhi in India. Figs. 1-2 show the waste disposal sites in Chittagong and Delhi, respectively. These cities were selected being large cities or districts and undergoing rapid urbanization. With the increase in population by 75% as observed by Chowdhury et al (2010) in comparison with that of year 1995 and urbanization, the rate of waste generation is also increasing, leading to the problem of solid waste management in Chittagong. Though, Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) collects, stores and disposes the wastes, uncontrolled disposal of wastes without maintaining proper system is very common scenario in Chittagong. The waste data reveals that the waste production of Chittagong city is currently 1850 tons per day and the collection of the waste is 1160 tons per day. It indicates that about 37.3% of the daily generated wastes remain uncollected, which are thrown here and there without maintaining any proper system due to lack of awareness and lack of law enforcement system. The waste samples were collected from both waste disposal sites of Chittagong city, namely, Ananda Bazaar and Roufabad. The different types of wastes were segregated and analyzed in the laboratory to determine the composition of municipal solid waste being disposed in Chittagong at these two landfill sites. Fig. 3 shows the composition of wastes from Chittagong. It is evident from this figure that the waste is highly rich in organic being equal to 58%. The recyclable wastes are also significant, plastic being 16% and textile 15%. The absence of metals and paper indicates that rag pickers pick up these wastes and sell in the market to generate some income. This was evident during the site visit and waste sampling. The percentage of inert material is very low at only 10%, which signifies that these sites may have longer life span. The waste data (DOE 2004, Enayetullah and Hashmi 2006, Chowdhury et al. 2010, 2012) for a number of major cities in Bangladesh were studied to understand the dynamics of waste generation and its characteristics. The study reveals that the generation of urban solid waste in Bangladesh is increasing at a rapid rate. To understand the waste generation in the rural households of Jaffna district, a questionnaire survey was carried out using the standard sampling design methodology. A set of questions were structured to interview the people regarding the wastes. The types of waste include organic, plastic, metals, paper, glass, textiles, and inert. Organic waste includes kitchen waste and litter (leaves and wood). While considering paper, the numbers were counted in terms of A4 size paper. Since the generation of organic waste is fast, it was considered on a daily basis, whereas the other categories, namely, plastic, metals and others were considered on a monthly basis and the paper was considered on a weekly basis. Based on the data obtained from the survey, the composition of waste is obtained and is shown in Fig. 4. It is evident from this figure that waste is highly rich in organic content. The waste samples were also collected from the Ghazipur landfill site located in Delhi. The different types of wastes were segregated and analyzed in the laboratory to determine the composition of municipal solid waste being disposed in Delhi at this landfill site. Fig. 5 shows the composition of wastes for this landfill site. It is evident from this figure that the waste is highly rich in organic being 104

equal to 40%. The inert material is also very close to it being equal to 36%. The recyclable wastes are also significant, plastic being 10%, metals and textiles 4%, and glass and paper each 3%. The high percentage of inert material signifies that this landfill site may not have long life span. This site is not a fully engineered landfill site, and thus poses serious concerns on environmental conditions. A typical composition of waste from a developed country, USA is also shown in Fig. 6 to facilitate the comparison of wastes emanating from developed and developing countries. It is evident from these figures that the amounts of various components in waste vary significantly. 3. Groundwater Modeling Framework Groundwater modeling framework to investigate the potential effects on groundwater quality or nearby surface water body due to a sanitary landfill facility involves both groundwater flow and contaminant transport models. Groundwater flow models are used to calculate the rate and direction of movement of groundwater through aquifers and confining units in the subsurface. It provides valuable information related to groundwater balance, well injection or withdrawal effects, flow pattern and changes in aquifer recharge. It begins with conceptual understanding of the physical problem. The next step is to convert the physical system in mathematical equation and then calibrate the model according to the real field condition. Finally it predicts the ground water quality scenario in the study area. These calculations are referred to as simulations. The simulation of groundwater flow or solute transport requires a thorough understanding of the hydro-geologic characteristics of the site and various transport processes that are essential to be considered while developing a mathematical or numerical model. The heterogeneity and anisotropy in aquifer properties as well as other characteristics of geologic systems and anthropogenic activities play key roles in influencing groundwater flow and solute transport. Fig. 7 shows the flow diagram of modeling framework, and describes the steps that are considered in modeling exercise. The modeling exercise should satisfy this flow diagram. The purpose of modeling determines the equation to be solved and what code should be used. Model conceptualization is the process in which data describing field conditions are assembled in a systematic way to describe groundwater flow and contaminant transport processes at a site. The model conceptualization aids in determining the modeling approach and which model software to use. The conceptual model identifies the hydro-geologic unit, system boundaries and boundary condition. Field data are needed to assign the heads, to assign values of aquifer parameters and to identify the hydrologic stress. This ultimately translates to the mathematical model then to the computer code. Model design puts the conceptual model into a form suitable for modeling. This step could involve design of grid, selecting time steps, setting initial and boundary condition and aquifer parameters. The purpose of calibration is to establish that model can reproduce the field measured head and flow. Model verification is accomplished by holding back some data and seeing that if this can be predicted after the model is calibrated 3.1 Groundwater Flow Equation The rate of flow of water through a porous media to the properties of water, the properties of the porous media, and the gradient of the hydraulic head as represented by Darcys law, which can be written as: qi = -Kij h/xj where qi is the specific discharge, LT-1; Kij is the hydraulic conductivity of the porous medium (a second order tensor), LT-1; and h is the hydraulic head, L. The basic governing partial differential equation of groundwater flow may be of following types (McDonald and Harbaugh, 1988; Keshari and Datta, 1996a,b):

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Fig. 1 Waste disposal site in Chittagong

Fig. 2 Waste disposal site in Delhi

Fig. 3 Waste characterization for Chittagong landfills

Fig. 4 Composition of wastes generated in Jaffna district of Sri Lanka

Fig. 5 Composition of waste for the Ghazipur landfill site located in Delhi, India

Fig. 6 Average composition of waste generated in USA

106

Define Purpose Conceptual Model

Field Data

Mathematical Model Numerical Formulation Computer Program Code Selection Code Verified Yes Model Design Field Data No

Comparison With Field Data

Calibration

Verification

Presentation of Results

Fig. 7 Flow diagram for groundwater modeling

xi

h h Tij = S + q pw ( x x w , y y w ) q rw ( x x w , y y w ) t w p w r x j

ll K zz (hs h); i, j = 1, 2 m

where Kxx , K yy , and K zz are values of hydraulic conductivity along the x, y, and z coordinate axes, which are assumed to be parallel to the major axes of hydraulic conductivity (L/T); h is the potentiometric head (L); W is a volumetric flux per unit volume representing sources and/or sinks of water, with W<0.0 for flow out of the ground-water system, and W>0.0 for flow in (T-1); SS is the specific storage of the porous material (L-1); and t is time (T). where Tij = transmissivity tensor h = hydraulic head S = storage coefficient xi and xj = cartesian coordinates t = time ll K zz = vertical hydraulic conductivity of the leaky aquifer hs = hydraulic head in the source bed

107

= thickness of the leaky layer qpw= specific point pumping from the wth pumping well located at (xw, yw) qrw = specific point recharge from the wth recharge well located at (xw, yw) (x-xw, y-yw) = Dirac delta function p = index set of the location of pumping cells within the system r = index set of the location of recharge cells within the system

3.2 Contaminant Transport Equation There are number of additional physical, chemical, and biological processes that may affect the fate of the contaminants emanating from the landfill leachate. The purpose of investigating transport mechanisms is to understand the processes that most strongly influence the migration of dissolved contaminants in saturated flow in granular aquifers. The transport mechanisms are: advection, diffusion and dispersion. The groundwater exploitation, recharge activities and various natural and anthropogenic activities do effect groundwater contaminant transport mechanisms, and thus influence the spatial and temporal distributions of contaminants. For the development of the numerical groundwater quality model, it is essential to precisely understand the processes that most strongly influence the migration of dissolved contaminants in groundwater systems. The generalized governing partial differential equations for contaminant transport modeling for most numerical models include PDEs describing groundwater flow, and solute transport within groundwater systems. The solute transport equation is expressed as (Keshari and Datta 1996a,b, Keshari 1998, Keshari and Datta 2001):

Rd

(bCvi ) (b C ) C = (bDhij ) Rd bC t xi x j xi
n

w p

q pw C

( x xw , y y w ) +

w r

q rw C r K ll (h h)C l ( x x w , y y w ) + zz s n mn

where n = porosity b = saturated thickness of aquifer in m C = concentration of contaminant Cr = concentration of contaminant in recharging water Cl = concentration of contaminant in leaking water Dh= hydrodynamic dispersion tensor Rd = retardation factor = first-order kinetic decay rate vs = average groundwater velocity in i direction 4. Contaminant Migration from Landfill The possible groundwater contamination resulting from a landfill in Bhatti mines area located in the South Delhi was investigated by Keshari (2004) under different scenarios in order to carry out the rapid EIA of Sanitary Landfill Facility (SLF) at the Bhatti mines site area on short and long term basis. The study involves GPS survey, subsurface characterization and numerical modeling of groundwater system to assess the potential environmental impacts of the sanitary landfill facility on the groundwater regime and possible adverse consequences on the hydrological regimes in and around the Bhatti mines area. A number of alternatives and scenarios were generated to characterize 108

different operating and development plans for the landfill facility. Simulation runs were carried out using a mathematical model for these scenarios and alternatives to find out possible implications on groundwater quality and quantity in the region. The spreading of contaminants in groundwater resulting from leachate migration was investigated using GMS which utilizes a contaminant transport model, MT3D developed by USGS in GIS environment. The groundwater flow pattern was obtained using the MODFLOW which is a part of the groundwater flow simulation model in GMS. The contaminant transport model is linked with the groundwater flow simulation model within the GMS framework. GMS is completely graphical based and can display a defined groundwater model in views i.e. plan view or 3D oblique view. Tools are provided for site characterization, model conceptualization, mesh and grid generation, geo-statistics, and output post-processing. Cross-sections and fence diagrams can be created anywhere in the model. Contours, color fringes, electronics and 3D iso-surfaces can be used to display the variation of input data or computed results. Fig. 8 shows the main window of GMS3.1. As can be seen from the window the various sections are; Module, Tools, Mini-Grid Plot, Macros, Edit strip etc. The modular three-dimensional transport model referred to as MT3D was originally developed by Zheng(1990) at S. S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc., and subsequently documented for the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The MT3D is linked with GMS, which is a comprehensive windows based groundwater modeling system package. It is also linked up with MODFLOW, which is a groundwater flow model. A number of other researchers have also developed various other groundwater models to sought solutions of various groundwater quality problems, although they are not too well documented for use by the practicing engineers (Konikow and Bredehoeft 1978, Keshari and Datta 1996a,b, Keshari 2004). The impact on groundwater availability and other surface water bodies were evaluated. The groundwater quality modeling study was carried out with the help of GIS and GMS groundwater modeling software. The GPS survey was carried out to create DEM of the site and the chemical composition and characteristics of leachate emanating from landfill were obtained by conducting field and laboratory tests on samples collected from similar waste disposal sites in the city. The groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for knowing the water chemistry of the groundwater in the study area. Results were analyzed to assess the potential impact quantitatively on groundwater quality as well as availability for the identified alternatives and scenarios. The leachate migration study was carried out for a number of time steps at a number of grids to predict the potential environmental impacts during the operation and post-closure status of landfills. Fig. 9 shows the Bhatti mines area where the SLF was assumed to be made. The weathered quartzite rocks are clearly visible all along the pits. Fig. 10 shows the spatial distribution of chloride obtained from the modeling that can result when some pits in the Bhatti mines area are used as the SLF. The plume dynamics and the spatial variation of TDS after 10 years are shown in Fig. 11. The study reveals that plumes are growing in size with time, but they are not advancing very fast. It shows that plume is migrating towards Delhi and Haryana sides also, and has potential to damage groundwater quality significantly in long term, around 20 years. The study reveals that the different regions are susceptible to groundwater pollution under different scenarios and this influences fresh groundwater availability significantly in some regions. The inhabitant areas prone to be severely affected by groundwater contamination because of leachate migration are identified. The environmental protection plans are evolved in order to cause minimum damage to the environment and in full compliance with the rules and regulatory requirements of the concerned statutory authorities for management and handling of municipal solid waste. 5. Environmental Remediation Strategies The study reveals that the solid waste disposal at the Chittagong landfill sites is in a very bad condition as these two dumping sites are non-engineered landfill facilities and wastes disposed openly 109

on the land pose serious environmental problems including groundwater contamination, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and health hazards. This non-scientific, unplanned and unhygienic way of waste disposal may lead to serious environmental and health problems with dangerous and long lasting consequences. The EIA study of Bhatti mines in Delhi reveals that there are no other major streams, rivers or lakes, so surface water implications are comparatively much lesser as compared to groundwater implications. The groundwater flow directions get divided along the ridge lines, and both sides Haryana and Delhi regions are susceptible to groundwater pollution emanating from the landfill leachate when identified pits are utilized as sanitary landfill site. Groundwater modeling study reveals that plumes are growing in size with time and are having more dispersion towards the Haryana side in case of one alternative, whereas dispersion is more towards Delhi side in the direction of Chhattarpur area for other alternative. Some inhabitant areas such as Sanjay Nagar, Balbir Nagar and Indira Nagar are having more chances of groundwater contamination because of the leachate migration. Plumes are not advancing very fast, and may take more than 20 years in contaminating major areas of groundwater in South Delhi and adjoining areas of Haryana. After this period, plumes are expected to spread in multiplicative way to aggravate the contamination problem. It is desirable to make an engineered landfill sites utilizing geosynthetic materials and clay liners. The leachate drainage and storm water drainage systems are required to be made to reduce the amount of leachate generation and migration to groundwater and surface water bodies. The grouting of sides of the pits are also required to check the migration of contaminants through side walls during rainy periods as the natural side walls are weathered quartzite rocks. To overcome from the emission of greenhouse gases, engineering system for gas collection and generation of energy can be made. The nitrification and biodegradation processes will be significant at the waste disposal sites, and hence these processes need to be simulated and quantified to effectively manage the waste, control the environmental damages and make use of waste products in an advantageous manner for environmental sustainability. This necessitates systematized monitoring of water, soil and air quality, and improved understanding of the linkages of soil, water and air chemistry with the physical, chemical and biological processes taking place at the waste disposal sites in the prevailing climatic, hydrologic and hydrogeological conditions. The remediation strategies can be chalked out keeping in view of potential impacts of disposed wastes to land, water and air environments and the technological solutions available to reduce and stop environmental pollution to the ecosystem of the area.

Fig. 8 Main window of GMS

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Fig. 9 Bhatti mines area where SLF was proposed to be made

Fig. 10 Spatial distribution of chloride in groundwater resulting from a landfill in Bhatti mines area, Delhi after 1815 days

Fig. 11 TDS variation in groundwater resulting from a landfill in Bhatti mines area, Delhi after 3650 days

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6. Conclusions The generation of the municipal solid waste is growing at a rapid rate in many urban cities of South Asia, and thereby the waste management is becoming one of major environmental challenges in most urban cities of the South Asian region. The solid wastes are good source of emissions of greenhouse gases and thereby may contribute to global warming and climatic change significantly. The composition and generation rates of solid waste vary from country to country and place to place depending on the economic situation, industrial structure, waste management regulations and life style. The data on waste generation, its composition and understanding the linkages among the solid waste generation, the emission of greenhouse gases, potential environmental damages and the society are very limited in most South Asian countries. The impact of urbanization resulting from population growth, lifestyle and livelihood opportunity on the growth of waste generation and greenhouse gas emission is poorly understood. The resulting environmental problem may become acute in metropolitan cities where the amount of generation of solid waste is considerable and the hydrogeological settings of available sites are unfavorable. It is observed that the wastes generating in the urban cities of South Asia are rich in organic content and thus have more potential for gas emissions. The landfill gas emission can be tapped for energy generation and thereby arresting greenhouse emissions. Groundwater modeling is becoming indispensable tool to understand the fate and transport of contaminants emanating from landfill and to evolve strategic engineering and non-engineering measures for environmental remediation. The numerical model must include appropriate partial differential equations governing flow and transport processes, initial and boundary conditions and the appropriate numerical scheme for solution. The dominant transport mechanisms must be included in contaminant transport modeling and the model calibration and validation is an essential part of the modeling framework for the applicability of the model. The nitrification and biodegradation processes are significant at the waste disposal sites, and hence these processes need to be simulated and quantified to effectively manage the waste, control the environmental damages and make use of waste products in an advantageous manner for environmental sustainability. The non-scientific, unplanned and unhygienic way of waste disposal may lead to serious environmental and health problems with dangerous and long lasting consequences. The study would be helpful in better understanding of waste characteristics, its linkages with the environment and society, and in evolving guidelines and strategic measures for the best waste management practices and sustainable development of urban cities in the South Asia. Acknowledgments The author is thankful to Arthee Chowdhury, Tanusri Sarker, Sadeka Tasmin, Zishrat Hasan, Usitha Sivapragasam, Sinthuka Vivekananthan and Narender Singh for their help in carrying out this study. References Chowdhury, R.B., Sujauddin, M., and Chakraborty, P. (2010) A Glance at the World: Current municipal solid waste disposal and recycling practices in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Waste Management, 30, 1149-1152. Chowdhury, R.B., Sujauddin, M., Chakraborty, P., and Alam, M.S. (2012) Current status of municipal solid waste management system in Chittagong, Bangladesh. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, (in Press). DOE (2004) Waste Concern. In: Proc. SAARC Workshop on Solid Waste Management, Department of Environment, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Enayetullah, I. and Hashmi, Q. S. I. (2006) Community based solid management through privatepublic-community partnerships: Experience of waste concern in Bangladesh. In: Proc. Asia 3R Conference, Tokyo, Japan. 112

IPCC (2006) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Keshari, A.K. (1998) Finite difference simulation of aquifer systems. In: Proc. QIP Short Term Course on Groundwater Assessment and Modeling (Ed. A.K. Keshari), July 3-17, 1998, Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Delhi, 100-114. Keshari, A.K. (2004) Mathematical Modelling of Groundwater Impact of Proposed Sanitary Landfill Sites at Bhatti Mines, Delhi, A Report for Consulting Engineering Services; A rapid EIA project study for Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Dept. of Civil Engg., Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. Keshari, A.K. and Datta B. (1996a) Integrated optimal management of ground-water pollution and withdrawal. Ground Water, V. 34, No. 1, 104-113. Keshari, A.K. and Datta, B. (1996b) Multiobjective management of a contaminated aquifer for agricultural use. Water Resources Management, V. 10, No. 5, 373-395. Keshari, A.K. and Datta, B. (2001) a combined use of direct search algorithms and exterior penalty function method for groundwater pollution management. J. Porous Media, 4(3), 259-270. Konikow, L.F. and Bredehoeft, J.D. (1978) Computer model of two-dimensional solute transport and dispersion in groundwater. USGS Tech. Water Resources Invest. 7. McDonald, M.G. and Harbaugh, A.W. (1988) A Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow Model. USGS, Reston, Virginia. UN (2006) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP200. Zheng, C. 1989.PATH3DA ground water path and travel-time simulator, version 2.0 users manual. S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc. 50pp.

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An Alternative Promoter for Recombinant Protein Expression: Characterization of a Snake Venom Promoter which Contributes Extremely high Level of Expression
Md. Abu Reza
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh Email: rezaru@gmail.com

Abstract: Recombinant protein technology is widely used for the large scale production of proteins possessing therapeutic potential. So far, more than 30 recombinant proteins with an actual market volume of U.S. $ 5060 billion are in the drug market and about more than 300 are in the developmental pipeline worldwide. However, the optimization of a particular expression system is a challenging feat and is therefore a formidable block in the expression of therapeutic proteins. Usually, viral promoters is used in the expression vector. However, there is a growing concern regarding the safety for the use of viral promoters. Therefore, scientists are currently in search of safer alternative promoter to use in expression system. Recently, we have isolated a snake venom prothrombin activator gene with 1500-4200 times more expression efficiency compared to its liver homologue. Our real time PCR analysis also confirms this. Therefore to, decipher the underlying mechanism for the elevated expression we determined the complete gene sequence of both the genes including their promoter region. In spite of a very high level of sequence identity the venom prothrombin activator gene promoter has a 264-bp insertion with core promoter sequences and cis-elements that are known to induce high level expression. Using reporter-promoter study we confirmed that this insertion is responsible for elevated level of expression of trocarin-D. We named this inserted core promoter element as VERSE (Venom Recruitment/Switch Element). We patented the sequence and currently effective optimization of VERSE is on progress for high level recombinant protein expression in mammalian expression system.

In Vitro Regeneration for Mass Propagation in Commercial Scale of Medicinal Plant Ocimum Sanctum l
Md. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal1, A.N.M. Rubaiyath-Bin Rahman1 Dipak Kumar Paul2 and Md. Rezuanul Islam1
1 2

Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh Email: mostofajamal_btg@yahoo.com

Abstract: Although medicinal plants constitute one of the most important natural wealth of Bangladesh, many of them become threatened for habitat destruction. So, it is necessary to focus on the importance of adopting micropropagation technique for mass propagation of the plantlets in commercial scale as well as conservation and distribution of germplasm. The present investigation has been designed with a view to establishing protocol of in vitro regeneration of medicinal plant species i, e., Ocimum sanctum L Shoot tips and nodal segments were used for multiple shoot induction of medicinal plant. For micropropagation all explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. HgCl2 was used as surface sterilizing agent. For in vitro rooting, individual shoots (3-4 cm) were cut from the proliferated shoot cultures and implanted on half and full strength of MS with different concentrations and combinations of NAA and IAA. The cultures were incubated for 16 h photoperiod at 25 2OC under a fluorescent light. 114

Visual observation of culture was made every week. Data on shoot induction and proliferation and root induction were recorded after three weeks of inoculation and used for calculation. For each treatment 15 explants were used and all the treatments were repeated thrice. Data were analyzed. The healthy plantlets were taken out from the culture tubes, washed to make free from agar gel with running tap water and transplanted to plastic pots containing soil, sand and compost (1:1:1) for hardening. Established plantlets were transplanted in earthen pots under natural conditions and the survival rate was recorded.The most effective surface sterilization treatment has been found 0.1 % HgCl2 for 7 minutes. Highest number of shoot was observed in MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.5 mg/l NAA it was observed that nodal segments are more responsive for micropropagation than shoot tips. It was rooted well in full MS containing 1.0 mg/l NAA. The survival rate was 85 % and propagated plantlets were successfully acclimatized in soil. Key words: Ocimum sanctum L, Medicinal plant, Shoot induction, Micropropagation, Regeneration

Isolation and Identification of Seed-borne and Seed Associated Fungi of Country Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] in Northern Region of Bangladesh
S. K. Biswas1, A. K. Roy2, R. Islam1, N. Alam2, S. P. Chowdhury3 and S. Alam3
1

Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh. 2 Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh 3 Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh Email mostofajamal_btg@yahoo.com

Abstract: Seed-borne and seed associated fungi are one of the factors of substantial damages of the bean genotypes in Bangladesh. Monitoring of diseases and testing of seed qualities are essential for farmers to adopt appropriate measures to prevent the yield losses. This study was conducted to isolate and identified the seed- borne and seed associated fungi of eleven genotypes of country bean that were collected from different districts of northern region in Bangladesh. The blotter method and agar plate method were applied to grow and isolate the fungi. From the selected seed samples, seven types of fungal isolates were isolated and identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics. The most predominant fungi species was Aspergillus spp. (30.70%) followed by Fusarium sp. (20.61%) and Rhizopus sp. (16.67%).Comparatively less frequent fungi were Penicillium sp. (10.53%), Curvularia sp. (8.33%), Alternaria sp.(7.02%), and Colletotrichum sp.(6.14%). Key words: Country bean, seed-borne fungi, seed associated fungi.

In vitro Clonal Propagation of Vitex negundo L. An Important Native Medicinal Plant.

Safia Iqbal1, Md. Rezaul Karim1, A.N.K. Mamun2, Md. Rezuanul Islam1, M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal1, A.K.M Nazmul Huda1
1

Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 2 Institute of Food and Radiation biology, Atomic Energy Commission, Bangladesh Email: nazimrajbd@yahoo.com

Abstract: The medical plants constitute one of the most important natural wealth but many of them have become threatened for habitat destruction. So, it is necessary to focus on the importance of 115

adopting micro propagation technique for mass propagation of the plantlets in commercial scale as well as conservation and distribution of germplasm. The present investigation has been designed with a view to establishing protocol of in vitro regeneration of a traditional medicinal plant species i.e. Vitex nigundo L. Shoot tips and nodal segmentation were used for multiple shoot induction of this medicinal plants. For micropropagation all explants were all explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. The most effective surface sterilization treatment for explants of Vitex nigundo has been found 0.1% HgCl2 for 8 minutes. Multiple shoot formation was observed from both shoot tips and nodal segments for the studied plants. Multiple shoots were obtained from shoot tips and nodal segment in all treatments. In Vitex nigundo, maximum number of shoot was observed in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP. Regenerated shoots of Vitex nigundo rooted well in half MS containing 1.0 mg/L IBA. Propagated plantlets were successfully acclimatized in soil, where they grew normally without showing any morphological abnormalities.

Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene BSM1 (A>G) and Fok1 (C>T) Polymorphism in the Pathogenesis of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in a Bangladeshi Subjects
M.K. Islam1, A. Siddika2, M. Das2, I. Khan2, M. S. Akhter1, M. Billah1, Z. Hassan2 and L. Ali2
1

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9205, Bangladesh 2 Biomedical Research Group (BMRG), BIRDEM, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Email: k.islam _bge@yahoo.com, mzhassan@dab-bd.org

Abstract: The pathophysiology of prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance) still to be clearly understood. The present study was undertaken to determine genotype of VDR gene Bsm1 (A>G) and Fok1 (C>T) polymorphic allele in a group of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) subjects of Bangladeshi origin and investigate its association with insulin sensitivity and cell secretory capacity. A total number of 51 IGT subjects were recruited in the study and 33 healthy subjects served as controls. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed and IGT was diagnosed following WHO Guidelines. Glucose was measured by glucose-oxidase, triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol by enzymatic colorimetric method. Insulin was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and insulin secretory capacity as judged by (HOMA%B) and sensitivity (HOMA%S) were determined using HOMA-Sigma Software. DNA was isolated using QIAGEN Blood DNA Kit which utilizes silica gel DNA separation. VDR gene variants Bsm1 (A>G) and Fok1(C>T) were analyzed by PCR-RFLP using Bsm1 and Fok1 restriction enzyme respectively. Data were managed using Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS). Unpaired Students-t test and Chi-squared tests were performed where appropriate. Serum insulin level (meanSD) was significantly higher in the IGT group (p=0.001) compared to the controls. Determination of HOMA%S revealed significantly lower insulin sensitivity (p=0.003) compared to the controls. The genotypes frequencies of Bsm1 (A>G) polymorphic allele in the Controls were 0.333, 0.455, 0.212 (for wild, heterozygous and homozygous variant respectively) and IGT 0.275, 0.471, 0.255 respectively which did not show any significant association (p=0.820). The genotypes frequencies of Fok1 (C>T) polymorphic allele in the Controls were 0.545, 0.364, 0.091 (for wild, heterozygous and homozygous variant respectively) and in IGT were 0.471, 0.471, 0.059 respectively which did not show any significant association (p=0.069). Subject with wild and variant alleles of the two candidate 116

markers did not show significant difference regarding fasting and 2-hour glucose and insulinemic status in both IGT and control subjects. The data suggested that i) VDR gene Bsm1 (A>G) and Fok1 (C>T) polymorphic alleles are not associated with IGT of Bangladeshi origin; ii) The polymorphic marker alleles did not have effect on fasting and two hour blood glucose and insulinemic status of the IGT and Controls; iii) The study reconfirmed that insulin sensitivity is predominantly present in the IGT subjects of Bangladeshi origin.

Inhibitory Activity in Flower Extracts of Nymphaea nouchali Against Selected Bacteria

Biplab Kumar Dash, Md. Ziaur Rahman, Md. Khasrul Alam
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh. Email: biplab_btge@yahoo.com, manik.bge@gmail.com, zia_btge@yahoo.com

Abstract: Nymphaea nouchali is an important and well-known medicinal plant, widely used in the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicines for the treatment of diabetes, inflammation, liver disorders, urinary disorders, menorrhagia, blenorrhagia, menstruation problem, as an aphrodisiac and as a bitter tonic. An experiment was carried out to study the antibacterial activity of methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and petroleum sprit extracts of Nymphaea nouchali flower by agar well diffusion assay. The tested bacterial strains were Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Xanthomonas campestris, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Zone of inhibition produced by different extracts against the selected strains was measured and compared with standard antibiotics. The present study demonstrated that the methanol extract of Nymphaea nouchali flower has even higher antibacterial activity (average 15-30 mm zone of inhibition) than commercial antibiotics and acetone extract (average 7.5-17 mm zone of inhibition) whereas ethyl acetate showed no activity against both B. subtilis and S. lutea and petroleum sprit extract against X. campestris. The minimum inhibitory concentration of methanol and acetone extracts ranged between 128- 4096 gml-1 for tested microorganisms. The results suggest that different extract of Nymphaea nouchali flower revealed a significant scope to develop a novel broad spectrum of antibacterial herbal formulation.

Study on in vitro Propagation of Stevia rebaudiana from Shoot Tips and Nodal Explants
F. K. Saikot, K. J. Ferdouse and M. F. Hasan
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh E-mail: faruk_geb@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Present investigation was conducted with a view to set up a suitable protocol for micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bert.. In this investigation, nodal segments and shoot tips from field grown mature plants were used as experimental materials. For surface sterilization of explants, 0.1% HgCl2 solution for 5 minutes was found to be the most effective. Explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinin for multiple shoot induction, callus induction and plant regeneration. In case of shoot tip, MS medium consisting of 2.0 mg/l BAP+ 2.0 mg/l NAA gave the best result for multiple shoot induction as well as elongation. Greenish friable calli were observed from nodal segments on MS 117

medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP+ 0.1 mg/l IBA. Shoot was regenerated from the callus when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l+ 0.5 mg/l Kn. For rooting, MS medium consisting of 0.5 mg/l NAA was found to be the most effective formulation.

Determination of LD50 of Naja naja Snake Venom and its Effects on Liver and Cardiac Tissues of Mice
Md. Abdul Hakim and MA Reza
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh Email: hakeem.geb.ru@gmail.com

Abstract: Snake bite particularly in the rural Bangladesh is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. According to BBC news published on Sunday, 9 August 2009 nearly 700,000 people are bitten each year by poisonous snakes, and that 6,000 people die from the bites. However, this area of health problem has not given enough emphasis. Still now, for snake bite treatment we depend on imported polyvalent antivenom. However, the venom composition even of the same snake species may vary significantly based on their distribution. Therefore, the snake venom raised in foreign country may not be effective. Therefore, we are carrying out a project to profile and characterize the venom of Naja naja which causes the most frequent snake bite incidence in Bangladesh. As a part of that project we determined the Lethal Dose 50% (LD 50) of Naja naja snake venom in Swiss albino mice using the protocol reported earlier. Eight animals were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with eight different doses of lyophilized venom (mg /kg) and their mortality time and symptoms of envenomation was recorded. Injected mouse showed symptoms of acute neurotoxicity (hind leg limping and breathing difficulties) immediately after envenomation. The data recorded were subjected to regression analysis and LD50 was calculated. The LD 50 was found to be 0.3233mg /kg body weight which is comparable to the existing data. The amount of LD50 determined was injected in mice and the effect of venom on liver and cardiac tissues were also studied using microtomy. Profound histological changes were observed in these tissues while comparing with that of control mice. Further studies on characterization of the venom are in progress.

Determination of Acetylator Gene Common Variants in Bangladeshi Urinary Bladder Cancer Patients
S Ahasan1, M Rahmatullah1, Z Hassan2, I Khan2
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science University of Development Alternative (UODA), Dhaka, Bangladesh 2 Department of Physiology and Molecular Biology, BMRG,BIRDEM, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email:usagene@yahoo.com, mzhassan@dab-bd.org
1

Abstract: N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), one of the two isoenzymes in human, is involved in the activation of various therapeutic agents and environmental agent with carcinogenomic potentials. NAT2 both fast and slow genotypes have been suggested to associated different carcinomas. The present study was undertaken to determine NAT2 gene polymorphic markers in bladder cancer patients of Bangladesh. Total number of 24 newly diagnosed urinary bladder cancer patients were recruited from different hospitals of Dhaka on the basis of availability. Healthy subjects (n=90) served as controls were collected through personal contact. Random blood sample was collected in EDTA tube, processed and serum and aliquot of blood were preserved at -20oC for further laboratory works. Blood glucose was measured by glucose-oxidase method. DNA was extracted using Silica-gel column. Candidate gene markers were analyzed by PCR-RFLP method. Data were expressed as 118

meanSD, number and proportion. Comparison between group was made by unpaired Students t test, Chi-square test, odds ratio as appropriate. Data were managed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) for Windows version 10. The study subjects were nondiabetic. Candidate marker (481T>C, 590G>A and 857G>A) genotype frequencies of the NAT2 gene did not show significant difference between the bladder cancer patients and the controls. Fast and slow acetylator genotype did not show statistical difference between two groups (p=0.115). Odds ratio for the slow genotype as a risk for bladder cancer was 2.0828 (95% CI; 0.827-5.244). It was calculated that NAT2 slow acetylator genotype was not so far associated with urinary bladder cancer patients in Bangladesh.

Reverse Vaccinology: Promise of the Vaccines of New Era

F.M. Nazmul Hassan, Khondokar Moazzem Hossain
Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna- 9208, Bangladesh Email: nazmul_ku14@yahoo.com

Abstract: Vaccines have been developed for generating effective immunogenicity to prevent diseases throughout the previous decades. Through advances in biotechnology and understanding of the inductive and effector components of immune response have ushered in a golden age of vaccine development and implementation. Most modern system for vaccine development is reverse vaccinology which can take the advantage of the availability of genome sequences of the pathogens. We can develop vaccines through computational system mainly assisted with bioinformatics tools in a genome to antigen fashion which can overcome many limitations of the conventional vaccinology. It not only deals with the identification of all antigens but also the discovery and designing of novel antigens that work on a totally different paradigm. We can develop vaccine within 1-2 years using reverse vaccinology whereas it is required 10-12 years through conventional way. As it is a cost effective, less time consuming and more efficient process, the proper introduction of reverse vaccinology can bring about a great revolution in pharmaceutical sector of Bangladesh. Keywords: vaccine, immunogenicity, reverses vaccinology, genome sequence, novel antigen.

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Session VII Green Pharmacy

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Keynote Speech
Better late than never
Prof A B M Faruk
Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka Email: dean.pharmacy@yahoo.com

Pharmaceuticals are an indispensable part of our modern times, allowing for a high quality of life and an increased life expectancy. The last few years have shown that pharmaceuticals leave an partly unchanged impact on the environment after their use. As they are barely incompletely eliminated by sewage treatment, they are still found in relevant concentrations in the aquatic environment and drinking water. Human-toxicologically seen, the concentrations give no reason for concern, however, they are nevertheless a serious environmental problem. Furthermore, we know that the pharmaceutical production is connected with a high consumption of energy and resources and with the emergence of relatively large volumes of waste. All in all it appears that the production and use of pharmaceuticals can involve significant environmental impacts. Therefore it is only logical to pursue the question of how pharmacy and pharmaceutical industry can be more sustainable. Which sustainable strategies can prevent the entry of pharmaceutical residues in environment and drinking water? How can we reduce resource consumption and waste in their production process? Is the concept of Sustainable Chemistry transferable to the pharmacy? How to reduce the entry of unused pharmaceuticals in the environment? What incentive options do we have to create a more sustainable pharmaceutical industry? In order to find answers, a holistic approach is needed, identifying the environmental relief potential along the entire life cycle of pharmaceuticals. The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment was first reported in the 1970s, but it wasnt until the advent of better analytical instruments that the topic began to gain more and more interest among scientists. It has attracted increased interest among the general public since the 1990s, when people began to become concerned about the presence of pharmaceuticals in their drinking water. Since then, pharmaceuticals in the environment have continued to be a hot bed of interest. A broader view is now emerging covering the whole life-cycle of pharmaceuticals, the bodies responsible and people that decide on design, synthesis, manufacturing and use, as well as the introduction of pharmaceuticals into the environment: Green and sustainable pharmacy. This concept forms the background to this speech. On the one hand, there are ongoing discussions about the different life stages of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and many publications on the subject have already appeared, research is in fact still in its infancy. On the other hand, the topic is complex, and activities focus on different scientific fields such as synthetic and medicinal chemistry, environmental hygiene, ethics, etc. Some issues are mainly being dealt with by industry (e.g. waste minimization), while others are part of a wide public discussion (genetically modified and patented organisms, the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment). Some concerns have already lead to technological attempts to eliminate pharmaceutical residues in municipal waste water. It is therefore felt that there was an urgent need to bring together the different groups of people involved, in order to connect the various issues raised and combine the many lines of discussion pursued in order to create a platform from which to move things forward in the interest of a more sustainable future. These few thoughts may illustrate the challenges that green and sustainable pharmacy presents. This approach by itself endeavours to stimulate and encourage further discussion on green and sustainable pharmacy. 121

The approach leads to five major parts: The first deals with general aspects such as pharmaceuticals in the environment, the links to green and sustainable chemistry, more general aspects of sustainable pharmacy and the possible role of pharmaceutical companies are to be addressed. The second part discusses the development, synthesis and production of pharmaceuticals. The third part addresses the use and disposal of pharmaceuticals. The focus here is on the role of patients, doctors and pharmacists in contributing to green and sustainable pharmacy by proper use of the pharmaceuticals. A classical topic is addressed in the fourth part, i.e. emission management, for which knowledge of the role of different sources such as hospitals and the general public is indispensable. A synopsis of effluent management strategies, i.e. effluent treatment, training and education as well as benign by design will be discussed. In the fifth and last part, obstacles and incentives on the path to greener and more sustainable pharmacy are addressed. These span from legislative regulations and issues of patent life time to the possible role of banks and investors

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Pharmacological and toxicological studies of Patrangasav

Arpita Goswami1, Mirza Asif Ali1, Mohammad Jashim Uddin2 Rubaiyat-E-Tasneem Islam3, Nima Akhter1 and M. S. K. Choudhuri1
1Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2Department of Pharmacy, Jessore Science and Technology University, Ambottala, Jessore, Bangladesh. 3Department of Pharmacy. North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Pharmacological study of Patrangasav (PTR) an Ayurvedic OTC preparation popularly used in leucorrhoea and pain in the uterus was carried out utilizing small laboratory animals. In the Open field test, PTR exerted a decrease in total movement in comparison to that of the control group in the initial hours of 30-120 min followed by an increase at 240 min. PTR at low doses exerted all throughout decrease and at higher dose exerted all throughout increase in ambulation in the center region. PTR exerted all throughout decrease in standing up behavior and also in emotional defecation with an exception at 240 min. In the Hole board test, PTR (5ml/kg) treated mice exerted all throughout decrease in ambulatory activity. PTR [10m1/kg, 20 ml/kg] exerted a decrease in ambulatory activity in comparison to that of the control group at the initial time of 30 min, whereas at 60,120 and 240 min there was an increase in the ambulatory activity. PTR at 5 ml/kg showed an overall increase in head dipping at all the time intervals; whereas at 10 ml/kg, overall a slight decrease in head dipping was noticed at all throughout the time period. PTR treated mice at a dose of 5 ml/kg exerted a decrease in emotional defecation at the initial time period of 30 and 60 min, whereas at 120 and 240 min there was an increase in the emotional defecation. PTR at a dose of 10 ml/kg exerted a decrease in emotional defecation in comparison to that of the control group in 30, 60 and120 min. PTR at the highest dose level of 20 ml/kg exerted an all throughout decrease in emotional defecation. In the Elevated plus maze, probable anxiolytic activity was noticed at 10 and 20 ml/kg dose only at a period of 2 hr. PTR at all doses and all throughout the experimental period show an increase in locomotor activity. PTR affect co-ordination as detected in the Rotarod performance all throughout the experimental period (30 - 240 min). PTR decrease the gastric emptying. In the Metabolic study no significant change was noted in food intake, defecation, water content of stool, water intake and urination. In the castor oil induced antidiarrhoeal study, PTR causes a statistically significant increase in the latent period (p=0.029).

Preclinical Blood Chemistry safety Profile Studies of Guduchyadi Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Tanmoy Sana, M. Mafruhi Sattar, Md. Mostafa Kamal, Md Afaz Uddin Tahmina Akter and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Guduchyadi Louha (GCD) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of gout in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of GCD, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 51 days chronic administration of the GCD preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the male rats there was increase in the Total protein (5.564 % incr.), the Albumin (27.862 % incr.) and decrease in the Globulin (20.701 % decr.) content in the plasma. A statistically insignificant increase in the Total protein (5.564%) (p=0.340) content in plasma was noted. The increase in the Albumin (p=0.007) was 123

highly significantly different from their corresponding control values and the Globulin (p=0.071) content though not significantly different from their corresponding control values, yet it was noticeable. The (53.239%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.017). In the male rats after chronic administration of GCD the total cholesterol level was 269.63 % (p=0.001) increased in male rats group which was statistically very highly significant and only 4.901% increase of HDL level was noticed which was not statistically significant (p=0.657). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (392.855% incr) was statistically significant (p=0.019). After chronic administration of Guducyadi Lauha (GCD) to the male rats a negligible decrease of bilirubin level (2.273% decr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which obviously was not statistically significant (p=0.969). There was a negligible decrease in the plasma creatinine (5.357%) in the GCD treated male rats, and this decrease was not significant (p=0.700). Also a statistically insignificant decrease in the urea (4.986%) content in plasma was noted (p=0.726). A decrease in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (5.842%) in plasma was noted which was not statistically significant (p=0.812). GCD caused 29.861% increase in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.570).

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Barunadya Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Zaki Uddin Ahmed, Motahar Hossain Chowdhury, Md Wadud Hossain Siddiquee Sufia Khatun, Mithun Kumar Pramanic and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Barunadya Louha (BNL) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of urolithiasis in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of BNL, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 51 days chronic administration of the BNL preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was decreased (28.676 %) in the BNL treated male rats. The decrease in total protein was statistically highly significant (p=0.002). Interestingly, though the albumin content was not significantly (p=0.483) increased (7.362 %), yet the globulin content was very highly significantly (p=0.001) decreased (62.191 %) in BNL treated male rats. The (170.489%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.031). In the male rats after chronic administration of BNL the total cholesterol level was 136.667 % (p=0.022) increased in male rats group which was statistically significant and only 4.096% increase of HDL level was noticed which was not statistically significant (p=0.812). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (256.147% incr) was statistically significant (p=0.034). After chronic administration of BNL to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (67.046% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.414). There was an increase in the creatinine (17.578% incr.) content in plasma in the BNL treated male rats which was not statistically significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.078). On the contrary, a decrease of urea level (36.134% decr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group, the decrease was statistically significant (p=0.026). A decrease in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (44.815%) in plasma was noted which was not statistically significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.080). BNL caused 15.451% increase in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.689).

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Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Basanta Kusumakar Ras (Madhumeha) after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley rats
Kamrun Nahar, Palash Chandra Malo, Fanniha Islam, Ferdousi Akter Md Asikur Rahman and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Basanta Kusumakar Ras (Madhumeha) (BKR), an Ayurvedic preparation is used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of urinary diseases in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of BKR, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 30 days chronic administration of the BKR preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was decreased (4.197 % decr.) (p=0.361) in the BKR treated male rats. Interestingly, the albumin content was increased (3.154 % incr.) (p=0.565) and the globulin content was decreased (13.986 % decr.) (p=0.276) in BKR treated male rats. The Albumin / Globulin ratio was increased (4.096% incr.) (p=0.800). None of the increase or decrease noted in the parameters was statistically significantly different from their corresponding control value. In the male rats there was all throughout increase in the triglyceride level (3.569 % incr.), total cholesterol (23.219 % incr.), VLDL (3.569 % incr.) and LDL (42.528 % incr.). The only exception was a decrease in HDL (46.544 % decr.) content in the plasma. After chronic administration of BKR the triglyceride level was 3.569 % (p=0.727) increased in male rats group which was not statistically significant. In this investigation statistically significant (23.219 % incr.) (p=0.008) increase of plasma total cholesterol level in the BKR treated male rats was observed in comparison to control group. Also an increase in the VLDL and LDL content in the plasma was noted. Statistically insignificant increase was observed in case of VLDL (3.569% incr.) (p=0.727) and very highly significant increase was observed in case of LDL (42.528% incr.) (p=0.001) from their corresponding control, whereas 46.544% decrease of HDL level was noticed which was statistically significant (p=0.012). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (168.782 % incr) was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) and the increase in LDL/HDL ratio (187.144 % incr.) was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) too. After chronic administration of BKR to the male rats a statistically highly significant (p=0.002) increase of bilirubin level (165.237% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group. There was a statistically significant increase in the creatinine (37.154% incr.) (p=0.011) content in plasma in the BKR treated male rats. BKR caused 40.897% increase in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.463).

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Brihat Agnikumar Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Md. Mahmudur Rahman, Asma Kabir, M Salahuddin Bhuiyan, Salma Ahmed Masnun Ali and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Brihat Agnikumar Ras (BAG) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of indigestion in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of BAG, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 51 days chronic administration of the BAG preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the male rats, the total protein content in the plasma was increased (7.493 %) in the BAG treated male rats. The

125

increase in total protein though not significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.088). Interestingly, the albumin content was statistically insignificantly (p=0.141) increased (14.657 %) and the globulin content was insignificantly (p=0.281) decreased (11.373 %) in BAG treated male rats. The (21.239%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio though were not significantly different from their corresponding control value (p=0.235). In the male rats there was prominent increase in the total cholesterol (247.5 % incr.) and a decrease in HDL (35.835 % decr.) content in the plasma. After chronic administration of BAG in this investigation statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) increase (247.5 % incr.) of plasma total cholesterol level was observed in comparison to control. Statistically highly significant decrease was observed in case of HDL (35.835% decr.) (p=0.008). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (356.171% incr) was statistically significant (p=0.034). After chronic administration of BAG to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (14.015% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.793). There was a decrease in the plasma urea (10.922%) in the BAG treated male rats, and this decrease was not significant (p=0.436). BAG caused 9.862% increase in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.825).

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Jakridari Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Mantasha Tabussum, Tasmina Rahman, Alok Kumar Paul, Nishat Afrose Marjana Khalil, and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Jakridari Louha (JDL) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of splenomegaly in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of JDL, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 43 days chronic administration of the JDL preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was decreased (9.12 %) in the JDL treated male rats. The decrease in total protein though not significant yet the decrease was noticeable (p=0.109). Interestingly, the albumin content was very highly significantly (p=0.001) decreased (33.355 %) and the globulin content was insignificantly (p=0.270) increased (13.886 %) in JDL treated male rats. The (34.934%) decrease in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.035). In the male rats there was all throughout decrease in the triglyceride level (14.406 % decr.), total cholesterol (18.588 % decr.), VLDL (42.381 % decr.) and LDL (89.299 % decr.). The only exception was an increase in HDL (72.215 % incr.) content in the plasma. After chronic administration of JDL the triglyceride level was 14.406 % (p=0.390) decreased in male rats group which was not statistically significant. In this investigation also statistically though not significant yet noticeable (p=0.071) decrease of plasma total cholesterol level (18.588 % decr.) in the JDL treated male rats was observed in comparison to control. Also a decrease in the VLDL and LDL content in the plasma was noted. Highly significant decrease were observed in case of VLDL (42.381% incr.) (p=0.009) and highly significant decrease were observed in case of LDL (89.299% incr.) (p=0.008) from their corresponding control, whereas 72.215 % increase of HDL level was noticed which was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001). The negligible decrease in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (39.651 % decr) was not statistically significantly different (p=0.164) from their corresponding control, whereas the decrease in LDL/HDL ratio (88.727 % decr) though not statistically significant , yet it was noticeable (p=0.082). After chronic administration of Jakridari Lauha (JDL) to the male rats a decrease of bilirubin level (12.308% decr.) in the plasma was noted

126

in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.760). There was an increase in the plasma creatinine (14.286%) in the JDL treated male rats, and this increase was not significant (p=0.171). On the contrary, a significant increase in the urea (22.152%) content in plasma was noted (p=0.021). A statistically insignificant increase in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (14.206%) in plasma was noted (p=0.252).

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Swaskas Chintamoni after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Sumon Kanti Chowdhury, Tamanna Rahaman, Md. Mamun Shikdar Mst. Sharmin Akter, Mustari Hossain and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: Swaskas Chintamoni (SKC), an Ayurvedic preparation is used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of asthma in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of SKC, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 30 days chronic administration of the SKC preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the male rats there was increase in the Total protein (8.236 % incr.), the Albumin (5.274 % incr.) and the Globulin (13.319 % incr.) content in the plasma. None of the increase in the Total protein (p=0.122), in the Albumin (p=0.556) and the Globulin (p=0.408) content were significantly different from their corresponding control values. The negligible (0.955% incr.) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was obviously not significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.968). In the male rats there was all throughout increase in the triglyceride level (17.423 % incr.), total cholesterol (34.763 % incr.), VLDL (17.423 % incr.) and LDL (53.587 % incr.). The only exception was a decrease in HDL (60.651 % decr.) content in the plasma. After chronic administration of SKC the triglyceride level was 17.423 % increased in male rats group which though not statistically significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.066). In this investigation statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) increase of plasma total cholesterol level in the SKC treated male rats was observed in comparison to control. Also an increase in the VLDL and LDL content in the plasma was noted. Statistically insignificant yet noticeable increase was observed in case of VLDL (17.423% incr.) (p=0.066) and very highly significant increase were observed in case of LDL (53.587% incr.) (p=0.001) from their corresponding control, whereas 60.651% decrease of HDL level was noticed which was statistically highly significant (p=0.003). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (248.902 % incr) was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) and the increase in LDL/HDL ratio (310.722 % incr.) was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001). After chronic administration of Shvaskas Chintamoni (SKC) to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (72.340% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.144). There was a statistically significant increase in the creatinine (30.459% incr.) (p=0.015) content in plasma in the SKC treated male rats. SKC caused 5.431% decrease in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.788).

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Poster Presentations

128

BMPP 01

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaves of Saurauia roxburghii

Yunus Ahmed1*, Parul Akther2, Shahab Uddin Ahmed3, Faridul Islam4 and Shakila Rahman 5
Department of Chemistry, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET) Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh. 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4341, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh 4 Drugs and toxins Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR),Chittagong-4220, Bangladesh. 5 Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email:yunus_acct@yahoo.com
1

Abstract: Four triterpenoids and two steroids are isolated from the crude extracts of Saurauia roxburghii (Family: Actinidiaceae). 3-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid1,2, 2,3-dihydroxyolea-12-en28-oic acid and 3-hydroxy-olea-12-en (-amyrin)2 are isolated from chloroform extract as well as 3-hydroxy-olea-12-en-28-oic acid1,2, Stigmasterol3 and -sitosterol3 are isolated from n-hexane extract. The crude ethanol extract exhibited significant and n-Hexane, ethyl-acetate chloroform, extracts exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against most of the test organisms. The column fraction H-13 of the crude extract of n-Hexane and the column fractions C-15 and C-19 of the crude extract of chloroform showed poor to mild activity against most of the test organisms. 3-hydroxyolea-12-en-28-oic acid,3-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28- oic acid, -amyrin and Stigmasterol showed moderate activity against most of the test organisms. Key words: Saurauia roxburghii, Actinidiaceae, triterpenoid, steroid and antimicrobial activity.

BMPP 02

An Attempt to Virotype Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine Samples
Md. Julkernine Julfiker, Azizur Rahman, Md. Shariful Islam, Bishwajit Roy Sirajul Islam Khan, Anowara Begum and Humaira Akhter*
Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000 E mail: julfikermbiology@gmail.com, humaira@univdhaka.edu

The study was undertaken to determine whether uropathogenic Escherichia coli were able to carry diarrhea causing virulence genes. A total of 40 urine samples were collected were collected from patients with urinary tract infections, of the National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology (NIKDU) Bangladesh, between March 2010 and June 2011. Fourteen strains were found to carry different sized plasmids. Twenty two of these strains of E. coli did not reveal any plasmid but still showed resistance to several drugs like ampicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin. For these isolates, drug

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resistance properties may be related to chromosome-mediated mechanisms e.g. drug efflux pumps, lactamases enzyme etc. Molecular typing by Multiplex PCR method on diarrhea causing virulent genes revealed that only one single isolate carried the estA gene that corresponds to Enterotoxigenic E. coli. This study suggests a possible association of drug resistant pattern other than plasmid which is alarming to public health. Furthermore, it was observed that multidrug resistant uropathogens may not be classified to virotypes since these strains may not be carrying the suspected virulent genes.

BMPP 03

Isolation and Characterization of Vibrio fluvialis Strains Isolated from River Water
Md. Mamunul Karim, Chowdhury Rafiqul Ahsan
Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka Email: karimmamunul@gmail.com

Abstract: Vibrio fluvialis is a salt tolerant pathogen which causes gastroenteritis in humans depending on the seasonal variation. Normally, it inhabits in marine and estuarine environments. However, the occurrence of this halophilic organism in fresh water has also been reported in Bangladesh. It is probably related to tidal drift of the organism from the upper reaches of rivers or to its introduction by ambulatory cases or carriers. A total of six isolates were collected from the sediment of the Meghna River, which is very close to the capital city, Dhaka. This present study was carried out to determine the presence or absence of cholera toxin, cytotoxin, toxR, tdh and trh gene. All the strains were negative for cholera toxin when the culture filtrates were tested against anticholera toxin by agarose gel double immunodiffusion technique. However, culture filtrates prepared from all isolates were found to lyse the Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, indicating the cytotoxic activity of the culture filtrates. On the other hand, all the strains were found negative for all virulent genes. This study indicated the presence of V. fluvialis in the environment sources which might have toxigenic properties. V. fluvialis ranks very high as a human health hazard amongst bacterial pathogens as well as a contaminant in foods and food products and causes impairment in both fresh water and marine environments. The prime challenge in preventing the spread of this pathogen is poverty, which goes with poor sanitization, which has always been a bane of developing nations. So, this is need for proper surveillance of water, food and sanitation facilities to eradicate V. fluvialis malaise. Key words: Cytotoxin, toxR, tdh, trh gene, Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells

130

BTPP 01

Anti-bacterial Evaluation and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Analysis of Nerium oleander Against Bacterial Pathogens
M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal*, Md. Ziaur Rahman Md. Samsul Alam, Md. Azizul Islam
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh Email: mostofajamal_btg@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this present study, it is tried to find out the antimicrobial effect and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Nerium oleander against Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae with commercially , available antibiotic discs . Powered leaves were prepared and used for extraction with various solvents, viz, The petroleum ether, and chloroform extract of the Oleander. All the solvent extracts were evaporated to dryness in air. Using the disc diffusion metho, the bacterial growth were inhibited, Among the solvent extracts tested, Petroleum ether extract inhibited the growth of all the tested bacteria having various degrees of inhibition zones. Highest inhibitory activity was observed against Escherichia coli (1.9cm ) and minimum inhibitory concentration was observed 2g/ml also against Escherichia coli. Both result were observed in case of petroleum ether extract. Nerium oleander showed inhibitory zone 1.8 cm,1.4 cm and 1.5cm of petroleum ether extract against Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea and Klebsiella Pneumoniae .And also inhibition zone of 1.2 cm, 1.6 cm, 1.8 cm, 1.5 cm of chloroform extract was observed against Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae respectively . On the basis of this experimental result, it can be concluded that Petroleum ether extract of Nerium oleander could be considered for further isolation and evaluation as therapeutic antimicrobial agent. Key words : Medicinal plants , antibacterial activity , Nerium oleander, MIC .

BTPP 02

Antibacterial Activity of Stem Extract of Cissus Quadrangularis Against some Infectious and Industrial Waste Watered Bacteria
Monokesh Kumer Sen*, Kanis Fatema and Hossain Md. Faruquee
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh. E-mail: monokeshsen@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cissus quadrangularis a perennial climber widely used in traditional medicinal systems of Bangladesh has been reported to posses bone fracture healing, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antihemorrhoidal and analgesic activities. The stem extract of Cissus quadrangularis with five solvents (Petroleum sprit , methanol , ethyl acetate , dichloromethane and aquous extract) were tested for antibacterial activities against some infectious microorganisms i.e. Sarcina lutea, Xanthomonas campestris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and some industrial (Tannery , Tobacco , Sugar mill) waste watered bacteria by disc diffusion method. Among the five extracts ethyl acetate showed maximum antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas campestris and industrial waste watered bacteria. Methanol and aqueous extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas campestris and industrial watered bacteria. Petroleum sprit and dichloromethane were ineffective against all of the tested bacteria. Key Words: Cissus quadrangularis , Antibacterial and Infectious bacteria.

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BTPP 03

Detection and Analysis of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): A Bioinformatics Approach

Papia Jahan, Abdullah-Al-Emran
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail. Email: papia.jahan@yahoo.com, emran_geb@yahoo.com

Abstract: Horizontal gene transfer is of great scientist interest as the transferred genes perform many medically important functions, such as conferring antibiotic resistance, improved detection of horizontally transferred genes from sequence data would be an important advance. Horizontal gene transfer means the direct transfer of genetic materials from species to unrelated genetic materials and genetic engineering involves designing artificial constructs to cross between species and unveiled genomes. In the human genome project horizontal gene transfer becomes a promising area due to a huge amount data is produced which needs a high-throughput sequencing techniques. This review describes different programs: BLAST and DaliLite, SplitsTree, NeighborNet, T-RE X (Tree and Reticulogram Reconstruction) for MS Windows and RHOM (Research of homogenous regions in DNA sequences) for Linux, which help to graphical display of estimated sequence positions for the candidates in horizontal gene transfer techniques. BLAST and DaliLite is a program, which helps to measure of protein sequence and structural similarities among different COGS protein in horizontal gene transfer.T-REX is complete and partial horizontal gene transfer detection and validation method, which provides a phylogenetic tree between the donor and species from the gene, and species distance matrices. T-Rex is a user-friendly graphical interface program, which draws a reticulation network that can be useful for depicting morphological or genetic similarities among the host and receptors but RHOM is graphically designed to estimate a more realistic model of DNA sequence composition, which can be used in horizontal gene transfer to statistically calculate the significance of word counting.

BTPP 04

Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene G>T and T>C Polymorphisms in the Pathogenesis of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in a Subjects of Bangladeshi Origin
M. Shahabuddin1, A. Siddika2, M. Das2, I. Khan2, M. S. Akhter1, M. Billah1 Z. Hassan2 and L. Ali2
1

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9205, Bangladesh 2 Biomedical Research Group (BMRG), BIRDEM, Dhaka, Bangladesh Email: mzhassan@dab-bd.org, sabu_bge11@yahoo.com

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms have been found implicated with impaired pancreatic B cell secretion and glucose intolerance. The present study was undertaken to determine genotype of VDR gene Apa1 (G>T) and Taq1 (T>C) polymorphism of a group of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) subjects of Bangladeshi origin and investigate its association with its insulin sensitivity and cell secretory capacity. A total number of 54 IGT subjects were recruited in the study 132

and 68 healthy subjects served as control. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed and IGT was diagnosed following WHO Guidelines. Glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were measured by following standard laboratory methods. Insulin was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and insulin secretory capacity (HOMA%B) and sensitivity (HOMA%S) were determined using HOMA-Sigma Software. DNA was isolated using QIAGEN Blood DNA Kit which utilizes silica gel DNA separation. VDR gene variants [G>T and T>C] were analyzed by PCR-RFLP using restriction enzymes Apa1 and Taq1 respectively. Data were managed using Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows version 10. Unpaired Students-t test and Chi-squared tests were performed where appropriate. Circulatory insulin level was found to be higher (p<0.001) and reflected in their lower insulin sensitivity (as judged by HOMA%S) level (p=0.003). The G>T genotypes frequencies in the control and IGT were 0.176, 0.618, 0.206 (wild, heterozygous variants and homozygous variants respectively) and 0.185, 0.537, 0.278 respectively. The T>C genotypes frequencies were in the control were 0.500, 0.456, 0.044 (wild, heterozygous variants and homozygous variants respectively) and IGT 0.444, 0.426, 0.130 respectively. Genotypes frequencies of G>T and T>C polymorphisms did not show significant association with IGT (p=0.606 and 0.230 respectively). Wild and Variant genotypes of the two marker allele did not show significant difference regarding glucose level (fasting and 2 hour postprandial) and insulinemic status (absolute insulin, HOMA%B and HOMA%S) either in Controls or IGT subjects. It was concluded that i) VDR gene Apa1 (G>T) and Taq1 (T>C) polymorphic alleles are not associated with IGT of Bangladeshi origin; (ii) The polymorphic marker alleles did not have any effect on fasting and two hour blood glucose and insulinemic status of the IGT and Controls; and (iii) The data reconfirmed that lower insulin sensitivity is predominantly present in the IGT subjects of Bangladeshi origin.

BTPP 05

Growth and Yield Performance of Onion as Affected by Different Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Md. Mahfuz Al Masud, Dr. Md. Kawser Ali
Department of Crop science & Technology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205 E-mail: mmamasudbd@gmail.com

Onion is an important spice crop in Bangladesh. But due to lack of modern technological facilities its production level is not in a satisfactory stage. Besides these, most of the farmers of our country use fertilizers according to their thinking pattern. They do not know the optimum dose of fertilizers specially nitrogen and phosphorus for increasing growth and yield of onion. They use fertilizers injudiciously without maintaining proper dose of nitrogen and phosphorus. The onion production can be increased mainly in two ways, one by extending the land area under cultivation which is nearly impossible in aspect of Bangladesh and the other by increasing the productivity of the crop. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of onions at varying levels. The experiment is being conducted at crop science field, Department of Crop Science and Technology, University of Rajshahi, during the years of 2011-2012. The experiment has been laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The research work is still going on. It is strongly expected that the successful completion of this work must contribute to proper productive knowledge of farmer communities in our country in terms of optimal doses of nitrogen and phosphorus for increasing growth and yield of onion.

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BTPP 06

In vitro Regeneration of Helianthus annuus

Mahmuda Yeasmin, Deepika dey, Md. Azizul Islam, Saidul Islam Md. Nazmuzzaman,M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal*
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh Email: mostofajamal_btg@yahoo.com

Abstract: Many crops in Bangladesh have their medicinal value and economical value. Helianthus annuus is such type of crops. It is necessary to focus on the importance of adopting micro propagation technique for mass propagation of the plantlets in commercial scale as well as conservation and distribution of germplasm. The present investigation has been designed with a view to establishing protocol of invitro regeneration of Helianthus annuus shoot tips and nodal segments were used for multiple shoot induction of medicinal plants. For micro propagation all explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. The most effective surface sterilization treatment for explants of Helianthus annuus has been found 0.1% HgCl2 for 7 minutes. Multiple shoot formation was observed from both shoot tips and nodal segments for the studied plants. In Helianthus annuus maximum number of shoot from shoot tip per culture was recorded in MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP and the highest number of shoot from nodal segment was observed in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.5 mg/ml NAA. From the overall experiment, it was observed that nodal segments are more responsive for micro propagation than shoot tips for Helianthus annuus. Regenerated shoots of Helianthus annuus were rooted most effectively in full MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA.

BTPP 07

In vitro Plant Regeneration from Nodal Explants of Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia L.)
K. J. Ferdouse, F. K. Saikot, M. E. Haque, B. Sikdar and M. F. Hasan
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh E-mail: faruk_geb@yahoo.com

The present investigation was carried out to establish a suitable protocol for callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) from nodal segments of in vitro grown plants. The highest percentage (96.66%) of callus was achieved from nodal segment on MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/l BAP+0.50 mg/l NAA within two weeks of inoculation. The callus produced highest percentage of shoot (90.00%) when it was cultured on MS medium supplemented with 5.00 mg/l BAP +2.00 mg/l Kn within 10 days of culture. In vitro grown microshoots were rooted on MS medium with 0.5 mg/l NAA after 15 days of culture. In vitro grown plantlets with well root system were successfully established in natural condition through successive phages of acclimatization. The survival rate of plantlets was found to be 96.66% in the natural condition.

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BTPP 08

Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Stem and Root Extracts
M. F. Hasan and B. Sikdar
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi6205, Bangladesh E-mail: faruk_geb@yahoo.com

The present research work was conducted at Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi during June 2009 to July 2011. Antimicrobial activity of Coccinia grandis plant was studied. Stem and root were used as plant material which was extracted in petroleum ether and methanol solvent. In the present investigation, antimicrobial screening of plant extracts was performed by disc diffusion method against some pathogenic bacteria (both gram-positive and gram-negative) and fungi. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution technique to determine antibacterial potency. From the experiments, stem and root extract showed significant antibacterial activities. On the other hand, stem and root extracts showed less strong antifungal activities. The results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the plant extracts possessed strong antimicrobial activities that can be selected for folk medicine against some pathogenic microbial diseases.

BTPP 09

In vitro Clonal Propagation of Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) through Axillary Bud Explant
Md. Abdur Rauf Sarkar1, Md. Enamul Haque2, Biswanath Sikdar2
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore-7408, Bangladesh 2 Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
1

An efficient regeneration method via axillary bud has been develop for Jatropha curcas, which is a promising plant for biofuel production and as well as a medicinal. This was achieved of MS medium with BAP, IBA and GA3. Adventitious buds were directly induced from the axillary bud explants under the condition with the combinations of BA 0.5-2.0 mg/L, IBA 0.1-0.3 mg/L and GA3 0.2-0.5 mg/l within three to four weeks of inoculation. Of which BA 2.0 mg/L, IBA 0.1 mg/L and GA3 0.3 mg/L induced the highest regeneration frequency. On an average, within a period of three subcultures, shoot regeneration from callus required the different combinations of BA 0.1-2.0 mg/L, NAA 0.1-0.3 mg/L, IBA 0.1-0.5 mg/L and GA3 0.1-0.5 mg/L. The most suitable combination was BA 2.0 mg/L, NAA 0.1 mg/L and GA3 0.3 mg/l. Plants were rooted on strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (1.0-3.0 mg/L). The highest frequency of root induction was on the medium with 1.5 mg/L IBA. The in vitro raised plantlets were acclimatized in green house and successfully transplanted to the nursery. The mechanisms of present experiment would be highly efficient direct plant regeneration, callus induction and indirect plant regeneration methods were established for J. curcas using appropriate explants. These methods have the potential to facilitate the genetic modification and subsequent in vitro multiplication of J. curcas cultivars for various uses. Key words: Jatropha curcas, biofuel, axillary bud, in vitro, regeneration, acclimatization

135

BTPP 10

Molecular Characterization of Bacillus SPP. by 16S RDNA Sequence and their Sensitivity Towards Different Extracts and Essential oil of Cumin (Cuminun cyminum L.)
M Yousof Ali1, M Mizanur Rahman1, Atiqur Rahman2, Marina Basaglia3 and Sergio Cassella3
1

Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Islamic University, Kushtia- 7003, Bangladesh 3 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Padova, Agripolis Viale dellUniversit 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy Email: mmrahman79@hotmail.com

The effectiveness of a medicinal plant Cuminum cyminum L. for controlling the growth and survival of some microorganisms isolated from soil samples was determined and 16S rDNA sequence analysis was used to identify these soil bacteria. The bacteria identified were Paenibacillus sp. L32, Paenibacillus sp. BF38, Bacillus megaterium, Terribacillus sp. 3LF, Bacillus simplex and Bacillus cereus. The chemical compositions of the oil were analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty-seven compounds representing 92.61% of the total oil was identified. Oxygenated monoterpens and scsquiterpen hydrocarbons were the predominant portions of the oil. The essential oil and organic extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity against different soil isolated bacteria. The essential oil exhibited a considerable inhibitory effect against the Bacillus spp. The zones of inhibition of essential oil of organic solvent against the tested bacteria were found in the range of (14.4 to 20.2 mm). Various organic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. also revealed a good antibacterial activity against all bacteria. At a concentration of 500 g/disc, ethanol extract showed the highest activity against Bacillus megaterium with inhibition zone of 22.90.4 mm and MIC value of 500g/ml Chloroform, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts also showed moderate activity (zone of inhibition 21.80.3, 22.20.3 and 20.80.5 mm, respectively) and MIC (500, 125 and 500 g/ml, respectively ).The antibacterial activity was compared with commercial antibiotics such as amoxicillin and erythromycin. In most of the cases, the essential oil and organic extractsexhibited similar or higher antibacterial activity than standard drug erythromycin. The results of this study suggest that the essential oil and organic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. can be a source of natural antimicrobial agents with potential applications in pharmaceutical industries to control pathogenic bacteria causing severe illness in humans.

BTPP 11

Systems Biology Study of Cell Wall Integrity in Saccharomyes Cerevisae

Md. Fahmid Islam, Sheikh Md. Enayetul Babar*
Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh Email: babarku@yahoo.com

Systems biology is the most modern mean for the biotechnological progression in regards of sustainable development. It views life or living systems as an integrated and interacting network of genes, proteins and biochemical reactions. The introduction of this new science is more than a

136

necessity for the research community of biological arena in Bangladesh. From such an urge, we are primarily focusing on the mechanism of yeast cell wall remodeling against different changing environmental conditions like stress, nutrition, etc. MAPK signaling pathway that transmits signals from outer cell surface to the nucleus has known to be one of the major players in such process. The role of MAPK cascade in cell wall reconstruction is essential to maintain the dynamic structure of the cell wall of yeast with response to extracellular signals. This understanding will help us to decipher the mechanism of antibiotic resistance to develop novel drug target against fungal pathogen and for commercial biopolymer production from fungal cell wall through metabolic engineering. Keywords: systems biology, cell wall remodeling, MAPK, yeast, drug, metabolic engineering

EGTPP 01

Renewable Energy Scenario of Bangladesh: Barriers for Sustainability of the Alternative Energy Technologies
Md. Nazmul Islam1, Md. Mahfuz-Al-Mamun2
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology Eastern University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2 Dept. of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Technology Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh Email: mnislamee@gmail.com, mmamamunbd@gmail.com
1

Bangladesh is now facing a great energy crisis and passing a critical moment that has hit out the heart of her gradual development depicting a great challenge for this 21st century after the population and poverty problems. It has been shown that more than fifty percent citizens of Bangladesh live without electricity, and the grid expansion rate to connect rural areas is threatened by the looming capacity shortage heightened by the continuing depletion of fossil fuels which accentuates the need for deployment of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, now more than ever before. Though the hydrocarbon resources in the country are limited, the substantial availability of renewable energy sources in the form of solar, biomass, hydropower, wind energy and marine power offers opportunities of sustainable energy based development which have motivated the government of The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh and different non-government organizations (NGOs) to work towards the dissemination of renewable energy based technologies throughout the country. All the latest information regarding renewable energy and associated energy storage systems as well as possible impediments against these technologies have been gathered from surveys over different governmental and private sectors including NGOs working with solar home systems (SHSs), wind power generation, biomass and biogas energy and hydro energy presenting a comprehensive study of the contemporary renewable energy scenario in Bangladesh in terms of distribution, research and infrastructural development in the country. Among the hindrances lying behind sustainability of alternative energy technologies include financial and funding barriers, policy and information barriers, barriers towards expert human resource, technical and market barriers. The research works concludes that Bangladesh holds the potentiality to meet cost-effectively a significant fraction of its future electricity demand through the use of renewable generation technologies, possibly adding as much renewable capacity as the current overall electric power capacity of the country and, now, the time has come to essentially develop a strong policy framework that will not only address all the barriers mentioned but also introduce a new chapter in the sectors of renewable energy technologies.

137

EGTPP 02

Design and Implementation of Microcontroller Based Digital Soil pH Meter

M. A. A Mashud1*, M. H. Uddin2 and Md. Serajul Islam3
Department of Applied Physics, Electronics and Communication Engineering Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh 2 Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia Bangladesh 3 Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Gono Bishwabidyalay Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail: ms.mashud@yahoo.com
1

Abstract: A Microcontroller based advanced technique was implemented to design a digital soil pH meter for measuring the value of pH (acidity or alkalinity) of soil or any kind of solution. Depending on the pH value of a solution microcontroller gave the output value. A microcontroller PIC16F876 has been used to control the function of the developed system. A C language program has been developed to control the function of microcontroller using PCWH Compiler. The output of the microcontroller is displayed as a pH value ranges from 00.00 to 14.00 by the four seven segment display. The system is divided into six parts: the low voltage power supply, sensor circuit, buffer amplifier, summing amplifier, microcontroller unit and display circuit. Low voltage power supply produces 5 volts for the buffer amplifier circuit, summing amplifier and microcontroller. A LM336 is used to produce 2.5V. The signal from pH electrode goes to the buffer amplifier circuit. The amplified signal is the input of the summing amplifier, which goes to the microcontroller. The output of the microcontroller operates the display circuit. The block diagram of the developed system is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Block diagram of the designed system

Figure2: Flow chart of the developed program

Figure 3: Comparative study of developed system and available pH meter

The software has been developed for controlling the whole system. The software is divided into different sub routines and main routines. The compiler PCWH is used to develop the software [1]. The flow chart of the program is depicted in Figure 2. The microcontroller based digital soil pH meter was successfully designed and developed, as its performance was strong. The result of pH is compared with the actual result. The model of the laboratory pH meter is PHM83, with an accuracy of +/-0.1%. Figure 3 provides a graphic representation of the comparison between the designed system and the laboratory pH meter. The graph illustrates that the developed system has sound stability and accuracy. The results showed that the designed system can be used for measuring pH [2, 3].

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The price of electronic equipments has fallen significantly in recent times, though the cost of equipment in Bangladesh remains expensive. However due to the rapid development of micro electronics, all the designed component and instruments are available at a lower price. The device is reliable in operation and it costs approximately U$100 for fabrication, whereas the price of a similar instrument in the international market is no less than U$500. Moreover, the comparison of the features of the presently used system shows that the developed system is a better choice in terms of cost, portability and design. Therefore, the opportunity to use the designed instruments will be open to many users, particularly in developing countries.

EGTPP 03

Preparation of Biodiesel from Non-Edible oil by Three-step Method

Kaniz Ferdous1*, Md. Rahim Uddin1, Rehnuma Islam1, M. Rakib Uddin1 Maksudur R. Khan1, 2, M. A. Islam1
1

Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh. 2 Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Email: engr_kaniz@yahoo.com, rahimuddin.cep@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, three-step method for biodiesel preparation from Bakul Oil (Mimusops Elengi) was studied. Bakul Oil (BO) was collected from the local source of sylhet city. The properties of BO were measured by standard methods. The raw oil contains 11.1 wt% free fatty acid (FFA) and its viscosity was 76.62 mm2/s. Biodiesel was prepared from BO by three-step method where, the first step was saponification followed by acidification to produce FFA and finally esterification of FFA to produce biodiesel. In three-step method, reagent grade NaOH was used for saponification, to minimize the production cost reagent grade NaOH was replaced by commercial grade CaO that was collected from local market of Sylhet city. Saponification of BO was done by aqueous calcium oxide (CaO) solution, acidification was done by hydrochloric acid and esterification was done by methanol in presence of acid catalyst. In the saponification reaction, various reaction parameters such as oil to CaO molar ratio and reaction time were optimized and the optimum condition was: oil to CaO molar ratio was 1:3, time was 1.0 h and temperature was 100 oC. Produced soap was acidify with excess molar ratio of HCl and the molar ratio of soap to HCl was 1:2.5, temperature was 70 oC under reflux with stirring until soap was completely dissolved. In the esterification reaction, produced FFA was reacted with stoichiometric amount of methanol in presence of acid catalyst. The reaction parameters such as FFA to methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, effect of silica gel and reaction temperature were optimized. The optimum parameters were FFA to methanol 1:6, catalyst concentration 5wt% of FFA, time was 2.0 h and temperature was 60 oC. To reduce the biodiesel production cost, all of the reagents used were commercial grade except catalyst. The biodiesel yield by three step method was about 80%. At optimum conditions the FFA was reduced to 1.1 wt% and prolonged reaction time could not reduce the FFA to the desired level. In order to eliminate the problem, the esterification reaction was carried out in presence of silica gel. It was found that the presence of silica gel increased the rate of reaction and the final FFA content is also reduced to 0.70 wt%. The biodiesel properties such as FFA, viscosity, specific gravity, cetane index, pour point, flash point etc. were measured by standard methods and compared with the standard biodiesel and petrodiesel properties. Key words: Calcium oxide, Saponification, Acidification, Esterification, Biodiesel. 139

EGTPP 04

A Nobel Potentiometric Biosensor for the Detection of Neurotransmitters

Md. Zaved Hossain Khan2, Tetsuya Osaka1
2

Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Dept. of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jessore Sci. & Tech. University, Jessore. Email: zaved.khan@yahoo.com

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine; MT) have been intensively investigated over past years with regard to its several interesting biological properties. Measurement of 5-HT, MT, and their metabolites/precursors such as 5-hydroxy-ltryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is an important strategy commonly used in studying neurophysiological or pathophysiological conditions. Previously we reported that successive treatment of ITO electrode with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and disuccinimidylsuberate (DSS) is useful for potentiometric sensing of molecule containing indole ring [1,2, 3]. Since 5-HT, MT, and their precursors/metabolites have indole ring in its structure, the use of DSS-treated ITO electrode is a promising approach to potentiometric measurement of these biomolecules.

Figure 1: Dependence of the potential response of monolayer-modified ITO electrodes to 5-HT, 5HTP, 5-HIAA, and MT, respectively against various concentrations in PBS (pH 7.4). The linear curves represent a logarithmic concentration ranging between 1 nM and 100 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.995 [4]. Keywords: Biosensor; neurotransmitters; ITO electrode.

140

ENVPP 01

Ecosan: An Environment Friendly Technology to Sanitation in Rural Bangladesh

Shuvo Ramo Saha*1, Khondoker Mahbub Hassan2, Md. Monzur Hossain3
1

M.Sc Engineering Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh 2 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh 3 M.Sc Engineering Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Email: khmhassan@yahoo.com, monzurce@gmail.com, srsahace@gmail.com

The main objective of sanitation which defines the principles and practices relating to the collection, treatment or disposal of human excreta, household wastewater and refuse as they impact on human being and environment is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of diseases. In order to be sustainable as an environment friendly, a sanitation system has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable and technically/institutionally appropriate, but also should protect the environment and natural resources (Langergraber and Weissenbacher, 2010). The benefits of ecological sanitation are well-known: it does not need water to function; it protects the environment; and allows the nutrients in human feces and urine to be returned to the soil as fertilizer (Winblad and Simpson-Hbert, 2004). This study aims at being the environment friendly of Ecosan toilets in rural Bangladesh with regards to protect the water pollution in surrounding water sources. In the South Banshbaria village, Keshabpur of Jessore district, 61families are using Ecosan toilets instead of pit latrines. Number of village people who used to defecate in open space has been drastically reduced from 46% to 12%. Launching of Ecosan toilets also induced public awareness through controlling surface water and/or groundwater pollution surrounding the toilets. About 90%, 60% and 50% of shallow tube-wells surrounding the Ecosan toilet with pit latrines are free from fecal, E.coli and total coliforms respectively. On the other hand, 100% pond water is contaminated by pathogenic organisms. Maximum level of SO42-, PO43-and NO3in tube-well water is 2mg/l, 5mg/l and 6mg/l respectively which are below Bangladesh standard for drinking purpose. Alternatively, maximum level of SO42-, PO43-and NO3- in tube-well water is 26mg/l, 1.64mg/l and 0.9mg/l respectively which are below Bangladesh standard. Thus, the Ecosan toilet would be an environment friendly and sustainable sanitation technique in the context of rural Bangladesh. Keywords: Environment friendly, Sustainable sanitation, Ecosan toilet

ENVPP 02

Green Chemistry for Groundwater Quality Enhancement: A Proposal

Kumar Fagun Mallick, Quazi Hamidul Bari, Jewel Kumar Golder, Md. Selim Reza
Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh E-mail: rezaselim30@yahoo.com, jewelgolder@yahoo.com, qhbari@yahoo.com, fagunce_04@yahoo.com

Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, encourages the products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. In this project, a water purification process with green chemistry was proposed and then the performance of this system was tested for a certain monitoring period.

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Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Bangladesh. About 97% of the total rural population uses the tubewell for drinking purpose. But, unfortunately, in recent years, high level of arsenic in groundwater of shallow aquifers has been found in many districts of Bangladesh (Bari et. al, 2005). Also iron, color, turbidity concentrations are found to be higher than the allowable limit. The proposed filter system consists of ceramic filter, iron net, iron oxidizing bacteria, reactor, stand, bucket etc. The ceramic filter was made of locally available materials like clay soil, rice bran and water. The contaminated groundwater was treated through this filter system. The average arsenic removal efficiency was found around 74%. Also average iron, color and turbidity removal efficiency was around 100%, 97% and 89%, respectively. The chemistry of the removal mechanism was very simple. The removal was occurred by the oxidation of iron and the subsequent adsorption of arsenic, iron, colored materials and turbid materials on produced iron hydroxides. The full system is very cheap and the operation and maintenance of this filter system is very simple. This green chemistry technology can be a solution for water quality enhancement in rural Bangladesh.

ENVPP 03

Non-Chemical Treatment of Wastewater

Jewel Kumar Golder, Quazi Hamidul Bari, Kumar Fagun Mallick, Md. Selim Reza
Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh E-mail: jewelgolder@yahoo.com, qhbari@yahoo.com, fagunce_04@yahoo.com, rezaselim30@yahoo.com

With the increasing industrialization, urbanization and the diversification of lifestyles the demand for water is increasing (Kim and Cho 1993). As wastewater treatment through chemical process is very costly, a low cost and simple type ceramic membrane was innovated for non-chemical treatment of wastewater in this study. For making the Ceramic Membrane Reactor, cheap, easily and locally available materials like clay soil, rice bran etc. were used. From laboratory test it was found that the average DO in influent wastewater was 3.47 mg/l. The average effluent DO by all Reactors was 5.44 mg/l. the average pH value in influent was 7.97 and the pH of all Reactors was stable within the range of 7-8. As can be seen from the laboratory test the Turbidity Removal efficiency of all Reactors was 95.34% and about 88.45% Color removal was achieved by the system. The average value of SS in influent and effluent were 1011.34 mg/l and 27.92 mg/l respectively. The average SS removal efficiency was 95.25% by all Reactors which demonstrates that the removal of SS was very efficient by Ceramic Filter. Through the study it was found that the average COD of influent and effluent water were 572.91 mg/l and 77.22 mg/l respectively. About 81.55% COD removal was achieved by Ceramic Membrane Filter. BOD concentration of raw wastewater used during the operation period was 5.33 mg/l but average effluent BOD was about 0.96 mg/l which means that about 82% of BOD removal was achieved by Ceramic Filter. Overall, it can be concluded that the Ceramic Filter has great potential in removing biodegrading organic pollutants from wastewater. The average Iron removal efficiency of all Reactors was 92.69%. The run time of Ceramic Filter was 242 days. The quality of effluent water was excellent as the effluent water was clear colored and odor- free. It was found that high removal efficiency of organic content was obtained that could be made it suitable for wastewater reuse.

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ENVPP 04

A Comparative Study on Electro Coagulation and Chemical Coagulation Process for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater
Md. Milon Hossain1 , Md. Iqbal Mahmud2 and Md. Shohan Parvez3
M.Sc. Student, Department of Textile Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh. 2 Department of Textile Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh 3 Production Planner, Colombia Apparels Limited, M&J Group, Red Crescent Concord Tower 17, Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212. Email: milon_te@yahoo.com
1

Abstract: In this paper, treatment of textile wastewater by the electro coagulation (EC) process being investigated and its result has compared with the chemical coagulation (CC) process. The objective of this experiment is to observe the efficiency of the EC process in removing various effluent parameters and finally make a comparison with the CC process. In this experiment iron electrode is used in the EC process and some good result is obtained. EC process shows more effective result for treating textile wastewater compared to CC process. Finally, a comparative study is shown that, the EC process is faster and more economic, consumed less material and produced less sludge and pH of the medium is more stabilized as compared to CC for percentage removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solid (TDS) from textile wastewater. Key words: Electro coagulation, Chemical coagulation, Textile wastewater, Wastewater treatment.

ENVPP 05

Effect of Salinity-Heavy Metal Interaction as Evaluated by Maize (Zea mays) Plant Analysis
Md. Sanaul Islam, Md Zaber Hosain, Md. Bappy Shahrier Khandoker Qudrata Kibria and Anisur Rahman
Soil Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh E-mail: msislamku@gmail.com, kakon123@gmail.com

As heavy metal pollution and saline water irrigation are increasing in the dry areas especially in developing countries, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity on growth and heavy metal uptake by maize (Zia mays) plant. Polluted soils from city waste dumping site of Khulna metropolitan city had been used to carry out the experiment. Fresh water (T1), NaCl (T2) and NaCl+CaCl2 (T3) solutions were use to irrigate the pots for developing salinity. The results of studies show that T2 and T3 treatments decreased the growth of maize plant (plant height, straw weight and root weight) significantly. The forgoing reduction of straw weight and root weight were considerably less with T3 treatment may be because of partial counteraction of CaCl2. Observation with six week maize plants caused a sharp decline in the proportion of viable roots, root fresh weight and root protein. In contrast, salinity treatments enhanced root length may be due to osmotic adjustment of the plant roots to the saline conditions. Treatments T2 and T3 increased the accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in maize plant considerably both in root and straw. Results obtained from this research work

143

show that deleterious effect of Na on growth of maize and enhancement of heavy metal uptake by Na salinity was counteracted partly by Ca. This indicates the complexity of heavy metal relations in salt affected soils and suggests that the salt induced uptake of heavy metals may be related partly to salt effects on root functions.

ENVPP 06

Soil Organic Matter Characterization of Ganges Meander Floodplain Soils under Different Cropping Patterns
Masuda Islam, Md. Sadiqul Amin* and Md. Bappy Shahrier
Soil Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh

Abstract: Soils from sixteen different cropping patterns such as Rice-Fallow-Vegetable (R-F-V), Lentil-Fallow-T. Aman (L-F-R), Wheat-Fallow-Rice (W-F-R), Boro-Jute- T. Aman (R-J-R) etc. from Jessore and Khulna district were collected for soil organic matter (SOM) characterization. The highest organic matter (2.32%) was observed in L-F-R cropping pattern and lowest value (0.96%) was observed in V-F-R. The generally low organic matter content was indicated the rapid decomposition caused by high rainfall and temperature conditions and vigorous microbial activity and removal of crop residues after harvest by the cultivators bringing about the depletion of organic matter contents of soils. Organic carbon stock was highest under R-F-V and W-F-R (1.07 KgC/m2) and lowest under V-F-R (0.35 KgC/m2). This lower range indicated the erosion of top soil and intense cultivation. R-F-V exhibited highest active carbon (718.53 mg/Kg) that increased the fresh plant and animal residues, soil moisture, soil type, soil organic carbon stock and organic carbon %. L-J-R exhibited lowest active carbon (714.51 mg/Kg) for tillage intensification. Highest humic acid % was found in W-F-R that indicated the presence of high amount of organic matter and organic carbon and lowest in V-F-R. The highest HA/FA ratio 5.12 was found under L-F-R and lowest was found 0.48 under V-F-R. The E4/E6 ratio was highest under R-F-V were indicated that relatively low molecular weight, less C content but more O, carboxyl groups and total acidity and lowest under orchard crop. The highest coagulation threshold value was observed in R-F-V indicated that (l) the less aromatic ring in the molecules of humic acids and they were highly resistant towards electrolysis, (2) the higher degree of dispersion and (3) less condensed aliphatic structure of HA.

ENVPP 07

Characterization of Solid Sludge from ETP of Textile Industry; Focusing on the Sustainable Management of the Sludge
Md. Mostafizur Rahman1, Nusrat Jakarin Easha1, Taslima Zaman1 and M Khabir Uddin1
1

Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh. E-mail: mostafizr1@gmail.com

Abstract: Sludge management refers to recycle, reuse and conversion of sludge into reusable material. For serve this purpose it is critically important to characterize the sludge in terms of elemental and nutrient content. Present work was conducted to characterize textile sludge and investigate its potential reuse feasibility as organic fertilizer. Sludge Samples were analyzed using

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Kjeldal method, UV-visible spectrophotometer, Flame photometry and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). General concentration trend of macro nutrient constituents in sludge were as 8.18%, 0.60%, 0.06% and 0.00013 % for N, P, K and S, respectively. Moreover; total organic matter is abundantly available in sludge and the amount is 13.6 %. The studied sludge has optimum pH ranging from 6.2-6.5. The concentration of metal in sludge sample was Sodium (Na) 13.4%, Iron (Fe) 3.2% Antimony (Sb) 2.590 % Lanthanum (La) 3.97 % Samarium (Sm) 1.08ppm%, Bromine (Br) 6.47 %Scandium (Sc) 0.53 % . This analysis indicates very high concentration of sodium (Na) and nitrogen (N) in sludge due to use of high amount sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and azo dye in production process in textile industry. Therefore, textile sludge might be able to supply small but significant amount of important nutrients to soil and it might have some potential to improve soil properties.

SCMPP 01

Microwave Assisted Synthesis of 5,7-Diaryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4dioxo-5H-pyrano[2,3-d] pyrimidines using Noevenagel Condensation Reaction

Mst Khodeza Khatun1, Tanzima Parvin, Tapan Kumar Sarkar, Sharif M. Al-Reza M. A. Sattar2, M. A. Rahaman, Mohammad Nurnabi3
Department of Applied Chemistry Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh 2 Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore, Bangladesh 3 Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. E-mail:t.parvin@yahoo.com, shima_acct@yahoo.com
1

Abstract: In this study we synthesized barbituric acid derivatives using Knoevenagel condensation reaction. Barbituric acid is a strong acid with an active methylene group and can be involved in condensation reactions with aldehydes or ketones that do not contain an -hydrogen. The condensation products (derivatives) of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxo-5HPyrano[2,3-d] Pyrimidine (3a) and 5,7-di-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxo-5HPyrano[2,3-d] Pyrimidine (3b) were synthesized by the reaction of barbituric acid with arylideneacetophenone in the presence of ethanol under microwave irradiation. The structures of the compounds were characterized by IR and 1H-NMR spectral data. The beneficial effect of microwave irradiation on these condensations was found in a shortening of the reaction time and increase in the yields.

SCMPP 02

Separation of Acetic Acid from Aqueous Solution Using Various Organic Solvents
Sumona Haque, Md. Helal Uddin and Bhupesh Chandra Roy
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh E-mail: helal3778@yahoo.com

Abstract: One of the most important uses of solvent extraction was in the petroleum industry for the separation of aromatics from aliphatic compounds. Aromatics are removed from lubricating oils to improve viscosity index and chemical stability using furfural and phenol as solvent, although liquid Sulphurdioxide is used on a limited scale [2,3]. Separation processes in the field of chemical

145

engineering are very important. On the basis of raw mixture, various processes such as distillation, adsorption, crystallization, extraction etc. can be employed to separate the mixtures. Acetic acid is one of the most widely used carboxylic acids. In many cases, acetic acid is found in its aqueous form. Separation of the acetic acid and water mixture by simple rectification is ruled out in this respect, since this mixture has a very small separating factor. Therefore, towers having a large number of stages, which would have to be operated with a high reflux ratio, are needed. This would necessarily involve high costs for energy and high operating costs, if rectification with vapor condensation is not used. In practice, other processes are used on the basis of the concentration of acetic acid present in the feed such as extractive distillation, liquid-liquid extraction etc. In this research we develop a model to separate the acetic acid from aqueous solution by liquid-liquid extraction and find out the proper solvent for this separation. In case of liquid-liquid extraction, a soluble constituent is removed from liquid mixture, by the use of liquid solvent. Various solvents such as n-butanol, iso butanol, amyl alcohol and ethyl acetate are used for separation of acetic acid from water. The binodal curves (mutual solubility curves) for acetic acid distributed between water and an organic solvent were obtained by titrating known mixtures of two components (water and solvents) with the third component acetic acid to the point of first appearance of permanent turbidity. For example, a mutual solubility curve and tie lines for the system acetic acid -water-ethyl acetate shown in figure 1. In order to determine the tie-lines, the absorbance of the coexisting phases, obtained by the separation of ternary mixtures within the binodal curve are needed to be determined. The absorbance of each point that had been determined for construction the binodal curve was measured using an u-v spectrophotometer which is a device used for measuring absorbance, transmittance or reflectance of solutions. These absorbance were plotted against the respective weight percent of solvent and the respective weight percent of diluents. Distribution diagrams are obtained by plotting weight percent of acetic acid in solvent phase against the weight percent of acetic acid in water phase. The selectivity of solvent is its ability to separate the components of a given mixture. Selectivity diagrams are also obtained by plotting (wt. % of acetic acid) / (percent of acetic acid + percent of water) in solvent phase against the same quantity in the diluent phase. The separation factor is determined numerically from the tie-line data because; it is the ratio of distribution coefficient of acetic acid to the distribution coefficient of water. Hands plot was also drawn from the data obtained by experiment.

Figure 1: Mutual solubility curve and tie lines for the system acetic acid -water-ethyl acetate.

Finally, it has been concluded that the solvents amyl alcohol offers the best hope of achieving separation of acetic acid by distribution between amyl alcohol and water as it has highest separation factor value than those of other solvents which are used for this experiment.

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SCMPP 03

Rapid and Efficient Condensation of Organic Compounds in Microwave Condition.

Most. Sheauly Khatun, M. K. Khatun, A. Rahman, M.A. Sattar
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jessore Science & Technology University, Jessore. Bangladesh. Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh E-mail: mrahaman/2@yahoo.co; Shima_acct@yahoo.com, kh_sheauly@yahoo.com; Sattar_ac@yahoo.com

Abstract: The chief features of the microwave reactions are the enhanced selectivity, much improved reaction rates, milder reaction conditions and formation of cleaner products. These reactions are an efficient and mild methodology for condensation of some organic compounds under microwave irradiation. Condensation rate acceleration and higher loading are obtained significantly. Here, 1phenyle-3-(4-droxyphenyle)-2-propen-1-one; 1-(4-chlorophenyle)-3-phenyle-2-propen-1-one; 1-(4chlorophenyle) 3 (4-hydroxyphenyle)-2-propen-1-one, has been synthesized by the condensation reaction between aromatic aldehyde with substituted acetophenone. The aldehyde used were benzaldehyde, P-hydroxybenzaldehyde and the acetophenone used were acetophenone, Pchloroacetophenone. The time of the reaction was reduced from conventional 25 hours to 60-90 seconds. In conventional heating the yield of those benzylidene acetophenone was moderate but in MWI method the highest yield was 90-98 % observed .The structure of those compounds were characterized by their IR, 1H-NMR spectral data.

SCMPP 04

Comparative Study on the Synthesis of Arylideneacetophnones by using Conventional and Microwave Irradiation Method
Mst. Khodeza Khatun1, Mst. Panna Khatun1, Sharif M. Al-Reza1, Atiqur Rahman1 M. A. Rashid1 and M. A. Sattar1,2
1

Department of Applied Chemistry Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh 2 Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore, Bangladesh E-mail: shima_acct@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present work involves rapid and high yield condensation of aromatic aldehyde with substituted acetophenones to produce arylideneacetophenones (1:1) molar ratio in the presence of ethanol by flash heating. Under microwave assisted condensation, rate acceleration and higher loading were obtained significantly. 1-phenyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-propen-1-one (2a) and 1,3-(4dichlorophenyl)-2-propen-1-one (2b) were synthesized by the condensation reaction between aromatic aldehyde and substituted acetophenone under microwave irradiation and conventional method. Here 4-chloro benzaldehyde was used as aromatic aldehyde and aromatic ketones used were acetophenone and 4-chloro acetophenone. In conventional heating the yield of the compounds 2a and 2b were very poor (70-80%) whereas in MWI method the yields were 95-96%. The structures of the compounds were characterized by IR and 1H-NMR spectral data.

147

SCMPP 05

Paper Making from Banana stem Sustainability and Environment

Md. Zaved Hossain Khan1*, S M Nur Alam1, Md. Forhad Ibne Al Imam2
2

Dept. of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jessore Sci. & Tech. University, Jessore. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi * Email: zaved.khan@yahoo.com

The main objective of this study was to establish the suitability of banana stem fiber as a potential source of lingo cellulosic fibers for paper making. Pulp is increasingly in demand as raw material in the developing countries, too, primarily for the production of paper and cardboard. New sources of raw materials have been sought intensively for some time now, as large enough quantities of the conventional raw material are not always available in developing countries, or the tropical forests do not often supply sufficient uniform raw material, due to the large variety of species. This study shows that banana stem fiber had a lower lignin content but very high ash content compared with other general raw materials.Paper making properties was characterized by low strength. The handsheet density value was very high with high roughness. Banana stem was cooked by Kraft process with different chemical charges and a wide range of time and temperature and the optimal pulping conditions were established. Drainage of pulp was extremely slow and paper making properties was characterized by low strength, low bulk, rough surface and extremely poor optical properties.

After refinement Figure 2.2 The Structure of Banana fibers (before and after refining)

Keywords: Banana pulp, paper making, environment, sustainable development

SCMPP 06

Natural Curcumine Dye sensitized Solar Cells

Md. Faruk Hossain1,*, Takakazu Takahashi2
1

Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET), Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh 1 Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Toyama 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan * Email: faruk94_ruet@yahoo.com

A natural dye, Curcumin, has been extracted from turmeric rhizome, purified and successfully applied as a sensitizer of nanocrystalline titanium oxide. The nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrode is deposited on SnO2:F substrate by home-made spin-coating system. For the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar

148

cells, KI based electrolyte and carbon counter electrode were used. The dye was characterized by Hydrogen-1 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of 0.51% (photocurrent density, JSC = 1.29 mA/cm2; open circuit voltage, Voc = 0.577 V, fill factor, FF = 68.9%) is achieved under irradiation with 100 mW/cm2 white light. Compared to other natural dyes [Table 1], the curcumin dye has shown reasonably high photovoltaic performance. Moreover this dye is very lowin-cost, easy extract and environment-friendly process. Table 1. Comparative data of solar cells, sensitized with various natural dyes.
Dyes Curcumin Black rice Capsicum Red-cabbage Bixin Rosella Blue pea Calafate Jabotica JSC 1.29 0.53 1.1 0.23 0.68 1.1 1.63 0.37 0.96 2.1 VOC 0.577 0.53 0.55 0.412 0.52 0.57 0.404 0.372 0.52 0.57 FF 68.9 0.72 0.52 0.62 0.70 0.59 0.57 0.33 0.56 0.58 (%) 0.51 0.50 ----------0.50 0.37 0.37 0.05 -----------Reference [Present work] [2] [3] [3] [2] [4] [5] [5] [6] [6]

SCMPP 07

Dissimilarity of Internal Radiation dose Absorbed in Male and Female, and also Comparison Between that Resultant Data with ICRP-53 Recommended Data
Md. Nazrul Islam
Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore Email: nazrul.jstu@gmail.com

In this work to obtain the bio-kinetic data of organ activity as well as organ absorbed doses for single photon emitters with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Tc-99m radiopharmaceutical medicine was used as the single photon emitters to study the method. In this study I have demonstrated and compared effective decay method and conventional method to obtain accurate organ activity with SPECT. With those methods the organ activity due to intravenous injection of 99m Tc-DTPA (dietlylenetriamimepentacetic) is obtained and the data is compared between male and female and with ICRP-53 data. Dose absorbed power of male is greater than female, so in nuclear medicine center absorbed doses should be estimated separately for male and female for more proper treatment. Also it is observed that there is no good agreement of absorbed dose values between the two methods and ICRP-53 data. In

149

that case the measured value of effective decay method is about two times higher than the conventional method. Because the food value, weather and fundamental needed elements are different between Bangladeshi people and foreigners. In foreigners food value it is almost equal for male and female but for Bangladeshi male and female it is different. Therefore, there is a scope for further study with better statistics.

PHRPP 01

Antioxidant Potential of Essential oil and Rhizome Extracts of curcuma zedoaria Rosc
Atiqur Rahman1,*, Monira Afroz1, Rafiquel Islam1, Sharif M. Al-Reza1, Tanzima Parvin1 and M. A. Sattar1,2
1

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh 2 Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore, Bangladesh E-mail: marahman12@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study, we examined the chemical composition of the essential oil and tested the antioxidant potential of the oil and rhizome extracts of Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. The chemical composition of the oil was analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty-seven compounds representing 96.82% of the total oil was identified. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using two separate methods, inhibition of free radical 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals scavenging activities assay. In the first case, the IC50 value of the oil was 12.6 2.1. Among the extracts, the methanol extract showed the strongest antioxidant activities for both cases with IC50 values of 15.96 1.7 and 21.32 1.1 g/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the amount of total phenolic compounds was also determined and expressed as gallic acid equivalent. Thus, the natural products produced from C. zedoaria may be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

PHRPP 02

Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil Isolated from Cestrum nocturnum L.
Most. Afroza Khatun
Dept. of Applied Chemisrty and Chemical Engineering, Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore.

Abstract: The composition of essential oil samples obtained by hydrodistillation of the flower parts of Cestrum nocturnum L., were investigated by Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry. The GCMS analysis determined that thirty six compounds, which represented 84.69% of total oil ,containing mainly phenylethyl alcohol(27.45%), benzyl alcohol(12.21%), eicosane(5.62%), eugenol(5.59%), ntetracosane(4.42%), 1-hexadecanol(2.75%), methoxyeugenol(2.45%) and benzaldehyde(2.32%). Finally the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method. The essential oil revealed remarkable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19166, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 2515 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739.The zones of inhibition of different concentrations of essential oil against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 8~19 mm and the MIC values recorded between 125 and 1000 g/ml. The results obtained in this study

150

demonstrate that the practical utilization of essential oil and components in flavouring industry as natural source. keywords: Cestrum nocturnum L.; Essential oil; GC-MS analysis; Phenylethyl alcohol; Antimicrobial activity.

PHRPP 03

Analysis of Antidiabetic Effect with Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extract of azadirachta indicia and andrographis paniculata
Faridul Islam1, M Mahabub-Uz-Zaman1, A.M. Abdullah1, Rasheda Akter1 Most. Afroza Khatun2 and Nazim Uddin Ahmed1
1

Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories Chittagong Chittagong-4220, Bangladesh 2 Jessore Science & Technology University, Bangladesh E-mail: faridacct@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic properties with phytochemical screening of the ethanol leaves extracts of two common indigenous medicinal plants of Bangladesh -Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Andrographis peniculata (Kalomegh) on experimental animal model. Hypoglycemic activity of the concentrated ethanolic (90%) extract of Azadirachta indica and Andrographis peniculata were studied compared with that of a reference antidiabetic drug glimeperide in both glucose loaded and alloxan induced diabetic rats. The acute toxicity of these two plants extract was also studied. Experimental results showed that ethanol leaves extract (1 gm/kg) of Azadirachta indica and Andrographis peniculata significantly (P<0.01) reduced the elevated blood glucose level by 36.91 % and 40.65 % respectively in glucose loaded rats and 30.20 % and 32.18 % respectively in alloxan induced diabetic rats compared to the respective diabetic control group. This study strongly suggested that ethanol leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica and Andrographis peniculata possess significant antidiabetic activity and could be a potential source for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Key words: Azadirachta indica, Andrographis peniculata, Diabetes mellitus, Alloxan induced diabetes.

PHRPP 04

Hypoglycemic Effect of Compound(s) of Petroleum ether Fraction of Mangifera indica Red Leaves.
Rokshana Sharmin1, Md. Sarowar Hossain2, Md. Rafiqul Islam Khan3 Most. Afia akhtar3,ASM Anisuzzaman3, Maruf Ahmed3*
2

Department of Pharmacy,Jessore Science and Technology University,Jessore Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology,Dhaka 3 Department of Pharmacy, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6505,Bangladesh

Abstract: The petroleum ether fraction of ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica red leaves decreased Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) level 90% in Alloxan induced diabetes rats (AIDR). The present study

151

has been designed to separate hypoglycemic compound (s) using PTLC from petroleum ether fraction of ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica red leaves. Development of TLC demonstrated the presence of distinct four layers on solvent system, chloroform : n-Hexane at 80:20.Top layer on PTLC plate, having Rf value 0.86 reduced blood glucose level 92% where Metformin reduced 95% in AIDR. While the fraction has no effect in FBS level in normal rat. First layer (basement layer) on PTLC plate also decreased FBS level 89% in AIDR. Second layer (on PTLC plate, having Rf value 0.28 ) showed special characteristic became reddish color after some time on exposure to air. It was found from the experiment that fourth layer (top layer on PTLC plate. Rf value 0.86) containing compound has predominant hypoglycemic effect than other layers containing compound.

PHRPP 05

Effects of Arsenic on Concentration and Distribution of Nutrients in Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata)
Anisur Rahman, Jagadish Chandra Joardar, Joya Mondol, Md Zaber Hosain Khandoker Qudrata Kibria and Md. Sanaul Islam
Soil Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh E-mail: joyamondal@gmail.com, kakon123@gmail.com

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic containing irrigation water on nutrient concentrations in mung bean (Vigna Radiata) in Sara and Barishal soil series. Bean plant was grown in greenhouse for twenty weeks maintaining field capacity moisture with arsenic containing irrigation water. The pots were irrigated with five different levels of As treatment (0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/L) using sodium meta arsenate. Total amount of arsenic load were 0, 5.1, 10.2, 25.5 and 51 mg arsenic per pot for corresponding treatments. In both soil series higher level of arsenic treatments reduced P concentrations significantly. This may be attributed either to the similar chemistry of As and P or to the competitive uptake or phytotoxicity of arsenic. Arsenic treatments suppressed K concentrations in root unaffecting shoot concentration. Increasing As treatment significantly decreased the concentrations of S, Ca and Mg in shoot and root. Reduction in Ca and Mg concentration may be due to effect of As on reducing transpiration and thereby declining their upward transport. A positive and significant relationship was observed between As and Fe. From the present observations it could be inferred that contamination by As caused changes in concentration of both macro and micro nutrients.

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PHRPP 06

An Ethnomedicinal Survey Conducted Among Folk Medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) of Balidha Village in Jessore District, Bangladesh
Shakila Akter , Md. Majedul Hasan , Mansur Ahmed , Mohammad Washim Khan 1 1,2 1 1 Md. Shahadat Hossan , Md. Nazmul Hasan , Rownak Jahan , Mohammed Rahmatullah
2

Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore Email: shakila2013@yahoo.com

Folk medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) play an important role in delivering primary health-care to the rural population of Bangladesh. They mostly rely on medicinal plants for treatment of a diverse variety of ailments. Such plants can play a useful role in the discovery of newer and more efficacious drugs. As such, it was the objective of the present study to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among the Kavirajes of Balidha village in Jessore district, Bangladesh to document the medicinal plants used by them for treatment of diverse ailments. The survey was conducted with the help of a semistructured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. Some of the plants used by the Kavirajes and the ailments treated are given in the Table (below).
Local Name eywocvj wgV eojv wbg MvQ dwb gbmv _vbKzwb eywRi MvQ (KvUv MvQ) kZ KzP McvZvwj kvjcvb njy` MvQ Ksov MvQ Mve MvQ Re Wyygyi Rv^yiv MvQ bxg f~Z AvZv MvQ K`g dzj MvQ Rvg MvQ kZg~j Qe`v MvQ Scientific Name Hemigraphis hirta Sida cordifolia Azadirachta indica Opuntia dillenii Centella asiatica Flacourtia indica Abrus precatorius Paederia foetida Desmodium gangeticum Curcuma longa Commelina benghalensis Diospyros philippensis Ficus racemosa Citrus grandis Murraya koenigii Annona squamosa Anthocephalus indicus Syzygium cumini Asparagus racemosus Manilkara achras Family Name Acanthaceae Malvaceae Meliaceae Cactaceae Apiaceae Flacourtiaceae Fabaceae Rubiaceae Fabaceae Zingiberaceae Commelinaceae Ebenaceae Moraceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Annonaceae Rubiaceae Myrtceae Liliaceae Sapotaceae Used Part Leaf juice Leaf juice, Root Leaf , Bark Leaf juice Leaf juice Leaf Leaf, Root Leaf Leaf, Root Root Leaf Seed Fruit Root Leaf Seed Leaf Leaf Leaf, Root Fruit Indication Headache Dysentery Any type of disease Headache, Menstrual pain, Leg pain Dysentery, Cataract Stomachache Aphrodisiac, Arthritis, Rheumatism Indigestion, Stomachache Chest pain, Sexual problem Biliary disorders Analgesic Aphrodisiac Stomachache Aphrodisiac To cure fear of ghosts or evil spirits Aphrodisiac Elephantitis, Any problem of scrotum Diabetes Diabetes and heart disease Vitamin supplementation

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PHRPP 07

A Survey of Plants used During Times of Food Scarcity in Silakhana Village of Bagerhat District, Bangladesh
Md. Tabibul Islam*, Alok Kumar Paul, Anita Paul, Protiva Rani Das M. Nur Kabidul Azam, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. Email: tabib25th.uoda@gmail.com

More than a third of the rural population of Bangladesh has incomes below the poverty level, which has been defined as less than US$1 per day. Such population, to meet their daily nutritional needs and to satiate hunger, relies on wild and semi-wild edible vegetables and fruits, which serve as an alternate to the main cereal diet of Bangladeshi people, namely rice. Since such edibles can meet the nutritional needs of the people, at least to some extent, they can serve as edible plants for the future. This is more so, because such wild edible plants can be found growing under harsh conditions in the wild, on fallow lands and by the roadsides, and without any added water or fertilizers and so can become plants, which can help mitigate food scarcity because of global climate changes. As such, the objective of the present study was to conduct a survey among the poor rural families of Silakhana village in Bagerhat district of Bangladesh to find out which sort of wild or semi-wild edible plants they consume during times of food scarcity, which condition is present in their lives practically throughout the year. The names of some of the various plants obtained are detailed in the Table below.
Local Name Ambali shak Orhorer dal Beto shak Brahmi shak Dheki shak Deua fol Dumur Ghatkul/ Ghetkun Gima shak Helencha Kata shak/ Kata notey Khudi jam Botanical Name Oxalis corniculata Cajanus cajan Chenopodium album Bacopa monnieri Dryopteris sp. Artocarpus lakoocha Ficus hispida Typhonium trilobatum Glinus oppositifolius Enhydra fluctuans Amaranthus spinosus Syzigium fruiticosum Parts used Leaf Seeds Leaf and new stems Leaf and new stems Leaf and new stems Fruit pulp Barks of floral stems Leaf Leaf and new stems Leaf and new stems Leaf and fresh stems Fruit pulp

Bangladesh is a country projected to be the most affected because of global climate changes. When the substantial number of particularly the rural population is concerned, they will probably be more affected by such climate changes with consequent negative effects on rural productivity. As such, the above-mentioned plants can make a critical difference between survival or death from malnutrition, and consequently should be studied in depth towards finding their nutritional efficacy and whether they can serve as a substitute diet for the people.

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PHRPP 08

Studies on Excess Volumetric and Viscometric Properties for DMF and Other Alcohols Mixtures from 303.15K to 323.15K
Md. Shaharul Islam1, Md. Helal Uddin1*, Md. Abdullah-Al-Masud2 and Md. Ahsanul Haque1
1

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh 2 Department of Applied Physics, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh E-mail: helal3778@yahoo.com

Abstract: Liquid mixtures frequently appear in chemical research1. Densities and viscosities of four binary systems: N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) + 1-propanol, DMF + 2-propanol, DMF + butanol and DMF + 1-pentanol have been measured at five different temperatures ranging form 303.15K to 323.15K at an interval of 5K. Excess molar volumes were found to be negative over the entire concentration range such as Figure-1 for DMF + 1-propanol system. Attempts have been made to explain the excess molar volumes primarily in terms of the complex formation of DMF and alcohols, segmental inclusion of DMF into the void spaces of alcohols network, size effect and steric hindrance. It has been seen that the negative excess molar volume decreases with the increase of chain length of alcohol, the magnitude follows the order DMF+ 1-propanol >, + 2-propanol >, + butanol >, + 1-pentanol.
0 0
-1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 -0.2 -0.4 Excess Viscosity /mP -0.6 -0.8 -1 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Excess Molar Volume, Vm /cm . mol

-0.05 -0.1

-0.15 -0.2 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5

-0.25 -0.3

-1.2 -1.4 -1.6

-0.35 Mole Fraction of DMF (X1)

-1.8 -2 Mole Fraction of DMF (X1)

Figure 1: Excess molar volume, Vm of DMF (x1) and 1-propanol (x2) system at different temperatures; Here, series1: 303.15 K, series2: 308.15 K, series3: 313.15 K, series4: 318.15 K & series: 323.15 K.

Figure 2: Excess viscosity, E/Mp of DMF (x1) and Butanol (x2) system at different temperatures; Here, series1: 303.15 K, series2: 308.15 K, series3: 313.15 K, series4: 318.15 K & series: 323.15 K.

The viscosity behaviors of DMF + alcohols are shown as a function of mole fraction of DMF. The change of viscosity has been found to be sensitive to the chain length of alcohols. Excess viscosities and Grunberg- Nissan interaction parameters have been found to be positive for DMF + 1-propanol and DMF + 2-propanol systems, and negative for other two systems DMF + butanol and DMF + 1pentanol (Figure-2). The positive excess viscosity and interaction parameter for DMF + 1-propanol and DMF + 2-propanol systems are accounted for by strong specific interaction. The thermodynamic energy of activation such as, positive G#E each also compatible with the observation. Contrary to

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this negative excess viscosities of varying magnitude have been observed for the DMF + butanol and DMF + 1-pentanol systems. The negative excess viscosities have been explained by the reduction of surface area of DMF-alcohol complex due to the segmental inclusion as well as steric hindrance. The interaction parameters which have been found to be negative for this system strongly indicate weak interactions between the components of the system. The above conclusions have been supported by the sign and magnitude of the excess free energy of activation.

PHRPP 09

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect the Leaves of Ethanol Extract of Saurauia roxburghii
Faridul Islam1*, Md. Saidur Rahman1, Muhammad Abu Bakar1 and A M Abdullah1
1

Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories Chittagong, Chittagong-4220, Bangladesh Email: faridacct@yahoo.com

Abstract : The present study was carried out to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant effect the leaves of ethanol extract of Saurauia roxburghii. The ethanol extract of Saurauia roxburghii was evaluated for its antidiabetic activities in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The significant reduction in blood glucose levels of the ethanol extract at 2g/kg dose exhibited a peak effect of 53.51% using glucometer. It gives the lowering blood glucose effects. The DPPH free radical scavenging effect of the ethanol extract was compared with standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. IC50 values were found 37.844 g/ml for the extract and 0.661 g/ml for ascorbic acid. The ethanol extract was screened phytochemically for its chemical components. This revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and steroids in moderate concentration. This study shows a possible beneficial effect of Saurauia roxburghii in the management of non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and antioxidant activity. Keywords: Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, DPPH, Glucometer, Saurauia roxburghii

PHRPP 10

Antimicrobial Potential of Essential Oil and 16-Hydroxyl Beutilinic Acid from Mikania Scandens (l.) Willd.17
Atiqur Rahman*1, S. A. Siddiqui 1, Mst Khodeza Khatun1, M. A. Rashid1, A. H. M. Jamal2 Rezuanul Islam 2, Dipak Kumar Paul3
1

Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh 2 Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh 3 Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh E-mail: marahman12@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate antimicrobial potential of essential oil and 16hydroxy betulinic acid isolated from the leaves of Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by the GC-MS. Twenty nine compounds representing 97.45%, of the total leaf oil were identified, of which -caryophyllene (16.98%), -cadinene

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(12.22%), -cubebene (11.33%), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (10.17%), caryophyllene oxide (7.74%), and -himachalene (4.68%) were the major compounds. The structure of the compound was determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The essential oil and compound were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The diluted leaf essential oil (10 l/disc of 1:5, v/v dilution with methanol) exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis IFO 3232, Sarcina lutea IAM 1671, Escherichia coli IFO 3007, Klebsiella pneumonia ATTC 10031, Xanthomonas campestris IAM 1671 and Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 13867. The antifungal activity of leaf oil was evaluated for in vitro controlling of some important plant pathogenic fungi. At the concentration of 10 l/disc (1:5, v/v dilution of oil with MeOH), the leaf essential oil showed potent inhibitory effect on the radial growth of Rhizoctonia solani (AGA-1) KACC 40111 (63.1%), Rhizoctonia solani (AGA-2) (53.9%), Pyphium graminicola (70.8%), Tricoderma harzianum (55.4%), Fusarium oxysporum KACC 41083 (75.4%). On the other hand, 16-hydroxy betulinic acid showed potent antimicrobial activities. The results of our study demonstrate that the natural products derived from M. scandens might be used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and agro-industries due to their broad range of biological activities.

PHRPP 11

Medicinal Plants of the Bongshi tribe Inhabiting the Tangail District in Bangladesh
Protiva Rani Das*, Md. Tabibul Islam, Rabina Jerin Ripa, Shakila Akter Zubaida Khatun, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. Email: protiva25th.uoda@gmail.com

The Bongshis are a small tribe inhabiting the Mahanandapur and Dhondhonia villages located in Bangladesh. Although they have largely assimilated with the mainstream Bengali-speaking population, they still maintain some of their traditional practices including medicinal practices. Since indigenous medicinal practices have always proved to be a good source for discovery of modern allopathic drugs, it was the objective of the present study to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among the three tribal medicinal practitioners of the Bongshi tribe of Tangail district in the afore-mentioned villages. The survey was conducted with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. A number of plants were observed to be used by the tribal medicinal practitioners of the Bongshi tribe, some of which are detailed in the Table (below).
Scientific Name Family Name Local Name Utilized Part Kalomegh Leaf, stem Ailment(s) and formulation(s)

Acanthaceae Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. ex Nees Acanthaceae Ecbolium linneanum Kurz.

Fever, constipation. Leaves and stems are soaked in water followed by drinking of the water.

Vandor

Leaf, root

Severe pain, joint pain. Leaves and roots of Ecbolium linneanum are mixed with whole plants of Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Vitaceae), and tubers of Colocasia nymphaeifolia Vent. (Araceae), and macerated to obtain juice. The juice is massaged onto painful areas.

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Justicia gendarussa L. Achyranthes aspera L. Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume Amaranthus spinosus L.

Acanthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae

Bish jhar

Root

Rheumatic pain. Macerated roots are applied to affected areas. Stomach pain, flatulency. Macerated roots are mixed with mustard oil and massages around the navel. Bleeding from cuts and wounds. Juice obtained from crushed leaves is applied to cuts and wounds to stop bleeding. Red color of urine. Macerated roots of Amaranthus spinosus are taken with water and mishri (crystalline sugar) twice daily for 3 days. Alternately, macerated roots are taken with talmakhna [seeds of Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees. (Acanthaceae)].

Ubud nangra, Root Bilai achra Bish kata Leaf

Amaranthaceae

Khuira kanta

Root

Corypha umbraculifera Jacq.

Arecaceae

Tal bindu

Whole Loss of strength. Macerated whole young plants are taken plant with water.

Indigenous medicinal plants can, because of their ready availability, serve both as treatment of diseases as well as save considerable health-care costs for the typical rural family, which is poor. From that view point, the medicinal plants of the Bongshis merit further scientific studies for validation of their efficacies in the treatment of the diseases mentioned.

PHRPP 12

A Survey of Famine Food Plants Consumed by the Rural Population in Five Villages of Lalmonirhat and Nilphamari Districts, Bangladesh
Md. Humayoun Kabir*, Md. Rashedul Hassan, Abdul Mannan, F.M. Safiul Azam Anup Biswas, Protiva Rani Das, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Rahmatullah
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. Email: humayounkabir44@yahoo.com

The northwestern districts of Bangladesh suffer from a periodic famine known as the Monga. During Monga, job is scarce and demand for agricultural laborer hits an all-time low. As such, the poor landless farmers have to suffer from acute food scarcity leading to a famine-like condition. As a result of the food scarcity, the people have to do with unconventional edible plants to satiate their hunger and meet their nutritional needs. The objective of the present study was to conduct a survey among the poor villagers of Sailmari, Vullarhat, Schatunama, Khurdobichondoi and West Dewabari villages of Lalmonirhat and Nilphamari districts, Bangladesh to find out the type of non-conventional plant items that they consume during times of famine or food scarcity. The names of some of the plants consumed are given in the Table (below). It is of interest that Bangladesh has been projected to be one of the worst-hit countries because of global climate changes and these northwestern districts are presumed to undergo desertification conditions because of the climate changes. As such, the plants can provide alternate sustenance to people if major cereals like paddy or wheat fail to be grown under the effect of global climate changes.

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Species Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthus tristis Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthus gangeticus Chenopodium album Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthus viridis Colocasia esculenta Spilanthes paniculata Diplazium esculentum Bombax malabaricum Enydra fluctuans Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea batatas Raphanus sativus Dioscorea esculenta Sesbania grandiflora Leucas aspera

Family Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Araceae Asteraceae/ Compositae Athyriaceae Bombacaceae Compositae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Cruciferae Dioscoreaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae

English Name Sessile joyweed, dwarf copperleaf Elephant head Red leaf Red amaranth Fat hen, Goose foot Spiny amaranth Slender Amaranth, Green Amaranth Taro, Elephant Ear Paniculated spot flowers, Para cress Vegetable fern Silk Cotton Marsh herb, Water cress Water Spinach Chinese water spinach Radish Lesser Yam Hummingbird tree, Scarlet wisteria White Dead Nettle

Local Name Shanti shak Chepti /tulaa shak Chorie danga shak Laal Shak Bothuwa Kanta khuria Khai khuria Kochu Oshun/Rosun Shak Dhakia shak Shimul mul Hanchi Shak Kalmee Shak Misti Aalo Raddish Boro Aalo Bokful Kanshika

Parts Used Leaves, stem Leaves, stem Leaves, stem Leaves, stem Leaves, stem Leaves, stem Leaves, stem Leaves, stem, roots Leaves, stem Leaves Roots Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Tuber, leaves Flower Leaves from young plants only

PHRPP 13

Medicinal Plants used in Treatment of Tumors: Results from a Survey of Folk Medicinal Practitioners in two Randomly Selected Villages in Khulna and Bagerhat Districts, Bangladesh
Md. Nazmul Hasan1*, Md. Nasir Ahmed2, Md. Zobaer Ahmed Bhuiyan2 Md. Mizanur Rahman2, M.N.K. Azam2, Mohammed Rahmatullah2
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jessore Science & Technology University, Jessore-7408, Bangladesh 2 Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh Email: nazmul_bt19@yahoo.com
1

A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue, which can turn out to be malignant (cancerous) or non-malignant (i.e. benign). Since tumors can turn out to be cancerous, it was of interest to determine the medicinal plants used in the folk medicinal system of Bangladesh for treatment of tumors, particularly malignant tumors. Towards that, a survey was conducted among folk medicinal

159

practitioners of two villages, namely Madartala and Rudaghara in Bagerhat and Khulna districts, respectively. The various plants used by the practitioners are detailed in the Table (below).
Scientific name Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. Aristolochia indica L. Gnaphalium luteo-album L. Basella alba L. Crataeva religiosa G. Forst. Quisqualis indica L. Cyperus amuricus Maxim. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Baliospermum polyandrum Wight Excoecaria agallocha L. Tragia involucrata L. Clitoria ternatea L. Erythrina variegate L. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Leea macrophylla Roxb. Punica granatum L. Zea mays L. Solanum surattense Burm. f. Curcuma longa L. Family Apiaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Aristolochiaceae Asteraceae Basellaceae Capparidaceae Combretaceae Cyperaceae Dioscoreaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Leeaceae Lythraceae Poaceae Solanaceae Zingiberaceae Local name Thangkhai Togor Dudh phool Icha Phool kuri Pui shak Boinna Rail lota Tara ghas Lota bori, Gach alu Bath raaz Gewa Bichchatu Aparajita Madar gach Arhor kalai Hostikornopolash Dalim Bottha Ghato baegun Holud Part(s) utilized Whole plant Leaf, flower Leaf Leaf Whole plant Whole plant Leaf Whole plant Whole plant Root, fruit Whole plant Leaf, bark Root Flower, seed Fruit Seed Leaf, root Leaf, fruit, seed Leaf, fruit Fruit Leaf, rhizome

Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases in the world with a high degree of mortality, particularly if not diagnosed in the early stages. Modern allopathic medicine treats cancer or tumors with chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy, both of which have serious and often debilitating sideeffects. Several well known anti-cancer drugs like vincristine, vinblastine and taxol have been isolated from plant sources. From that view point, the plants obtained in the present survey merit further potential for scientific studies towards discovery of novel and more efficacious drugs for cancer treatment.

PHMPP 01

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Chintamani Chaturmukh Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Taslima Bushra, Tasmina Rahman, Kaniz Fatema, Afrin Parvin, Md Mahabubay Sobahani and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Chintamani Chaturmukh Ras (CMC) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of epilepsy in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of CMC, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 54 days chronic 160

administration of the CMC preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the male rats there was increase in the Total protein (8.205 % incr.), the Albumin (12.294 % incr.) and the Globulin (16.535 % incr.) content in the plasma. None of the increase in the Total protein (p=0.214), in the Albumin (p=0.237) and the Globulin (p=0.517) content were significantly different from their corresponding control values. The (25.414%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was also not statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.361). In the male rats decrease was noted in the triglyceride level (2.725 % decr.), VLDL (8.145 % decr.) and HDL (37.630 % decr.) content in the plasma. In case of the decrease in the triglyceride level, the decrease was not statistically significant (p=0.750), in case of VLDL it was not significant (p=0.394) and in case of HDL it was significantly (p=0.035) different from their corresponding control values. Whereas there was increase in the total cholesterol (6.351 % incr.) and LDL (27.803 % incr.). In case of total cholesterol the increase was not statistically significant (p=0.465) also in case of LDL the increase was not statistically significant (p=0.124). The increase in Total cholesterol/HDL ratio (114.344 % incr) was statistically highly significantly different (p=0.007) from their corresponding control and also the increase in LDL/HDL ratio (140.978 % incr) was statistically highly significant (p=0.009). After chronic administration of Chintamani Chaturmukh Ras (CMC) to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (22.075% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.494). After chronic administration of Chintamani Chaturmukh (CMC) to the male rats an increase of creatinine level (13.651% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.435). CMC caused 6.837% decrease in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.795).

PHMPP 02

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Mehamudgar Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Tanzina Hamid Ekra, Tania Binte Wahed, Musfira, Muhammad Arif Hasan, Arjyabrata Sarker and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Mehamudgar Ras (MHM) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of dysuria in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of MHM, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 51 days chronic administration of the MHM preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was decreased (4.04 % decr.) in the MHM treated male rats. The decrease in total protein was not statistically significant (p=0.401). Interestingly, the albumin content was highly significantly (p=0.002) increased (34.399 % incr.) and the globulin content was highly significantly (p=0.006) decreased (34.463 % decr.) in MHM treated male rats The (133.907%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values(p=0.016). In the male rats after chronic administration of MHM the total cholesterol level was 175.238 % increased in male rats group which was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) and only 6.843% increase of HDL level was noticed which was not statistically significant (p=0.670). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (312.333% incr) was statistically very highly significant(p=0.001). After chronic administration of Mehamudgara Ras (MHM) to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (59.091% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.273). There was a decrease in the

161

plasma creatinine (13.542% decr.) in the MHM treated male rats, and this decrease was not significant (p=0.279). Also a statistically insignificant decrease in the urea (1.964% decr.) content in plasma was noted(p=0.891). A negligible increase in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (1.399% incr.) in plasma was noted which obviously was not statistically significant (p=0.964). MHM caused 15.694% increase in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant(p=0. 0.740).

PHMPP 03

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Nasta Puspantak Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Md. Monir Hossain, Masum Shahriar, Syed Samiul Haque, Habiba Sultana, Ashrafy Tahmida and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Nasta Puspantak Ras (NPR) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of gynecological disorder in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of NPR, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 54 days chronic administration of the NPR preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was literally unchanged (0.332 % incr.) in the NPR treated male rats, obviously it was not significantly different from its corresponding control value (p=0.958). Interestingly, the albumin content was statistically significantly (p=0.047) decreased (36.811 % decr.) and the globulin content was decreased (45.088 % decr) in NPR treated male rats, though was not significant but yet noticeable (p=0.091). The (22.479%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was not significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.740). In the male rats though there was no statistically significant increase noted in the triglyceride level (61.499 % incr.) and the VLDL (61.499 % incr.) content in the plasma, yet the increases in both of the cases were noticeable (p=0.089). Whereas statistically very highly significant decrease in the total cholesterol (58.276 % decr.) (p=0.001), LDL (65.169 % decr.) (p=0.001) and HDL (49.679 % decr.) (p=0.001) content in the plasma was noted. The decrease in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (2.375 % decr) was not statistically significant, though it was noticeable (p=0.089) and the decrease in LDL/HDL ratio (29.399 % decr.) was statistically significant (p=0.021). After chronic administration of NPR to the male rats a statistically significant (p=0.024) increase of bilirubin level (72.4% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group. In plasma of the NPR treated male rats, there was a statistically very highly significant decrease in the plasma creatinine (58.333% decr.) (p=0.001) and a statistically very highly significant decrease was noted in the urea content (25.72% decr.) (p=0.001) too. A decrease in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (12.154% decr.) in plasma was noted, which was not statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.449). NPR caused 75.579% increase in plasma uric acid which was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001).

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PHMPP 04

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Pradarantak Louha after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Mariyam Akter1, Mohammad Salim Hossain1, Md. Mahmudur Rahman2, Projjal Kanti Biswas2, M. Rakib Hasan2 and M. S. K. Choudhuri2
Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University Sonapur, Noakhali - 3814 Bangladesh. 2 Department of Pharmacy, Jahangir Nagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
1

Pradarantak Louha (PDL) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of leucorrhoea in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of PDL, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 54 days chronic administration of the PDL preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was increased (21.557 % incr.) in the PDL treated male rats and it was not significantly different from its corresponding control value (p=0.119). Interestingly, the albumin content was decreased (30.466 % decr.) though the decrease was statistically not significant, yet it was noticeable (p=0.084) and the globulin content was decreased (13.608 % decr) in PDL treated male rats, which was not significant (p=0.623). The (25.26% incr.) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was not significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.678). In the male rats decrease was noted in the triglyceride level (5.147 % decr.), and HDL (69.299 % decr.) content in the plasma. In case of the decrease in the triglyceride level the decrease was not statistically significant (p=0.869), and in case of HDL it was very highly significantly (p=0.001) different from their corresponding control values. Whereas there was increase in the total cholesterol (3.517 % incr.), VLDL (44.538 % incr.) and LDL (22.236 % incr.). In case of total cholesterol the increase was not statistically significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.068) and in case of VLDL the increase was not significant (p=0.209) whereas in case of LDL the increase was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (258.361 % incr.) was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001), and also the increase in LDL/HDL ratio (281.301 % incr.) was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001). After chronic administration of PDL to the male rats a statistically significant (p=0.017) decrease of bilirubin level (55.587% decr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group. There was an increase in the creatinine (60.417% incr.) content in plasma in the PDL treated male rats which was statistically highly significant (p=0.010). On the contrary, a decrease of urea level (16.679% decr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group, the decrease was statistically significant (p=0.012). A statistically very highly significant decrease in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (60.633% decr.) in plasma was noted (p=0.001). PDL caused 1.806% increase in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.862).

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PHMPP 05

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Brihat Vat Gajangkush after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Shah Alam, Masum Shahriar, Shaila Nowshad, Soniya Akter, Nayma Abedin and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Brihat Vat Gajangkush (BVG) is an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of sciatica in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of BVG, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 54 days chronic administration of the BVG preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the male rats there was increase in the Total protein (2.768 % incr.), the Albumin (15.767 % incr.) and the Globulin (36.308 % incr.) content in the plasma. The increase in the Total protein (2.768% incr.) content in plasma was not significant (p=0.499). The increase in the Albumin was statistically significant (p=0.041), whereas the Globulin content was not statistically significantly (p=0.187) different from their corresponding control values. The (17.421%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was not statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.320). In the male rats there was all throughout increase in the triglyceride level (12.561 % incr.), total cholesterol (83.562 % incr.), VLDL (6.290 % incr.), LDL (113.975 % incr.) and HDL (10.223 % incr.) content in the plasma. After chronic administration of BVG the triglyceride level was 12.561 % (p=0.340) increased in male rats group which was not statistically significant. In this investigation statistically significant (p=0.039) increase of plasma total cholesterol level in the BVG treated male rats was observed in comparison to control. Also an increase in the VLDL content in the plasma was noted which was not statistically significant (p=0.621). Statistically significant increase were observed in case of LDL (113.975% incr.) (p=0.048) from their corresponding control, but only 10.223% increase of HDL level was noticed which was not statistically significant (p=0.674). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (145.996 % incr) was not statistically significantly different (p=0.309) from their corresponding control and also the increase in LDL/HDL ratio (212.508 % incr) was statistically not significant (p=0.297). After chronic administration of Brihat Vat Gajangkush (BVG) to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (129.787% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.355). After chronic administration of Brihat Vat Gajangkush (BVG) to the male rats an increase of creatinine level (39.683% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which though not statistically significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.062). BVG caused 10.144% decrease in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.694).

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PHMPP 06

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Brihat Purnachandra Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Sarder Arifuzzaman, Paritosh Chakma, Naushad Abedin, H M Lutfor Rahman Mazumder, Uday Krishna Mondal and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Brihat Purnachandra Ras (BPN) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of lumbago in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of BPN, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 43 days chronic administration of the BPN preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was increased (8.184 %) in the BPN treated male rats. The increase in total protein was not statistically significant (p=0.172). Interestingly, the albumin content was very highly significantly (p=0.001) increased (60.837 %) and the globulin content was very highly significantly (p=0.001) decreased (68.286 %) in BPN treated male rats. The (619.408%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values but it was noticeable (p=0.012). In the male rats there was all throughout decrease in the triglyceride level (14.469 % decr.), total cholesterol (20.249 % decr.), VLDL (42.424 % decr.) and LDL (64.274 % incr.). The only exception was an increase in HDL (4.533 % incr.) content in the plasma. After chronic administration of BPN the triglyceride level was 14.469 % (p=0.286) decreased in male rats group which was statistically not significant. In this investigation though statistically not significant yet decrease of plasma total cholesterol level (20.249 % decr.) in the BPN treated male rats was observed in comparison to control which was noticeable (p=0.058). Also a decrease in the VLDL and LDL content in the plasma was noted. Statistically significant decrease were observed in case of VLDL (42.424% decr.) (p=0.016) and significant decrease were observed in case of LDL (64.274% decr.) (p=0.035) from their corresponding control, whereas only 4.533% increase of HDL level was noticed which was not statistically significant (p=0.782). The negligible decrease in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (2.291 % decr) was rather close to the control value, thus not at all statistically significantly different (p=0.927), whereas the decrease in LDL/HDL ratio (44.453 % decr) was not statistically significant (p=0.290). After chronic administration of Brihat Purnachandra Ras (BPN) to the male rats a increase of bilirubin level (15.962% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.768). There was a negligible decrease in the plasma creatinine (2.646% decr.) in the BPN treated male rats, and this decrease was obviously not significant (p=0.773). On the contrary, a statistically significant increase in the urea (21.881% incr.) content in plasma was noted (p=0.024). A statistically significant increase in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (27.323%) in plasma was noted (p=0.028).

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PHMPP 07

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Brihat Somnath Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Motahar Hossain Chowdhury, Jannatul Fardous, Muslima Khanam Md Imran Khan and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Brihat Somnath Ras (BSM) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of BSM, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 51 days chronic administration of the BSM preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was increased (3.502 %) in the BSM treated male rats. The increase in total protein was not significant (p=0.539). Interestingly, the albumin content was statistically insignificantly (p=0.423) decreased (8.588 %) and the globulin content was insignificantly (p=0.563) decreased (5.757 %) in BSM treated male rats. The (14.057%) decrease in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was not statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.387). In the male rats after chronic administration of BSM the total cholesterol level was 145.926 % (p=0.003) increased in male rats group which was statistically highly significant and only 3.409% increase of HDL level was noticed which was not statistically significant (p=0.822). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (321.153% incr) was statistically significant (p=0.012). After chronic administration of Brihat Somnath Ras (BSM) to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (29.924% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.613). There was an increase in the creatinine (7.813% incr.) content in plasma in the BSM treated male rats which was not statistically significant (p=0.478). On the contrary, a decrease of urea level (2.106% decr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group, the decrease was not statistically significant (p=0.867). A decrease in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (10.976%) in plasma was noted which was not statistically significant (p=0.573). BSM caused 18.711% decrease in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.547).

PHMPP 08

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Maharaj Nripatiballav after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Santu Kumar Singha, Ishtiaque Ahmed Chowdhury, Imran Ashab, Maksud Hassan, Pritam Saha Podder and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Maharaj Nripatiballav (MNR) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of sprue syndrome in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of MNR, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 54 days chronic administration of the SLS preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study,

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the total protein content in the plasma was increased (3.842 % incr.) in the MNR treated male rats. The increase in total protein was not significant (p=0.532). Interestingly, the albumin content was statistically significantly (p=0.046) decreased (36.979 % decr.) and the globulin content was insignificantly (p=0.182) decreased (33.738 % decr.) in MNR treated male rats. The (13.319% decr.) decrease in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was not significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.842). In the male rats though there was no statistically significant increase noted in the triglyceride level (61.499 % incr.), yet the increase was noticeable (p=0.092). There was statistically significant increase noted in the VLDL (75.080 % incr.) (p=0.037) content in the plasma. Whereas statistically very highly significant decrease in the total cholesterol (48.133 % decr.) (p=0.001), LDL (50.130 % decr.) (p=0.001) and HDL (66.632 % decr.) (p=0.001) content in the plasma was noted. The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (51.133 % incr) was statistically highly significant (p=0.003) and the increase in LDL/HDL ratio (50.123 % incr.) was statistically significant (p=0.018). After chronic administration of MNR to the male rats an increase in bilirubin level (97.865% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group, the increase was statistically significant (p=0.050). In plasma of the MNR treated male rats, there was a statistically very highly significant decrease in the plasma creatinine (61.449% decr.) (p=0.001) and a decrease was noted in the urea content (11.284% decr.), the decrease though was not statistically significant, yet it was noticeable (p=0.103). A negligible decrease in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (2.790% decr.) in plasma was noted, which was obviously not statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.859). MNR caused 108.807% increase in plasma uric acid which was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001).

PHMPP 09

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Rajakalyan Vati after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Projjal Kanti Biswas, Nisrat Jahan, M Salahuddin Bhuiyan, Kumar Narasinha Roy Faria Farzana Perveen, and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Rajakalyan Vati (ABB) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of ABB, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 43 days chronic administration of the ABB preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was decreased (5.085 % decr.) in the ABB treated male rats and the decrease was not significant (p=0.307). Interestingly, the albumin content was very highly significantly (p=0.001) decreased (26.87 % decr.) and the globulin content was increased (14.103 % incr.) in ABB treated male rats which was statistically not significant (p=0.188). The (31.349% decr.) decrease in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was statistically significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.030). In the male rats there was decrease in the total cholesterol (6.075 % decr.) (p=0.622) and LDL (44.837 % decr.) (p=0.136) which were not statistically siginificantly different from their corresponding control values. The decrease in VLDL (37.132 % decr.) though not significant, yet it was noticeable (p=0.062). Whereas increase was noted in the triglyceride level (1.079 % incr.), and HDL (20.404 % incr.) content in the plasma. None of the increase in the triglyceride level (p=0.940) and HDL (p=0.303) content were significantly different from their corresponding control values. The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (11.482 % incr.) was

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rather close to the control value, thus not at all statistically significantly different (p=0.651), whereas the decrease in LDL/HDL ratio (24.541 % decr) was also not statistically significant (p=0.534). After chronic administration of Abalabal Ras (ABB) to the male rats a decrease of bilirubin level (17.5% decr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.686). There was a decrease in the creatinine (11.245% decr.) content in plasma in the ABB treated male rats which was not statistically significant (p=0.266). On the contrary, an increase of urea level (11.707% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group, the decrease was not statistically significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.107). A statistically highly significant increase in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (38.033% incr.) in plasma was noted (p=0.008).

PHMPP 10

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Slesma Sailendra Ras after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Chinmoy Kumar Sen1, Palash Karmakar1, Latifa Bulbul1, Jamiuddin Ahmed1, Sudip Kumar Dam2 and M. S. K. Choudhuri2
Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University Sonapur, Noakhali - 3814 Bangladesh. 2 Department of Pharmacy, Jahangir Nagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
1

Slesma Sailendra Ras (SLS) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of cold, flu and fever in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of SLS, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 54 days chronic administration of the SLS preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the male rats there was decrease in the Total protein (24.069 % decr.), the Albumin (37.789 % decr.) and the Globulin (67.935 % decr.) content in the plasma. A statistically very highly significant decrease in the Total protein (p=0.001) content in plasma was noted. The decrease in the Albumin (p=0.043) and the Globulin (p=0.024) content were significantly different from their corresponding control values. The (157.110%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio though were not significantly different from their corresponding control values but it was noticeable (p=0.119). In the male rats there was a negligible increase noted in the triglyceride level (6.49 % incr.) (p=0.816) and VLDL (6.49 % incr.) (p=0.816) content in the plasma which was obviously not statistically significant. Whereas statistically very highly significant decrease in the total cholesterol (88.458 % decr.) (p=0.001), LDL (92.433 % decr.) (p=0.001) and HDL (63.942 % decr.) (p=0.001) content in the plasma was noted. The decrease in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (61.011 % decr) was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001), whereas the decrease in LDL/HDL ratio (35.2 % decr) was not statistically significant (p=0.265). After chronic administration of SLS to the male rats a decrease of bilirubin level (39.075% decr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group, the decrease though not statistically significant, yet it was noticeable (p=0.110). There was a decrease in the plasma creatinine (12.037%) in the SLS treated male rats, though this decrease was not significant (p=0.415). On the contrary, a very highly significant decrease in the urea (20.002%) content in plasma was noted (p=0.001). A highly significant decrease in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (26.665%) in plasma was noted (p=0.003). SLS caused 11.227% decrease in plasma uric acid which was not statistically significant (p=0.393).

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PHMPP 11

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Swalpa Chandrodaya Makaradhwaj after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Shuvagata Kahali, Rubina Akhter, S. J. Sarah Muneem, Sagor Chandra Roy, Humia Akter and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Swalpa Chandrodaya Makaradhwaj (SCM), an Ayurvedic preparation is used as a traditional medicine for rejuvenation in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of SCM, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 30 days chronic administration of the SCM preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was decreased (12.109 % decr.) in the SCM treated male rats. The decrease in total protein was not significant (p=0.539). Interestingly, the albumin content was statistically significantly (p=0.038) increased (18.088 % incr) and the globulin content was insignificantly (p=0.835) increased (8.126 %) in SCM treated male rats. The (25.515% incr.) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was not significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.342). Decrease was noted in the triglyceride level (2.137 % decr.), VLDL (13.011 % decr.) and HDL (55.398 % decr.) content in the plasma. Although decreases in the triglyceride level (p=0.798) and VLDL content (p=0.344) were insignificantly different from their corresponding control values, it would be worthy to mention that the decrease in HDL was statistically highly significant (p=0.004). Whereas, in the male rats there was increase in the total cholesterol (10.274 % incr.) which was not significant (p=0.316) and increase in LDL (26.703 % incr.) which though not significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.054). The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (217.451 % incr) was statistically highly significant (p=0.009) and in the same way the increase in LDL/HDL ratio (258.56 % incr.) was statistically highly significant (p=0.008). After chronic administration of Swalpa Chandrodaya Makaradhwaja (SCM) to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (10.106% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.784). After chronic administration of Swalpa Chandrodaya Makaradhwaja (SCM) to the male rats an increase of creatinine level (23.043% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which though not statistically significant yet it was noticeable(p=0.080). SCM caused 34.944% decrease in plasma uric acid which though not statistically significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.093).

PHMPP 12

Organ Body Weight Ratio Toxicity Studies of Panchatikta Ghrita Guggulu after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Shurab Hossain1, Shuvagata Kahali2, Ishtiaque Ahmed Chowdhury2, Kamrun Nahar2, Rehana Hossain3 and M. S. K. Choudhuri2
2

Government Unani and Ayurveda Medical College, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Pharmacy. North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Pancatikta Ghrta Guggulu (PTK-G) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of skin diseases in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of PTK-

169

G, it was administered chronically to the male and female rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg. After chronic administration of the PTK-G preparation for 47 days for male rats and 40 days for female rats the following toxicological changes were noted. All throughout the experimental period the PTK-G treated male rats were always maintaining negligible (1.49 increase 4.67 % decrease) change in body weight. All throughout the experimental period the PTK-G treated female rats were always maintaining decrease in body weight, only on Day 40 ((5.83% loss) a statistically significant (p=0.043) decrease in the body weight gain was noted. This study involved post-mortem comparison of the relative weights of major organs and water content within the various tissues of the drugtreated male and female rats to those of the control group animals. This experiment was carried out in order to find out if the chronic administration of the drug PTK-G resulted in any toxicological changes in the organs so studied. There is a statistically highly significant (p=0.007) decrease in the relative percent weight of the male rat heart. [ 16.39814% decrease]. There is a statistically significant (p=0.033) decrease in the organ water content of the male rat heart. [ 7.910096% decrease]. There is a statistically highly significant (p=0.004) decrease in the relative percent weight of the male rat lungs. [ 28.90588% decrease]. There is a statistically highly significant (p=0.002) decrease in the organ water content of the male rat lungs. [ 8.080839 % decrease].There is a statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) decrease in the relative percent weight of the male rat liver. [ 24.56496% decrease]. There is a statistically significant (p=0.031) decrease in the organ water content of the male rat liver. [ 5.501815 % decrease]. There is a statistically highly significant (p=0.002) decrease in the relative percent weight of the male rat kidney. [ 28.6489 % decrease]. There is a statistically very highly significant (p=0.001) decrease in the organ water content of the male rat kidney. [ 8.146903% decrease]. There is a statistically highly significant (p=0.003) decrease in the relative percent weight of the male rat spleen. [ 26.63283 % decrease]. There is a statistically highly significant (p=0.011) decrease in the organ water content of the male rat spleen. [ 6.967354% decrease]. There is a [ 25.2608 %] decrease in the relative percent weight of the male rat thymus, the decrease though not significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.053). There is a [1.608332 %] decrease in the organ water content of the rat testis, the decrease though not significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.075).

PHMPP 13

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Pancatikta Ghrta Guggulu after Chronic Administration to Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats
Shurab Hossain1, M. Babul Akhter1, Projjal Kanti Biswas2, Md. Mahmudur Rahman2, Farheen Faroque Ruchita3 and M. S. K. Choudhuri2
2

Government Unani and Ayurveda Medical College, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Pharmacy. North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Pancatikta Ghrta Guggulu (PTK-G) an Ayurvedic preparation used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of skin diseases in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of PTKG, it was administered chronically to the male and female rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg. After chronic administration of the PTK-G preparation for 47 days for male rats and 40 days for female rats the following change in clinical chemistry were noted. In the study, the total protein content in the plasma was increased in the PTK-G treated female rats. The increase (4.266 % incr.) in total protein was not significant (p=0.564). Interestingly, the albumin content was significantly (p=0.026) increased (17.903 % incr.) and the globulin content was insignificantly (p=0.250) decreased (10.960 % decr.)

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in PTK-G treated female rats. In the male rats, after chronic administration of PTK-G the Triglyceride level was (19.615% decr.) and HDL both decreased. In case of Triglyceride the decrease though not significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.074). A decrease was found in case of the HDL (7.762% decr.) in comparison to the corresponding control values in the male rats and this decrease in HDL was not at all significant (p=0.534). In the female rats decrease was noted in the triglyceride level (14.924 % decr.) (p=0.332) and VLDL (??.?? % decr.) (p=0.???) content in the plasma. There was increase in the total cholesterol (6.442 % incr.) (p=0.350) and HDL (3.908 % incr.) (p=0.604). None of these changes (both increase or decrease) were significantly different from their corresponding control values. After chronic administration of PTK-G to the female rats an increase of bilirubin level (6.140% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.892). Kidney function test was performed to measure the creatinine content in the plasma. There was a negligible decrease in the plasma creatinine (3.549%) in the PTKG treated male rats, and this decrease was not significant (p=0.272). Also a statistically insignificant decrease in the urea (7.435%) content in plasma was noted (p=0.373). There was a decrease in the plasma creatinine (2.572%) in the PTK-G treated female rats, and this decrease was not significant (p=0.696). Also a negligible decrease in the urea (0.744%) content in plasma was noted which was not at all statistically significant (p=0.870). In the male rats it was observed that about 10.870% decrease in plasma uric acid content of PTK-G treated male rats in comparison to their control male rats which was not statistically significant (p=0.569). In the female rats it was observed that about 13.409% decrease in plasma uric acid content of PTK-G treated female rats in comparison to their control female rats which was not statistically significant (p=0.315). In the male rats there was a statistically very highly significant increase (21.736% incr.) in the sGOT (p=0.002). Increase (16.039% incr.) was also noticed in LDH, though it was not statistically significant (p=0.418). There was a negligible decrease in the sGPT (5.410% decr.) in the PTK-G treated male rats, and this decrease was not significant (p=0.453). Also a statistically insignificant decrease in the ALP (9.254% decr.) content in plasma was noted (p=0.404). In the female rats there was a decrease in the sGOT which statistically was not significant (11.583% decr.) (p=0.164). There was a negligible increase in the sGPT (0.950% incr.) in the PTK-G treated female rats, and this increase was not statistically significant (p=0.886). A negligible increase in the ALP (2.389% incr.) content in plasma was noted which was not statistically significant (p=0.828). Also decrease was also noticed in LDH, though it was not statistically significant (15.392% decr.) (p=0.503).

PHMPP 14

Preclinical Blood Chemistry Safety Profile Studies of Maha Jogaraja Guggulu after Chronic Administration to Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Mst. Reshma Khatun, M. Mafruhi Sattar, Swagata Sarker, Md Tareq Rahman, Md. Reza Ul Karim and M. S. K. Choudhuri
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Maha Jogaraja Guggulu (MGG) an Ayurvedic preparation is used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of osteoarthritis in the rural population. To find out the toxicological characteristic of MGG, it was administered chronically to the male rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg. After 54 days chronic administration of the MGG preparation the following toxicological changes were noted. In the male rats there was decrease in the Total protein (2.882 % decr.), the Albumin (37.724 % decr.) and the Globulin (43.445 % decr.) content in the plasma. The decrease in the Total protein (2.882%) content

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in plasma was not statistically significant (p=0.649). The decrease in the Albumin was significantly (p=0.043) different from their corresponding control values, whereas the Globulin content though not significantly different from their corresponding control values, yet the decrease was noticeable (p=0.101). The (22.390%) increase in the Albumin / Globulin ratio was not significantly different from their corresponding control values (p=0.741). In the male rats there was increase noted in the triglyceride level (89.394 % incr.) (p=0.064) and VLDL (89.393 % incr.) (p=0.064) content in the plasma, both though not significantly different from their corresponding control values, yet the decrease was noticeable. Whereas statistically very highly significant decrease in the total cholesterol (56.316 % decr.) (p=0.001), LDL (57.927 % decr.) (p=0.001) and HDL (60.124 % decr.) (p=0.001) content in the plasma was noted. The increase in Total cholesterol /HDL ratio (11.217 % incr) was not statistically significant (p=0.204) and also the increase in LDL/HDL ratio (2.183 % incr) was not statistically significant (p=0.859). After chronic administration of Maha Jogaraja Guggulu (MGG) to the male rats an increase of bilirubin level (45.183% incr.) in the plasma was noted in comparison to their control group which was not statistically significant (p=0.354). There was a statistically very highly significant decrease in the plasma creatinine (58.238% decr.) (p=0.001). The decrease in the urea (8.48% decr.) content in plasma in the MGG treated male rats though not statistically significant it was noticeable (p=0.116). A very highly significant decrease in the Urea/Creatinine ratio (45.604%) in plasma was noted (p=0.001). MGG caused 107.365% increase in plasma uric acid which was statistically very highly significant (p=0.001).

PHMPP 15

In Vivo Screening for Non-narcotic Analgesic Property using Swiss-Webster Mice to Understand the Comparative Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Medicinal Preparations
Ninadh Malrina DCosta1, Dipan Kumar Kundu1, Ariful Islam2, Md. Siddikur Rahman3, Mst. Farzana Yasmin3 and M. S. K. Choudhuri3
Department of Pharmacy. North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Pharmacy, Jahangir Nagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2 1

The drugs at dose of 40mL/kg along with the control and positive control (diclofenac sodium 25mg/kg) were administered orally. 45 minutes after drug treatment, the mice were given intraperitoneal injection of 0.15 ml of 7% acetic acid solution to induce writhing. The total number of writhing occurring between 15 and 20 min after acetic acid injection was recorded. The response of the drug and diclofenac sodium treated groups was compared with those of animals in the control group. One-Way ANOVA followed by Dunnets correction was used to analyze the data. The drugs Amritarista (MRT) 40ml/kg (p=0.087), Kutajarista (KTJ) 40ml/kg (p=0.909), Kanakasav (KNK) 40ml/kg (p=0.971), Kalomeghasav (KLM) 40ml/kg (p=0.197), Brihat Haridra Khanda (HKM) 40ml/kg (p=0.847), Moha Draksharista (MDR) 40ml/kg (p=0.74), Dasamularista (DSM) 40ml/kg (p=0.875), and Amalaki Rasayan (MLK) 40ml/kg (p=0.173) had their p-values greater than 0.10 and were considered to have no significant result. The drugs Shirisharista (SRS) 40ml/kg (p=0.001), Arjunarista (RJN) 40ml/kg (p=0.001), Prasarani Sandhan (PRS) 40ml/kg (p=0.001), Punarnavasav (PNR) 40ml/kg (p=0.001), and Diclofenac Na (p=0.001) had their p-values less than 0.01 and were considered to have highly significant result.

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PHMPP 16

In Vivo Screening for Antihistaminic Property using SWISSWebster Mice to Understand the Comparative Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Medicinal Preparations
Md Mahmudul Hasan1, Mehdi Bin Samad1, Md Shamiul Hasan Khan2, Ishtiaque Ahmed Chowdhury3, Neshat Masud3 and M. S. K. Choudhuri3
Department of Pharmacy. North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacy, University Of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Pharmacy, Jahangir Nagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2 1

Mice were treated with the drugs of 40ml/Kg dose at 0 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr (food and water was provided at libitum) followed by the Burn Test. The mice were anaesthetized with ketamine (150mg/kg). On confirmation of anesthesia the animals were immersed in water to the axilla (twothirds body surface area) at 68 C for 8 seconds. The mice were kept in a clean plastic cage for further observation (food and water was yet again provided at libitum) and their total survival time was recorded at the specific time intervals of 1hr, 2hr, 3hr, 4hr, 5hr, 6hr, 12hr, 24hr, 48hr; after commencement of the burn test. One-Way ANOVA followed by Dunnets test was done to analyze the results. The drugs Shirisharista (SRS) 40ml/kg (p=0.282), Brihat Haridra Khanda (HKM) 40ml/kg (p=0.395), Dasamularista (DSM) 40ml/kg (p=0.287), Moha Draksharista (MDR) 40ml/kg (p=0.129), Prasarani Sandhan (PRS) 40ml/kg (p=0.231), Amalaki Rasayan (MLK) 40ml/kg (p=0.231), Kutajarista (KTJ) 40ml/kg (p=0.248), Kanakasav (KNK) 40ml/kg (p=0.747), and Kalomeghasav (KLM) 40ml/kg (p=0.723) had their p-values greater than 0.10 and were considered to have no significant result. The drugs Arjunarista (RJN) 40ml/kg (p=0.032), Punarnavasav (PNR) 40ml/kg (p=0.006) and Desloratidine (p=0.002) had their p-values less than 0.05 and considered to have significant result.

PHMPP 17

In vivo Screening for Antihypoxic Property using SwissWebster Mice to Understand the Comparative Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Medicinal Preparations
Md Rajib Ruhan1, Syeda Hurmatul Quader1, Masud Rana2, Nadia Sultana3, Sabrina Akter3 and M. S. K. Choudhuri3
1Department of Pharmacy. North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2Department of Pharmacy, University Of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3Department of Pharmacy, Jahangir Nagar University, Savar -1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Hypoxia is an assay to indirectly, determine the change in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood following oral administration of the prepared extract. In this experiment, Swiss-Albino mice of either sex were administered 20ml/kg and 40ml/kg of the test formulation by gavage. One hour later, each of the mice were placed inside the conical flask and the mouth of the conical flask was sealed by means of plastic paraffin film (Parafin), to ensure absolute air-tight condition inside the flasks. The time of air-locking the conical flask was noted down and the mice were observed there forth for sign

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of hypoxia induced convulsion. The air-locking time was subtracted from the convulsion time. We performed One-Way ANOVA followed by Dunnets Test to analyze the data. The drugs Brihat Haridra Khanda (HKM) 20ml/kg (p=0.71), HKM 40ml/kg (p=0.82), Moha Draksharista (MDR) 20ml/kg (p=0.583), MDR 40ml/kg (p=0.625), Bolarista (BLR) 20ml/kg (0.661), BLR 40ml/kg (p=0.54), Aswagandharista (ASG) 20ml/kg (p=0.583), Amritarista (MRT) 20ml/kg (p=0.76), MRT 40ml/kg (p=0.625), Shirisharista (SRS) 20ml/kg (p=0.956), SRS 40ml/kg (p=0.893), Prasarani Sandhan (PRS) 20ml/kg (p=0.976), PRS 40ml/kg (p=0.619), Punarnavasav (PNR) 20ml/kg (p=0.099), Kalomeghasav (KLM) 20ml/kg (p=0.49) had their p-values greater than 0.10 and were considered to have no significant result. The drug Kalomeghasav (KLM) 40ml/kg (p=0.05) had pvalue equal to 0.05 and considered to have significant result. The drugs Aswagandharista (ASG) 40ml/kg (p=0.000), Arjunarista (RJN) 20ml/kg (p=0.000), RJN 40ml/kg (p=0.000), Kutajarista (KTJ) 20ml/kg (p=0.000), KTJ 40ml/kg (p=0.000), Punarnavasav (PNR) 40ml/kg (p=0.003) had their pvalues less than 0.01 and were considered to have highly significant antihypoxic activity.

174