Pulmo Questions Physiology of Respiration Structure and Function of the Respiratory System 1.

The operational stage of respiration that corresponds to the vascular transport of O 2 and CO2 between lung and tissue cells of the body. a. Internal respiration b. Transport respiration c. Intermediate respiration d. External respiration Which of the following is incorrectly matched? a. Pulmonary capillaries : gas exchanger b. Brainstem: ventilatory pump c. Cerebral cortex : respiratory controller d. None of the above The following structures perform the bellows function of the respiratory system, EXCEPT: a. Alveoli b. Pleura c. Airways d. Peripheral nerves to respiratory muscles Which of the following is a function of the lung? a. Metabolism b. Host defense c. Gas exchange d. All of the above Which of the following is FALSE about the upper airways? a. Its major function is to condition inspired air b. The volume of air entering the nares each day is 10,000 to 15,000 ml c. The paransal sinuses are lined with ciliated epithelium d. The flow of mucus clears the main nasal passages every 60 minutes This is the functional anatomical unit of the lung. a. Tracheobronchial system b. Bronchus c. Bronchopulmonary segment d. Alveoli This is the basic physiologic unit of the lung. a. Alveoli b. Acinus c. Respiratory bronchioles d. Terminal bronchioles The acinus is composed of the following, EXCEPT: a. Terminal bronchiole b. Respiratory Bronchiole c. Alveolar ducts d. Alveoli Which of the following is TRUE of the blood supply to the lungs: a. It has only one blood circulation b. 2/3 of the blood drains into the left atrium via pulmonary veins c. The pulmonary circulation provide nourishment to the lung parenchyma d. In the presence of diseases, the arteries decrease in size thereby decreasing blood supply to the lungs Which of the following is FALSE about the innervation of the respiratory tract? a. The airways have both somatic and autonomic innervation b. There are no pain fibers in the lung c. Parasympathetic innervation originates from the vagus nerve (CN X) d. Norepinephrine, a sympathetic neurotransmitter, does not innervate smooth muscles During normal quiet breathing, which structure functions primarily in inspiration? a. External intercostal muscles b. Diaphragm c. Internal intercostal muscles d. Pectoralis muscle Which of the following is NOT a requirement for gas exchange? a. Small surface area for gas diffusion b. Minimize distance for diffusion c. Maintainance of structural integrity of the gas exchange unit d. Matching ventilation and blood flow Which of the following is TRUE about the surface area for diffusion of the gas exchange unit? a. 1000 pulmonary capillaries come in contact with each alveolus

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The pulmonary capillaries permit only a single RBC through the vessel due to its small diameter The RBC is fully saturated with O2 by the time it has made 25-33% of the way through the pulmonary capillary d. All of the above 14. Which of the following best describes the distance for diffusion of the gas exchange unit? a. O2 crosses the alveolar-capillary membrane faster than CO2 b. Diffusion of O2 is not efficient and is a slow process c. The amount of gas that can diffuse across a surface is inversely proportional to the thickness of the surface d. The surface that needs to be traversed by gas is composed of the alveolar wall and capillary wall only 15. A characteristic of the gas exchange unit that allows blood flow to be directed to areas receiving better ventilation. a. Interdependence b. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction c. Alveolar-arterial oxygen difference d. Mucociliary mechanism Mechanics of Breathing: Static Properties 16. Which of the following lung volumes is correct? a. TLC = ERV + TV + IRV b. VC = TV + IRV c. IC = TV + ERV d. FRC = RV + ERV 17. Which of the following lung volumes cannot be measured by spirometry? a. Residual volume b. Expiratory reserve volume c. Tidal volume d. Inspiratory reserve volume 18. The following are properties that affect lung function, EXCEPT: a. Surface tension b. Elasticity c. Compliance d. None of the above 19. Total lung capacity is determined by which of the following statements? a. It occurs because the lungs only have a certain volume of air it can take in b. It occurs because as the muscles lengthen during inspiration, the forces of inspiration cannot overcome the increasing force required to distend the lung and chest wall. c. It occurs because airway resistance increases as volume of air increases d. It occurs because the body senses the need for only a certain amount of air 20. This refers to the tendency of a structure to return to its initial size after being distended a. Surface tension b. Elasticity c. Compliance d. Transmural pressure 21. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relationship between compliance, volume and pressure? a. Volume is indirectly proportional to pressure b. As pressure increases, compliance decreases c. Compliance is indirectly proportional to volume d. Pressure is directly proportional to compliance 22. It is the volume of the lung at the end of normal exhalation a. Residual volume b. Expiratory reserve volume c. Tidal volume d. Functional residual capacity 23. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Elastic tension increases during inspiration and decreases by elastic recoil during expiration b. Elastic tension decreases during inspiration and increases by elastic recoil during expiration c. Elastic tension increases during inspiration and expiration d. Both A and C 24. Which of the following factors affect lung compliance? a. Stretchability of the lung tissues b. Surface tension c. A only d. Both A and B 25. Which of the following is FALSE about lung compliance? a. Lung compliance is the slope of the line between two points on the deflation limb of the pressurevolume loop b. The steeper the slope, the higher the compliance c. A stiff lung is an example of high compliance

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d. Lung compliance is directly proportional to lung volume and inversely proportional to pressure 26. Which of the following is TRUE regarding lung compliance and lung volume? a. As the volume increases and alveoli are filled to the limit, lung compliance decreases b. At very low lung volumes, compliance is low c. A only d. Both A and B 27. The difference between inflation and deflation pressure-volume curve is known as? a. Compliance b. Surface Tension c. Hysteresis d. Transpulmonary pressure 28. Which of the following explains the Law of Laplace? a. The time required for micelle formation (exhalation) and release (inhalation) b. Increasing pressure in the smaller alveolus causes it to empty its air into a larger one if the surface tension in both are the same c. As the volume become maximally low, compliance of the lung decreases d. Resistance is inversely proportional to the radius of the airways 29. What is the use of surfactant? a. Reduces surface tension b. Increases surface tension c. Has nothing to do with surface tension d. None of the above 30. What is a consequence of a lack in surfactant? a. Movement of interstitial fluid into the alveoli b. Alveolar collapse c. High compliance d. A and B e. All of the above Mechanics of Breathing: Dynamic Properties 31. Which of the following is TRUE regarding flow of air into the airways? a. A reynolds number <2000 means flow is turbulent b. The trachea has a laminar flow c. As the diameter of the airway decreases, the flow becomes more laminar d. All of the above 32. Which of the following BEST describes the resistance? a. An increase in resistance causes an increase in flow b. Resistance increases when the length of the tube increases c. Resistance decreases when the radius of the airway decreases d. An increase in viscosity causes a decrease in resistance 33. Which of the following is TRUE regarding airway resistance and lung volumes? a. Resistance increases as lung volumes increase b. Resistance decreases as lung volumes increase c. Resistance is unaffected by lung volumes d. None of the above 34. Which of the following is TRUE about total cross-sectional area of the airways? a. As branching increases, total cross-sectional area of the airways increase b. As total cross sectional area increases, resistance decreases c. B only d. A and B 35. In order to maintain constant flow through a tube, which of the following is TRUE? a. Velocity of gas in the small tube must increase b. Pressure of gas in the small tube must decrease c. A only d. A and B 36. During forced exhalation, PTP becomes negative and PpI is higher than inside the airway, thus airway may collapse. a. True b. False Ventilation, Gas Exchange, and Transport 37. This pertains to the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus (PaO2) that is given by the ideal O2 equation. a. Boyles law b. Daltons law c. Alveolar oxygen equation d. Respiratory Quotient 38. This pertains to the ratio of CO2 excreted to the O2 taken up by the lungs. a. Boyles law b. Daltons law c. Alveolar oxygen equation

d. Respiratory Quotient 39. The quantity of CO2 released exceeds the quantity of O2 taken up. a. True b. False 40. This is the process in which air goes in and out of perfused alveoli. a. Alveolar CO2 Equation b. Alveolar O2 Equation c. Alveolar ventilation d. Respiratory Quotient 41. The following are factors in determining the fraction of CO2 in alveolus (PaCO2), EXCEPT: a. Rate of oxygen inhaled during breathing b. Rate of CO2 produced during metabolism c. Rate at which CO2 is eliminated from the alveolus d. None of the above 42. The greater the amount of CO2 produced by the body, the greater the alveolar ventilation. a. True b. False c. Not sure d. Or 43. This refers to the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs per minute. a. Tidal volume b. Minute ventilation c. Number of breaths per minute d. Inspiratory reserve volume 44. Which of the following is TRUE about distribution of ventilation in the lungs? a. The apex is more expanded, thus can receive less ventilation b. The base is more compliant, thus can receive more ventilation c. Ventilation is highest in the base of the lung d. All of the above 45. This is the volume of air that enters and exits the lung that do not participate in gas exchange a. Deadspace ventilation b. Alveolar ventilation c. Minute ventilation d. Total ventilation 46. This refers to the fraction of each breath that is wasted in ventilating the conducting airways. a. VD/VT b. Alveolar CO2 equation c. Anatomic deadspace d. Alveolar deadspace 47. The following is true about Ficks Law, EXCEPT: a. The greater the surface area, the faster the rate of transfer of gases b. The greater the viscosity, the greater the resistance c. Diffusion is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane barrier d. If driving force is decreased, diffusion is decreased 48. Gases which have a high solubility in alveolo-capillary membrane but insoluble in blood are called a. Perfusion limited b. Diffusion limited c. Unlimited d. I do not know 49. Which of the following factors will cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right? a. Increased pCO2 b. Increased temperature c. pH of 2 d. All of the above 50. It is described as a decrease in oxygen-hemoglobin saturation that leads to CO2 loading into the blood a. Hypoxia b. Henrys law c. Haldane effect d. Bohr effect 51. The pneumotaxic center switches off inspiration while the apneustic center excites the medulla and prolongs inspiration a. True b. False c. I do not know d. Bahala na si Lord 52. Responsible for voluntary control of breathing a. Medulla b. Pons c. Cerebral cortex d. None of the above

53. Which of the following is peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to? a. O2 b. CO2 c. H+ d. HCO354. Which of the following is central chemoreceptors most sensitive to? a. O2 b. CO2 c. H+ d. HCO355. The Hering-Breur inflation reflex occurs when this type of respiratory receptor is stimulated. a. C Fibers b. Slow adapting stretch receptors c. Rapidly adapting stretch receptors d. Muscle spindle 56. Determine the acid-base imbalance: pH=7.3, pCO2 = 30, HCO3 = 18, PO2 = 90 a. Respiratory acidosis b. Respiratory alkalosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis 57. Determine the acid-base imbalance: pH=7.3, pCO2 = 50, HCO3 = 30, PO2 = 80 a. Respiratory acidosis b. Respiratory alkalosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis 58. Determine the acid-base imbalance: pH=7.5, pCO2 = 25, HCO3 = 20, PO2 = 90 a. Respiratory acidosis b. Respiratory alkalosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis 59. Determine the acid-base imbalance: pH=7.5, pCO2 = 45, HCO3 = 40, PO2 = 90 a. Respiratory acidosis b. Respiratory alkalosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis 60. What is the bodys compensation for the acid-base imbalance in #59? a. Kidney: increase H+ secretion in urine, increase HCO3- reabsorption b. Kidney: increase HCO3- secretion, increase H+ reabsorption c. Lungs: Hyperventilation d. Lungs: Hypoventilation

Answer key: 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B 21. B 22. D 23. A

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

D C D C B A D C B B D D A C D B C A A B D A A B A D C A C A C B C A B D D