socialur mecnierebaTa seria

akademiuri wera
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis

lia wulaZe

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria mTavari redaqtori: enobrivi redaqtori: marine CitaSvili lia kaWarava giorgi bagrationi

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:

socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 Center for Social Sciences, 2006 q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10 el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 873-7-1

Sesavali ..................................................................................................................... 4 Tema I. argumentirebuli ese .......................................................................... 8

Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27

Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44

Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55

Sesavali
kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis miRwevas emsaxureba, romelTa Soris ganmsazRvreli adgili kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas ukavia. jer kidev 1948 wels benjamin blumma da misma kolegebma muSaoba daiwyes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvraze, rac 1956 logikurad dagvirgvinda ,,saganmanaTleblo miznebis taqsonomiis SeqmniT, romelic dRes blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa cnobili. aRniSnuli taqsonomiis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom swavlebis procesSi studentebis mier miRebul codnas ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs, ufro martividan metad kompleqsuris mimarTulebiT. amdenad, studentebi etapobrivad gadian garkveul safexurebs da sauniversiteto swavlebis mizania, yvela safexuris Tanmimdevrulad dauflebis Sedegad, studentebma umaRles safexurs miaRwion. am umaRles safexurad, blumsa da mis kolegebs, swored Sefasebis unaris ganviTareba miaCniaT. qvemoT warmogidgenT blumis taqsonomias, raTa umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis ilustrireba movaxdino. blumis taqsonomia 1. codna informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi, wesebi, kriteriumebi, kategoriebi, struqtura, procedura. codna warmoadgens cnebebis, leqsikonis, konteqstis safuZvels. 2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT gadmocema, arsebuli monacemebis gaazreba, ganzogadeba. gageba asazrisianebs faqtsa da codnas Soris kavSirs. faqtebis interpretaciis, Sejamebisa da ganzogadebis safuZvelze, studenti swavlobs informaciasTan muSaobasa da mis gaTavisebas. 3. gamoyeneba _ miRebuli informaciiT praqtikaSi xelmZRvaneloba _informaciisa da wesebis gamoyeneba axal situaciebSi, principebisa da Teoriebis gamoyeneba specifikur garemoebebSi. wesisa Tu principis gamoyeneba axal Tu uCveulo situaciaSi saSualebas aZlevs students ,,gamoyenebadi gaxados misi codna. 4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _ monacemebis dajgufeba logikur qvejgufebad, qvejgufebs Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena. analizi zrdis studentis mier Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebasa da aTvisebas, aZlevs ra saSualebas moaxdinos masalis organizeba da struqturireba mis Semadgenel komponentebad. es organizeba gansxvavebulia sagnis mixedviT _ SesaZloa is iyos logikuri, asaxavdes fizikur aRweras, an qvekategoriebisagan Semdgari klasifikaciis forma hqondes. analizi aris is done, romelic asaxavs Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebas/wvdomas. 5. sinTezi _ gamocdilebis organizeba axali formiT _ sxvadasxva komponentebis safuZvelze axali struqturebis Seqmna, an problemis gadaWris axali gzis moZieba; informaciis logikur kategoriebad organizeba. sinTezi produqtiuli, SemoqmedebiTi, problemis gadaWris donea. am doneze students SeuZlia Seqmnas raime axali (moxseneba, modeli, prezentacia) adre SeZenili codnisa da gagebis safuZvelze. 6. Sefaseba _ SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba _ konkurirebad gadawyvetilebebs Soris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis dadgena, argumentsa Tu gadawyvetilebaSi araTanmimdevrulobis gamovlena, SemoqmedebiTi naSromebis Sedareba da kontrastis dasabuTeba, gamoyenebuli kriteriumebis Cveneba. Sefaseba saSualebas aZlevs students Seadaros konkurirebadi gadawyvetilebebi, Sromis produqtebi, an daasabuTos biznes-gadawyvetileba. sxvaoba karg Sefasebasa da zerele msjelobas Soris isaa, rom pirveli gulisxmobs wina xuT doneze SeZenili codnis, unarebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis
4

gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman]. blumis taqsonomiis Tanaxmad, codna da gageba/wvdoma ,,informaciis Seyvanis etapia, gamoyeneba da analizi aqtiuri procesis etapad moiazreba, sinTezi da Sefaseba Sedegis miRebis etapia, romelic azrovnebis produqtiul da SemoqmedebiT doneze miuTiTebs. naxevari saukunea, aRniSnuli principebi safuZvlad udevs dasavleTis qveynebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas, Tumca Cvens realobaSi isini axlaRa inergeba, radgan sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ver iqneboda orientirebuli kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebaze, albaT, sabWoTa reJimgamovlil adamians sakmaod ucnaurad moeCveneba dasavlur samyaroSi damkvidrebuli akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principi ,,daiwyeT daskvniT, rac gulisxmobs, rom mweralma Tezisi anu misi ZiriTadi pozicia SesavalSive unda warmoadginos, da ara xangrZlivi msjelobiT daRlil mkiTxvels, daskvnaSi SesTavazos igi; rac Cveuli ambavia sabWoTa literaturisaTvis, radgan sabWoTa avtori sakmaod frTxili unda yofiliyo sakuTari poziciis gadmocemisas, gansakuTrebiT iseT sferoSi, rogoric socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebia. arc isaa saidumlo, rom wlebis manZilze Cveni sauniversiteto swavleba mimarTuli iyo studentis mier miwodebuli informaciis pasiur daswavlaze, yovelgvari kritikuli gaazrebisa Tu analizis gareSe, rac erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi unda iyos imisa, rom studentTa sakurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebi xSirad uneburi plagiatis nimuSi iyo. magram arsebul viTarebas ufro metad is faqti amZimebda, rom, CvenSi sauniversiteto swavlebis ZiriTadi mizani ,,informaciis Seyvana iyo, studentebisaTvis did sirTule iyo aqtiuri procesis doneze gadasvla da miRebuli codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeboda produqtiuli da SemoqmedebiTi donis miRweva. aRniSnuli problemis daZleva umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca saqarTveloSi mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, boloniis procesSi CarTvis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, aucilebel moTxovnad iqca sauniversiteto swavlebaSi iseTi kursis Semotana, romelic studentebSi kritikuli azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezisa da Sefasebis unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxureboda. swored aseTi sagania akademiuri wera, romelic 2004/2005 saswavlo wlidan moyolebuli ekiTxeba Tsu-s rogorc bakalavriatis, ise magistraturis studentebs. kursis mizani: magistraturis studentebs mTeli rigi weriTi davalebebi eZlevaT, romlebic, Tumca gansxvavebulia programis mixedviT, ori saerTo TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. es davalebebi etapobrivad rTuldeba da 2. isini ,,akademiurad unda iyos Sesrulebuli. swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba akademiuri weris saseminaro kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis, romelic centraluri evropis universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelzea agebuli da 4 Janrs moicavs:argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze. kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve, arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas, gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas. qvemoT mokled warmogidgenT TiToeuli Janris mizansa da aRweras:

Janrebi universitetSi Janri 1) argumentirebuli ese aRwera araakademiuri debatis ori mxaris struqturirebuli analizi. erTi akademiuri teqstis kritikuli kiTxva da werilobiTi formiT Sefaseba. debatis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gansazRvra studentisaTvis SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. akademiuri problemis werilobiTi formiT gadaWra sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis safuZvelze. sakuTari gamokvlevis angariSi, romelSic dasabuTebulia arCeuli meTodologia da warmodgenilia gamokvlevis TiToeuli etapi, miRebuli Sedegebi da maTi interpretacia. mizani mtkicebulebis formulirebisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis procesis ganviTareba. kritikuli azrovnebisa da ZiriTadi argumentebis SejamebaSefasebis unaris ganviTareba. debatis ZiriTadi arsis wvdomisa da werilobiTi formiT gadmocemis xelSewyoba. mocemul disciplinaSi sakvlevi problemis dayenebisa da gadaWris xelSewyoba Sesabamisi Teoriis/literaturis gamoyenebis safuZvelze. sakuTari gamokvlevis struqturirebisa da prezentaciis xelSewyoba akademiuri disciplinis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

2) kritika

3) analitikuri referati

4) sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi

5) eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi

[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) akademiuri weris centris mier SemuSavebuli sqemis safuZvelze] akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebi: akademiuri wera ramdenime ZiriTad principzea agebuli: mkiTxveli sanam weras daviwyebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu vin iqneba Cveni mkiTxveli. magistraturis studentisaTvis mkiTxveli leqtoria, romelic mocemuli dargis eqspertia. weriT davalebas warmatebiT rom gaarTvan Tavi, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mocemul sakiTxSi da misi molodinebi, rac, udavod, gavlenas axdens naSromis Sinaarsze. nagulismevi mkiTxvelidan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, azrobrivad msgavsi ori winadadeba SeiZleba gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebodes. nimuSis saxiT warmogidgenT or winadadebas, romelTagan erTi farTo auditoriisaTvis, meore ki _ specialistebisTvisaa dawerili: socializacia aris procesi, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da, romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens. process, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens, socializacia ewodeba. mizani
6

zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani erTmaneTTan mWido kavSirSi imyofeba. Tu mkiTxveli mweralze nakleb informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi funqciaa informaciis miwodeba (rogorc, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloSi). Tu mkiTxveli mweralze metad informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari codnisa da eqspertizis demonstrireba. swored es mizani amoZravebs magistraturis students, roca weriT davalebas asrulebs. daiwyeT daskvniT akademiuri weris erT-erTi umTavresi principia, rom avtorma SesavalSive warmoadginos misi Tezisi anu ZiriTadi pozicia, rac or mizans emsaxureba: 1. naSromis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebas, radgan avtorma ukve Camoayaliba misi pozicia, rac daexmareba erTi arCeuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos da yvela argumenti Tu qveargumenti warmodgenili poziciis gasamyareblad gamoiyenos; da 2. mkiTxvelisTvis Tavidanve naTelia avtoris pozicia, amitom misTvis martivia rogorc avtoris argumentebis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, ise mis mosazrebebSi logikuri xarvezebis aRmoCena. struqtura nebismieri informacia gansazRvruli struqturis safuZvelze unda iyos organizebuli. elementaruli doniT rom daviwyoT, martiv winadadebasac da mcire zomis paragrafsac ki sakuTari struqtura aqvs. naSromis miznidan gamomdinare, akademiur weraSi informaciis organizebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba, Tumca, maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia naSromis organizeba `problema _ gadaWris gza~ struqturis safuZvelze, romelic 4 ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1. situaciis aRwera 2. problemis identifikacia 3. gadaWris gzis aRwera 4. gadaWris gzis Sefaseba [Holy, M. (1983). On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen and Unwin]. stili akademiuri naSromi Sesabamisi stiliT unda iyos Sesrulebuli, romelic ara marto Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos daculi mTel naSromSi, aramed aucileblad Seesabamebodes mwerlis mizansa da nagulisxmev mkiTxvels. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba profesiuli donis miRweva, radgan araformaluri eniT dawerili eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis angariSic ki, miuxedavad kompleqsuri monacemebis warmodgenisa, SesaZloa, zedmetad gamartivebuli gveCvenos. Sesabamisi stilis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul umTavres sirTules warmoadgens sakiTxi, Tu ra miviCnioT akademiurad da ra _ ara. unda aRiniSnos, rom akademiuri weris stilis arsebiTi niSania metyvelebis nawilebs Soris (iqneba es zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, Tu sxv.), rac SeiZleba metad formaluris SerCeva; winadadebebis Sedgenisas ki, umTavresad formaluri tonis gamoyeneba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba akademiur naSromSi avtoris yvela argumenti misi ZiriTadi poziciis gamyarebas unda emsaxurebodes, rac niSnavs, rom yvela idea logikur kavSirSi unda imyofebodes da avtori ar unda meryeobdes sxvadasxva mosazrebebs Soris. Tu mkiTxvels uxdeba ukan dabruneba da azris gasagebad, naweris ramdenjerme gadakiTxva, anda mas uWirs avtoris argumentebis ZiriTad poziciasTan dakavSireba, es niSnavs, rom naSromi araTanmimdevruli da aralogikuria [Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan Press.] akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebis gacnobis Semdeg, uSualod kursis Sinaarsze gadavideT.

kursis Sinaarsi
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese
TiTqmis yvela Janris akademiuri naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan nebismieri nawarmoebis mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, rom rasac avtori ambobs, saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es ki moiTxovs saTanado strategiebis SemuSavebas, raTa avtorma efeqturad gadmosces Tavisi mosazrebebi da gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. argumentirebis unari exmareba adamians ideebis ganviTarebasa da organizebaSi, Sexedulebebis damajereblobis SefasebaSi, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis dacvasa da saTqmelis naTlad da efeqturad warmodgenaSi _ yvela es unari Zalian Rirebulia akademiuri weris nebismieri JanrisaTvis. argumentirebis Tanamedrove Teoria berZnul-romauli tradiciebidan iRebs saTaves. berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis, argumenti iyo debatebis gadawyvetisa da WeSmaritebis dadgenis gza. Cven mogvyavs argumentebi ara imitom, rom vinmeze gabrazebuli varT an misi ar gvjera, aramed imitom, rom argumentireba gvexmareba ukeT SeviswavloT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi ideebi; SevafasoT sapirispiro poziciebi; naTlad da akuratulad gamovxatoT Cveni Sexedulebebi; movaxdinoT sxvaTa ideebis kritikuli analizi. amdenad, argumentirebuli eses ZiriTadi principebis aTviseba gvexmareba sxva nebismieri Janris nawarmoebis SeqmnaSic. akademiur weraSi argumentirebuli eses struqturirebis ori nimuSi arsebobs, romelTac qvemoT warmogidgenT: [Smally, R.L., Ruetten, M.K. and Kozyrev, J.R. (2000). Rifining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle and Heinle, Thomson Learning]. rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali da daskvna orive nimuSSi msgavsia, gansxvaveba ZiriTad nawilSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori warmogvidgens mis argumentebs, rasac oponentTa argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba axlavs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki, avtori mxolod oponentTa Sexedulebebis ukugdebiTaa dakavebuli. marTalia, eses struqturis orive nimuSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur akademiur weraSi, upiratesobas mainc pirvel nimuSs mivaniWebdi, radgan argumentirebuli eses SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mizani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari argumentebis warmodgena, da, damajerebeli dasabuTebaa (razec saTauric metyvelebs) da ara oponentis Sexedulebebis gakritikeba. amitom, Semdgom msjelobaSi mxolod pirveli nimuSiT vixelmZRvanelebT. argumentirebuli eses struqturis gacnobis Sedeg, misi nimuSebic ganvixiloT.

nimuSi 1
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia kacobriobam civilizaciis miRwevamde xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da cxoveluri sawyisebi gadalaxa. miuxedavad amisa, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi araadamianuri qmedebebi, romlebic yovel Cvengans Tavzars scems. yoveldRe araerTi sastiki danaSauli xdeba da damnaSaveTa samyaro sul ufro da ufro izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba da damnaSaveTa dasja yvela drois mniSvnelovan problema iyo. sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeuZlia cixes samudamod Seifaros saSiSi damnaSaveebi da amiT sazogadoebas misces maTgan usafrTxoebis garantia. da ai, aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba dadges sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis sakiTxi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. saWiroa sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi? namdvilad aucilebelia dasjis es ukiduresi zoma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulebi? albaT, ar moiZebneba iseTi Zlieri argumenti, romelic gaamarTlebda sikvdiliT dasjas. yoveli adamianis uflebaa icocxlos da aravis ar aqvs damnaSavis sicocxlis xelyofis neba (TviT samarTaldamcavebsac ki). aqedan, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja samarTlianobis aRdgenis gaumarTlebeli saSualebaa.
8

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is miznebi, rasac emsaxureba dasja saerTod. kerZod, sasjelis amocanebia: socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis gamosworeba (resocializacia), da axal danaSaulTa Cadenis Tavidan acileba (specialuri prevencia). damnaSavis mokvla ver aRadgens dazaralebulis uflebebs, agreTve dasjis zomiT SeuZlebelia kriminalis gamosworeba, xolo rac Seexeba axal danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebas, sikvdiliT dasja did gavlenas ar axdens potenciur damnaSaveebze. ruseTSi 1954 wels SemoRebul iqna sikvdiliT dasja mkvlelobaze, Tumca amis Semdeg mkvlelobebi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaxSirda. sikvdiliT dasjis sawinaaRmdego erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumenti ukavSirdeba SemTxvevas, roca adamians SecdomiT edeba brali. am dros xdeba udanaSaulo pirovnebis mkvleloba, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, axloblebi da romelsac SeiZleboda sargebeli moetana sazogadoebisTvis. istorias Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi adamianebis xsovna, romlebic tyuilad iqnen dasjilni (aristotele, jordano bruno da sxvebi). garda kriminologiuri argumentebisa, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gamovTqvaT religiur-eTikuri argumentebic. mcneba `ara kac-hkla~ vrceldeba yvelaze, maT Soris, samarTaldamcavebzec. sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisgan da aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb did codvad iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wminda basili gvarigebs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mxolod sikeTiT SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvlelobis gamo, maSin ra ufleba aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos igive qmedeba _ damnaSavis mkvleloba?! sazogadoebas SeuZlia Tavisufleba SeuzRudos kriminals, magram ar SeiZleba gadawyvitos misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi. SesaZloa sarwmunod gveCvenos mosazreba, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebam SeiZleba danaSaulis ricxvis zrda gamoiwvios, ramdenadac adamianebs naklebi SiSi eqnebaT kanonis winaSe. mravalricxovani kvlevebi sawinaaRmdego suraTs gvixatavs. ufro metic, isini gviCveneben, rom danaSauli iq ufro cotaa, sadac sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. aSS-Si sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis Semdeg mZime danaSaulTa ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. garda amisa, masaCusetsa da texasSi, sadac ar mimarTavdnen sikvdiliT dajas, danaSaulis koeficienti gacilebiT naklebi iyo, vidre niu-iorksa da floridaSi, sadac sasjelis am zomas mimarTavdnen. arc erTi kriminologiuri gamokvleva ar adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjas SeuZlia danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba. amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja srulebiTac ar aris kriminaluri qmedebebis likvidaciis saukeTeso da efeqturi saSualeba. dasjis aseTi ukiduresi zoma ver `akeTilSobilebs~ kriminalur sazogadoebas da ver icavs adamianis uflebebs. ufro metic, sikvdiliT dasja iseTi Seuqcevadi procesia, romelmac SeiZleba udanaSaulo adamianebic imsxverplos. sxvisi sicocxlis xelmyofi scodavs ara marto adamianTa, aramed RmerTis winaSec. humanur, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sasjelis es araadamianuri saxe. umjobesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo mimarTavs saSiSi damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan izolaciis sxva gzebs.

nimuSi 2
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba sul ufro metad iRebs humanur Sinaarss, mravali iseTi faqti gvxvdeba, romelic sazogadoebas gamousworebel zians ayenebs. garkveuli pirebis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom sazogadoebis udides nawils SiSis zars scems. rogorc wesi am kategoriis damnaSaveebs aTavseben sapatimro dawesebulebebSi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi garkveuli droiT izolireba sazogadoebisagan. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca damnaSave patimrobis periodSi ar dgeba gamosworebis gzaze, piriqiT, igi ufro saSiSi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis da gaTavisuflebis Semdeg agrZelebs sazogadoebis udanaSaulo wevrebisadmi Semzaravi zianis miyenebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi danaSaulebrivi qmede9

bebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarTlebulia. arsebobs danaSaulTa kategoria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi masstaburobiT. saubaria iseT SemTxvevebze, roca saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulze. istorias mravali iseTi faqti axsovs, romelmac sazogadoebis farTo masebis cxovreba uaryofiTad Secvala, da igi gamowveuli iyo mxolod erTi adamianisa (lideris) Tu adamianTa viwro jgufis interesebiT. am kategoriis damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja aucilebelic aris, radgan sazogadoebis Cagrulma fenebma miiRon ara marto usafrTxoebis garantia, aramed garkveuli emociuri muxti, romelic maT `Cagrulobis~ poziciidan rebilitirebis saSualebas miscems. saubari SeiZleba `devianti~ lideris garkveul simbolurobaze, garkveuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebis liderebis qceva jgufis danarCeni wevrebis adekvatur reaqcias iwvevs anu xdeba lideris maxasiaTebeli simboloebisaken swrafva, rac, saerTo jamSi zrdis danaSaulis albaTobas. amitom, vfiqrob, rom gansakuTrebiT sastiki danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi amgvari `simboloebis~ fizikuri likvidacia aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normaluri ritmis SesanarCuneblad. sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis asaxsnelad SesaZlebelia damnaSaveTa kidev erTi kategoriis magaliTis gamoyeneba. bolo dros Tanamedrove sazogadoeba Zlier Seawuxa TviTmkvleli teroristebis problemam. eseni arian adamianebi, romlebic gamarTlebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli miznis misaRwevad iyeneben Semzarav saSualebebs. yvelaze saSineli `gverdiTi efeqti~ ki, rac am TviTmkvlelli teroristebis qmedebebs axlavs, aris udanaSaulo msxverpli, xSirad bavSvebis saxiTac. amgvari pirebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia maTTvis `meore Sansis~ micema da isini dauyovnebliv inda iqnan likvidirebulni, raTa maTma sicocxlem datovebam ar gamoiwvios maTi `kolegebis~ eiforia teroristuli operaciebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT. rasakvirvelia, aseT TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali sawinaaRmdego azri, romlebic ZiriTadad humanistur mosazrebebs emyareba da religiuri wyaroebiT sazrdoobs. Tanamedrove kacobriobis erT-erT udides miRwevad iTvleba liberaluri demokratia, romelic gansakuTrebiT `eloliaveba~ adamianis uflebebs, sicocxlis uflebas. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, Cemi pozicia ucvleli rCeba da vfiqrob, rom sikvdiliT dasja mainc gamarTlebulia. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom is adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sastik danaSauls Cadian da Semdeg ki SesaZloa garkveuli organizaciebis dacvis qveSac moxvdnen, romlebic maTi `sicocxlis uflebas~ daicavs, amave dros TviTon arTmeven am `sicocxlis uflebas~ sxva adamianebs, sazareli danaSaulebrivi aqtebis Sedegad. borotebis sikeTiT damarcxeba religiuri filosofiis centraluri momentia, Tumca gansakuTrebiT didi borotebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, umjobesia patara, magram efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi borotebis gamoyeneba, vidre uzarmazari sikeTis dapirispireba, romelic SesaZloa uSedego aRmoCndes, radgan araadekvaturad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva adamianebis mier da Tan Sedegis misaRebad gacilebiT xangrZliv periods iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos arseboba iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis garkveul dones da Sesabamisad igi avtomaturad ufro gaizrdeba `moZaladeebis~ mimarT. sanam ufro detalurad ganvixilavT argumentirebuli eses TiToeuli nawilis _ Sesavalis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnis _ Taviseburebebs, gavecnoT ideebis generaciisa da paragrafebis struqturirebis teqnikas. ideebis generacia moulodneli ideebiT iwyeba, rac azrovnebis stimulirebas uwyobs xels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viwyebT garkveuli sityviT Tu fraziT da gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, vwerT yvelafers, rac am sityvasa Tu frazasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. daniSnuli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavxedavT Cvens CamonaTvals, raTa davadginoT, ramdenad logikuria kavSiri warmodgenil ideebs Soris, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa Tu ara maTi dajgufeba. am teqnikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia, raTa argumentirebuli esesTvis argu10

mentebi an maTi mxardaWera ganvaviTaroT. rogorc wesi, moulodnel ideebs Tavisufali wera mosdevs. es aris wera Sesvenebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ideebis msvlelobas mivyvebiT ise, rom ar vzrunavT paragrafebis struqturasa da gramatikul gamarTulobaze. wina teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveul sityvasa Tu frazaze, asociaciis gziT, masTan dakavSirebuli sityva Tu fraza gvaxsendeba, Tavisufali wera ara ganyenebuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba, aramed ideaTa logikuri jaWvia. Tavisufali werisas, garkveuli limiti unda davawesoT drosa da gverdebis raodenobaze, da uwyvetad vweroT, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. amis Semdeg, gadavikiTxoT Cveni naweri da is ideebi amovkriboT, rac momavali naSromis SeqmnaSi dagvexmareba. Tavisufali weris Semdgom gaRrmavebas `lupireba~ warmoadgens. roca erTdroulad ramdenime idea gviCndeba, `lupireba~ gvexmareba, ZiriTad ideaze vfokusirdeT da misi Rrma analizi movaxdinoT. sakiTxis dasmis Semdeg, 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, uwyvetad vwerT yvelafers, rac masTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. gansazRvruli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavikiTxavT nawers da TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT, rasac `lupirebis~ meore etapi mosdevs. am SemTxvevaSi, ukve Sejamebuli winadadeba warmoadgens CvenTvis ZiriTad fokuss da Cveni azrebic mis garSemo trialebs 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, rasac kvlav TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT da `lupirebis~ mesame etaps viwyebT. savarjiSo #1. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Temas. isini ideebis generacias moulodneli idebiT iwyeben, Semdeg 10-15 wuTis manZilze Tavisufali weriT da `lupirebiT~ arian dakavebulni. ideebis generaciis aranakleb efeqturi teqnikaa `ra, vin, sad, rodis, ratom?~ SekiTxvebis dasma, rac saSualebas iZleva gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti vikvlioT. Tumca, es teqnika Zalian popularulia Jurnalistebs Soris, mas aranaklebi warmatebiT iyeneben socialuri mkvlevarni sakvlevi problemis dasmisas. vTqvaT, sociologs surs ikvlios azartuli TamaSebis problema, raTa sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas, man Semdegi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas: ra iwvevs azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobas? aq aucilebelia imis gansazRvra, Tu ra iTvleba azartul TamaSad da ra mdgomareoba iTvleba mis mimarT mijaWvulobad. vin xdeba azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvuli? gonivruli iqneba, Tu empiriuli kvlevisas, SemovifarglebiT konkretuli jgufis SeswavliT, vTqvaT, tineijerebiT, romlebic ver wydebian saTamaSo aparatebs. sad TamaSoben xolme azartul TamaSebs? Tu, vTqvaT, saTamaSo aparatebis kvlevas virCevT, umetesad dasasvenebel da gasarTob centrebsa da klubebze unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba. rodis xdeba azartuli TamaSebiT gataceba da ra sixSiriT? ratom warmoadgens socialuri mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur SekiTxvas. kvlevis mizani xom swored azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobis mizezebis axsnaa [Newel, R. (2002). Constructing Questionneires in Gilbert, N. (ed.). Researching Social Life. London: SAGEE Publications]. rac Seexeba ideebis vizualur gamosaxvas, saukeTeso teqnikad `klasteri~ unda miviCnioT. is gvaTavisuflebs ideebis sworxazovani Tanmimevrobisagan da axal asociaciebs iwvevs, riTac met SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas uwyobs xels. klasteris agebisas, gverdis centrSi movaTavsebT ZiriTad sakiTxs da masTan mimavali xazebiT davakavSirebT Sesabamis ideebs. Semdeg davadgenT axal kavSirebs sxvadasxva ideebs Soris da maT kategoriebad Tu klasterebad davajgufebT:

11

Zalian bevr kanfets miirTmeven

uviTarebs mavne Cvevebs

mag.: kanfetebiviT miirTmeven vitaminebs

aferxebs gadacemebis msvlelobas

bavSvebisaTvis saziano

xSirad informacia realobas ar Seesabameba

Zalian didi raodenoba

problemebi

reklama

sargebeli

finansurad exmareba Jurnal-gazeTebs da televizias

asaqmebs sxvadasxva specialobis adamianebs

axal produqcias gvacnobs

msaxiobebi

mwerlebi

fsiqologebi

mag.: axali manqanebi

[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]. savarjiSo #2: studentebi vizualurad gamosaxaven savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenil ideebs. yvela es teqnika gvexmareba idebis generaciasa da maT Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgenaSi. mas Semdeg, rac ideebi yovelgvari struqturis gareSe `Camoyrilia~ furcelze, aucilebelia maTi struqturuli gamTlianeba, rac paragrafis doneze xorcieldeba. paragrafi warmoadgens winadadebebis jgufs, romelic erTi ZiriTadi ideis anu erTi Temis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. paragrafi iwyeba Tematuri winadadebiT, romelic gansaxilvel Temas Tu sakiTxs waradgens. argumentirebul eseSi,
12

rogorc wesi, Tematuri winadadeba ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens. Tematur winadadebas, Cveulebriv, makontrolebeli idea axlavs, romelic gamoxatavs avtoris emociur damokidebulebas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT. nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi paragrafi: erT-erTi problema, dakavSirebuli leqciebTan, aris is, rom maTi mosmena rTuli saqmea. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar gaxdeba. ubralod, yuradRebis koncentraciac ki sakmaod rTulia: adamianebs SeswevT unari moisminon 400-600 sityva wuTSi, maSin roca yvelaze mondomebuli profesori amis mesamedsac ki Zlivs axerxebs. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis unars Soris, mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. aq pirveli winadadeba Tematuri winadadeba, romelic sakiTxs gvacnobs; sityva `rTuli~ ki makontrolebel ideas warmoadgens, radgan is leqciebis mimarT avtoris emociur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. Tematur winadadebas Sesabamisi mxardaWera mosdevs, romelic avtoris ZiriTadi ideis Tu argumentis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. rogorc wesi, is Tematur winadadebaSi warmodgenili ideis ilustrirebas, axsnas an dasabuTebas axdens. ganxilul magaliTSi, avtors ori saxis mxardaWera moaqvs, raTa dagvisabuTos, rom leqciebis mosmena sakmaod `rTuli saqmea~: erTi mxriv, is miiCnevs, rom studentisaTvis ufro martivi da gasagebia, roca Tavad ecnoba Sesabamis masalas; meore mxriv ki, leqtoris saubris tempsa da studentis gagebis unars Soris Seusabamoba, yuradRebis gafantvis ZiriTadi mizezi xdeba. imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeras viyenebT, paragrafi SiZleba iyos naratiuli, aRweriTi da axsniTi. pirveli gulisxmobs Sesabamisi detalebis qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT organizebas, radgan mogviTxrobs warsul Tu awmyo istorias; meores mizania, sagnis Tu movlenis aRwera, amitom, misTvis mTavaria obieqtebis sivrciTi ganlageba. axsniTi paragrafi ki specifikur detalebsa da magaliTebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; misi Tematuri winadadeba zogad informacias gvawvdis, mxardaWera ki _ specifikuri detaliT ganamtkicebs Tematur winadadebas, amitom axsniTi paragrafis Cveuli Tanmimdevrobaa zogadidan kerZos mimarTulebiT moZraoba. ra tipisac ar unda iyos paragrafi _ naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi, is gamarTulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or ZiriTad pirobas akmayofilebs, kerZod, mTlianobiTa da logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva. mTlianoba niSnavs, rom paragrafSi yvela winadadeba Tematur winadadebasTan dkavSirebulia da mis mxardaWeras emsaxureba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba ki gulisxmobs, rom yvela winadadeba logikur kavSirSia mis winamdebare da momdevno winadadebasTan. logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofas didad uwyobs xels iseTi gardamavali sityvebi, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, magaliTad, gansxvavebiT, ufro metic, miuxedavad, Tumca, Sesabamisad da a.S. akademiur weris specialistebi gvTavazoben Semdegi SekiTxvebiT vixelmZRvaneloT, roca paragrafis gamarTulobas vamowmebT: paragrafis Semowmeba 1. ra aris paragrafis Tema? axasiaTebs Tu ara paragrafs zogadidan kerZosaken svla? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Semdgomi dakonkreteba? 2. romelia paragrafis ZiriTadi winadadeba? 3. romelia paragrafis makontrolebeli idea? aris is naTeli da fokusirebuli? rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi gaumjobeseba? 4. aris paragrafi Sekruli? ganamtkicebs yvela winadadeba makontrolebel ideas? 5. aris paragrafi logikuri? harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs yvela winadadeba? 6. romelia paragrafis yvelaze saintereso nawili?
13

7. ra aris paragrafis yvelaze Zlieri mxare? 8. aris es naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi paragrafi? mohyavs Tu ara avtors am tipis paragrafisaTvis Sesatyvisi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi? aris Tu ara saWiro damatebiTi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi? aris struqtura Sesaferisi am tipis paragrafisaTvis? [Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]. savarjiSo #3. studentebi ecnobian statias `erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani~. masSi paragrafebis Tanmimdevroba areulia; amasTan, TiToeul paragrafSi zedmeti winadadebaa CarTuli, romelic logikurad ar Seesabameba gansaxilvel sakiTxs da paragrafis mTlianobas arRvevs. pirvel rigSi, studentebi Tanmimdevrulad alageben paragrafebs da iReben zedmet winadadebebs; Semdeg, TiToeul paragrafSi gamoyofen Tematur winadadebasa d makontrolebel ideas; bolos ki _ ganszRvraven, ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili TiToeul paragrafSi.

gasamarTi nimuSi
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani

qeiT elbou
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. dRes amerikis kolejebi da universitetebi Zlieri Setevis qveS moxvdnen mravali kuTxidan. devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi seriozul darRvevas iwvevs ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame ise, rom es arc ki daetyobaT. adamianebs agreTve, sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas. garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde. stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. bevri studenti miiCnevs, rom wlobiT televizoris yureba xels uSlis maTi yuradRebis koncentracias, magram maTi realuri problemaa is, rom yuradRebiT mosmena gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre maT hgoniaT. da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _ zomiereba. maswavleblebs adanaSauleben, rom isini kargad ar aswavlian, studentebs ki imaSi, rom isini kargad ar swavloben. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna. SuaRamea da spiralur rveulSi furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia. organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze. yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg, rac orive megobari
14

gaecnoba maT. leqciebi arasodes gaqreba srulad sauniversiteto scenidan, radgan isini ekonomiurad aucilebelia da didi xnis tradicia aqvT. avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis unars Soris mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki. stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas zrdis. magram isini scdebian. sinamdvileSi stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. kidev ufro uaresia is, rom leqciebis mosmena pasiuri swavlebis formaa, gansakuTrebiT gamoucdeli studentebisaTvis. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas. yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. dabolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba Cavardes mwvave depresiaSi. keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela students gamoucdia kolejSi swavli raime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. studentebi xdebian aqtiurad CarTulni, roca kiTxvis qveS ayeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise maswavleblis ideebs. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian. sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is ver gamoZvreba martivad Ramis mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis 48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza, roca sizmari Cndeba. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar gaxdeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is uecar zrdasTan.

gamarTuli nimuSi
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani

qeiT elbou
SuaRamea da spiraluri rveulidan furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia. organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze. yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels gverdiT mjdom megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg,
15

rac orive megobari gaecnoba maT. keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela students gamoucdia kolejSi swavlis romelime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian. zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki seriozul darRvevebs iwvevs, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame da es arc ki daetyobaT. adamianebs, agreTve sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas. stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas zrdis. magram isini cdebian. sinamdvileSi, stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas. yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. da bolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi, aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba mwvave depresiaSi Cavardes. sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is martivad ver gamoZvreba Ramis mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv, erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis 48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza, roca sizmari Cndeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is uecar zrdasTan. garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde. stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
16

da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _ zomiereba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna. mas Semdeg, rac ideebis generaciis teqnikasa da paragrafebis struqtuirebis xelovnebas gavecaniT, uSualod argumentirebuli eses struqturasa da misi TiToeuli nawilis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT: saTauri argumentirebuli ese saTauri dasrulebuli winadadeba, romelic aucileblad or spirispiro pozicias gamoxatavs, Tumca avtoris gadasawyvetia, Tu romel poziciis dasabuTebas apirebs. mag.: argumentirebuli eses saTauri SeiZleba iyos `sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia~ da am saTauris qveS avtori im pozicias daasabuTebs, romelsac emxroba _ mas SeuZlia asabuTos, rom sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebulia an gaumarTlebeli. magram argumentirebuli eses saTauri ver iqneba `Tanamedrove msoflioSi sikvdiliT dasja~, radgan msgavsi saTauri mxolod informaciis gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva da masSi ar Cans sapirispiro poziciebi, Sesabamisad, arc argumentirebas moiTxovs. savarjiSo #4: studentebi sTavazoben pedagogs argumentirebuli eses saTauris nimuSebs da asabuTeben TiToeulis Sesabamisobas. Sesavali Sesavali sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs: `kauWis~ funqcia, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesavlis pirveli winadadebebi mimarTulia imaze, rom daainteresos, `daiWiros~ mkiTxveli, cdilobs ra daarwmunos, rom warmodgenili ese Rirs imad, mkiTxvelma dro daxarjos mis wasakiTxad. safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba. mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebis Semdeg, avtorma mas eses Seqmnis mizezi unda gaacnos. magram pirdapir avtoris poziciis wardgena ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, radgan aman SeiZleba daabnios mkiTxveli, romelsac garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia sWirdeba, rom momzadebuli Sexvdes avtoris pozicias. Tezisis wardgena. Tezisi avtoris ZiriTad pozicias niSnavs, romlis dasabuTebasac emsaxureba argumentirebuli ese. rogorc wesi, Tezisi erTi-ori winadadebisagan Sedgeba (faqtiurad, es aris mTliani eses Sejameba erTi-ori winadadebiT) da misi mizania gaacnos mkiTxvels, Tu ris dasabuTebas apirebs avtori da ras Seexeba misi ZiriTadi argumentebi. Cveulebriv, Tezisi Sesavlis bolo winadadebas warmoadgens [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.] savarjiSo #5. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgania argumentirebadi, amdenad, gamodgeba Tezisad. magaliTad: universitetis studentebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT airCion maTTvis saintereso kursebi; Cvens universitetSi gacilebiT meti studentia, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva universitetebSi; 100-baliani Sefasebis sistema akuratulad ver asaxavs studentTa inteleqtualur miRwevebs; studentebis xma gadamwyveti unda iyos, roca fakultetze pedagogebis datoveba-daTxovnis sakiTxi dgas; arsebobs uamravi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos ese gamocdis
17

Catarebis efeqtur saSualebad. pirveli, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebi gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan isini argumentirebadia. magaliTad, erTma mxarem SeiZleba asabuTos, rom studnetebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT kursebis arCevisas, maSin roca meore mxare SeiZleba amtkicebdes, rom fakultetma Tavad unda gansazRvros studentebisaTvis aucilebeli kursebi. meore da mexuTe winadadebebi ar gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan meore winadadeba faqts warmoadgens, romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad statistikuri monacemebic sakmarisia; mexuTe winadadebaSi ki avtori ar asabuTebs Tavis pozicias, Sesabamisad, sapirispiro poziciis wardgenac azrs moklebulia. Sesavlis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, ramdenime sityviT mis Sinaarssac SevexoT. studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu riT daiwyon wera. akademiuri weris specialistebi gvTavazoben eses Sesavlis oTx ZiriTad variants: zogadidan specifikuris mimarTulebiT moZraoba. vidre uSualod sakiTxze gadavidodes, avtorma garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miawodos mkiTxvels da Tanmimdevrulad unda imoZraos zogadidan konkretulis mimarTulebiT, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels misdios mis logikas. dramatuli Sesavali, romelic pirdapir moqmedebis centrSi (siuJetSi) `gadaisvris~ mkiTxvels Sesabamisi citatis moxmoba, rac pirveli winadadebebidanve emsaxureba avtoris poziciis ganmtkicebas kontrargumentiT dawyeba, Semdeg sakuTari Tezisis SeTavazeba da mkiTxvelisaTvis sapirispiro poziciebs Soris kontrastis demonstrireba. [Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.] Tu ra tipis Sesavals airCevs avtori, gansaxilvel sakiTxsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. savarjiSo #6. studentebi irCeven saTaurs savarjiSo 4-Si SemoTavazebuli saTaurebis siidan da weren argumentirebuli eses Sesavals. ZiriTadi nawili argumentebis wardgena argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad nawilSi avtori sakuTar argumentebsa da maT mxardaWeras gvTavazobs, agreTve waradgens da ukuagdebs oponentTa savarudo arguments. argumentebis saSualo raodenobaa 3-4, radgan samze naklebi argumenti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom avtorma gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas; oTxze meti argumentis wardgenisas ki, erTi mxriv, avtoris yvela argumenti ver iqneba erTnairad Zlieri da, rogorc wesi, argumentebis rodenobis zrdasTan erTad, Cveni fantaziac iwureba, meore mxriv ki, mkiTxvelic iRleba da interess kargavs. ar arsebobs mkacri wesi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT argumentebi, Tumca SegviZlia gamoviyenoT garkveuli teqnika, raTa isini efeqturad warmovadginoT. aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT argumentis wardgenis Semdegi Tanmimdevroba: siZlieriT meore adgilze mdgomi argumenti; naklebad Zlieri argumenti; naklebad Zlieri argumenti; yvelaze Zlieri argumenti; amgvari Tanmimdevroba dagvexmareba imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi STabeWdileba movaxdinoT mkiTxvelze, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, adamianebs pirveli da bolo punqtebi yvelze ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, meore mxriv ki, yvelaze Zlieri
18

argumentiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels vafiqrebinebT, rom araTu ideebi amogvewura, aramed Segvwevs unari kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani argumenti warmovadginoT. argumentebis mofiqrebasa da maTi siZlieris SefasebaSi, momxremowinaaRmdegis sqema dagvexmareba, romlis nimuSsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
Tezisi: marixuanis moweva legalizebul unda iqnes
momxre
1. is umtkivneulo gasarTobia
2. saxelmwifos SeuZlia misi gayidvidan Semosavlis miReba
3. is wamlad gamodgeba
4. mravali adamiani isedac moixmars mas

mowinaaRmdege
1. is miCvevas iwvevs
2. saxelmwifom unda akrZalos saziano narkotikuli saSualebebis cirkulacia
3. misi gavlenis qveS myofma adamianma SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs
4. mis gamoyenebas mivyavarT sxva ufro saSiSi narkotikebis gamoyenebamde

[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]
am sqemis safuZvelze, SegviZlia `CamovyaroT~ orive poziciis Sesabamisi argumentebi, davalagoT isini siZlieris mixedviT da sabolood gadavwyvitoT, Tu romeli poziciis mxardaWeras vapirebT da ratom. garda amisa, mocemuli sqema gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT oponentTa savaraudo argumentebic, vinaidan TiToeul arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs sapirispiro grafaSi.
savarjiSo #7. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs argumentis nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgani gamodgeba argumentad da ratom. magaliTad: zogierTi adamiani mudam saqmes ufuWebs sxvebs (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan Zalian zogadia da gaurkvvlia, Tu risi Tqma surs avtors). daufiqrebeli fanebis mier atexili aurzauri skolis safexburTo matCis CaSlis mTavari mizezia (kargia, radgan zeda winadadebaSi Cadebuli azri ukve dakonkretebulia da naTelia mkiTxvelisaTvis). amave dros sakamaToa, radgan viRacas SeiZleba miaCndes, rom matCis CaSlas sxva mizezebi ganapirobebs). Tanamedrove pirobebSi korufcia Rrmad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi (gamodgeba Tezisad da ara argumentad, radgan avtoris zogad pozicias gamoxatavs. argumentad gamodgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis sxvadasxva aspeqts davakonkretebT, kerZod, vityviT, rom korufcia farTod gavrcelebulia umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi, da Sesabamis mxardaWerasac movitanT). vaSli xilia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan obieqturi faqtia warmodgens) vaSli gemrielia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan gemovnebis sakiTxia da ver ikamaTeb) soflis meurneobis saministrom unda waaxalisos glexebi, rac SeiZleba meti vaSli moiyvanon (kargia, radgan Sesabamisi mxadaWeris SemTxvvaSi, SesaZlebelia misi dasabuTeba).
savarjiSo #8. studentebi ageben momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqemas savarjiSo 6Si arCeuli Temis safuZvelze. sqemebis prezentacia da jgufuri diskusia.
mxolod argumentebis wardgena ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa Tezisi dasabuTebulad CaiTvalos. ucilebelia, rom argumentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera axldes, radgan swored Zlieri mxardaWera ganapirobebs argumentis damaje19

reblobas; damajerebeli argumenti ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs avtoris poziciis siZlieres. mxardaWera, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxis iyos. es SeiZleba iyos yoveldRiuri faqtebi, statistikuri monacemebi, cnobil adamianTa citireba, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, piradi gamocdileba da a.S. avtoris mizania, misi mxardaWera rac SeiZleba efeqturi da damajerebeli iyos, da konkretulad ra saxis mxardaWeras gamoiyenebs, konteqstsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, literaturis sferoSi, cnobil mweralTa citireba ufro gamodgeba mxardaWerad, socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki, statistikuri monacemebi da eqspertTa Sefasebebi. savarjiSo #9: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs paragrafebs da sTxovs gamoarCion argumenti da misi mxardaWera; amasTan, gansazRvron, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili. savarjiSo 1#0. studentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera moaqvT savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenili argumentebis gasamyareblad. kontrargumentis ukugdeba argumentireba aucileblad gulisxmobs sapirispiro poziciis arsebobas. amitom, mkiTxvelis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, avtorma ara marto sakuTari pozicia unda axsnas da daasabuTos, aramed oponentis savaraudo argumentic unda gansWvritos da ukuagdos. oponentis argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba aucilebelia, radgan sazogadoebaSi iarsebebs adamianTa Tundac mcirericxovani jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebisaa, rac mkiTxvelisaTvis isedac cnobilia. am sapirispiro azris gauTvaliswinebloba isev avtoris poziciis sisusteze metyvelebs, radgan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mas ar Seswevs unari `SeeWidos~ oponentebs. Tanac, avtorma oponentTa yvelaze Zlieri argumentis ukugdeba unda scados, rac kidev erTxel daarwmunebs mkiTxvels misi poziciis damajereblobaSi. rac Seexeba yvelaze Zlieri kontrargumentis gansazRvras, amaSi avtors momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqema daexmareba, sadac mis yovel arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs. oponentTa argumentebis Sefasebisas, aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba: ramdenad Zlieria Cemi oponentebis argumentebi? misaRebia CemTvis romelime maTgani, Tundac nawilobriv? ramdenad axlos idgeba mkiTxveli Cemi oponentebis poziciasTan? xom ar aris raime logikuri sisuste Cemi oponentebis poziciaSi? namdvilad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac oponentebi gvTavazoben? yvela faqti aqvT maT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu mxolod maTTvis xelsayreli faqtebi? xom ar aris oponentTa daskvnebi gamotanili sakamaTo ganzogadebebis safuZvelze? xom ar aris oponentTa argumentebi mimarTuli mkiTxvelis emociebze? xom ar gvTavazoben oponentebi, rom esa Tu is idea Tu moqmedebis taqtika kargia mxolod imitom, rom garkveuli individebi/jgufebi iziareben mas an iqcevian ase? savarjiSo #11. studentebi ukuagdeben savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenil kontrargumentebs. kompromisuri pozicia arsebobs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba oponentTa poziciis mimarT, romelic cnobili fsiqologis karl rojersis komunikaciis Teoriidan iRebs
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saTaves. tradiciuli argumentirebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar cdilobs `gamarjveba moipovos~ oponentTa poziciaze, aramed garkveuli kompromisis SemoTavazebis gziT, cdilobs daabalansos sapirispiro poziciebi, iTvaliswinebs ra orive mxaris Zlier argumentebs. k. rojersis Tanaxmad, muqara aferxebs komunikacias. isini, vinc muqaras grZnoben, wyveten komunikacias da aRar usmenen mosaubres. garda amisa, rac ufro metad Seutev oponents, miT ufro Zlieria misi mxridan winaaRmdegobac. am muqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod neitraluri, obieqturi tonis SenarCunebiTa da oponentisaTvis imis CvenebiT, rom mis pozicias gagebiT ekidebi. rojersiseuli argumentis Semadgeneli komponentebia: mokle da obieqturi Tezisi, romelic problemis zogad gansazRvrebas iZleva; oponentTa poziciis Rrma, amave dros, neitraluri analizi, rac imis gamomxatvelia, rom gagebiT ekidebi sapirispiro pozicias; sakuTari poziciis Rrma da neitraluri analizi ise, rom ar asabuTeb Seni poziciis upiratesobas; imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra saerToa Tqvens poziciebs Soris; problemis gadaWris SemoTavazeba, romelic orive mxaris interesebs iTvaliswinebs. [Hairston, M. (1982). A Contemporary Rhetoric (3rd ed.) Boston. Houghton Mifflin.]

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daskvna
daskvna argumentirebuli eses umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan is ajamebs avtoris pozicias da saboloo STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. Sesavlis msgavsad, isic sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs: avtoris argumentebis Sejameba TiTo winadadebiT; Tezisis gameoreba, oRond sxva sityvebiT, rom avtorma kidev erTxel daafiqsiros pozicia, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis mosabezreblad ar JRerdes; problemis ganxilva momavlis WrilSi, rac mkiTxvels safiqrals dautovebs, vTqvaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenos mocemuli ese realur cxovrebiseul situaciaSi. vinaidan daskvna ZiriTad nawilSi warmodgenili argumentebis Sejamebas axdens, yovelmxriv unda moveridoT am etapze axali sakiTxebis wamoWras. Tu vfiqrobT, rom raime mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa, axali paragrafi unda davumatoT ZiriTad nawils da iq ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. mxolod amis Semdeg davweroT daskvna, romelic modificirebul saxes miiRebs. savarjiSo #12: studentebi weren argumentirebuli eses daskvnas. savarjiSo #13: argumentirebuli eses pirveli versiis prezentacia: studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs. roca argumentirebuli eses pirveli versia Seqmnilia, aucilebelia misi gamarTulobis Semowmeba, risTvisac akademiuri weris specialistebi Semdeg SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas gvTavazoben: eses Semowmeba 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ipyrobs Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas? ra aris eses Tezisi? aris Tezisi naTeli da sakmarisad dakonkretebuli? gaqvT raime rCeva SesavalTan an TezisTan dakavSirebiT? ra principiTaa ese organizebuli? aris misi struqtura efeqturi? aris ese logikuri da Sekruli? yvela paragrafi ganamtkicebs Teziss? gaqvT raime rCeva paragrafebTan dakavSirebiT? aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli mxardaWeriT? gaqvT raime rCeva mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT? 10. aris saWiro esesTvis raimes damateba an raimes amoReba? 11. aris daskvna logikuri? aris is saintereso? gaqvT raime rCeva daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT? 12. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? romel nawils sWirdeba gaumjobeseba? [Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]

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savarjiSo #14: argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna.

nimuSi 1
globalizacia dadebiTi procesia XX saukunis dasawyisidanve SeamCnia msofliom axladganviTarebuli, swrafadmzardi procesi. ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi veRar eteoda erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi, gadadioda sxva qveynebSi da iwvevda maT ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul unifikacias. sociologiuri azrovneba Zalze gvian dafiqrda am stiqiur procesze da mas globalizacia uwoda. adamianebi gauTaveblad msjeloben mis mniSvnelobaze. ismis uamravi kiTxva da arsebobs uamravi pasuxi. globalizacia warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodis yvelaze farTod gamoyenebul, Tumca yvelaze bundovan, Tezisze gadasvla ufro TvalsaCino da logikuri unda iyos! amave dros, politikurad yvelaze efeqtur sityvas. globalizacia dResdReobiT negatiur movlenad gvevlineba, radganac is araswori formiT warimarTeba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi subieqti aris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflioSi swored aSS-is ekonomikis, teqnologiis, kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis globaluri gavrceleba xdeba. msoflios mravali qveynis, maT Soris _ evropeli moazrovneebi mwvaved reagireben am movlenaze. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis germaneli filosofosi ulrix beki, romelic ambobs, rom globalizaciis dadebiT Tvisebebze iseve unayofoa saubari da diskusia, rogorc pudingis kedelze lursmiT miWedeba. msoflio amerikuli globalizmis xafangSia gabmuli. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizacia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebasa da Sromis dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi eqsports iwvevs. es im dros, roca uwyveti ekonomikuri da transnacionaluri koncernebisa da sxvadasxva msxvili arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Semosavlebis zrdis miuxedavad, msoflioSi mZvinvarebs umuSevrobis problema. globalizmis epoqaSi ekonomikis ganviTareba erovnul-saxelmwifo kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, iseTi hegemoni qveynebi, rogorebic iyvnen safrangeTi da germania, dResdReobiT aSS-sa da didi britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, miekuTnebian globalizaciis procesSi wagebuli qveynebis ricxvs. statistikis mixedviT, am qveynebSi umuSevroba sul mcire 30 procentiT gaizarda. gazeT `Spigelis~ erT-erTi nomeri aseTi fraziT iwyeba: `Semosavlebi maRla micocavs, samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba~. aRmosavleT germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari ki wers: `Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi. adamianis saxis dakargvis aRwera SeuZlebelia~. is, rom samuSaos dakargva `saxis dakargvas~ iwvevs, albaT, msoflios saerTo tragedia unda iyos. aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtori, rom globalizmi, romlis virusic mTel msoflios Seeyara, seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul Rirebulebebs, TviTidenturobas, warmoSobs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebs, rac xSirad omebiT sruldeba. amis magaliTia aSS-erayis omi, romlis mizezi viTomda msoflioSi demokratiuli principebis aRiareba da ganmtkicebaa, realurad ki xalxi mxolod aSS-is interesebs ewireba. amasTanave xdeba ukiduresad gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sejaxeba. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia axlo aRmosavleTis regionis modernizacia da demokratiis dasavluri modelis damkvidreba. aviRoT, magaliTad, qalTa uflebebi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom arabeTis naxevar kunZulis qveynebis qalebma axlo momavalSi miiRon iseTi uflebebi, rac dasavleTSi mcxovreb qalebs aqvT. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba, romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq manqanis marTvis uflebasac ar aZleven. yvelaze did ukmayofilebas dasavluri demokratiis modelis mimarT gamoTqvamen islamuri religiuri partiebi da moZraobebi, romlebic xalxs samarTlianobisa da maRali zneobis damkvidrebisken mouwodeben. aseT partiebis SeuZliaT am maRali Rirebulebis mqone principebis damyareba, magram VII-VIII saukunis normebiT. maT araferi eqnebaT saerTo dasavluri tipis demokratiul faseulobebTan.
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yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, albaT, gamoCndebian sawinaaRmdego azris mqone adamianebic, romlebic ityvian: ratom oponirebT amJamindel politikur tendenciebs da globalizaciis procesebs? is udavod exmareba sxva saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebasa da erTmaneTtan mWidro kavSiris damyarebaSi, amasTanave, xels uwyobs kacobriobis yvelaze didi monapovris _ demokratiuli procesebis ganmtkicebas. magram Cven SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ase ar aris. cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe lindon laruSi ambobs: `saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma da gadawyvites feodalizmisaken dabruneba, rasac lamazad `globalizacia~ da `Tavisufali vaWroba~ uwodes. rogorc Cans, romis imperiis magaliTiT moxiblulebma, faqtobrivad, iwyes msoflio imperiis Seneba, rac aris rogorc zneobrivi, aseve ekonomikuri da politikuri sigiJe~. romis amJamindelma maSeneblebma TavianTi miznebis realizacia daiwyes saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis ganadgurebiT. maTi amocanaa erTi centridan kontrolirebadi saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelic gadawyvets, Tu romels aqvs ganviTarebis ufleba da romels ekrZaleba arseboba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamad msoflios ZiriTadi birTvi amerika cdilobs xelT igdos msoflios erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba, magram rogorc laruSi ambobs: `amJamad cxovrebaSi damkvidrebuli utopia daimsxvreva ganviTarebis zenitSi, iseve rogorc daeca romi~. rac Seexeba demokratias, xdeba ara zogadad demokratiis ganmtkiceba, aramed msoflioSi dasavluri demokratia vrceldeba, rac sasargebloa mxolod amerikisaTvis da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis. aSS Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad yvela xerxs da meTods iyenebs da amas Tavisufal sityvasa da demokratias uwodebs. amis magaliTia, ukve naxsenebi aSS-erayis omi, romelic mimarTulia navTobiT mdidari teritoriis xelSi Casagdebad da ara msoflioSi mSvidobis dasamkvidreblad. vfiqrob, am saeWvo omSi uazrod daRupuli uamravi adamianis magaliTi sakmaod Zlieri safuZvelia imisTvis, rom amgvari demokratia negatiur movlenad miviCnioT.

is, rom globalizacia gardauvali procesia, albaT, TiToeuli Cvengani acnobierebs, magram es movlena kidev ufro mtkivneulad rom ar Seexos saxelmwifoebs, vfiqrob, yoveli eri unda cdilobdes ipovos masSi qveynis unikalurobis SenarCunebis resursi. is, rom msoflioSi xdeba yvelaferi dasavluris popularizacia da gavrceleba, kacobrioba siRatakes ebrZvis da, rom erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxe emuqreba, vfiqrob, sakmao argumentebia imisTvis, rom globalizacia da msoflioSi arsebuli amJamindeli tendenciebi uaryofiT procesad miviCnioT. nimuSi 2
globalizacia dadebiTi procesia `globalizacia asaxavs yvela im process, romelTa meSveobiTac msoflios xalxebi erT msoflio sazogadoebaSi, globalur sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian.~ martin elbrou xSirad axali termini imitom xdeba popularuli, rom msoflioSi mimdinare ama Tu im mniSvnelovan cvlilebas asaxavs. axali idea axali viTarebis aRsawerad aris saWiro. 1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda saubari globalizaciaze, ramac yoveldRiur azrovnebaSic iCina Tavi. Znelia im momentis zustad gansazRvra, rodis daiwyo globalizacia. periodizacia xSirad sakamaToa, Tumca misi gavlena kacobriobis didi nawilis cxovrebaze yvelaze intensiurad 1960-iani wlebidan aris SesamCnevi, radgan swored am periodidan xdeba aSkara misi uaryofiTi gavlena sxvadasxva kulturisa Tu aRmsareblobis erebze. dadga erovnuli suverenitetisa Tu TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis problemebi, erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis zrdisa da e.w. mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebis safrTxe: yovelive aman naTlad dagvanaxa, rom globalizacia uaryofiTi movlenaa. dRes ki es procesi kidev ufro intensiuri da problemuria, vidre odesme.
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mogvexseneba, rom msoflio metad mravalferovania. xalxebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiTa da cxovrebis wesiT, rac maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosdgamT da arc aqvT raimes Secvlis survili. es aixsneba ara maTi CamorCenilobiT, aramed maTi miswrafebiT SeinarCunon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia da TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas aZlevs. amis magaliTia iaponia, romelic teqnologiuri ganviTarebis doniT pirvelia msoflioSi. magram amave dros, erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri tradiciebis mqone qveyanaa. globalizacia, Tavis mxriv, iWreba amgvar kuturaTa TaviseburebebSi da gardaqmnis maT. Sedegad, calkeul xalxebSi xdeba erovnuli TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis dakargva, RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, rac metad mtkivneulia nebismieri erisaTvis. es ar exeba mxolod qcevisa Tu Cacmis stils. am tipis xalxebis globalur procesebSi CarTva xSirad gulisxmobs garkveul gardaqmnebs socialur struqturaSi, qalTa genderuli rolis cvlilebebs da a.S. es yovelive protestis grZnobas aRvivebs maTSi da Sedegad sxvadasxva formiT aris xolme gamoxatuli. protestis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa terorizmi, gansakuTrebiT islamur qveynebSi, risi mowmenic xSirad gavmxdarvarT am bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. amgvari qmedeba, ra Tqma unda, ar imsaxurebs gamarTlebas, magram gvafiqrebinebs, rom es xalxebi Zlieri wnexis qveS imyofebian da iZulebiT gardaqmnebs ganicdian maT sulier Tu yofiT cxovrebaSi. am uaryofiT damokidebulebas ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtori, sadac mTavar rols saxelmwifoTa politikuri orientacia asrulebs. globalizacia ar viTardeba ganyenebulad, TavisTavad. mas hyavs fasilitatori Zala, romlisTvisac momgebiani iqneboda amgvari globaluri procesis fonze sakuTari Zlieriebisa da gavlenis gavrceleba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT 80-iani wlebidan, naTlad gamoikveTa msoflios zesaxelmwifo, romelic sayovelTao hegemoniisaken miiswrafvis. globalizaciis erT-erTi ganmartebac `vesternizacia~ swored amis aRmniSvnelia. amdenad globalizacia da amerikanizacia bevrisaTvis sinonimebia. dRes ukve aSkaraa, Tu rogor arRvevs zesaxelmwifo demokratiis saxeliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, rogor axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umniSvnelovanesi gaawyvetilebebisa da rezoluciebis ignorirebas, mas SeuZlia omic ki daiwyos `demokratiis saxeliT~. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom bevr saxelmwifos ar surs misi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva. Tumca, patara da susti qveynebi xSirad iZulebulni xdebian moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobiT moipovon amgvari hegemonebis daintereseba, magram, amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom globalizacia am formiT ar aris mxolod koka-kola da jinsebi, rogorc bevrs miaCnia. es aris asimilacia mmarTvelobis formebis, sasamarTlos, ganaTlebisa da sxva sistemebis gauazrebeli struqturuli gardaqmna, rac, Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTze, yovlad miuReblad da dauSveblad mimaCnia. aseve saWiroa SevexoT globalizaciis ekonomikur mxares Tanamedrove msoflioSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma urTierTobebma sruliad globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, metad aqtiurad dadga e.w. mesame samyaros sakiTxi, romelSic moiazreba ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufi. ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi samyaros urTierTobebi ZiriTadad batonoba _ daqvemdebarebuli gamoixateba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba mcire, aratevadi Sida bazris mqonea. maTi meurneoba ar aris diversificirebuli. amitom isini didad arian damokidebulni ganviTarebul qveynebze, saidanac Semodis maTi ekonomikisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone investiciebi. finansuri sesxisa Tu daxmarebis gamcemi kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maT gadawyvetilebebze. amis Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian moaxdinon sul ufro didi raodenobiT bunebrivi resursebis eqsporti (xe-tye, wiaRiseuli, navTobi, nedleuli, sxva mineralebi) dabal fasad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da investticiebis misaRebad. nadgurdeba tyis safari da sxva bunebrivi resurebi. zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac xeliT warmoebaSi iyo Cabmuli adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, sawarmoo danadgarebis Setanam umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia. aqedan gamomdinare, globalizacia mesame samyaros qveynebis ara Tu ganviTarebas, aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier eqspluatacias da kidev ufro gaRaribebas
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uwyobs xels. martin qoris ganmartebiT, `globalizacia gaxlavT is, rasac Cven mesame samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze kolonizacias vuwodebdiT~. da bolos, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT globalizaciis kidev erTi Tanmdevi procesi, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis dakargvas niSnavs. saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi vestfaliis sistemidan iRebs saTaves. es iyo mmarTvelobis struqtura, romlis saTaveebTan saxelmwifoebriobisa da suverenulobis principebi idga. saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda msoflios teritoriul erTeulebad dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba marTavda, xolo suverenuloba _ Tavis kuTvnil teritoriaze yovlismomcvel, uzenaes, SeuzRudav da eqskluziur kontrols. dReisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom suverenitetis Zireuli norma aRar moqmedebs da misi aRdgena globalizebul msoflioSi SeuZlebelia. rodesac arsebobs zesaxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven uflebas damoukideblad warmarTon TavianTi saSinao da sagareo politika. magaliTad, evrosabWo daJinebiT moiTxovs saqarTvelosagan Turqi mesxebis axlo momavalSi dabrunebas, rac mraval sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebul. Tumca, globalistebi miiCneven, rom globalizacia progresis, modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis winapiroba da garantia, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es exeba ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs, romlebic kidev ufro Zlierdebian susti da ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze, maTi bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis eqspluataciis Sedegad, rasac am qveynebis ekonomika saboloo krizisamde mihyavs. TandaTan sul ufro aSkara xdeba isic, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi relurad ver asruleben maTze dakisrebul funqciebs da mxolod ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs emsaxurebian. rac Seexeba kulturul modernizacias, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ama Tu im xalxis kultura xSirad maTi istoriuli ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis uSualo asaxvaa da misi nebismieri saxiT gardaqmna am RirebulebaTa dakargvis tolfasia, Tundac qarTveli xalxisaTvis yvelaze did saganZursa da erovnul siamayes misi kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, risi moSlac ara marto istoriis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis dakargvis momaswavebelia. amrigad, globalizacia is msoflios masStabebis movlenaa, romelic uSualod axdens gavlenas adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoze, iqneba es politika, ekonomika, kultura Tu sxva. procesis im tempebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoriTac es dRes xdeba, sxvadasxva xalxebs erTian sazogadoebad gardaqmna emuqreba, radgan globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRwevs calkeul kulturebSi, laxavs saxelmwifoTa suverenulobis princips, rac ukve imis maniSnebelia, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTals; iwvevs mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebasa da degradacias da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, es yovelive xdeba erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis damkvidrebis fasad. Sedegad ki viRebT yovlad umarTav procesebs, rac iwvevs calkeuli xalxebis protests globalizaciisa da globaluri migraciebis mimarT. SesaZlebelia Tu ara globalizaciis SeCereba da gvaqvs Tu ara arCevani? es kiTxva gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia iseTi patara saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi mTavari sazrunavi da prioriteti sakuTari enis, TviTSegnebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba unda iyos, raTa maTze mTeli sisruliT ar aisaxos globalizaciis uaryofiTi efeqti.

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Tema II. kritika

kritikis Janris mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentSi kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas. kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva unarebis rTul kombinacias, romelTagan ZiriTad unarebs warmoadgens: racionaloba Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca veyrdnobiT gonebas da ara emocias; roca viTvaliswinebT yvela SesaZlo faqts; roca, problemis analizisas, Cveni mizania ara gamovCndeT gamarjvebulni, aramed movZebnoT sakuTari axsna Tu gadawyvetileba. TviTanalizi Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca Segvwevs unari SevafasoT, Tu ra motivebi udevs safuZvlad Cvens gadawyvetilebas da ramdenad obieqturni varT. miukerZoebloba Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vafasebT yvela SesaZlo Sedegs; roca viTvaliswinebT yvela mxaris Sexedulebasa da pozicias; roca Ria vrCebiT alternatiuli interpretaciebis mimarT; roca uars ar vambobT arapopularul Sexedulebebze mxolod imitom, rom isini naklebaRiarebulia; roca CvenTvis misaRebia axali modeli Tu paradigma, radgan is ukeT xsnis faqtebs, ufro martivia, naklebi xarvezi aqvs da a.S. disciplina Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca varT zustebi da yvela detals viTvaliswinebT; uars vambobT manipulaciaze; veridebiT zerele Sefasebebs. Sefaseba Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vaRiarebT alternatiul mosazrebaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa Rirsebasa da upiratesobas; roca Cveni argumentebi saTanado faqtebiTaa ganmtkicebuli. erTi sityviT, kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi bunebiT skeptikurni arian; aucileblad aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian, radgan mudmivad cdian sxvadasxva taqtikasa da strategias, raTa mniSvnelobas swvdnen da gageba gaaRrmavon; garda amisa, isini Ria arian axali ideebisa Tu poziciebis misaRebad; TviTkritikulobiT gamoirCevian da mudmivad aanalizeben sakuTar arguments, amasTanave, mudam mzad arian SeeWidon oponentTa argumentebs. kritikulad moazrovne adamianebs SeswevT unari gaarCion obieqturi monacemebis subieqturi analizi da misi safuZvlianoba Seafason, radgan, Tumca faqtebi faqtebad rCeba, maTi interpretacia SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos [Kurland, D. (2002). What is Critical Thinking. Retrieved October 6, 2004. from http:/www.criticalreading.com/]. mas Semdeg, rac kritikis Janris swavlebis mizani ganvsazRvreT, Tavad naSromis arssa da struqturaze gadavideT. `kritika~ warmoadgens mcire zomis naSroms erTi statiis an erTi wignis Sesaxeb. marTlia, qarTul sinamdvileSi `kritika~ gakritikebis gagebiT ixmareba, realurad is franguli sityvidan modis da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. Sefaseba ki SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri, negatiuriz an orives kombinireba, radgan statiis an wignis kiTxvisas, rogorc wesi, avtoris garkveul mosazrebebs viziarebT da veTanxmebiT, nawils ki _ ar veTanxmebiT da kritikulad vudgebiT. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom studenti kritikis weris teqnikas flobdes, radgan, erTi mxriv, misi codna aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom studentma ufro rTuli Janris nawarmoebebs (vTqvaT, analitikur referats an kvleviT naSroms) gaarTvas Tavi; meore mxriv ki, is saukeTeso gzaa pedagogisaTvis Seafasos, Tu ramdenad yuradRebiT ecnoba studenti sakiRxav masalas da ramdenad Seswevs misi Rrma analizis unari. aRsaniSnavia, rom kritikis werisas, sxvadasxva specialobis warmomadgenelni gansxvavebul sakiTxebze svamen aqcents, kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi kritikis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia imaze, Tu ramdenad `sainteresoa~ argumentebi. socialur mecnierebebSi _ ramdenad gamarTulia meTodologia; sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ki _ ra Sedegebia miebuli da ramdenad mniSvnelovania isini [Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate
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Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.] magram, nebismier sferoSi, kritika Sesabamis analizsa da Sefasebas gulisxmobs; kargi Sefaseba ki, specialistTa azriT, ramdenime ZiriTad kriteriums emyareba, kerZod: faqtebzea agebuli; naTel kriteriumebs iyenebs; sapirispiro kriteriumebs abalansebs; refleqcias gulisxmobs; Semoqmedebas moiTxovs. ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli punqti? imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba damajerebeli iyos, is sando faqtebs unda emyarebodes, anu iseT faqtebs, romelTa Semowmebac SesaZlebelia sxvebis mier. naTeli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom Sefaseba garkveul Teoriazea agebuli. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebis damowmebas, rac mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. gamoyenebeuli kriteriumebidan gamomdinare ki, sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, udavoa, rom stalinizmma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacias da am kriteriumidan gamomdinare, is warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos, magram meore mxriv, is damRupveli aRmoCnda inteligenciisaTvis, Sesabamisad, damangreveli Sedegebi moutana qveynis kulturul cxovrebas. aris SemTxvevebi, roca kriteriumebi winaswar gveZleva; magaliTad, biznesmenisaTvis wamyvani kriteriumia mogebaze zrunva, socialuri muSakisaTvis ki _ sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoba. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad unda gadavwyvitoT, Tu mocemul situaciaSi ra kriteriumis gamoyeneba iqneba mizanSewonili. radgan ramdenime kriteriumi erTdroulad gveZleva, aucilebeli xdeba sapirispiro kriteriumTa dabalanseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi kriteriumis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan sando Sefaseba ramdenime kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. swored amis nimuSi stalinizmi, radgan misi saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva danarCeni faqtoris erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba. refleqsia gulisxmobs, rom individs Seswevs unari, damoukidebeli azrovnebis gziT, mivides gadawyvetilebamde da naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu rogor da ratom mivida ama Tu im daskvnamde. rogorc wesi, refleqsia Cvens xelT arsebul codnasa da warsulSi miRebul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli. kargi Sefaseba yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTia, radgan is gulisxmobs siaxlis Setanas ukve arsebul codnaSi. azri ara aqvs sxvaTa Sefasebebis ubralo citirebas Cveni Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia Cveni SefasebisaTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, magram isic faqtia, rom Cveneuli Sefaseba mxolod sxvaTa mosazrebebis motaniT ver Semoifargleba, amdenad, arsebuli codnis iqiT gasvlas gulisxmobs. es swored is etapia, roca Cvenive Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs vaxdenT [Gutbrod, H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.] rogorc vxedavT, saTanado Sefasebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea, radgan individis mxridan solidur codnas, gamocdilebas da fantaziis unars moiTxovs. swored am mizezis gamo unda miiCnevdes mkvlevarTa didi nawili Sefasebis unaris ganviTrebas sauniversiteto swavlebis umTavres misiad [Gutbrod, H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.] rogor gadavdgaT pirveli nabijebi am rTuli misiis ganxorcielebis gzaze? daviwyoT mcire zomis statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT. garkveul statiaze kritikis Sesaqmnelad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia avtoris ideebis mokled Sejameba da Semdeg maTi kritikuli analizi. statiis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT unda wavikiTxoT mTliani statia da davfiqrdeT avtoris ZiriTad argumentebze _ ra argumentebi mohyavs mas da ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens maT mxardaWeras? Tqveni sityvebiT rogor gadmovcemdiT avtoris argumentebsa da mxardaWeras? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, kidev erTxel unda gadaikiTxoT statia da darwmundeT, rom sworad SeajameT avtoris
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ideebi. Semdegi safexuria teqstis kritikuli analizi da Sefaseba, risTvisac varkvevT, Tu ramdenad logikuria avtoris argumentebi; ramdenad damajerebelia maTi mxardaWera; ramdenad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac avtori gvTavazobs; xom ar gvaxsendeba iseTi faqtebi, romelTac sapirispiro daskvnebamde mivyavarT da a.S. garda testis Sejamebisa da analizisa, aucilebelia Tavad avtoris kompetenturobis Sefasebac _ warmoadgens is mocemuli sferos eqsperts Tu ubralod gamocdili mweralia, romelic sxvadasxva sferoSi wers? rogor daasabuTebdiT amas? am sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, roca informaciis sandoobas vafasebT. amitom, gadamwyvetia, Tu sad aris statia moTavsebuli. Tu is samecniero Jurnalsa an krebulSia moTavsebuli, SegviZlia ufro mSvidad iyoT, radgan iciT, rom aseT Jurnalsa Tu krebuls aucileblad hyavs redaqtori, romelic dargis specialistia, amasTan, amowmebs mas eqspertTa jgufic. magram Zalian frTxilad unda moekidoT populruli Jurnalis, gansakuTrebiT ki, internetis masalas, radgan gagiWirdebaT maTSi warmodgenili informaciis sandoobis dadgena. zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom sanam uSualod kritikis weras SeudgebodeT, aucilebelia kritikuli TvaliT gadaxedoT teqsts. kritikuli kiTxva sxvadasxva teqnikas aerTianebs, rac, pirobiTad, sam safexurad SeiZleba daiyos: teqstis winaswari gacnoba, uSualod kiTxvis procesi da wakiTxulis gaanalizeba. sanam kiTxvas daiwyebT, unda gaiazroT, Tu ra mizniT kiTxulobT teqsts: garkveuli informacia gWirdebaT ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac naklebad icnobT? faqtebi da detalebi gWirdebaT Tqveni argumentebis mxardasaWerad? Tqvens midgomas adarebT sxvebis midgomebs? roca mizani naTlad gaqvT gacnobierebuli, teqstis swored im aspeqtebze moaxdenT fokusirebas, romlebic TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania da fuWad ar gaflangavT dros. Tqveni miznis gacnobierebis Semdeg, Tvali unda gadaavloT teqsts. raTa avtoris mizani (ras cdilobs avtori _ informaciis mowodebas, axnas, dasabuTebas?) da naSromis Seqmnis konteqsti (sad da rodis Seiqmna nawarmoebi, vin aris misi nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli) daadginoT, agreTve, mis zogad Sinaarss gaecnoT. rogorc wesi, sakvanZo ideebi Tematur winadadebebSicaa Cadebuli, es ukanasknelni ki paragrafebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli. amdenad, naSromis Sesaxeb warmodgena rom SegeqmnaT, paragrafebis pirvel winadadebebs, agreTve, anotaciasa da daskvnas gadaxedeT. amasTan, daakvirdiT, xom ar aris teqstSi qvesaTaurebi; yoveli qvesaTauri Sinaarsobriv seqcias gamoyofs, rac dagexmarebaT avtoris ideebis logikur msvlelobas misdioT. mokled rom SevajamoT, teqstis winaswari gacnobisas, sam ZiriTad aspeqtze amaxvilebT yuradRebas: 1. sakuTari miznis gacnobiereba Tqveni mizania informaciis moZieba Tu detaluri analizi? rogor dagexmarebaT teqsti miznis miRwevaSi? 2. avtoris miznis, naSromis Seqmnis konteqstisa da naSromis zogadi Sinaarsis gacnoba. ras geubnebaT saTauri? ra iciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, rodis da visTvis dawer statias? ras geubnebaT statiis Sinaarsze avtoris mier warmodgenili mimoxilva Tu Semajamebeli informacia? 3. teqstis gadaxedva naTelia Tu ara teqstis struqtura _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da daskvna? ra argumentebs gTavazobT avtori? ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras (statistika, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebi...)? momdevno safexuria uSualod kiTxvis procesi. ra mizniTac ar unda kiTxulobdeT teqsts, Tqvens winaSe mudam idgeba sami ZiriTadi amocana: yvelaze
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mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis identifikacia, maTi logikuri Tavsebadobis dadgena da Tqveni sapasuxo reaqcia. am safexurebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gavdivarT, vTqvaT, roca garkveul gancxadebas an sareklamo abraze warweras vecnobiT. magram samecnierio teqstis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is gacilebiT metad kompleqsuria. aq ar gamogvdgeba informaciis ubralo mosmena Tu wakiTxva, rasac yoveldRiuri interaqciisas vakeTebT, armed aucileblad dagvWirdeba teqstis anotacia, winadadebebis xazgasma da maTze komentaris darTva, paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena da a.S. kritikuli kiTxvisas, bolo safexuri naSromis organizeba, analizi da Sefasebaa. mas Semdeg, rac teqsti waikiTxeT da misi anotacia moaxdineT, Tqveni mizania ufro detalurad CauRrmavdeT mis struqturasa da Sinaarss, raTa SeafasoT rigor warmatebiT miaRwia avtorma mizans. rogorc wesi, teqstis analizi imiT iwyeba, rom mkiTxveli afasebs avtoris argumentebis damajereblobas da maTi mxardaWeris siZlieres, agreTve, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqturia is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac avtori mis argumentebs warmogvidgens. naSromis analizis Zalian mosaxerxebeli gzaa teqstis struqturisa da Sinaarsis gegmis saxiT gadmocema, sadac avtoris ZiriTadi mosazrebebia Sejamebuli. statiis struqturuli gegma dagexmarebaT ukeT misdioT avtoris logikas; amasTan, martivad SeamCnioT logikuri araTanmimdevruloba avtoris ideebSi. mas Semdeg, rac struqturuli gegma mzadaaa, saWiroa metad CauRrmavdeT naSomis ZiriTad seqciebs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva, Tu ras asabuTebs avtori da ratom moaxdina man teqstis am da ara sxva formiT organizeba. ris miRwevas cdilobs is SesavalSi? ra funqcia eniWeba calkeul paragrafebs? da a.S. aqve unda SeafasoT, Tu ramdenad akademiuria avtoris toni da ramdenad stilisturad gamarTulia naSromi. da bolos, SeafaseT, ramdenad upasuxa avtorma naSromis SesavalaSi dasmul SekiTxvebs da ra SegemataT am statiis wakiTxvis safuZvelze [Longman, A.W. (2001). Critical Reading Techniques. A Division of Parson Education. Retrieved September 15,2004. from http:/www.awlonline.com] rogorc vxedavT, kritikuli kiTxva gvexmareba sakmaod detalurad CavuRrmavdeT nawarmoebs da srulyofilad gavaanalizoT igi. mxolod am Rrma analizis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli uSualod weris procesze gadasvla, romelic Zalian mokled Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia aRvweroT: avtoris ideebis warmodgena da axsna, teqstidan Sesabamisi monakveTebis moxmobis safuZvelze sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadmocema _ ras fiqrobT avtoris argumentis Sesaxeb da ratom? aRwereT is sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias iwvevs, iqneba es reaqcia pozitiuri Tu negatiuri; TiToeuli sakiTxis gadmocemisas, mouxmeT Sesabamis monakveTs teqstidan (Tqven SegiZliaT SeajamoT, citireba an perifrazireba moaxdinoT). TiToeul skiTxs daurTeT sakuTari komentari Tu Sefaseba. aq erTi mniSvnelovani detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli; gacilebiT martivia avtoris ideebis gadmocema da rTulia sakuTari Sefasebis wardgena, romelsac Sesabamisi mxardaWera axlavs da saTanadod dasabuTebulia. amitom, rogor wesi, studentebi avtoris argumentebs warmoadgenen xolme da erTi-ori winadadebiT Tu gamoxataven sakuTar pozicias maTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic ufro `veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi~-is waagavs, vidre dasabuTebul pozicias. kargi Sefaseba ki saTanado mxrdaWeras saWiroebs, raTa studentma dausabuTos mkiTxvels, rom avtoris ideebis miseuli Sefaseba sando da damajerebelia, radgan Sesabamis faqtebsa Tu Teoriebzea agebuli. am pirobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, aRmoCndeba, rom studentis naSromSi avtoris argumenti paragrafis mxolod 1/3s ikavebs, danarCeni 2/3 ki studentis komentarebsa Tu Sefasebas ukavia. miRebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, mokled SevajamoT kritikis struqtura: Sesavali. avtoris poziciis mokle Sejameba; sakuTari mtkicebuleba misi poziciis miReba / miuReblobis Sesaxeb

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ZiriTadi nawili. I. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris mniSvnelovani argumenti; Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT II. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris Semdegi argumenti; Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT III. avtoris momdevno argumentis ganxilva sakuTari komentariT da a.S. daskvna. mokled SeajameT sakuTari Sefasebebi kritikis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, mis ramdenime nimuSsac gavecnoT.

nimuSi 1
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT yuradRebas amaxvilebs internetis macdunebel Zalasa da im saSiS Sedegebze, rasac is sazogadoebebs moutans. avtori miiCnevs, rom interneti mogvevlina im vakuumis Sesavsebad, romelic komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda da msgavsad Zveli egalitaruli sistemisa, warmoadgens utopiur ideologias, romelic yvelas Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas hpirdeba. avtori amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi interneti qmnis socialurad dapirispirebul adamianebs, da ufrosi asakis da Raribi qveynebis warmomadgenlebi am net-SejibrSi ukan rCebian. xolo mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis sawarmoTa mflobelni did sargebels naxuloben internetidan. bantingi paralels avlebs XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi nuklearuli energiiT gamowveul mRelvarebasa da Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetiT gamowveul mRelvarebas Soris. is miiCnevs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ugulebelyofen maT saSiS zegavlenas, radgan nuklearuli energia gvpirdeba SeuzRudavi raodenobiT iaf da sufTa sawvavs, interneti ki gvpirdeba revoluciur gardaqmnebsa da cxovrebis tempis daCqarebas. bolos avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom SeiZleba erT dRes gamovfxizldeT ,,internetis nabaxusevze da aRmovaCinoT sakuTari Tavi gakotrebuli im servisis da SenaZenebis wyalobiT, rac internetis gziT ganvaxorcieleT. bantingis statiis mizania daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom interneti saSiS gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. am ideis mxardasaWerad, avtori fokusirebas axdens Semdeg ZiriTad argumentebze: internetma Seavso vakuumi, gaCenili komunizmis Semdeg; interneti utopia da totalitarizmia, romelic egalitarizmis mcdar dapirebas iZleva; interneti socialur dapirispirebas qmnis; internets sargebeli moaqvs mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelTaTvis; interneti macdunebeli Zalaa, romelic gakotrebas iwvevs. amgvarad, raTa davrwmundeT mocemuli statiis miznisa Tu ZiriTadi ideis validurobaSi, pirvel rigSi, mocemuli argumentebi unda gavaanalizoT. medlin bantingis pirveli argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti mogvevlina komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCenili vakuumis Sesavsebad, aRZravs SekiTxvas: Tu interneti postkomunisturi vakuumis Sedegia, niSnavs es, rom yvela qveyana, romelic internets iyenebs, postkomunisturia? Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis uqonlobis gamo, rTulia msgavsi ganzogadebis gakeTeba yvela sazogadoebaze. meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti utopiaa, avtoris pirad daskvnebs emyareba da Semdegi gadaWarbebuli da sinonimuri frazebiTaa gamoxatuli: dotkompaniebis masiuri reklamireba miznad isaxavs Cvens ,,stimulirebas, waxalisebas, daSinebas, manipulirebas, raTa gavxdeT internetSi gaTviT31

cnobierebulni. avtors ar mohyavs magaliTad dot-kompaniebis mier realurad motyuebuli da daSinebuli adamianebi. mas erTaderTi fraza moqvs internetgverdidan: ,,ar CamorCeT dros, Torem... _ da xsnis mas, rogorc bundovan muqaras. magram Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT es fraza pozitiuri gafrTxilebis saxiT, rom ar CamovrCeT dros, viyoT energiulni da vicodeT drois fasi. avtoris erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom interneti qmnis socialur uTanasworobas. is cdilobs am ideis dasabuTebas sabanko sistemis magaliTis moyvaniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu onlains mivmarTavT sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis, daviviwyebT adgilobriv banks; onlainis gareSe ki mogviwevs kvlav leibis qveS SevinaxoT fuli. am mosazrebis logikaSi daveWvdebiT, Tu winadadebis pirvel nawils mis meore nawilTan SevadarebT, radgan gagviCndeba Semdegi SekiTxvebi: 1. ratom unda daixuros adgilobrivi bankebi, Tu arseboben adamianebi, romlebic maTiT sargebloben. Tavad avtoric xom amtkicebs, rom interneti yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris. amdenad, visTvisac onlainis sabanko sistema xelmisawvdomi ar aris, albaT, kvlav adgilobrivi bankebiT isargeblebs, rac niSnavs, rom am ukanasknelT ar mouwevT daxurva; 2. saidan viciT, rom yvela, visTvisac interneti xelmisawvdomia, onlainis sabanko sistemas iyenebs da ar sargeblobs adgilobrivi bankebiT? socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erT magaliTad moyvanilia ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, jer kidev dafis carcis saSovnelad ibrZvian, amdenad, zedmetia leptopebze saubari. aq sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ras gvTavazobs avtori. ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavi unda Seikavon internetiT sargeblobisagan imitom, rom milionobiT adamians ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ara aqvs leptopi? Tu maT unda moaxdinon internetisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis investireba ganviTarebad qveynebSi? avtori amtkicebs, rom mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelni naxuloben sargebels internetidan. axdens ra fokusirebas internetis mxolod fizikur aspeqtebze, is ver acnobierebs internetis mniSvnelovan rols informaciis, codnis (distanciuri swavla), komunikaciis ganviTarebasa da cxovrebis bevr sxva sferoSi. avtoris calmxrivi pozicia maSinac ki TvalsaCinoa, roca is cdilobs isaubros internetis pozitiur aspeqtebze: ,,udavoa, rom is cvlis sadistribucio sistemebs da sacalo vaWrobis Zireul gardaqmnas axdens, magram ra? es aris sxvaoba xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi. avtori sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, roca wers, rom interneti bevrs arafers warmoadgens da imavdroulad mas nuklearuli energiis saSiS SedegebTan adarebs. amgvarad, Cvens sazogadoebaze internetis saSiSi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ideis validuroba sustdeba, roca mas kontrargumentebs wavuyenebT. yovelTvis ufro SemoqmedebiTi da damajerebelia, roca Tavad avtori gvTavazobs sawinaaRmdego argumentebs, riTac exmareba mkiTxvels, sakiTxs mravali mxridan Sexedos da obieqturad Seafasos igi.

nimuSi 2
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT, gamoqveynebuli Guardian-Si 2000 wels, ganixilavs Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetis gavlenas, ufro zustad, ,, internetis mier gamowveul isterias. avtoris azriT, internetiT gamowveuli enTuziazmi Secvala namdvilma totalitarulma maniam da momavalSi am teqnologiis ganviTareba mavne iqneba kacobriobisaTvis. avtori adarebs internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWer propagandas 30-iani wlebis nacistur da komunistur ideologiebs da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri totalitaruli ideologiis msgavsad, internetis ganviTarebas SeuZlia seriozuli negatiuri Sedegebis gamowveva. pirvel rigSi, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios garkveuli adamianebis gariyva, gansakuTrebiT, asakovani adamianebisa, Tumca misi mxardasaWeri propaganda amtkicebs, rom is gvTavazobs ,,informaciis Tanabar
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xelmisawvdomobas. amis sailustraciod bantings moaqvs im adamianis magaliTi, romelic ver sargeblobs onlainis sabanko sistemiT da amitom iZulebulia fuli leibis qveS Seinaxos. bantingi imasac amtkicebs, rom internetis mxardasaWeri sityvebis miRma mxolod ekonomikuri interesebi imaleba da internetis dapirebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara utopia. bantingis momdevno argumenti internetis winaaRmdeg isaa, rom es ar aris pirveli SemTxveva, roca kacobriobam didi imedi Cado teqnologiaSi, magram marcxi ganicada. am konteqstSi avtori analogias akeTebs im rwmenasa da aRelvebasTan, rac nuklearulma energiam gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi. saboloo jamSi, am uzarmazarma teqnikurma ganviTarebam mZime daRi daasva garemos. amdenad, Tu SevadarebT ukanaskneli 150 wlis iseT teqnologiur ganviTarebas, rogoricaa rkinigza, eleqtroba an telefoni, interneti bevrs arafers warmoadgens. interneti udavod iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs, magram bantingis azriT, isini ar aris maincdamainc mniSvnelovani, radgan sakiTxi exeba ,,sxvaobas xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi. magaliTad, internetidan novelis gadmoqaCva nakleb Rirebulia, radgan ufro mniSvnelovania misi realurad wakiTxvis gamocdileba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas internetiT vaWrobaze. drois dazogvis mizniT, Sua RamiT internetiT vaWrobis upiratesoba iluziaa, radgan gacilebiT ufro Semawuxebelia internet-maRaziaSi misvla da amanaTis wamoReba. bantingi ironiulad aRniSnavs, rom SuaRames ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebac SeiZleba. bantingis Sexedulebebi rom SevajamoT, aRmoCndeba, rom, upirveles yovlisa, is namdvilad aWarbebs, roca veb-manias totalitaruls uwodebs da komunistur da nacistur ideologiebTan adarebs. aseve, rogorc saTauri ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT gveubneba, sxva SemTxvevebis arseboba, roca adamiani mixvda, rom amao imedi daamyara teqnologiis ganviTarebaze (vTqvaT, nuklearuli energia 50ian wlebSi), ar warmoadgens internetis ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg myar arguments. sinamdvileSi, am ori problemis dakavSireba azrs moklebulia. es mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom istoria wreze midis da adamians SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli fenomeni warmoadgens saSineli saqmis ganmeorebas da romeli _ kargi saqmisa. bantingis argumentaciaSi mTlianad uaryofilia internetis mier SemoTavazebuli upiratesobebi. is mxolod internetis uaryofiTi mxareebis demonstrirebas axdens da am SemTxvevaSic ki misi argumentacia aradamajerebelia. ra Tqma unda, umjobesia waikiTxo novela, vidre gadmoqaCo internetidan da Seinaxo kompiuterSi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania am novelis xelmisawvdomoba. igive unda iTqvas internetiT vaWrobazec. avtori bevrs saubrobs masTan dakavSirebul uxerxulobaze da arc ki aRiarebs, rom is aris vaWrobis alternatiuli gza. magaliTad, gacilebiT martivia SeiZino internetiT iseTi ram, rac ver moiZie Sens qalaqSi. da bolos, im gzas, romliTac avtori cdilobs aCvenos, rom internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWeri propaganda totalitaruli xasiaTisaa, internetis SesaZleblobebis winaaRmdeg protestamde mivyavarT. savarjiSo #1. ramdenad gamarTulia struqturulad kritikis ganxiluli nimuSebi? daasaxeleT TiToeuli maTganis Zlieri da susti mxaareebi. SeadareT isini erTmaneTs. rogorc kritikis struqturidan naTelia, Sesavali avtoris poziciis mokle SejamebiT iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom avtoris pozicia saTanadod SevajamoT, aucileblia, kargad vflobdeT perifrazirebis teqnikas. garda imisa, rom perifrazireba gvexmareba ukeT gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi da Cveni TvalTaxedvidan warmovadginoT isini, amasTanave, is umTavresi iaraRia plagiatis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. raSi mdgomareobs perifrazirebisa da Sejamebis arsi? perifrazireba niSnavs teqstis garkveuli monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemas. Sejameba ki warmoadgens teqstis ZiriTadi ideebis mokle Sinaarss, sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemuls. perifrazirebisaTvis, waikiTxeT teqsti, raTa ZiriTadi idea gaigoT. Semdeg
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meored gadaikiTxeT teqsti, rom detalebic daimaxsovroT. Semdeg gadadeT wigni da dawereT yvelaferi, rac gaxsovT. am etapze jer kidev SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT zusti frazebi da ena teqstidan. momdevno etapze Tqveni sityvebiTa da sakuTari stiliT gadmoeciT warmodgenili informacia. oRond araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daurToT sakuTari ideebi, Tu komentari. isini perifrazirebuli Tu Sejamebuli monakveTis Semdeg unda warmoadginoT, raTa mkiTxvelma gaarCios, romelia avtoris mosazrebebi da romeli _ Tqveni. da yovelTvis miuTiTeT avtori perifrazirebul Tu Sejamebul monakveTSi, radgan es Tqveni sakuTari ideebi ar aris. perifrazirebisas, Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT avtoris ideebsa da maT Cveni sityvebiT gadmovcemT, amitom perifrazirebuli monakveTi TiTqmis originalis zomisaa. rogor viqceviT Sejamebisas? vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia unda gavacnoT mkiTxvels, yuradRebiT unda amovarCioT avtoris mTavari argumentebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardaWera ise, rom detalebs ar CavuRrmavdeT. am dros sakuTar sityvebsa da winadadebebis struqturas viyenebT ise, rom arsad ar vurTavT sakuTar komentars da periodulad vaxsenebT mkiTxvels, rom sxvisi ideebis Sejamebas vaxdenT. amdenad, kargi Sejameba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva: masSi aucileblad miTiTebulia ZiriTadi wyaro; is zustad da akuratulad axdens originalis interpretirebas; is ar Seicavs damatebiT komentarebs; is mxolod ZiriTad sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara konkretul detalebze; masSi avtoris ideebi mxolod studentis sityvebiTaa gadmocemuli. magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: studentis cnobarSi gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis drosac studentebi, SesaZloa, garicxul iqnen universitetidan, iseTi araeTikuri akademiuri qcevisaTvis, rogoricaa plagiati, dokumentebis falsifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da msgavsi arakeTilsindisieri saqcieli. aviRoT sami nimuSi, romelic miznad isaxavs ganxiluli winadadebis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemas. 1. studentis cnobaris Tanaxmad, isini, vinc Tavisad gaasaReben sxvis naSroms, universitetidan gairicxebian. 2. studentis cnobari gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebs, romlebic arakeTilsindisier saqciels Caidenen, iqneba es sxvaTa sityvebisa Tu ideebis gamoyeneba ise, rom avtori ar iqneba miTiTebuli, dokumentebis gayalbeba da a.S., SesaZloa universitetis datovebac ki mouwioT. 3. studentTa cnobari gvacnobs im pirobebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, universitetidan studentebis garicxvis mizezi gaxdes. es pirobebia: plagiati, dokumentebis falasifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da sxva arakeTilsindisieri qceva. pirveli nimuSi Sejamebaa, radgan ganxiluli winadadebis ZiriTad ideas gvacnobs. meore nimuSi perifrazia warmoadgens, radgan studenti sakuTari sityvebiTa da winadadebis miseuli struqturiT gadmogvcems ganxiluli winadadebis arss. mesame winadadeba ki araadekvatur perifrazirebas axdens, radgan masSi ena da winadadebis struqtura originalis msgavsia; amdenad, es ukanaskneli plagiatis nimuSia. savarjiSo #2. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs statias, romelzec momavalSi kritika unda daweron, sTxovs gaecnon statias da moxdinon misi perifrazireba, Semdeg ki erT paragrafad Seajamon perifrazirebuli teqsti (es Sejamebuli paragrafi momavalSi kritikis SesavalSi moTavsdeba).

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sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,,qalebis saqmisa?

meri stiuart van liuveni

anTropologebma aRmoaCines, rom mTel msoflioSi is, rac ,,mamakacebis saqmed iTvleba, TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro maRali statusis mqonea, vidre ,,qalebis saqme. Tu erT kulturaSi mamakacebi saxlebs aSeneben da qalebi kalaTebs wnaven, am kulturaSi saxlebis mSenebloba ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed iqneba miCneuli. meore kulturaSi, romelic karis mezoblad mdebareobs, SesaZloa sapirispiro mdgomareoba iyos da amitom kalaTebis damzadebas ufro maRali socialuri statusi eniWebodes. anTropologebi miiCneven, rom biologia srulyofilad ver xsnis mamakacis dominanturobas. Cven ganvixilavT sam gansxvavebul Teorias, romelTac anTropologebi gvTavazoben mamakacTa dominanturi da qalTa subordinirebuli mdgomareobis asaxsnelad. buneba kulturis sapirispirod. yvela kulturaSi qalebs miiCneven bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad, vidre mamakacebs, romlebic ufro metad ganixilebian kulturaSi CarTulebad. radgan kulturuls yvelgan ufro met Rirebulebas aniWeben, vidre ubralod bunebrivs, qalebs, bunebasTan siaxlovis gamo, naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT. qalebs bunebasTan meti siaxlovis mqoned ganixilaven, radgan rom maT sxeuls igive reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs, rac sxva mdedrobiT ZuZumwovarTa sxeulebs. es gulisxmobs met dros, energias da sxeulebriv risks, vidre mamakacebis reproduqciuli roli. amitom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba da energia rCebaT teqnologiis, vaWrobis, xelovnebis, politikis da religiisaTvis. da bolos, vinaidan qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan, romlebic TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebad ibadebian, riTac ufro axlos dganan cxovelebTan, qalebsac, bavSvebze zrunvis gamo, bunebasTan ufro mWidro kavSirSi ganixilaven. swored am mizeziT, Tavad qalebic sakmaod ,,bavSvur arsebebad arian miCneulni. Sinauri sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. Tumca qalebis reproduqciuli aqtivobebi ar aiZulebs maT aucileblad saxlTan axlos yofnas, isini ufro metad arian orientirebulni saSinao saqmeebze, rac martivad uTavsdeba bavSvis movlas. imave mizeziT, mamakacebi ufro metad arian CarTulni ,,sazogadoebriv aqtivobebSi, rac maT saxlsa da bavSvebs aSorebs. sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi. obieqturi urTierTobebi da ojaxuri cxovreba. fsiqologebi akvirdebian, Tu ra gziT acnobiereben bavSvebi TavianT sqesobriv kuTvnilebas. sam wlamde bavSvi ver acnobierebs, vaJia is Tu gogona. sami wlidan ki misi ganviTarebis erTerTi amocanaa emociurad daculad da bednierad igrZnos Tavi imis gamo, rom is vaJia an gogona. swored aq xdeba ganmsazRvreli dedis, rogorc bavSvis ZiriTadi aRmzrdelis roli. patara gogonebic da vaJebic mijaWvulni arian dedaze da surT hgavdnen mas. magram patara vaJi male aRmoaCens, rom is ver gaxdeba dedis msgavsi; is unda iyos mamis msgavsi _ im didi mamrobiTi sqesis pirovnebisa, romelsac mcire xniT Tu xvdeba dilas da saRamos. vaJi xelfexSeboWilia, radgan is ver darCeba dedaze mijaWvuli, magram amave dros misi misabaZi nimuSi xSirad ar aris saxlSi. amitom is SeiZleba Seipyros Rrma da aracnobierma eWvebma _ moaxerxebs Tu ara Tavi gaarTvas mamakacis rols. magram zrdis kvaldakval, vaJi acnobierebs, rom mamakacad yofna privilegiebis matarebelia. Tu kaci ,,namdvili mamakacia, socialurad is qalze ufro mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. aq kvlav safrTxe emuqreba mis maskulinobas: axla mTeli mondomebiT unda daumtkocos sakuTar Tavs da mTel samyaros, rom is namdvili mamakacia. rogor unda gaakeTos es? yvelaze martivi da usafrTxo gzaa, rac SeiZleba metad CamoSordes qalebs da maT aqtivobebs, Caiklas da uari Tqvas yvela ,,qalur Tvisebasa da impulsze sakuTar TavSi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amis gakeTeba SeiZleba qalisadmi Ria zizRiTa da cudi mopyrobiT. an mamakaci ubralod
35

Tavs aridebs qals, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca saSinao da sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebi unda daikmayofilos, atarebs ra danarCen dros mamakacebisagan Semdgar jgufebSi; an, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, man SeiZleba gaaidealos da gaaRmerTos qalebi. esec uzrunvelyofs qalebTan usafrTxo distancias, Tumca Tan axlavs ,,qaluri srulyofilebis warmoudgeneli moTxovnebi. ra strategiac ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli, is saSualebas aZlevs daucvel mamakacs SeniRbos aracnobieri ,,SiSi qalebisadmi. misi yvelaze adreuli asociaciebi xom dedas ukavSirdeba, romelic Zlevamosilad eCveneboda. es grZnoba, kombinirebuli mis adreul deprivaciasTan aiTvisos mamakacis roli, Trgunavs mas da arwmunebs, rom qalebs SeuZliaT raRacnairad Semoacalon misi maskulinuri identuroba. amgvarad, CvenTvis TvalsaCinoa, Tu rogor gadadis Taobidan Taobaze maskulinuri daucveloba. umamo vaJs uviTardeba susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identuroba. am daucvelobis kompensaciis mizniT, siymawvilesa da mozrdil asakSi is axdens distancirebas qalebisagan da ,,qalebis saqmisagan. ra warmoadgens qalis ZiriTad saqmes? bavSvebis movla. amdenad, is Tavs aridebs sakuTar vaJebTan kontaqts da gaucnobiereblad uwyobs xels maTSi daucveli maskulinobis, qalebisadmi SiSis da qalis uarmyofeli qcevis ganviTarebas. aris raime gamosavali am mojadoebuli wridan? radganac kulturebi gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ra moculobiT usvamen xazs kerZo/sazogadoebrivs, albaT, kargi iqneboda migvebaZa kulturisaTvis, romelsac minimumze dahyavs sqesobrivi rolebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris. minda nimuSad moviyvano sakuTari gamokvleva centralur afrikaSi mcxovreb pigmis erTan dakavSirebiT, romelic jer kidev nadiroba-SegrovebiT irCens Tavs. Tumca pigmis erSi sqesobrivi rolebi garkveulwilad diferencirebulia, eris simcire da mobiloba moiTxovs yvela wevris mWidro TanamSromlobas. qalebi da bavSvebi exmarebian mamakacebs nadirobaSi; qals SeuZlia daavalos qmars bavSvis movla, sanam TviTon sadils amzadebs. bebia-babuebi uvlian SviliSvilebs, roca maTi mSoblebi nadiroba-SegrovebiT arin dakavebulni. aq kerZo/sazogadoebrivad dayofa nakleb mniSvnelovania. gansakuTrebiT saintereso ki is faqtia, rom mcire sxvaoba monadire-SemgrovebelTa sqesobriv rolebs Soris da maTi mWidro TanamSromloba iwvevs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris Zlier inteleqtualur msgavsebas. ra SeiZleba aqedan viswavloT sakuTari situaciis Sesaxeb? zogierTi kulturanTropologi amtkicebs, rom savaldebuloa vimoZraoT ori mimarTulebiT: mamakacebi unda dauaxlovdnen saojaxo sferos, miiReben ra monawileobas bavSvebis socializaciasa da saojaxo saqmeebis keTebaSi; qalebma ki Tanabari monawileoba unda miiRon sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da kulturaSi. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba maTi statusi. aseTi cvlilebebi ar aqcevs mamakacebs qalebad da qalebs mamakacebad. rac arsebiTia qalis saqmianobis statusis asamaRleblad, aris ara sqesobrivi rolebis arsebobis ignorireba, aramed daaxloeba, TanamSromloba da moqniloba im rolebisa, romelTac mamakacebi da qalebi inawileben. sinamdvileSi, maSinac ki, roca mamakacebi da qalebi saerTo amocanas asruleben, magaliTad, bavSvis movla, maTi midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia da bevri am stilistur sxvaobaTagan namdvilad aRmoCndeba xolme damkvidrebis Rirsi.

statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 1

meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa? ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba, iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs.
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statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 2

meri stiuart van liuvenis statia `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?~ exeba TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul genderul stereotipebs, rac qalebs dabal statuss aniWebs, mamakacebs ki maRals. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtori ganixilavs ramdenime Teorias. pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa maRali statusi aixsneba imiT, rom isini ufro axlos dganan kulturasTan; rac Seexeba mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs, sxva ZuZumwovar cxovelebTan saerTo reproduqciuli funqciebis gamo, maT bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven. rogorc aRniSnuli Teoria ambobs, reproduqcia da TavianTi TvisebebiT cxovelebTan axlos mdgomi bavSvebis aRzrda, qalebisgan did energiasa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ris gamoc maT aRar rCebaT dro kulturuli saqmianobisTvis _ religiisTvis, xelovnebisTvis da sxva. meore Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamakacTa maRali statusi imiT aixsneba, rom isini ewevian sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, qalebi ki umetesad saSinao saqmeebiT arian dakavebulni. mesame Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqologebis mier dadgenilia, rom bavSvi 3 wlidan iwyebs sqesTan mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas. am droidan biWma uari unda Tqvas dedisadmi mijaWvulobaze da survilze hgavdes mas. igi cdilobs mibaZos mamas, magram vinaidan mas iSviaTad xedavs, uCndeba SiSi, Tu ramdenad kargad daeufleba mamakacis rols. amave dros, biWi TandaTan aRmoaCens, rom `mamakacobasTan~ bevri upiratesobaa dakavSirebuli da meti mondomebiT cdilobs iqces namdvil mamakacad, ris gamoc uars ambobs yovelgvar `qalur~ Tvisebasa da qcevaze, anu gaurbis `qalurobas~. xdeba ra mama, is gaurbis SvilebTan urTierTobas, rogorc qalebis saqmes da Tavisi saqcieliT, mis vaJebSic nergavs qalebisadmi SiSs. statiis avtori sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloebis da TanamSromlobis momxrea, rac udavod mowonebas imsaxurebs. bolo unda moeRos araswor genderul crurwmenebs da qalisa da mamakacis rolebis mkveTr gamijvnas, vinaidan amas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs. savarjiSo #3. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis rekomendebulia avtoris ideebis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca avtori imdenad efeqturad gadmoscems saTqmels, rom Zalian gagviWirdeba perifrazirebis gziT mkiTxvels misi ideebis `mTeli eSxi~ davanaxoT; anda mocemul frazaSi avtoris sakvanZo ideebia Cadebuli, rac CvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias (pozitiurs Tu negatiurs) iwvevs da gvsurs, mkiTxvels mTeli sisruliT warmovudginoT es monakveTi; aris SemTxvevebi, roca mkiTxvels swored avtoris Txrobis stilsa Tu enis specifikas vacnobT. udavoa, rom aseT dros aucileblad mogviwevs avtoris sityvebis citireba. citirebas Tavisi mkacri wesebi aqvs, romlebic yovelTvis unda davicvaT: Tu citatis sigrZe 3-4 xazs (daaxloebiT 50 sityvas) ar aRemateba, maSin is pirdapir Cvens teqstSi unda CavrToT da ormag brWyalSi CavsvaT; Tu citatis sigrZe 5 xazi da metia (daaxloebiT 50 sityvaze meti), maSin is Cveni teqstisagan unda gamovacalkevoT, gverdis SuSi gavaTanabroT, veli davuviwrovoT (aris SemTxvevebi, roca intervalsac amcireben xolme) da, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi brWyalebSi ar movaTavsoT; Tu vaxdenT iseTi monakveTis citirebas, sadac avtors Tavad aqvs gamoyenebuli citata, maSin avtoris sityvebi, Cveulebrivad, or brWalSi Caismeba, masTan citirebuli monakveTi ki _ TiTo brWyalSi; Tuki avtoris grZel citatas movuxmobT, romelSic, agreTve citataa moTavsebuli, rogorc viciT, grZeli citata brWyalSi ar Caismeba, masSi arsebuli citata ki, Cveulebriv, or brWyalSi; Tu citataSi garkveuli sityvis an Tundac frazis gamotoveba gvsurs,
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sam wertils vsvamT gamotovebuli sityvis/frazis adgilas; Tuki citatis koreqtirebis da masSi sakuTari ideis CarTvis survili gagviCnda, sakuTari sityvebi frCxilebSi unda movaTavsoT. rac Seexeba, citataSi sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebas, wertili da mZime yovelTvis brWyalis SigniTaa, danarCeni sasveni niSnebi ki _ brWyals gareT, Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Tavad avtoris citatas ar axlavs. [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.] citirebaze saubrisas, aucilebelia gavecnoT, Tu rogor xdeba citirebuli, an Tundac perifrazirebuli da Sejamebuli monakveTis bolos avtoris miTiTeba. rogorc wesi, bibliografiis miTiTebis sxvadasxva sistemas am mxriv Tavisi specifika aqvs. Cven amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) mier SemoTavazebuli bibliografiis miTiTebis sistemiT vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan, erTi mxriv, is Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia, meore mxriv ki, samaod popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi. APA sistemis Tanaxmad, iseT mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, rogoricaa kritika, analitikuri referati, an Tundac Jurnalis statia, wyaro sqolioSi ki ar unda mivuTiToT, aramed pirdapir teqstSi, uSualod moxseniebisTanave. aseT miTiTebas `CarTuli~ hqvia da misi gamoyenebisas mkacrad unda davicvaT Semdegi wesebi: mTliani naSromis Sejamebisas, Sejamebuli paragrafis bolos, frCxilebSi moTavsdeba avtoris gvari da publikaciis TariRi, romlebic mZimiT gamoiyofa; Tu avtori moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, frCxilebSi mxolod publikaciis TariRi iqneba miTiTebuli; Tu avtorica da publikaciis TariRic moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, `CarTulis~ gamoyeneba saWiro aRaraa; Tu garkveuli qveTavis an paragrafis perifrazirebas vaxdenT, anda uSualod citata mogvyavs, avtoris gvarTan da publikaciis TariRTan erTad, aucileblad idgeba gverdis nomeric; roca naSroms ori avtori hyavs, yoveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi orive avtoris gvari iqneba; roca naSroms sami da meti avtori hyavs, pirveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi yvela avtoris gvari iqneba warmodgenili, Semdgomi miTiTebebisas ki _ mxolod pirveli avtoris gvari da aRniSvna `et al.,~ rac niSnavs `da sxvebi.~; Tumca piradi werilebi, satelefono saubrebi da msgavsi masala, romlis aRdgenac SeuZlebelia, ar aris miTiTebuli bibliografiaSi teqstis Semdeg, isini aucileblad miTiTebulia `CarTulSi~; Tu garkveuli idea ramdenime wyaroSia moxseniebuli, misi miTiTeba Semdegi saxiT xdeba: _ erTi avtoris ramdenime naSromis miTiTeba, maTi gamocemis TariRis mixedviT xdeba: (blumi, 1956, 1962). _ Tu avtors ori naSromi erT welsaa gamocemuli, isini Semdegi saxiT unda ganvasxvavoT: (blumi, 1956a, 1956b). _ sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebi maTi gvarebis anbanuri Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT unda miuTiToT da erTmaneTisagan wertil-mZimiT unda davaSoroT (gouldi, 1989; smiti, 1983; terneri, 1989). [APA Catations. Retrieved 22 May, 2005, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu/apa.htm.] da bolos, perifrazireba-Sejameba-citirebaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT plagiatis Temas. plagiat nebiT Tu uneblied, sxvisi ideebis sakuTar ideebad gasaRebelia. es `ideebi~ SeiZleba iyos nabeWdi an sityvieri masala, dawyebuli martivi winadadebebiTa da damTavrebuli mTeli paragrafebiT; amasTan, es SeiZleba iyos statistikuri monacemebi, laboratoriuli Sedegebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da a.S. `sxvebis~ qveS moiazreba rogorc naSromTa avtorebi, Jurnalebis kritikosebi, enciklopediaTa Semdgenelni da sxv., ise eleqtronuli wyaroebi.
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plagiati imiT isjeba, rom studentis naSromi pirdapir Rebulobs aradamakmayofilebel Sefasebas, Tundac masSi genialuri ideebi iyos warmodgenili; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, students kursis gavlac xelaxla uwevs. konkretuli magaliTis safuZvelze, ganvixiloT plagiatis Tavidan acilebis teqnika. warmogidgenT monakveTs e. t. meis naSromidan `amerikuli ojaxis miTebi da realoba~: `radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlavac im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni, martoxela dedebs iSviaTad Tu SeswevT unari adekvaturad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da maTi Svilebi. da radgan samuSao kvlav im mosazrebis safuZvelzea organizebuli, rom qalebi saxlSi unda darCnen SvilebTan erTad, Tumca ki dedebis sakmaod mcire raodenobas aqvs amis saSualeba, bavSvebis movlis SesaZleblobebi, samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba SeerTebul StatebSi~. I versia: radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari Sexedulebis gamomxatvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian Semomtanni ojaxSi, martoxela dedebs Zalian uWirT sakuTari Tavisa da maTi Svilebis rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao kvlav im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ZiriTad dros ojaxSi unda atarebdnen SvilebTan erTad, bavSvze zrunvis xelSemwyobi garemo SeerTebul StatebSi kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba. es versia plagiatis nimuSia, radgan masSi zedmiwevniTaa warmodgenili originalSi mocemuli winadadebebis wyoba da sityvebis Tanmimdevroba. studenti sinonimebiT anacvlebs sityvebs da gamotovebs erT frazas, magram mTliani teqsti Zalian waagavs originals. II versia: rogorc e.t. mei aRniSnavs, `qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 88), amitom mraval martoxela dedas uWirs sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis adekvaturi rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ojaxSi unda rCebodnen SvilebTan erTad, dRis centrebis mier SemoTavazebuli momsaxureba am qveyanaSi `samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba~ (mei, 2001, gv, 89). es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca studenti ukve meis citirebas axdens, misi teqsti mainc sakmaod axlosaa originalTan. III versia: Cveni ekonomika kvlav im mcdari principiT xelmZRvanelobs, rom mamakacebi ojaxis mTavari marCenalni arian. amitom qalebs kvlav mamakacebze dabali xelfasi aqvT. Sedegad, mravali martoxel deda ver axerxebs ojaxis saTanadod rCenas. garda amisa, adeqvaturi dRis centrebi jer kidev problemas warmoadgens SeerTebul StatebSi, im gavrcelebuli araswori Sexedulebis gamo, rom dedebi umetes dros saxlSi atareben SvilebTan erTad. es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca avtori ukeT axdens teqstis perifrazirebas da winadadebebis struqturasac cvlis, is arsad ar aRniSnavs, rom es meis ideebia da ara misi sakuTari. marTalia, meis mosazrebaTa nawili cnobil faqtebs warmoadgens (qalebs mamakacebze naklebi xelfsi aqvT, martoxela dedebis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs), magram mei iyenebs maT specifikuri da originaluri koncefciis asagebad, rasac studenti ugulebelyofs. IV versia: dRes qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT, vidre mamakacebs imdenad naklebi, rom mraval martoxela dedas da maT Svilebs siRaribis zRvarze an mis miRmac ki uwevT cxovreba. e.t. mei asabuTebs, rom es situacia nawilobriv imiTaa gamowveuli, rom kvlavac arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom `swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 89). mei imasac ambobs, rom amerikaSi kvlav dominanturia azri, rom bavSviani dedebi umetesad saxlSi rCebian, raTa Svilebs mouaron (2001, gv. 89). Cemi azriT, msgavsi situacia nakleb tipuria dRes, roca qveyanaSi sul ufro meti dRis centri ixsneba da arc ZiZebis raodenobas unda vuCiodeT... am versiaSi adgili aris plagiati. studenti iyenebs cnobil fqtebs meis naSromidan, magram xazs usvams avtoris dakvnebs da ar cdilobs maT miTvisebas.
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meis ideebi saTanadod perifrazirebulia da saWiroebis adgilas brWyalebic gamoyenebulia [The Guide to Grammar and Writing (2001). Capital Community College Foundation. Retrieved April, 26, 2004, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu.grammar/index.htm] amdenad, plagiatis Tavidan asacileblad: brWyalebSi CasviT yvelaferi, rasac uSualod teqstidan iRebT; perifrazireba moaxdineT, magram darwmundiT, rom sityvebs ubralod ki ar ucvliT adgils an sinonimebiT anacvlebT, aramed avtoris mxolod ideebs tovebT da maT sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscemT. amisaTvis, teqsts rom waikiTxavT, wigni daxureT da ise gadmoeciT Sinaarsi; SeadareT Tqvens mier perifrazirebuli monakvTi originals, raTa darwmundeT, rom SemTxveviT msgavsi frazebi an winadadebebi ar gamogiyenebiaT da rom informacia akuratulad gaqvT gadmocemuli. savarjiSo #4. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs teqsts da sxvadasxva winadadebebs am teqstidan, romlebic plagiatis nimuSebs warmoadgens. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs moaxdinon am winadadebebis perifrazireba im formiT, rom isini aRar warmoadgendnen plagiatis nimuSebs. mas Semdeg rac studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen perifrazirebisa da citirebis, agreTve, plagiatobis Tavidan acilebis teqnikas, da kritikis SesavlisaTvis, miTiTebuli statiis Sejamebac moaxdines, isini kritikis ZiriTad nawilze gadadian da avtoris argumentebis Sefasebasa da maTze refleqsias axdenen. savarjiSo #5: zemoT ganxiluli kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebiT, studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 2-Si wardgenili statiis analizsa da Sefasebas, kerZod, isini avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs aanalizeben da TavianT pozicias gamoxataven maTTan mimarTebaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganamtkiceben.

avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 1

avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebs yvela kulturaSi bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven, vidre mamakacebs, ris gamoc maT naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT da, maTi bunebrivi reproduqciuli funqciebidan gamomdinare, naklebad monawileoben politikur, ekonomikur, savaWro, teqnologiur procesebSi; aseve xelovnebasa da religiaSi. magram unda SevniSnoT, rom arc erT adamians ar SeuZlia realurad gansazRvros da gadaWriT amtkicos raime sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba yvela kulturaSi. vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs gamonaklisi, albaT, umjobesi iqneboda eTqva, CvenTvis cnobil umetes kulturebSi, radgan arsebobda matriarqatis xana, roca qals wamyvani roli ekisreboda da arsebobs Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, sadac qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis 50%-s qalebi Seadgenen, mag.: SvedeTi, fineTi da a.S.

avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 2

avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia, TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _ grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camou40

vardebian kacebs `adamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi. savarjiSo #6: SeadareT erTmaneTs avtoris poziciis Sefasebis warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. savarjiSo #7: kritikis pirveli versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia. studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.

kritikis nimuSi 1
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?~ meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT mamakacebs `qalebis saqmisa~ ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba, iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs. Tumca, umjobesia ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia, TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _ grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs `adamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi. rogorc meore Teoria ambobs, qalebis dabali statusi ganisazRvreba maTi saSinao saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mravali qali axerxebs sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac saxlis saqmeebis gverdiT. imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom isini xels uwyoben mamakacebis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, uvlian ra maT da maT Svilebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, bevri ram mamakacebis gasakeTebeli iqneboda da naklebi dro darCebodaT sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis. ganviTarebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ojaxuri urTierTobebi marTlac gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs sakuTar sqesTan identifikaciaSi. patara biWebs Tavidanve aswavlian, rom gogonebze `kargebi~ unda iyvnen. `ra gogosaviT iqcevi?~; `ra gatirebs, gogo xom ara xar?~; `biWebs arafris ar unda eSinodeT!~ _ aseTi SeniSvnebi yoveldRiurad esmiT maT. garSemomyofebis miTiTebebis Sesabamisad, isini iZulebulni xdebian uari Tqvan `qalur~ gamovlinebebze, raTa daimsaxuros mowoneba. marTalia isic, rom mama Tavisi saqcieliT xels uwyobs biWSi qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac bavSvi baZavs mas, rogorc avtoritets. aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `qalurobisadmi~ SiSi daswavlis Sedegia.
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veTanxmebi avtoris Sexedulebas, rom sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloeba da TanamSromloba sasargeblo iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi orive sqess meti SesaZlebloba eqneba maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari potenciali da ar SemoizRudos mxolod arsebuli stereotipebiT miniWebuli rolebiTa da aqtivobis saxeebiT. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli, rac gaamarTlebda qalebis dabal statuss mamakacebTan SedarebiT. qalebTan ufro metadaa gamoxatuli mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, qalebi aranakleb sasargeblo saqmeebs akeTeben sazogadoebisTvis. vinaidan qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis gamowveva ZiriTadad daswavliT xdeba, is SeiZleba arc ganviTardes aRzrdis saTanado zomebis miRebis SemiTxvevaSi, es ki gamoiwvevs rolebis daaxloebas, rasac udavod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.

kritikis nimuSi 2
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa? meri stiuart van liuveni statiaSi ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?-cdilobs axsnas sazogadoebaSi mamakacis maRali socialuri statusisa da qalis dabali socialuri statusis gamomwvevi mizezebi, risTvisac sam anTropologiur Teorias imowmebs. maT Tanaxmad, qalis reproduqciuli qcevis Taviseburebani, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba bavSvis socializaciis procesze, saSinao saqmeebSi metad CarTuloba, is mizezebia, ris gamoc qalebi nakleb moiazrebian sazogadoebriv asparezze, Sesabamisad, nakleb socialur statussac floben. ar akisriaT ra msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, mamakacebs meti dro rCebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebisaTvis da ufro ,,kulturul arsebebadac arian miCneulni. avtori gvirCevs, rom mivbaZoT kulturebs, sadac mamakacisa da qalis sqesobriv rolebs Soris sxvaoba minimaluria, radgan amiT maTi statusebis gaTanabrebas vuwyobT xels. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris argumentebi udavod sainteresoa, Tumca, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad damajerebelia isini, aucilebelia maTi detaluri ganxilva. is faqtic ki, rom qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan sakmaod ,,TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebTan, ver gamoiwvevs qalis ,,bavSvur arsebad formirebas. ara bavSvTan xangrZlivi urTierToba aqcevs qals infantilur arsebad, aramed xSirad, piriqiT, qalis xangrZlivi mzrunveloba iwvevs misi vaJis infantilur mamakacad Camoyalibebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca meuRleebis xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo, aseTi qalebi vaJkacur Tvisebebsac iTavseben, sakmaod aqtiurebi da mebrZolebi xdebian, da ojaxis marTvis sadaveebsac euflebian. amdenad, xSirad swored mamakacebi ufro infantilur arsebebad gvevlinebian, gansakuTrebiT, iseT tradiciul koleqtivistur kulturebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, razec qarTvelTa yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli xatovani gamoTqmebic metyvelebs, kerZod, ,,dedikos biWi, ,,dedis nebieri, ,,dedis kalTas amofarebuli da sxv. swored is epiTetebia, romelTac dedis moWarbebuli mzrunvelobiT garSemortymul, infantilur qarTvel mamakacebs amkoben xolme. ver daveTanxmebi avtors imaSic, rom umamod gazrdili vaJis xvedri aucileblad ,,susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identurobaa, risi kompensirebis meqanizmsac qalebisa da maTi saqmisgan bavSvebis movlisgan distancireba warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, momdevno TaobebSi mamasa da vaJs Soris gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. xSirad swored umamod gazrdili vaJebi xdebian saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi, radgan maT Tavad iwvnies umamobis mZime xvedri, mTeli bavSvoba xedavdnen, Tu rogor itanjeboda deda, iTavsebda ra erTdroulad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebs, ganicades mamis Tanadgomis arqona cxovrebis yvelaze krizisul periodebSi, amdenad, sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelze, isini, piriqiT, cdiloben saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi gaxdnen da mudam mxarSi daudgnen sakuTar vaJebs, raTa es ukanasknelni msgavs mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen. istoriaSi araerTi gamoCenili adamiania, romlis
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cxovrebac am faqts gvidasturebs; aviRoT, Tundac saqarTvelos mefeebi, romelTa umravlesoba amis nimuSs warmoadgens. amave sakiTxis ganxilvisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri strategiis gamoyenebisas, ,,daucveli mamakaci cdilobs ,,SeniRbos aracnobieri ,SiSi qalisadmi, rac kidev erTxel ganamtkicebs Cvens arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom swored mamakaci da ara qalia ,,bavSvuri arseba, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori ambobs, swored qals (,,Zlevamosil da ,,saSiS arsebas) SeuZlia ,,daucvel da umweo mamakacs ,,maskulinuri identuroba Semoacalos. romelia am SemTxvevaSi ufro ,,bavSvuri da ususuri? rac Seexeba avtoris arguments, rom ,,sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT. cnobili fsiqologi devid maiersi aRniSnavs, rom mTel msoflioSi socializacia miznad isaxavs vaJebis gareojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis, gogonebis ki Sidaojaxuri saqmianobisaTvis momzadebas. misi sityvebiT, genderuli socializacia uzrunvelyofs vaJebs ,,frTebiT, gogonebs ki ,,fesvebiT. Tundac es Sedareba cxadyofs, rom vaJebs adreuli asakidanve meti Tavisufleba, meti gasaqani da samomavlod meti perspeqtiva gaaCniaT. miRwevebi sazogadoebriv sferoSi iwvevs socialur dawinaurebas, Sinauri saqmeebis Tundac brwyinvale Sesruleba ki veravis moutans sazogadoebriv aRiarebas. ufro metic, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi statusi gansazRvravs adamianis statuss ojaxSi, magaliTad, tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac metad difuzuri urTierTobebia, menejeri menejerad rCeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, ojaxSic ki, da Tavad col-Svilic aRiqvams mas, rogorc menejers da usityvod emorCileba. unda daveTanxmo avtoris ZiriTad argumentsa Tu rekomendacias mamakacebisa da qalebis sqesobrivi rolebisa da saqmianobis daaxlovebis Sesaxeb, rasac, udavod, ormxrivi pozitiuri Sedegi mohyveba. erTis mxriv, aRarc mamakacebs moeCvenebaT saTakilod da mosarideblad ,,qalebis saqme, da aRarc maT vaJebs SeeqmnebaT safrTxe, mamasTan arasakmarisi kontaqtis gamo, ,,daucveli maskulinoba da ,,qalisadmi SiSi ganuviTardeT. Tu es aracnobierad damkvidrda pigmis erSi, Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma qveynebma kargad gaacnobieres es tendencia, razec is faqti metyvelebs, rom evropasa da amerikaSi sul ufro xSirad SexvdebiT situacias, roca mama mondomebiT amzadebs sadils patara Svilebis garemocvaSi, axalgazrda mama gaRimebuli moabijebs quCaSi ,,kenguruTi Camokidebuli ToTo bavSviT, anda mama da patara vaJebi enTuziazmiT exmarebian dedas sarecxis gafenaSi. aseTi siuJetebiT uxvad aris daxunZluli sareklamo abrebi, Jurnalebi da sabavSvo enciklopediebic ki. meores mxriv, qalebic aimaRleben socialur statuss da met pativiscemas moipoveben sazogadoebis TvalSi, roca sazogadoebriv asparezze dawinaurdebian da met wvlils Seitanen socialur-ekonomikur-politikur cxovrebaSi, rac, agreTve naTlad gaacnobieres mTels msoflioSi, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove pirobebSi sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi moRvawe qalis gamoCena. statistika cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi arasodes yofila imdeni politikosi da ministri qali, rogorc dRes. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebriv sferoSi moRvaweoba mxolod mamakacebis prerogativaa, qalebi ki ojaxSi unda rCebodnen da mxolod bavSvebis movliT iyon dakavebulni, TandaTan icvleba da adgils uTmobs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi Tanabari uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen rogorc ojaxSi, ise sazogadoebaSi, rac TavisTavad scems pasuxs avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas, rom mamakacebs ar unda eSinodeT ,qalebis saqmisa.

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Tema III. analitikuri referati

analitikuri referati warmoadgens akademiuri weris Janrs, romlis mizania debatis arsis wvdoma da werilobiTi formiT gadmocema, studentisaTvis SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. Tavis struqturiT analitikuri referati Zlier waagavs kritikas, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu kritikis werisas studenti erT statias ganixilavs, aq ukve or, zogjer ki sam statiasTanac aqvs saqme. rogorc wesi, es aris ori an sami sxvadasxva avtoris statia garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da maT am sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT. studenti axdens mocemuli statiebis SedarebiT analizs da gamoxatavs sakuTar pozicias avtorebis mier ganxiluli sakiTxis mimarT. magram umTavresi gansxvaveba analitikur referatsa da kritikas Soris mainc isaa, rom Tu es ukanaskneli izolirebulad iwereba anu studenti mxolod erTi statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT Semoifargleba (Tumca ki misi poziciis ganmtkicebisaTvis sxva avtorTa Sexedulebis damowmebas axdens), analitikuri referatis SemTxvevaSi is mocemul statiebs ara izolirebulad, aramed Sesabamisi disciplinis Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi ganixilavs, anu universalizacias Tu konteqstualizacias axdens. Sesabamisad, analitikuri referatis struqtura Semdeg saxes iZens: Sesavali: avtorTa poziciebis mokle Sejameba; konteqstualizacia. ZiriTadi nawili: I. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi; Zalian mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT; Tqvens mier avtorTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba da sakuTari poziciis warmodgena. II. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi; isev mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rasac Tqvenive Sefaseba mosdevs. III. Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva _ avtorTa poziciebis analizi Tqveni komentarebiT da a.S. daskvna: sakuTari Sefasebebis Sejameba da saboloo refleqsia.

amdenad, Zalian mokled rom SevajamoT analitikuri referatis struqtura, Semdegi elementebis gamoyofas SevZlebT: Sejameba, konteqstualizacia, analizi, Sefaseba da refleqsia. aq erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu rogor gaaanalizon statiebi jer erTi avtoris Sexedulebebi ganixilon da mere meorisa, Tu is sakiTxebi gamoyon, rasac orive/samive avtori ganixilavs da amis safuZvelze Tematurad gaaanalizon statiebi. akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavlur akademiur weraSi mravlad moipoveba orive SemTxvevis nimuSebi, umjobesia Tematurad gavaanalizoT statiebi da ara avtorebis mixedviT, radgan analitikuri referatis umTavresi mizania fokusireba moaxdinos problemebze da debatebze mocemul disciplinaSi da swored es fokusi ganapirobebs imas, rom misi umTavresi komponentia konteqstualizacia. ufro detalurad gavecnoT analitikuri referatis struqturis Semadgenel TiToeul nawils. jer kidev kritikis Janrze saubrisas, ganvixileT statiis Sejamebis teqnika, rac perifraziT iwyeba (raTa Tavidan aviciloT plagiati) da mxolod amis Semdeg axdens avtoris ideebis mokled Sejamebas, kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebis kvaldakval; kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyeneba ki aucile44

belia imitom, rom mxolod is iZleva saSualebas, Rrmad gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi, ris gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia maTi adekvaturi Sejameba. savarjoSo #1: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs or statias, romelzec momavalSi analitikuri referati unda daweron da sTxovs maT perifrazirebasa da Sejamebas. niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen

qeneT moti (cnobili pedagogi)

niWiers vuwodeb iseT bavSvebs, romlebic floben raime gansakuTrebul Tvisebasa Tu Sinagan unars, rac araerTma testma Tu dakvirvebam daadgina da vinc avlens interess da aRwevs warmatebas fizikur, inteleqtualur Tu artistul sferoebSi. es SeiZleba iyon bavSvebi, romlebic niWieri aTletebi arian, magram uWirT akademiuri sagnebis aTviseba, anda studentebi, romlebic ar gamodgebian aTletebad, magram Zalian kargi inteleqtualuri monacemebi aqvT. ,,niWieri SeiZleba ewodos saSualo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavles, romelmac iSviaTi unari gamoavlina musikasa Tu xelovnebaSi, anda bavSvs, romlis IQ 135 aRwevs da yvelaferSi warmatebulia. rogor unda moviqceT aseT niWier bavSvebTan? mtkiced mwams, rom aucilebelia maTi dajgufeba Sesabamisi interesebisa da unarebis mixedviT da iseT programebSi CarTva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maTi unarebis mTeli sisruliT gaRvivebas. am dajgufebas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli sagnebis mixedviT dajgufebis forma dawyebiT klasebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi klasi heterogenulad aris dajgufebuli dRis umetes nawilSi, magram drodadro, specialuri instruqtaJis miRebis mizniT, sagangebo interesebisa Tu unarebis jgufebad iqneba dayofili. maRal klasebSi moswavleebi SesaZloa dajgufebul iyvnen Cveulebriv klasebad, oRond sxvadasxva sagnobrivi profilis mixedviT, garkveuli interesisa da codnis flobis (arflobis) Sesabamisad. erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti niWierTa dajgufebis winaaRmdeg, inteleqtualuri snobebis kastis Seqmnis saSiSroebaa. Sesabamisad, zog pedagogs eSinia, rom saSualo da susti studentebi sakuTar Tavs arasrulfasovnad CaTvlian. Tu niWierTa Sesaxeb Cemi definiciiT vixelmZRvanelebT, es SiSi usafuZvlo iqneba. skolebi xom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ajgufeben niWier aTletebs. miuxedavad amisa, ramdeni aTleti miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs elitis nawilad? gana es aTletebi zemodan uyureben sxva moswavleebs? maTi aSkara umravlesoba ase ar iqceva. ramdeni ,,niWier bavSvTa wrea metyvelebaSi, musikaSi, xelovnebasa da JurnalistikaSi. skolebma siamovnebiT daajgufes niWieri bavSvebi am sferoebSi, yovelgvari mavne Sedegis gareSe. Cemi dakvirvebiT, niWier oratorTa, musikosTa, mxatvarTa da mweralTaTvis maTi niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, ar aRvivebs Surs an arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas nakleb niWier studentebSi. Tu pedagogebs gulwrfelad surT xeli Seuwyon individualur ganviTarebas, maT araviTari safuZveli ara aqvT eSinodeT nebismieri saxis dajgufebisa. swored maswavlebeli da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs studentebis ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. sanam Seecdeba Sesabamisi ganwyobis damkvidrebas, pedagogma am gansxvavebaTa mimarT sakuTari ganwyobis kritikuli analizi unda moaxdinos. Tu niWieri da araniWieri moswavleebis jgufs mcdari warmodgena Camouyalibdeba sakuTar Tavze, es, albaT, maswavleblebis, mSoblebis an administratorebis bralia. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu maswavleblebi pativs scemen individualur Rirsebas, Tu isini aRviveben interesebs axalgazrdebSi, TiToeuli moswavle warmatebiT ganaviTarebs sakuTar unarebs. ubralod momxre var, rom msgavsi ,,niWiT dajildovebulni erTad iyon da siamovneba miiRon am erTianobisagan.
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bevri pedagogi ewinaaRmdegeba niWierTa dajgufebis ideas, radgan miaCnia, rom es ver axdens arsebiT gavlenas Sedegebze. pilotaJuri gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom arsebiT cvlilebebi ar aris Tu bavSvebi dayofilni arian nel da swraf klasebad. isic faqtia, rom pilotaJur gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi bavSvebi dajgufebul iyvnen maTi IQ qulebis mixedviT, romlebic nakleb sandoa, daskvnebi ki damyarebulia miRwevis qulebze, romlebic zomavs mxolod ostatobas an konkretul detals. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs raime sando instrumenti iseT sferoebSi ganviTarebis gasazomad, rogoricaa Semoqmedeba, ganwyobebi, latenturi interesi da niWi, agreTve, Sinagani unari. Cemi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic emyareba 10 welze met gamocdilebas saklaso oTaxSi, swavlis procesi gacilebiT warmatebulia, roca individebi dajgufebulni arian maTi interesebis da unarebis Sesabamisad, motivirebulni da STagonebulni arian saskolo samuSaoTi. heterogenuli saklaso oTaxebi xSirad frustracias iwvevs im bavSvebSi, romlebic mudmivad CamorCebian umravlesobas. frustracia maSinac Cndeba, roca niWier bavSvebs ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, rac xSirad xdeba heterogenul saklaso oTaxebSi. naklebad maqvs imis SiSi, rom niWieri moswavleebi ukan daixeven, vinaidan maT TavianT SesaZleblobebze mets mosTxoven, radgan mjera, rom maswavleblebis umravlesobas Seswevs unari igrZnos zRvari moswavlisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebisa. meore mxriv, mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvs. ramdenime CemTvis nacnobma skolam daajgufa niWieri bavSvebi saki- Txavi programis mixedviT (Cveulebriv erTi saklaso oTaxi iyofoda mkiTxvelTa 3-4 jgufad da maswavlebels uwevda TiToeuli jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi drois gamoyofa). eqsperimenti gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxebidan neli mkiTxvelebis erT oTaxSi moTavsebas, saSualo mkiTxvelebisa _ meoreSi da swrafi mkiTxvelebisa _ mesameSi. TiToeul saklaso oTaxs hyavda erTi maswavlebeli, magram mas aRar uwevda yuradRebis gadanawileba sxvadasxva jgufebze. sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda klasi, romelsac Zveli wesiT aswavlidnen. ori wlis Semdeg, mkvleverebma aRmoaCines sagrZnobi saerTo progresi eqsperimentuli jgufis yvela doneze. zogi neli mkiTxveli SeuerTda saSualo mkiTxvelTa jgufs da zogi saSualo mkiTxveli gadavida swraf mkiTxvelTa jgufSi. darwmunebuli var, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia sabunebismetyvelo da socialur mecnierebebSi, maTematikasa Tu inglisurSi. interesisa da/Tu unaris doneebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia meti gaakeTos individualuri zrdis dasaxmareblad. Tumca ar vTvli, rom bavSvebi unda ganixilebodnen im resursis saxiT, romelsac forma unda mieces sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, mjera, rom rogorc individebi, isini dajildovebulni arian garkveuli TvisebebiTa da unarebiT _ bunebisagan boZebuli ,,niWiT, rac maTi potenciuri warmatebis maCvenebelia. sadac bavSvebs erTnairi ,,niWi aqvT, maT erTad muSaobisa da swavlis saSualeba unda mieceT. niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi erTad unda swavlobdnen

bruno betelhaimi (cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi)

argumenti, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen, emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxebSi maTi inteleqtualuri zrda ferxdeba imis swavlebiT, rac Cveulebrivi bavSvisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli. udavoa, rom specialur klasebs niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, SeuZlia daexmaros maT ufro adre daamTavron swavla da daikavon TavianTi adgili sazogadoebaSi. meore mxriv, aseTi moswavleebis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxebidan gayvanam, SesaZloa, seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas rogorc maT, ise sazogadoebas.
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gveubnebian, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi niWieri bavSvi kargavs interess swavlisadmi. es saCivari ufro xSirad ufrosebisagan _ mSoblebisa da pedagogebisagan gvesmis, vidre Tavad moswavleebisagan. amis safuZvelze, zogierTi mSobeli da pedagogi midis daskvnamde, rom niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri klasebi unda arsebobdes. Tumca zogi mowinave moswavle marTlac wuwunebs, rom interess kargavs skolaSi, amis mizezi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre skolis samuSao. Tu grZnobebis fsiqoanalitikuri Seswavla validuria, mobezrebis grZnoba Cndeba, rogorc dacviTi meqanizmi aRelvebis grZnobis winaaRmdeg. mogbezrdes niSnavs aRelvebuli iyo. moswavle, romelsac mobezrda swavla, aris adamiani, romelic ver umklavdeba sakuTar aRelvebas. sinamdvileSi, man unda sTxovos maswavleblebs, rom mudmivad dakavebuli amyofon swavliTa da inteleqtualuri SejibriT, da is aRar igrZnobs aRelvebas. niWieri bavSvi, romelsac mobezrda, aris aRelvebuli bavSvi. misi nevrozuli dacviTi meqanizmebis kveba SesaZloa sazogadoebis garkveul moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebdes, magram nevrozis kveba ar exmareba mas, rogorc adamians. fsiqologia, bunebis msgavsad, ar uSvebs vakuums. Tu moswavles ar ainteresebs masala imitom, rom advilad iTvisebs mas, Sedegi ar iqneba aucileblad mobezreba. sxva inteleqtualur interesebs SeuZlia Tavisufali drois Sevseba. nuTu azriania vifiqroT, rom niWieri bavSvebi swavloben mxolod kurikulumis wnexis qveS? ramdenime wlis win Tavad davakvirdi, Tu ra daemarTaT niWier bavSvebs, romlebic specialuri kerZo skolidan, sadac swavlis Zalian swrafi tempi da Zlieri konkurencia iyo, gadaiyvanes kargi akademiuri moswrebis mqone saxelmwifo skolaSi, sadac skolis samuSao imdenad martivi unda yofiliyo maTTvis, rom ,,interesi dakargvodaT.. dakvirvebam gamoavlina saintereso ganviTareba axladgadmosul axalgazrdebSi. specialur skolaSi niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, isini sakmarisad ver iyenebdnen kritikuli Sefasebis unars da umetesad maswavleblebis mier arCeul mimarTulebas misdevdnen. ufro neli tempis mqone skolaSi, sadac aRar eSinodaT CamorCenisa, maT spontanuri reagireba daiwyes mraval problemaze, romelTagan zogierTi arc ki iyo Setanili saskolo programaSi. maT iswavles cxovrebis, xelovnebis, literaturis da sxva adamianebis ufro metad dafaseba. aRar iRlebodnen ra rTuli davalebebis mzadebiT, maT rCebodaT energia, rom gaefarToebinaT interesebi da ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen sakiTxs. gaxangrZlivebuli da daculi usafrTxoeba, SesaZloa, saukeTeso samzadisi iyos rTul inteleqtualur problemebTan gasamklaveblad. radgan niWieri bavSvi advilad swavlobs, mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba Cveulebriv klasSi. meore mxriv, Tu aseT bavSvs moaTavseben specialur klasSi, sadac swavla misTvis martivi ar aris, sadac is saSualo moswavlea Zalian niWier axalgazrdebs Soris, man SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom saSualo SesaZleblobebi aqvs da ver SeeWideba rTul amocanebs; rac xSirad xdeba. meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen, amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis saklaso oTaxidan gayvana amcirebs saSualo moswavleTa aRelvebas. SesaZloa es asea; magram rogor unda gadavlaxoT aRelveba, Tu ara maTTan megobruli TanamSromlobis gziT, vinc Cvenze maRla mdgomad gveCveneba, am SemTxvevaSi, vinc Cvenze ukeT swavlobs. dRes, Zalian bevr did qalaqSi, moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian akademiur programebSi, uunarod miiCneven. sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba Raribi, dabali klasis ojaxebidanaa. cxovroben ra im axalgazrdebis garemocvaSi, romelTac nakleb ainteresebT ganaTlebis miReba, da aqvT ra naklebi urTierToba maTTan, vinc swavlas mowyurebulia, amasTanave, ver Rebuloben ra mxardaWeras ojaxidan, aseT bavSvebs uWirT identifikacia, rac naklebad moxdeboda klasSi kargi moswavleebic rom yofiliyvnen. warmatebis misaRwevad, bevr bavSvs ekonomiurad gaWirvebuli ojaxidan, sWirdeba nimuSi, romelic motivacias gauzrdis. dajgufeba ki tovebs maT yovelgvari stimulis gareSe. isini ubralod CamorCebian, rac imedgacruebas ufro gamoiwvevs, vidre aRelvebas Seamcirebs. Tu romelime maTgans gamorCeuli unari aRmoaCndeba, mas niWierTa jgufSi
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gagzavnian, toveben ra kidev ufro imedgacruebulT araniWierTa jgufis danarCen wevrebs. inteleqtualuri unarebis mixedviT, bavSvebis dajgufebas bevri saerTo aqvs mTamsvlelobasTan. mTaze asvlisas, Cveulebriv, win gidi midis, ukan ki damwyebni an nakleb gamocdili mTamsvlelebi mihyvebian. Tu damwyebs gamocdil mTamsvlelTa Soris moaTavseben, is ukeT da ufro swrafad iswavlis. Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec. roca debati bavSvisaTvis ,,saukeTeso ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mwvervals aRwevs, ZiriTadad imaze kamaToben, Tu ra aris saukeTeso sazogadoebisaTvis. dRes gveubnebian, rom gvWirdeba meti mecnieri da inJineri, raTa ,,gadavrCeT. amitom unda davaCqaroT Sesabamisi niWis mqone axalgazrdebis aRzrda. icis vinmem, Tu ra iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis moTxovnileba 30 wlis Semdeg? SeuZlia mecnierebas gadarCenis garantia mogvces? nuTu sazogadoebas ufro metad ar sWirdeba axali, SemoqmedebiTi ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movaxdinoT msoflio sazogadoebis organizeba? nuTu, mecnierebze metad, farTo socialuri xedvis mqone adamianebi ar gvesaWiroeba? da radganac ideebi nela mwifdeba, iqneb tempis aCqareba ki ar Rirs, aramed, piriqiT, Cveni zedmetad swrafi cxovrebis Seneleba. ar vambob, rom Cven ar gvesaWiroeba niWieri adamianebi da rom maT gareSe ukeT vicxovrebdiT. piriqiT, Cveni skolebi aucileblad unda gaumjobesdes. ubralod vambob, rom argumenti niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, moklebulia seriozul mecnierul safuZvels. is, rac amJamad gvWirdeba, aris ara swrafi kompensacia, aramed Rrma gaazrebasa da dagegmvaze agebuli frTxili eqsperimentebi.

statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 1

cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad Tu calcalke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen. me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.

statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 2

Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs. pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs, radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. amdenad, saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba-ardajgufebis sakiTxi da gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic motsa da betelhaims mohyavT. savarjiSo #2. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. Semdegi safexuria konteqstualizacia, rac rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gulisxmobs mocemuli statiebis da maTSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi ideebis disciplinis konteqstSi (an kidev ufro farTod sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi) ganxilvas. imisaTvis, rom konteqstualizacia saTanado doneze iyos Sesrulebuli, studenti sakmao codnas unda flobdes mocemul sferoSi da icnobdes disciplinaSi moRvawe avtoritetTa damokidebulebas gansaxilveli sakiTxis mimarT, raTa sakuTari Sefasebebis dasasabuTeblad, soliduri
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mxardaWera hqondes. garda amisa, mas unda SeeZlos sakiTxis istoriul perspeqtivaSi warmodgena, raTa mkiTxvelma igrZnos, rom studenti mocemuli sakiTxis istoriul ganviTarebasac icnobs, amdenad, sakmaod kompetenturia. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis socialur da istoriul konteqstSi ganxilvasTan erTad, studenti mas kroskulturul perspeqtivaSic aanalizebs. warmogidgenT, mocemuli statiebis safuZvelze, studentebis mier konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebis ramdenime mcdelobas: 1. ganaTlebis organizebis problemas didi xnis istoria aqvs. swavlebis efeqturi meTodebi, jer kidev antikuri xanidan (platoni, aristotele...) moyolebuli mwvave debatebs iwvevda, ramac klasikuri saxe XIX saukuneSi miiRo, rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze ian komenski da misi kolegebi gamoCdnen. swored maTi didi mondomebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli im meTodebis ganviTareba, ramac Tanamedrove pedagogikas Cauyara safuZveli. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevri ram Seicvala, magram sakiTxma ara Tu aqtualoba dakarga, aramed kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare swrafi socialurekonomikuri cvlilebebis fonze... 2. ganaTlebis sistema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia socialur institutTa Soris, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia socializaciis procesis ganxorcieleba anu sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Taobidan Taobaze gadacema. ganaTlebis sistemis ZiriTadi elementia saswavlo dawesebulebani, dawyebuli skolebiT da damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. skola, ojaxTan erTad, upirvelesi da ganmsazRvreli rgolia socializaciis procesSi da swored skoliT iwyeba aucilebeli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis dagroveba. amdenad, sakiTxi, Tu ra formiT gadascems skola am codnas momaval Taobas da rogoraa organizebuli swavlebis procesi, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa... 3 ,,swavla sikvdilamdeo naTqvamia da Tundac es mcire fraza sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes adamianisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis udidesi mniSvneloba. iyo dro, roca ganaTlebis miReba fufunebad iTvleboda da mxolod warCinebulTa xvedri iyo, sxvebisaTvis ki auxdenel ocnebad rCeboda. samrewvelo da demokratiulma revoluciebma ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovnad gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli da dRes saSualo ganaTlebis miReba ukve savaldebulodaa miCneuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. saskolo swavlebisas miRweuli warmatebebi da ganviTarebuli interesebi ki did gavlenas axdens umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze, Sesabamisad, samomavlo karierazec. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens, samsaxurSi miRebis mTavar kriteriumad ki SeZenili codna gvevlineba, swored saTanado ganaTleba yofila pirovnebisaTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari. aqedan gamomdinare, didi yuradReba unda mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavlebis formebs... savarjiSo #3. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs Seafason konteqstualizaciis warmodgenili nimuSebi da miuTiTon TiToeulis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. amis Semdeg studentebi qmnian konteqstualizaciis sakuTar nimuSebs. Semdeg etapze studentebi uSualod statiebis SedarebiT analizs axdenen da avtorTa poziciebs afaseben. kritikis Janris ganxilvisas, ukve gavecaniT teqstis analizisa da Sefasebis teqnikas, amitom aq Zalian mokled SevajamebT da mxolod ZiriTadi punqtebis saxiT warmovadgenT mas. teqstis analizis ZiriTadi safexuria: teqstis analizi rogoria avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia? ra aris avtoris mizani? vin aris avtoris mier nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli? ra argumentebs warmogvidgens avtori misi poziciis mxardasaWerad? ra monacemebis/faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras? ra mosazrebebi udevs safuZvlad avtoris daskvnebs?
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teqstis Sefaseba aris avtoris argumenti logikuri? aris teqsti kargad organizebuli, naTeli da advilad wakiTxvadi? aris avtoris faqtebi akuratuli? aris mniSvnelovani terminebi naTlad gansazRvruli? aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT? ganamtkicebs Tu ara argumentebi ZiriTad pozicias? Seesabameba Tu ara teqsti nagulisxmev mkiTxvels? ganixilavs da ukuagdebs Tu ara teqsti oponentTa mosazrebebs? gexmarebaT Tu ara teqsti mocemuli sakiTxis gagebaSi? aris teqstSi iseTi sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac TqvenSi Zlier reaqcias iwvevs? rogoria es reaqcia? ra udevs safuZvlad mocemuli sakiTxisadmi Tqvens amgvar reaqcias? sad da rodis SeityveT pirvelad mis Sesaxeb? ra kavSirSia es yvelaferi mocemul teqstTan? ra SekiTxvebs wamoWris mocemuli teqsti? [Katz, S. and Scerl, J. (2003). Critiques. Retrieved May, 23, 2004, from http://www.criticalreading.com/] ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze movaxdenT TiToeuli statiis analizsa da Sefasebas, da Semdeg maT SedarebiT analizs SevudgebiT. amisaTvis Zalian efeqturi saSualebaa venis diagrama, romelic vizualurad gvixatavs da ufro TvalsaCinos xdis avtorTa poziciebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. venis diagrama Semdegi saxisaa:

A C

A zona erTi avtoris specifikur argumentebs moicavs, B zona meorisas, C ki imas, rac maT Soris saerToa. amdenad, A da B zonebi avtorTa poziciebs Soris gansxvaveba-kontrasts gvixatavs, C ki msgavsebas. ideebis am formiT gadmocema gvexmareba logikurad gavmarToT da efeqturad davgegmoT analitikuri referatis struqtura. savarjiSo 4. zemoT ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze, studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenili statiebis SedarebiT analizsa da Sefasebas. studentebi klasSi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.

avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 1

betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian. amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle
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unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian, ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi.

avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 2

aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erTerTi klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isev da isev grZnobs. savarjiSo #5. SeadareT erTmaneTs avtorTa poziciebis warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. Sefasebis

savarjiSo #6. analitikuri referatis I versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia. studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.

analitikuri referatis nimuSi 1

swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb (analitikuri referati) cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad Tu cal-calke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen. me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma. ganaTlebis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria sazogadoebisTvis. dResdReobiT yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, samsaxuris dawyebis mTavari kriteriumia, Tu rogori ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli adamians. swored ganaTlebaa pirovnebisTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari, ris gamoc xSiria konkurencia ganaTlebul adamianebs Soris. amitomac aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavla-ganaTlebis formebs. rodesac laparakia niWieri bavSvebis calke jgufis Seqmnaze, qeneT motis mosazrebiT, sxvadasxva unarisa da interesis mqone bavSvebi unda dajgufdnen
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Sesabamis jgufebSi, raTa SeZlon ukeT gaaRvivon sakuTari interesebi. betelhaimis azriT ki, niWieri bavSvisaTvis Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi swavlis gaxangrZliveba sulac araa saziano, piriqiT, am dros mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba, xolo niWier bavSvebSi man SeiZleba Tavi sustad igrZnos, ris Sedegadac sruliad daekargos swavlis survili. aucilebelia Tanatolma mozardebma ganaTleba miiRon erTi da imave programiT, raTa msgavsi sastarto pirobebi hqondeT. garda amisa, calke dajgufebis SemTxvevaSi, xSiria cinikuri damokidebuleba niWieri moswavleebis mxridan, Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili aRar eqneba Cagvrasa da cinizms. betelhaimi imasac amtkicebs, rom neli tempis skolaSi, sadac moswavleebs ar eqnebaT CamorCenis SiSi, isini daiwyeben reagirebas klasgareSe sakiTxav literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, riTac gaifarToveben codnis areals da gaiRrmaveben interesebs. rogorc qeneT moti amtkicebs, neli tempis skolebSi niWieri bavSvebi frustracias ganicdian, radgan ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, magram arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac niWieri bavSvebi gadahyavT niWierTa skolebSi. swored maSin uCndebaT frustraciis SegrZneba, roca aRmoCndeba, rom danarCen niWier moswavleebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad niWierni arian. Cemi azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problema wamoiWreba. Sefasebis gansxvavebuli sistema. cxadia, niWierTa jgufebSi ufro mkacrad xdeba Sefaseba, vidre Cveulebriv jgufebSi, Sesabamisad, rTulia winaswar gansazRvra, Cveulebrivi klasis xuTosani moswavle ra niSnebze iswavlida niWierTa klasSi. es SeiZleba gaxdes frustraciis erT-erTi mizezi. SemiZlia moviyvano piradi magaliTi: rodesac me-7 klasSi viyavi, CvenTan gadmovida axali moswavle komarovis skolidan, romelic teqnikur sagnebSi Cveni klasis erT-erTi xuTosani moswavle gaxda, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu ratom gadmovida Cvens skolaSi, man gvipasuxa, rom iq teqnikur sagnebSi maswavleblebi samebs uwerdnen, maSin roca Cvens klasSi igive sagnebs warCinebiT swavlobda. betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian. amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian, ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi. amrigad, qeneT motis da bruno betelhaimis statiebSi ganxiluli sakiTxebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: aucilebelia niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma Tanabar pirobebSi miiRon saSualo-saskolo ganaTleba, radgan maT eqnebaT saSualeba gansakuTrebuli unarebi da interesebi gamoavlinon, rodesac daamTavreben skolas da airCeven momaval specialobas. ase rom, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebisa, Tanatoli mozardebi, Tanabar pirobebSi unda swavlobdnen da sxvadasxva unarebis mqone bavSvebTan urTierTobiT, iZendnen mravalmxriv gamocdilebas.

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analitikuri referatis nimuSi 2

swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb (analitikuri referati) Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs. pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs, radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. zogadad rom vimsjeloT, ganaTlebis sistema aris sfero, romelic yvelaze met sifrTxiles da dakvirvebas moiTxovs, sanam raime gadawyvetileba iqneba miRebuli, radgan moswavleebi, mozardebi, studentebi arian adamianebi, romelTa ganaTlebis safuZvelzec qveynisa Tu msoflios momavali igeba. am SemTxvevaSi ki Secdomis daSveba dauSvebelia. amdenad, aucilebelia safuZvlianad ganvixiloT es konkretuli sakiTxic _ niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba da gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic mohyavT motsa da betelhaims. pirveli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec orive avtori amaxvilebs yuradRebas, aris arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba, romelic uCndeba saSualo da sust moswavleebs. bruno betelhaimis azriT, rodesac niWieri moswavle specialur jgufSi gadahyavT, mas eWvi Seaqvs sakuTar ZalebSi da ipyrobs SegrZneba, rom rTul amocanebs ver SeeWideba. Tumca am azrs ar eTanxmeba qeneT moti da ambobs, rom amis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs; amasTanave, mas magaliTad mohyavs is niWieri aTletebi, romlebic specialur klasebSi daajgufes da ambobs, rom arc erTi maTgani zemodan ar dascqeris Tavis SedarebiT sust tanatols. pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli gavarkvioT, saerTod ras niSnavs iyo niWieri. aq, albaT, saubari inda iyos zogad azrovnebasa da codnaze da ara aTletebze, risi magaliTic mohyavs qeneT mots da rac savsebiT ar warmoadgens aucileblobas sxva moswavleTaTvis. aseve vfiqrob, rom mis sityvebs `niWieri moswavleebi zemodan ar dascqerian sustebs~, sWirdeba saTanado dasabuTeba, radganac, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi. swored sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs 2000 wels safrangeTis erT-erT skolaSi momxdari mkvleloba, romelic imitom moxda, rom erT-erTma gamorCeulma moswavlem abuCad aigdo Tavisi Tanatoli, romelic gonebrivad da fizikurad ar iyo srulfasovani; misma megobarma ki daicva igi da situacia ise gamwvavda, rom sicocxles gamoasalma megobris damCagvreli klaseli. aseve mniSvnelovania maswavleblisa da mSoblis roli srulfasovani moswavleebis, rogorc `Rirsebebis mqone individebis,~ CamoyalibebaSi. am sakiTxze saubrobs qeneT moti. misi azriT, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs gveSinodes niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufebisa, radgan swored pedagogi da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs moswavleebis ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. vfiqrob, maswavleblis faqtori umniSvnelovanesia, magram ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisTvis, rom amgvari dajgufeba samarTlianad miviCnioT. pedagogs didi wvlili miuZRvis ara marto bavSvebis aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis saqmeSi, aseve klasSi saerTo atmosferos SeqmnaSi, magram maze Zlieri faqtori, romelic ufro metad axdens gavlenas moswavleebis fsiqikaze, swored maTive urTierTdamokidebulebaa. pedagogi yovelTvis ver akontrolebs moswavleTa qcevas, mas ZiriTadi aqcenti Tavis saganze da mis Seswavlaze aqvs gadatanili, amitom SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCes is araswori qmedeba, romelsac, vTqvaT, erTi moswavle meoris mimarT axorcielebs. zemoT naxsenebi magaliTis msgavsi faqtebi bevri arsebobs, Tumca es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevebSi araprofesional pedagogebTan gvaqvs saqme. es TavisTavad maTgan damoukideblad xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qeneT motis Sexeduleba pedagogis rolze SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas, Tumca, vTvli, rom argumentad ar gamodgeba imisTvis, rom daveTanxmoT niWierTa dajgufebas
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specialur klasebSi. aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erTerTi klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isevdaisev grZnobs. mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ekonomikuri pirobebi da amiT gamowveuli problemebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen moswavleebze. samwuxarod, am sakiTxze ar saubrobs pedagogi, Tumca damajereblad msjelobs bavSvTa fsiqologi, bevr did qalaqSi moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian sxvadasxva programebSi, uunarod miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba dabali fenis ojaxebidanaa. es xelisSemSleli pirobebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs moswavleebze da iwvevs stimulis dakargvasa da imedgacruebas. istorias Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, amis damadasturebel magaliTebs uamravs moviZiebT. rogorc cnobilia, warsulSi mxolod didgvarovan ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs hqondaT ufleba mieRoT ganaTleba. Raribi bavSvebi ki, didi survilis miuxedavad, uswavlelni rCebodnen. Tundac gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, romelic maSindel relobas asaxavs. codnas mowyurebuli Raribi gabro verasodes SeZlebda ganaTlebis miRebas, rom ara is bednieri SemTxveva, romelmac glexis biWi uangarod momuSave maswavlebels Seaxvedra. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom specialur klasebSi niWier moswavleTa dajgufeba ar aris mizanSewonili, radganac SevamCnevdiT, rom ufro zustad mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze mogviwia saubari, vidre dadebiTze. absoluturad miuReblad mimaCnia nebismieri wamowyeba Tu reforma, romelic bavSvebSi emociuri mdgomareobis gamZafrebas iwvevs da difuzurs xdis maT Sinagan samyaros. es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba niWieri adamianebi. piriqiT, maTi arsebobis gareSe ver ganviTardeboda msoflio ise, rogorc dRes aris; ubralod saWiroa sxvadasxva kargad dagegmili, frTxili eqsperimentebisa da kvlevebis Catareba, raTa davadginoT Tu rogor miviRoT sasurveli Sedegi ise, rom arc sust moswavles gavuCinoT arasrulfasovnebis gancda da arc niWieri moswavle davCagroT.

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Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi

kvleviTi naSromi warmoadgens akademiuri problemis werilobiTi formiT gadaWras sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis an Tavad studentis mier Catarebuli empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, is ori saxisaa: sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli. es ori saxis kvleviTi naSromi sxvadasxva mizans emsaxureba: pirveli ajamebs da afasebs arsebul wyaroebs, raTa sakuTari Tezisi ganaviTaros; meore ki moipovebs pirvelad informacias socialuri kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT, iqneba es eqsperimenti, interviu, kontentanalizi, Tu sxv. miznidan gamomdinare, maTi struqturac gansxvavebulia. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTuli kvleviTi naSromi, iqneba es sabiblioTeko Tu eqsperimentuli, msgavsi niSnebiT gamoirCeva: naSromSi gansazRvrulia problemis aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi; naSromSi naTladaa gaazrebuli problemis irgvliv arsebuli wyaroebi; naSromi struqturulad gamarTulia; naSromi logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva; naSromi akademiuri stiliT aris Sesrulebuli; naSromi sworad da akuratulad axdens citirebas, perifrazirebasa da Sejamebas; naSromSi sworad da akuratuladaa miTiTebuli ,,CarTulebi; naSromSi mkacrad aris daculi wyaroebis miTiTebis erTi gansazRvruli formati. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri kvleviTi naSromi sabibilioTekoa is Tu eqsperimentuli, garkveulwilad msgavsadaa organizebuli, rasac qvemoT SemogTavazebT APA formatis farglebSi. rogorc iTqva, amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis _ APA-s mier SemoTavazebuli formati, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi da, kritikaze saubrisas, ukve ganvixileT, Tu rogor unda mivuTiToT ,,CarTulebi misi gamoyenebiT. gavecnoT APA stilis gamoyenebas naSromis mTlian struqturaSi:

saTauris gverdi moicavs sam ZiriTad saTaurs:

naSromis saTauri (maqsimum 10-12 sityva.); studentis saxeli da gvari; saswavlo dawesebuleba. TiToeuls Soris daSoreba ori 2-2 intervalia da gaTanabrebulia gverdis centrSi marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qvemoT. Tu naSromis saTaurs erT striqonze meti ukavia, isic 2-intervaliania. saTauris gverds mosdevs anotacia anu abstraqti, rac naSromis Sejamebaa. is moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi, 2 intervaliTaa daSorebuli saTauridan da warmoadgens erT paragrafs, romelic abzacis gareSea dawerili. anotacia Sedgeba 75-100 sityvisagan Teoriuli naSromebisaTvis da 100-150 sityvisagan empiriuli naSromebisaTvis. naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iTvaliswinebs Semdeg detalebs: gverdi yoveli mxridan 1.5 intervaliTaa daSorebuli; mTeli naSromi 2-intervaliania, garda mcirericxovani gamonaklisebisa: cxrilebsa da grafikebSi nebadarTulia 1-intervalis gamoyeneba; qvesaTaurebisa da sqolios win, agreTve teqstSi cxrilebis win da Semdeg, 3-4 intervalis gamoyenebaa nebadarTuli;
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 naSromis pirveli gverdi imeorebs saTaurs, romelic moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi da 2-intervaliTaa daSorebuli teqstidan; yvela paragrafi 5-intervaliani abzaciT iwyeba; Sesavali usaTauroa, yvela danarCeni nawili ki (meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia/daskvna, bibliografia) saTauriani; isini damoukidebel Tavebs warmoadgenen, amitom TiToeuli maTgani axali gverdidan iwyeba; yvela saTauri didi SriftiT aris dabeWdili da centrSi gaTanabrebuli; nebismieri cxrili da grafiki moTavsebulia Sesabamis adgilas teqstSi: mokle cxrilebi da grafikebi CarTulia teqstebs Soris imave gverdze; grZeli cxrilebi da grafikebi calke gverdzea moTavsebuli, uSualod im gverdis Semdeg, romelzec isini pirveladaa naxsenebi; saTaurebi dgas cxrilebis dasawyisSi da grafikebis bolos; nebismieri danarTi, romelic statistikur monacemebs gvacnobs, moTavsebulia sul bolos, bibliografiis Semdeg; TiToeuli danarTi iwyeba axali gverdidan; gverdis nomeri danarTSic unda iyos miTiTebuli; danarTis saTaurebi ,,danarTi 1, ,,danarTi 2 da a.S. gaTanabrebulia gverdis centrSi. [Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.] am saerTo maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvis Semdeg, uSualod kvleviTi naSromis struqturasa da Sinaarsze gadavideT. daviwyoT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromiT. sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnisas, studentma Semdegi safexurebi unda gaiaros miTiTebuli TanmimdevrobiT: sakvlevi problemis dasma; sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba; wyaroebis moZieba; wyaroebis Sefaseba; wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna, amoReba; citatebze muSaoba; perifrazireba da Sejameba; naSromis pirveli versis Seqmna; bibliografiis miTiTeba; naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna. sakvlevi problemis dasmisas, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi: sakiTxi aucileblad aqtualuri da saintereso unda iyos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba mkiTxvelis daintereseba da misi darwmuneba imaSi, rom Rirs drois daxarjva am naSromis wakiTxvisas; sakiTxi aucileblad Semowmebadi unda iyos, anu sxva mkvlevars, survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda SeeZlos Tqveni monacemebis gadamowmeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini arasandod CaiTvleba;
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 sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad farTo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver SeZlebT saTanado Tezisis Camoyalibebasa da warmatebiT mxardaWeras; sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver moiZiebT sakmaris masalas mis dasasabuTeblad; sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad teqnikuri anu moiTxovdes specialur codnas, romelic ar gagaCniaT; sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad ordinaluri, romlis Sesaxebac yvelam icis da amitom mkiTxvelisTvis mosawyenad JRers; sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi, gagiWirdebaT misi dasabuTeba. [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm]. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from

savarjiSo #1: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi problemebis nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, romeli gamodgeba sakvlev problemad da ratom. magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi: 1. axalgazrdebis mier 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebani; 2. riTi SevamciroT axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebani saqarTveloSi? 3. axdens ganaTleba gavlenas axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebze saqarTveloSi? pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian viwroa da statistikuri monacemebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia, raTa mas vupasuxoT; meore winadadebac ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian farToa da mTeli rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas miTxovs, kerZod, fsiqologiuris, socialuris, iuridiulis da ekonomikuris, rac erTi disciplinis farglebs scdeba; mesame problema gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is fokusirebulia erT konkretul sakiTxze, romlis kvleva da Semowmeba SesaZlebelia. mas Semdeg, rac sakvlevi problema dasmulia, aucilebelia sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba, sakvlevi Tezisi warmoadgens savaraudo pasuxs Cvens mier dasmul sakvlev problemaze, amitom SesavalSi mas hipoTezis forma aqvs, daskvnaSi ki dasabuTebuli da Camoyalibebuli Tezisisa. is imave moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes, rasac sakvlevi problema, anu Semowmebadi unda iyos, arc zedmetad farTo unda iyos da arc zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdegobrivi ar unda iyos da a.S. vinaidan Tezisi sakvlevi problemis pasuxia mas aucileblad argumentis forma unda hqondes da ara SekiTxvisa. savarjiSo #2: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron romeli warmoadgens saTanado Teziss da ratom. magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi: 1. mozardTa uwignuroba safrTxes uqmnis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos 2. rogor gadavWraT mozardTa uwignurobis problema Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi? 3. saqarTveloSi, mozardTa uwignurobaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi axdens. pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is zedmetad farToa. arc meore winadadeba gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is problemas wamoWris da ara masze SesaZlo pasuxs gvTavazobs (Tanac SekiTxvis forma aqvs); mesame winadadeba ki namdvilad warmoadgens sakvlev Teziss, radgan is gvTavazobs arsebuli viTarebis axsnisa da problemebis SesaZlo gadaWris
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konkretul gzas.
roca sakvlevi problema dasmulia da Tezisi Camoyalibebuli, Semdegi nabijia uSualod wyaroebis moZieba, raTa dasmul problemas vupasuxoT da Cveni Tezisi Sesabamisi Teoriis safuZvelze ganvamtkicoT. arsebobs informaciis sami ZiriTadi wyaro, romlis gamoyenebac students SeuZlia: biblioTeka (wignebi, Jurnalebi, leqsikonebi da sxva nabeWdi masala), interneti da sxva wyaroebi (CD, kasetebi, kinofirebi da a.S.). magram sanam am wyaroebs uSualod gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia maTSi warmodgenili informaciis Sefaseba, risTvisac studentma Semdeg SekiTxvebze unda gasces pasuxi: ramdenad pasuxobs mocemuli wyaro Cems sakvlev problemas? ramdenad sandoa informacia, anu aris Tu ara is eqspertis mier mowodebuli? ramdenad sandoa Tavad wyaro? arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva wyaroebic? pirvel SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom zogadad vecnobiT ama Tu im wyaros Sinaarss, vTqvaT, gadavxedavT wignis an Jurnalis sarCevs an indeqss, gavecnobiT mis anotacias, Tvals gadavavlebT qvesaTaurebs da a.S., ris safuZvelzec zogadi warmodgena gveqmneba misi struqturisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. meore SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom vadgenT, Tu ramdenad xSirad moixsenieben avtors specialur literaturaSi, ramdenad avtoritetulia is aRniSnul sferoSi, ramdeni naSromis avtoria da a.S. mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: 1. ramdenad miukerZoebelia avtori (ar xelmZRvanelobs politikuri, religiuri Tu sxva mosazrebebiT); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs Tu ara Tavad avtors sakuTari informaciis wyaroebi; 3. aRwers Tu ara Tavad avtori ara marto miRebul Sedegebs, aramed kvlevis meTodologiasac, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli iyos am Sedegebis gadamowmeba; 4. ramdenad axalia wyaro. SesaZloa, istoriaSi amas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, magram socialur mecnierebebSi Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom informacia, rac SeiZleba axal kvlevebze iyos agebuli, vinaidan socialuri samyaro mudmivad icvleba da SesaZloa garkveuli monacemebi kargad aRwers 10 wlis win arsebul viTarebas, magram sruliad ar Seesabameba Tanamedrove realobas. da bolos, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ramdeni wyaros moZiebaa SesaZlebeli mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rac ufro met wyaros moipovebs studenti da maT SedarebiT analizs moaxdens miT ufro sandod da dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba misi informacia [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm]. rac Seexeba moZiebuli wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoRebas, akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, rom informaciis moniSvnisaTvis Zalian efeqturia SeniSvnebis baraTebis keTeba. es aris momcro zomis baraTebi da TiToeulze erTi konkretuli saxis informaciaa warmodgenili (wyaros sruli miTiTebiT, gverdebis CaTvliT). es informacia SeiZleba iyos citata, perifrazirebis nimuSi, avtoris idealebis Sejameba an piradi komentari naSromis garkveul nawilTan, an avtoris garkveul argumentTan dakavSirebiT. ra saxis informaciasTanac ar unda hqondes saqme, studentma unda daimaxsovros, rom erT baraTze mxolod erTi saxis informacia unda miuTiTos. mogvianebiT, mas SeuZlia Tematurad daalagos baraTebi da, am gziT, naSromis garkveuli Tavebi Tu qveTavebi miiRos. baraTebis sistema students im mxrivac umartivebs amocanas, rom, radgan TiToeul baraTze srulad aris miTiTebuli wyaro (gverdebis CaTvliT), students aRar sWirdeba wyarosTan mibruneba da informaciis sandoobis gadamowmeba; da Tundac metad detaluri informacia dasWirdes, gacilebiT martivad moiZiebs mas, radgan baraTze misi zusti adgilmdebareoba aqvs miTiTebuli. Semdeg etapze students uSualod citatebTan, perifrazirebasa da SejamebasTan aqvs saqme, rac detalurad ganvixileT kritikis Janrze saubrisas.
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am yvelafers ki jer naSromis struqturuli gegmis, Semdeg ki misi pirveli versiis Seqmna mosdevs. rogor unda Seiqmnas kvleviTi naSromis struqturuli gegma da ra mizans emsaxureba is? naSromis gegma avtorisTvis gzismkvlevs warmoadgens, radgan is naSromis mTliani struqturis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. masSi Tanmimdevruladaa warmodgenili avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi da qveargumentebi; amdenad, naSromis gegmis umTavresi funqciaa daexmaros avtors, rac SeiZleba efeqturi gziT gadmosces saTqmeli. kvleviTi naSromis saboloo gegma xSirad misi sarCevis funqciasac asrulebs. nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT kvleviTi naSromis gegma, romelSic sami politikuri Teoriaa ganxiluli: neomarqsizmi, pluralizmi da elitizmi. vTqvaT, studenti adgens naSromis sawyis gegmas da am etapze saTanadod mxolod pirvel or Teorias icnobs, mesamis Sesaxeb ki met informacias saWiroebs. misi sawyisi gegma Semdegi saxis iqneba: neomarqsizmi Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia aqcents svams ekonomikaze pluralizmi Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia aqcents svams jgufebs Soris koaliciaze elitizmi definicia aRwera analizi: SeerTebuli Statebi neomarqsizmi pluralizmi elitizmi zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi samuSao gegmaa, romelic avtors naSromis sawyisi versiis SeqnaSi exmareba da saSualebas aZlevs upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor vapireb informaciis warmodgenas, viTvaliswineb ra Cems mizans, mkiTxvelsa da ZiriTad pozicias? Semdgom etapze stundenti gaecno mesame Teoriasac. axla misi mizania, aRweris samive Teoria da Seadaros isini erTmaneTs konkretuli qveynis mTavrobis magaliTze; imavdroulad asabuTebs ra, rom neomarqsizmi mocemul pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa. marTalia, misi naSromis samuSao gegma ar aris Zalian formaluri, magram is kargi struqturuli gegmis pirobebs akmayofilebs, radgan ganamtkicebs studentis pozicias, Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens ZiriTad sakiTxebs da naTelyofs kavSirs pirvelxarisxovan da meorexarisxovan sakiTxebs Soris. warmogidgenT naSromis gegmis meore versias: Sesavali _ Teoriebi ufro martivia, vidre realuri cxovreba _ Teoriebi iaraRad gamogvadgeba sami politikuri Teoria _ neomarqsizmi Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia aqcentirebulia ekonomikuri kontrolis mniSvneloba _ pluralizmi Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia interesebis mqone jgufebi qmnian koalicias _ elitizmi Zalaufleba elitis xelSia elitis definicia SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebul StatebSi _ neomarqsizmi _ pluralizmi
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_ elitizmi naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnisas, students SeuZlia samuSao gegmidan aRweriT gegmaze gadavides. aRweriTi gegma naSromis TiToeul paragrafs aRwers, amdenad, students SeuZlia kritikuli TvaliT Seafasos misi naSromis mTliani struqtura. is exmareba avtors upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: logikurad misdevs erTi paragrafi meores? msgavsi ideebi erT seqciaSi ganvixile Tu gabneuli maqvs mTel naSromSi? warmogidgenT aRweriT gegmas, romelic studentma naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnis Semdeg SemogvTavaza. man paragrafebis mixedviT Seajama naSromi da Semdegi suraTi miiRo: paragrafi I _ zogadi Sesavali politikur TeoriebSi. Tezisi: neomarqsizmi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa paragrafi II _ neomarqsizmis aRwera paragrafi III _ pluralizmis aRwera paragrafi IV _ interesebis mqone jgufTa koalicia paragrafi V _ elitizmis aRwera paragrafi VI _ pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi paragrafi VII _ neomarqsizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi paragrafi VIII _ neomarqsizmis Zlieri mxareebi, neomarqsizmisa da pluralizmis susti mxareebi paragrafi IX _ elitizmis susti mxareebi paragrafi X _ daskvna studentma SeamCnia, rom neomarqsizmisa da elitizmis aRweras TiTo paragrafi ukavia, pluralizmis aRweras ki _ ori paragrafi. man gadawyvita, rom me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi SeeerTebina. studentma isic SeamCnia, rom naSromis meore nawili erTi Teoriidan meoreze xtoda, warmogvidgenda ra TiToeuli Teoriis analizs da Semdeg TiToeuli Teoriis sisustes. man gadawyvita erT paragrafSi gaeerTianebina pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi da am Teoriis sisusteebi (me-6 paragrafi); agreTve erTad moeTavsebina elitizmis analizi da misi sisusteebi; Semdeg ki ori paragrafi daeTmo neomarqsizmis analizisa da misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis ganxilvisaTvis. students SeiZleba daevalos naSromis formaluri gegmis Seqmnac, romelic misi naSromis saboloo versias daerTveba da mkiTxvelisaTvis gzismkvlevi iqneba. formaluri gegmis Seqmnis ori gzaa: 1. Tematur gegmebSi, ideebi paraleluri frazebis saxiTaa warmodgenili anu msgavsi gramatikuli struqtura aqvT. rogorc wesi, aseTi gegma SedarebiT mokle da lakonuria; 2. winadadebebisgan Semdgar gegmebSi, ideebi sruli winadadebebis saxiTaa warmodgenili, Tumca isini SeiZleba arc iyos paraleluri. winadadebebisagan Semdgari gegma ufro detalurad acnobs mkiTxvels avtoris argumentebs. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis formalur gegmas airCevs studenti, man aucileblad TezisiT unda daiwyos da mkacrad gansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas misdios, vTqvaT, I., A., 1., a., (1), (a). warmogidgenT formalur-Tematuri gegmis nimuSs: I. politikuri Teoriebis funqciebi A. iaraRi mkvlevaris xelSi mTavrobis gasaanalizeblad 1. kategorizacia 2. Sedareba B. SezRudva: zedmetad martivi II. sami politikuri Teoria A. neomarqsizmi 1. definicia 2. aRwera B. pluralizmi 1. definicia 2. aRwera C. elitizmi
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1. definicia 2. aRwera III. SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis magaliTze A. pluralizmi 1. analizi 2. susti mxareebi B. elitizmi 1. analizi 2. susti mxareebi C. neomarqsizmi 1. analizi 2. kritika a. susti mxareebi b. susti mxareebi IV. daskvna [Using Outlines (2004). Writing Tutorial Services. Indiana University. Retrieved March 18, 2005, from http:/www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/] rogorc vxedavT, detaluri struqturuli gegma, faqtiurad, naSromis mokle Sinaarssa Tu Sejamebas warmoadgens da mxolod misi gaSlaRa gvrCeba, ris safuZvelzec naSromis pirvel versias vRebulobT. sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi, sxva ganxilul naSromTa msgavsad, sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnisagan. mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli. sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebas, mis dainteresebas emsaxureba. masSi aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili problemis aqtualoba, naSromis mizani da amocanebi; agreTve mkiTxvels saWiro safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miewodos, sanam avtori sakuTar Teziss gaacnobdes mas, radgan swored es informacia amzadebs mkiTxvels avtoris Tezisis misaRebad. sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawili moZiebuli wyaroebis sinTezsa da SedarebiT analizs axdens. is Zlier waagavs analitikuri referatis ZiriTad nawils, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, Tu analitikur referatSi 2-3 wyaroa ganxiluli, aq ukve 5 wyaroze metis analizi da Sefaseba xdeba gansaxilveli problemis WrilSi. sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis daskvna Semdeg moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes: avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs unda ajamebdes; problemis momaval ganviTarebas unda gvixatavdes; moqmedebisaken unda mouwodebdes mkiTxvels, anu garkveul samomavlo gegmas sTavazobdes ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi; universalizaciasa Tu konteqstualizacias unda axdendes; provokaciuli SekiTxvis dasmiTa Tu gafrTxilebiT unda dasruldes, raTa mkiTxvels safiqrali dautovos da Zlieri saboloo STabeWdileba moaxdinos. roca kvleviTi naSromis pirveli versia mzadaa, avtorma guldasmiT unda waikiTxos da Seamowmos igi. arsebobs 2 saxis Semowmeba: Rrma _ struqturulSinaarsobriv doneze da zedapiruli _ gramatikul-stilistur doneze. studenti struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi SemowmebiT iwyebs da mxolod amis Semdeg aqcevs yuradRebas naSromis stilistur gamarTulobas. am SemTxvevaSi studentma Semdegi sakiTxebi unda gaiTvaliswinos: naSromis daweridan Sesworebamde ramdenime dRem unda ganvlos. students sWirdeba garkveuli dro, rom weridan redaqtirebaze gadaerTos; studentma orjer mainc unda gadaxedos naSroms saboloo versiis Seqmnamde; naSromis Sesworebisas, studentma nela da xmamaRla unda ikiTxos, raTa daakvirdes, Tu yurs rogor xvdeba xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sakuTari azrebi;
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 studentma yuradReba unda miaqcios, xom ar aris saWiro sadme magaliTebis damateba, an paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSiri xom ar aris darRveuli; studentma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva _ kidev ris gagebas isurvebda mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, ukmarisobis grZnoba xom ar rCeba. amis Semdeg, sasurvelia, man megobarsac waakiTxos naSromi, rac kargi saSualebaa sakuTar TavSi rwmenis ganmtkicebisa da Rirebuli SeniSvnebis misaRebad. am yvelafris safuZvelze, warmogidgenT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqturul gegmas, rac naSromis Seqmnasa da gamarTvaSi dagexmarebaT. sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqtura sakvlevi sakiTxis moZebna da dakonkreteba moZebneT sakiTxi, romelic realurad gainteresebT aRwereT is gza, romelic gaiareT am sakiTxis Ziebisas esaubreT xelmZRvanelsa da jgufelebs Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb CamoayalibeT Tqveni sakiTxi SekiTxvis saxiT, romelsac unda upasuxoT, an problemis saxiT, romelic unda gadaWraT wyaroebis moZieba, arCeva da kiTxva dagWirdebaT Semdegi tipis wyaroebis moZieba: baraTis katalogebi, periodul gamocemaTa indeqsebi, bibliografiebi; pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi; Jurnalebi, wignebi, enciklopediebi, internetis masala. informaciis dajgufeba da dokumentireba Semdegi sistemebi dagexmarebaT iyoT organizebulni: bibliografiul baraTebze wyaroebis miTiTebis sistema; SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT masalis miTiTebis sistema; informaciis CaniSvnis sistema; naSromis gegmis Sedgena amaSi Semdegi SekiTxvebi dagexmarebaT: ra sakiTxs ganvixilav? ratomaa is mniSvnelovani? ra safuZvelmdebare informacia mWirdeba? ra aris Cemi Tezisi (ZiriTadi pozicia)? ra struqturuli gegma gamoxatavs saukeTesod Cems mizans? naSromis Sesavali warmoadgineT Sesabamisi safuZvelmdebare Tu konteqstualuri masala gansazRvreT saWiro cnebebi da terminebi axseniT naSromis ZiriTadi mizani warmoadgineT Tqveni struqturuli gegma naSromis ZiriTadi nawili ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni struqturuli gegmiT aageT Tqveni naSromi sakiTxebis mixedviT (da ara masalis mixedviT) SeajameT, gaaanalizeT, axseniT da SeafaseT wyaroebi (da ara ubralod moyeviT maTi Sinaarsi) imoZraveT zogadidan kerZosaken da kvlav zogadisaken
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naSromis daskvna Tu Tqveni argumenti kompleqsuria, saWiro iqneba mkiTxvelisaTvis misi Sejameba Tu naSromis daskvniT nawilamde ar agixsniaT Tqveni daskvnebis mniSvneloba, aucileblad gaakeTeT es axla imoZraveT detaluridan zogadisaken, rac daabrunebs sakiTxs SesavalSi warmodgenil konteqstSi SemogvTavazeT, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis ra mxareebi iTxovs Semdgom kvlevas Sesworeba da naSromis saboloo versia SeamowmeT naSromis mTliani struqtura: Sesavlis logikuri mdinareba, ZiriTad nawilSi analizisa da Sefasebis siRrme, daskvnis efeqturoba paragrafis doneze SeamowmeT: ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, misi mxardamWeri detalis logikuroba, paragrafis Tanmimdevruloba da harmoniuloba winadadebis doneze SeamowmeT: winadadebis struqtura, sityvebis arCeva, punqtuacia wyaroebis dokumentireba: arCeuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba, yvela masalis miTiTeba, rac ar ganixileba sayovelTaod aRiarebul WeSmaritebad, sqolioebis Sesabamisi gamoyeneba [Planning a Researcg Paper. (2006). The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 17 Jane, 2006, from http:/www.wiscedu/writing/Handbook/ PlaneResearchPaper.html.] da bolos, sanam sabiblioTeko kvleviT naSromze saubars davasrulebdeT, SemogTavazebT specialistebis rCevas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dagegmoT dro sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis weris procesSi. Tu sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmnamde dagrCaT: 8 kvira 3 dRe _ sakvlevi problemis arCeva 5 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba 10 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba 5 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba 1 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba 1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena 7 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna 3 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi 5 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna 1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba 4 kvira 1 dRe sakvlevi problemebis arCeva 2 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba 6 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba 2 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba 1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena 3 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna 1 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi 3 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna 1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba danarCeni dReebi eTmoba naSromis kompiuterze akrefas da amobeWdvas. [Sorenson, S. (2002). How to write Research Papers (3rd ed.). Thomson ARCO] vinaidan eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi uSualod studentis mier Catarebul socialur kvlevazea agebuli, is met dros saWiroebs da met xarjebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. kvlevis dagegmvas, Catarebasa da monacemebis damuSavebas sakmao dro miaqvs da mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli monacemebis
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analizi da Sefaseba. eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Sesaqmenlad, studentma Semdegi safexurebi unda gaiaros: sakvlevi problemis dasma; sakvlevi hipoTezebis formulireba; kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvra; Teoriuli wyaroebis moZieba da gacnoba; kvlevis dagegmva da kvlevis programis Sedgena; monacemebis Segroveba; monacemebis analizi; eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmna. [Blaxter, L., Hugles, C., and Tighti M. (1996). How to Research. Philadelpia. Open University Press]. rogor vxedavT, uSualod naSromis Seqmnas sakmaod xangrZlivi da Sromatevadi procesi uswrebs win. am procesSi Semavali TiToeuli safexuris gaazrebulad da akuratulad ganxorcieleba, saTanado eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeli pirobaa. eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi, sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromisagan gansxvavebiT, oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi da diskusia/daskvna. imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli nawili da rogoria eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis mTliani struqtura, Semdegi savarjiSoebi gvexmareba: savarjiSo #3. Tqvens winaSea eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis seqciebi, TanmimdvrobiT mocemuli. qvemoT areuladaa warmodgenili TiToeulis ganmarteba. miusadageT naSromis TiToeul seqcias misi Sesabamisi ganmarteba. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqtura saTauri madlobis gadaxda sarCevi cxrilebis/grafikebis CamonaTvali abstraqti problemis dayeneba literaturis mimoxilva gamokvlevis dizaini gamoyenebuli meTodologia Sedegebi diskusia daskvnebi bibliografia danarTi

a) informaciisa da monacemebis prezentacia, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba hipoTezebis miRebisa Tu ukugdebis Sesaxeb. b) mniSvnelovani monacemebi da sailustracio masala, moTavsebuli ZiriTadi teqstis farglebs miRma. g) naSromis ZiriTadi seqciebi, TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebuli. d) SerCeuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis mimoxilva da maTi originaluri da kritikuli analizi. e) miRebuli SedegebiT nakarnaxevi principebis, kavSirebis, korelaciebisa da ganzogadebebis prezentacia; Sedegebis interpretacia da sakvlev problemasa da hipoTezebTan maTi kavSiris Cveneba; deduqciurinduqciuri daskvnebis gamotana da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. v) yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros akuratuli miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.
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z) mTeli naSromis Zalian mokle mimoxilva. T) kolegebis, xelmZRvanelebis, sponsorebisa da sxv. madlobis gadaxda gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. i) monacemebis sandoobisa da validurobis Cveneba; im analizis ganxilva, romelic unda emsaxurebodes hipoTezebis Semowmebas. k) miRebuli Sedegebisa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebis mokled Sejameba. l) hipoTezebis SemuSaveba da ganxilva; im Teoriuli struqturisa da meTodebis miTiTeba, romlis farglebSi da romelTa gamoyenebiTac unda Semowmdes hipoTezebi. m) cxrilebisa da diagramebis miTiTeba im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es teqstSia mocemuli. n) naSromis adekvaturi aRwera rac SeiZleba naklebi sityviT. o) gamokvlevis xasiaTisa da misi ganxorcielebis mizezebis mokle mimoxilva; gamokvlevis miznebisa da hipoTezebis naTlad formulireba. mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas gavecaniT, mokled warmogidgenT misi Semdgeneli ZiriTadi nawilebis funqcias. eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi saTauri saTaurma unda asaxos kvlevis sagani saTauri zustad unda asaxavdes naSromis fokuss (arc zedmetad farTo unda iyos, arc zedmetad viwro) saTauri TviTamxsneli unda iyos mocemuli sferos specialistebisaTvis abstraqti kvleviTi naSromis abstraqti Sedgeba erTi paragrafisagan, romelSic 4-10 winadadebaa. arsebobs ori saxis abstraqti: I koncentrirebas axdens miRebul Sedegebsa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebze; II ki axdens naSromis 4 ZiriTadi nawilis (Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia) TiTo-TiTo winadadebiT Sejamebas. Sesavali Sesavlis mizania sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna da mkiTxvelebis mopoveba. is sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba: 1. sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna problemis aqtualobis CvenebiT (savaldebulo) mocemul sferoSi ukve arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganxilviT (savaldebulo) 2. konteqstis Seqmna wina gamokvlevebis safuZvelze yuradRebis miRma darCenili sakiTxebis miTiTebiT da arsebuli codnis Sevsebis mcdelobiT (savaldebulo) 3. konteqstis aTviseba gamokvlevis miznisa da xasiaTis miTiTebiT (savaldebulo) ZiriTadi daskvnebis warmodgeniT (arCeviTi) naSromis struqturis gadmocemiT (arCeviTi) meTodebi socialur mecnierebebSi meTodebis seqcia Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba: detaluradaa gadmocemuli yvela procedura ar xdeba arsebuli kvlevebis ganxilva moicavs dasabuTebebs, axsna-ganmartebebsa da magaliTebs terminologia xSirad meordeba Sedegebi meTodologiis dasabuTeba
65

Sedegebis interpretacia arsebul gamokvlevebTan Tanxmobis dadgena komentari miRebulmonacemebTan dakavSirebiT interpretaciis procesSi sirTuleebis Cveneba

diskusia / daskvna daskvna sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba: sakvlevi sivrcis gamTlianeba (savaldebulo) mocemuli gamokvlevis SezRudvebis Cveneba (arCeviTi, Tumca gavrcelebuli) momavali kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis miTiTeba (arCeviTi da gavrcelebuli mxolod zogierT sferoSi) bibliografia yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros miTiTeba erTi arCeuli formatis farglebSi (vTqvaT, APA stiliT). kvleviTi naSromis seqciebSi arsebuli sakiTxebis sixSire axlandeli dro warsuli dro vnebiTi gvari citireba SezRudvebi komentari Sesavali maRali saSualo dabali maRali saSualo maRali meTodebi dabali maRali maRali dabali dabali dabali Sedegebi dabali maRali cvalebadi cvalebadi saSualo cvalebadi diskusia maRali saSualo cvalebadi maRali maRali maRali

[Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The Univesity, Michigan Press] rogorc sabiblioTeko, ise eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromebis gacnobis Semdeg, warmogidgenT bibliografiis miTiTebis teqnikas APA formatis farglebSi. wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. kidi, u. (2002) kultura da identuroba. niu iorki: palgreiv makmilani. wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs: avtoris gvari, iniciali., da avtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. sueilsi, j.m., da fiki, q.b. (1994). akademiuri wera magistraturis studentebisaTvis. miCigani: miCiganis universitetis presa. wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. stantoni, d.q., da farbmani, e. (red.). (2003). qalis avtografi: avtobiografiis Teoria da praqtika. midltauni: ibis presi. statia an damoukidebeli Tavi wignidan, romelsac erTi an ramdenime redaqtori hyavs: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis an Tavis saTauri. wignSi redaqtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). wignis saTauri (gverdebi). gamocemis
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adgili: gamomcemeli. Silzi, e. (2002). centri da periferia. wignSi spilmeni, l. (red.). kulturis sociologia. oqsfordi: bleqveli. xelaxla gamocemuli wigni: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. sorensoni, S. (2002). rogor davweroT kvleviTi naSromi. (me-3 gam.). niuiorki: arko. wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:

wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. vebsteris axali leqsikoni. (1961). spingfildi: meriami.
mravaltomiani naSromi: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). wignis saTauri. (tomebi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. beri, j.v., segali, m.h., da kagicibasi, s. (red.). (1996). kroskulturuli fsiqologiis cnobari. (1-3 t.). londoni: seigi. leqsikoni: saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. oqsfordis mokle inglisuri leqsikoni. (me-5 g.). (2002). niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis presa. statia Jurnalidan: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis saTauri. Jurnalis saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi (ar iwereba gv.) uitkrofti, g. (2004, ivnisi). toni bleris tragedia. atlantika, 293, 56-72. statia gazeTidan: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gazeTis saTauri, gverdebi (iwereba gv.). mourisi, d. (2003, 17 marti). politika _ binZuri TamaSi? niu iork Taimsi, gv. 11-12. disertacia an avtoreferati: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. disertacia, universiteti, misi mdebareoba. wulaZe, l. (2003). socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da sanqciebi). sakandidato disertacia, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi. leqciaze micemuli masala: leqtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. masala warmodgenili ama da am leqciaze, universiteti, misi mdebareoba. wulaZe, l. (2005, aprili). mSobelTa rwmenis sistemebi kulturaSi. masala warmodgenili kulturis sociologiis leqciaze, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisi sax.-fo universiteti, Tbilisi. samTavrobo dokumenti: saministrosa Tu dawesebulebis saxelwodeba. (gamocemis TariRi). dokumentis saTauri (publikaciisa Tu brZanebis nomeri). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. mentaluri janmrTelobis nacionaluri instituti. (1982). televizia da
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qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni:

aSS-s mTavrobis gamomcemloba. aranabeWdi wyaroebi: gvari, iniciali. (pozicia). (TariRi). saTauri [filmi, telegadacema...]. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. redford, r. (reJisori). (1980). ubralo adamianebi [filmi]. holivudi: paramaunti. masala internetidan: avtoris gvari, iniciali. (internetSi publikaciis TariRi). dokumentis saTauri. naSromis saTauri srulad. naSromis internetSi moZiebis TariRi da saitis misamarTi. internet-wigni braiant, p. (1999). biomravalgvaroba da dialogi. moZiebuli 4 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www. ......... sagazeTo statia internetidan azari, b., da martini, s. (oqtomberi, 1999). umaRlesi skolis fsiqologia. APA monitori. moZiebulia 7 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www.... Jurnalis statia internetidan faini, m., da kurdeki, l.a. (1993). refleqsia. saganmanaTleblo reformis sakiTxebze. amerikeli fsiqologi, 48, 1141-1147. moZiebulia 7 ivnisi, 1995. http:/www. ......... [APA References. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http:/webster.comment.edu/ada.htm]

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silabusi akademiuri wera

saswavlo kursis kodi: saswavlo kursis statusi: magistratura, I kursi, savaldebulo. saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: 1 semestri. ECTS: 8 krediti. sakontaqto muSaobaze gaTvaliswinebuli saaTebis raodenoba _ 32, damoukidebeli muSaoba _ 150 saaTi. leqtori: lia wulaZe, asistent-profesori, socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti, sociologiis departamenti. T: 33 30 43; 893 21 38 12; e-mail: likuna282003@yahoo.com saswavlo kursis mizani: akademiuri weris kursi agebulia centraluri evropis universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelze da 4 Janrs moicavs: argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze. kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas, gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas. Seswavlis winapirobebi: mocemuli kursi acnobs studentebs akademiuri weris safuZvlebs da iwyebs argumentis struqturirebis teqnikiT; amdenad, misi mTavari moTxovnaa, rom studentebi kargad icnobdnen qarTuli enis marTlwerasa da hqondeT analitikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisi done. saswavlo kursis formati: leqcia, praqtikuli muSaoba da prezentacia. saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi: gakveTili

Tema

miznebi

argumentirebuli eses Sesavali

studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis kriteriumebs studentebi ecnobian argumentirebuli eses Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs studentebi ganixilaven argumentirebuli eses nimuSebs 69

weriTi procesis safexurebi paragrafebis ganviTareba

studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad safexurebs da varjiSoben ideebis generaciaSi, Temebis arCevasa da saTaurebis formulirebaSi studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis struqturas studentebi varjiSoben paragrafebis ganviTarebaSi studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs studentebi varjiSoben Sesavlis daweraSi studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis wardgenasa da dasabuTebas praqtika werilobiTi formiT studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis gaTvaliswinebasa da ukugdebas praqtika werilobiTi formiT studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs studentebi varjiSoben daskvnis daweraSi studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da logikuri Tanmimdevrobis uzrunvelyofis teqnikas da varjiSoben masSi argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis kriteriumebs studentebi ecnobian kritikis Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs studentebi ganixilaven kritikis nimuSebs studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis perifrazirebas studentebi ecnobian teqstis Sejamebis teqnikas praqtika werilobiTi formiT studentebi swavloben citirebis swor teqnikas studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor aicilon Tavidan plagiati studentebi gamoxataven TavianT pozicias avtoris ideebTan mimarTebaSi studentebi kritikulad afaseben statias praqtika werilobiTi formiT studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da logikaze kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis Sefasebis kriteriumebs 70

argumentirebuli eses Sesavali nawili sakuTari argumentebis prezentacia

kontr-argumentebis gaTvaliswineba da ukugdeba

argumentirebuli eses daskvna

logika da mTlianoba argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia

kritikis Sesavali

perifrazireba Sejameba citireba plagiatis Tavidan acileba

Sefaseba-refleqsia

weris stili da logika kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia

analitikuri referatis Sesavali

studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis ZiriTad elementebs studentebi ganixilaven analitikuri referatis nimuSebs studentebi adareben kritikisa da analitikuri referatis ZiriTad elementebs studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da varjiSoben konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebaSi studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabijnabij afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT sakuTari da sxvebis Sexedulebebi studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da logikaze analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis kriteriumebs studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Janrs da mis ZiriTad elementebs studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs, etapebs sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis procesSi studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs, etapebs eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis procesSi studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis APA-stils studentebi varjiSoben APA-stilis mixedviT bibliografiis miTiTebaSi

10 11

konteqstualizacia

avtorTa poziciebis analizi da Sefaseba Sexedulebebis ganmtkiceba

12

weris stili da logika analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia

13

kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali

14

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi

15

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi

16

bibliografiis miTiTebis APA-stili

Sefaseba: daswreba 15% naSromebis Seqmna 60% naSromebis prezentacia 25% savaldebulo literatura: *radgan akademiuri wera SedarebiT axali disciplinaa saqarTveloSi da Zalian rTulia qarTulenovani literaturis moZieba mis Sesaxeb, leqtori aZlevs studentebs mis mier Targmnil da damuSavebul masalas, agreTve, sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs. Bailey, S. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide for Students. London and N.Y.: RoutledgeFalmer.
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Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning. Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. damatebiTi literatura: Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for Academic Success: A Postgraduate Guide. London: SAGE Publications. Ede, L. (2001). Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising. (5th ed.). Boston and N.Y.: Bedford/St. Martins. Giltrow, J. (ed.). (2002). Academic Reading: Reading and Writing in Disciplines. Hewings, M. (2002). Writing in Context: Implications and Applications. Jordan, R. R. (3rd ed.). (1999). Academic Writing Course. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education Limited. Rosen, L. (2005). Handbook of Academic Writing. Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Teitelbaum, H. (4th ed.).(1998). How to Write a Thesis. Boston: Arco, Thomson Learning. http://www.apa.org/ http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html http://www.criticalreading.com/ http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/ http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ http://www.powa.org/ http://www.refdesk.com/citations http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/index.html http://www.utoronto.ca/writing http://webster.comment.edu/ http://www.wisc.edu/writing/ http://writing.richmond.edu/writing/

swavlis Sedegi: mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen akademiuri weris oTx ZiriTad Janrs: argumentirebul eses, romelmac gaacno studentebs sakuTari argumentebis prezentaciisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis, agreTve, kontrargumentebis ukugdebis teqnika; kritikas, romelic emsaxureba kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas studentebSi; analitikur referats, romlic aswavlis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebis Sejamebas, analizs, konteqstualizacias da maTze refleqsias; kvleviT naSroms, romelic warmoadgens studentebisaTvis megzurs warmatebuli sakursos dasawerad da amzadebs sadiplomo naSromebis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan erTad, studentebma gaicnes plagiatobis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swori teqnika, msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis farglebSi gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTeba da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovneba.

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argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba damakmayofilebeli

organizebis mcdeloba. an yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea, magram ar aris efeqturad gamoyenebuli, an erT-erTi elementi aklia. paragrafebis ganviTarebis mcdeloba, magram xSirad aklia saWiro detali da nakleb logikuria. met-naklebad gamoyenebulia formaluri werilobiTi ena. aklia profesiuli toni. garkveuli Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi. avtoris argumentebi damajerebelia, magram aklia dasabuTeba.

sanimuSo
naSromi sanimuSodaa organizebuli. yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea da efeqturadaa gamoyenebuli.

kargi
naSromi kargad organizebulia. yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea da umetesad efeqturadaa gamoyenebuli.

aradamakmayofilebeli
araorganizebuli. araerTi struqturuli elementi aklia.

naSromis struqtura

paragrafebis ganviTareba da logika

paragrafebi sanimuSod ganviTarebuli da logikuria.

paragrafebi kargadaa ganviTarebuli da logikuria, magram periodulad aklia saWiro detali. kargadaa gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ZiriTadad miRweulia profesiuli toni. umniSvnelo Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi. avtoris argumentebi sakmaod damajerebelia da kargadaa dasabuTebuli.

paragrafebi ar aris ganviTarebuli. naSromi savsea individualuri, daukavSirebeli winadadebebiT. ar aris gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ar aris miRweuli profesiuli toni. bevri Secdoma gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi. avtoris argumentebi nakleb damajerebelia da ar aris dasabuTebuli.

stili da ena

sanimuSodaa gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. miRweulia profesiuli toni. gramatika da punqtuacia uSecdomoa.

sakuTari argumentebis dasabuTeba

avtoris argumentebi Zlieria da damajerebladaa dasabuTebuli.

kontrargumentebis gaTvaliswineba da ukugdeba

kontrargumentebi gaTvaliswinebuli da warmatebiT ukugdebulia.

kontrargumentebi gaTvaliswinebuli da umetesad ukugdebulia.

kontrargumentebis gaTvaliswinebis mcdeloba, Tumca isini naklebadaa ukugdebuli.

kontrargumentebi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da ukugdebuli.

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kritikis Sefaseba damakmayofilebeli

avtors mxolod zedapirulad esmis statia da masSi mocemuli ZiriTadi argumentebi. avtori cdilobs kritikulad gaaanalizos statia, magram zogierTi ZiriTadi argumenti ar aris saTanadod interpretireb uli, Sejamebuli da Sefasebuli. organizebis mcdeloba. an yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea, magram ar aris efeqturad gamoyenebuli, an erT-erTi elementi aklia. paragrafebis ganviTarebis mcdeloba, magram xSirad aklia saWiro detali da nakleblogiku ria. met-naklebad gamoyenebulia formaluri werilobiTi ena. aklia profesiuli toni. garkveuli Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.

sanimuSo
avtori Rrmad swvda statias da masSi mocemul ZiriTad argumentebs.

kargi
avtorma saTanadod gaigo statia da masSi mocemuli ZiriTadi argumentebi. avtori avlens kritikuli azrovnebis unars. is ganixilavs yvela ZiriTad arguments, kompetenturad axdens maT interpretacias, analizs, Sejamebasa da Sefasebas. naSromi kargad organizebulia. yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea da umetesad efeqturadaa gamoyenebuli.

aradamakmayofilebeli
avtors arasworad esmis statia da ver axdens ZiriTadi argumentebis diferenciacias. avtori ver axdens statiis kritikul analizs. ZiriTadi argumentebi ar aris interpretirebu li da Sejamebuli. maTi Sefaseba araadekvaturia. araorganizebul i. araerTi struqturuli elementi aklia.

wvdoma

avtori avlens kritikuli azrovnebis sanimuSo unars. is ganixilavs yvela ZiriTad arguments, axdens maT Rrma interpretacias, analizs, Sejamebasa da Sefasebas. naSromi sanimuSodaa organizebuli. yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea da efeqturadaa gamoyenebuli.

naSromis struqtura

Sefaseba

paragrafebis ganviTareba da logika

paragrafebi sanimuSod ganviTarebuli da logikuria.

paragrafebi kargadaa ganviTarebuli da logikuria, magram periodulad aklia saWiro detali. kargadaa gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ZiriTadad miRweulia profesiuli toni. umniSvnelo Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.

paragrafebi ar aris ganviTarebuli. naSromi savsea individualuri, daukavSirebeli winadadebebiT. ar aris gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ar aris miRweuli profesiuli toni. bevri Secdoma gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.

stili da ena

sanimuSodaa gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. miRweulia profesiuli toni. gramatika da punqtuacia uSecdomoa.

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analitikuri referatis Sefaseba damakmayofilebeli

avtori cdilobs ZiriTadi sakiTxebis identifikacias, magram yvela maTgani ar aris gamoyofili. maTi farTo konteqstTan dakavSirebis warumatebeli mcdeloba. SedarebiTi analizisa da statiebis avtorTa poziciebis Sefasebis mcdeloba, magram ZiriTad argumentebs aklia dasabuTeba da amitom avtoris pozicia ufro bundovania. organizebis mcdeloba. an yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea, magram ar aris efeqturad gamoyenebuli, an erT-erTi elementi aklia. paragrafebis ganviTarebis mcdeloba, magram xSirad aklia saWiro detali da nakleb logikuria. met-naklebad gamoyenebulia formaluri werilobiTi ena. aklia profesiuli toni. garkveuli Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi. gamoyenebuli literatura sruladaa miTiTebuli, magram garkveuli xarvezebiT.

sanimuSo ZiriTadi sakiTxebis identifikacia da konteqstualizacia

avtori avlens ZiriTadi sakiTxebis identifikaciisa da farTo konteqstTan maTi dakavSirebis sanimuSo unars.

kargi
avtori axdens ZiriTadi sakiTxebis identifikacias da cdilobs maT dakavSirebas farTo konteqstTan.

aradamakmayofilebeli
avtori ver axdens ZiriTadi sakiTxebis identifikaciasa da konteqstualizacias.

sanimuSo SedarebiTi analizi. avtori axdens statiaTa avtorebis poziciebis diferenciaciasa da Sefasebas, imavdroulad gvTavazobs ra mis kargad dasabuTebul pozicias. naSromi sanimuSodaa organizebuli. yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea da efeqturadaa gamoyenebuli.

pozicia, analizi, Sefaseba

avtori axdens statiaTa avtorebis poziciebis saTanado diferenciaciasa da SedarebiT analizs, magram misi pozicia ar aris naTlad dasabuTebuli.

avtori ar axdens SedarebiT analizsa da statiebis avtorTa poziciebis Sefasebas, misi poziciac ar aris Camoyalibebuli.

naSromis struqtura

naSromi kargad organizebulia. yvela struqturuli elementi saxezea da umetesad efeqturadaa gamoyenebuli.

araorganizebuli. araerTi struqturuli elementi aklia.

paragrafebis ganviTareba da logika

paragrafebi sanimuSod ganviTarebuli da logikuria.

paragrafebi kargadaa ganviTarebuli da logikuria, magram periodulad aklia saWiro detali.

paragrafebi ar aris ganviTarebuli. naSromi savsea individualuri, daukavSirebeli winadadebebiT. ar aris gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ar aris miRweuli profesiuli toni. bevri Secdoma gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi. gamoyenebuli literatura arasrulad da arasworadaa miTiTebuli.

sanimuSodaa gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. miRweulia profesiuli toni. gramatika da punqtuacia uSecdomoa. gamoyenebuli literatura srulad da sworadaa miTiTebuli.

kargadaa gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ZiriTadad miRweulia profesiuli toni. umniSvnelo Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi. gamoyenebuli literatura srulad da sworadaa miTiTebuli.

stili da ena

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kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba sanimuSo

efeqturi Sesavali, problemis naTeli definiciiTa da detaluri safuZvelmdebar e informaciiT.

kargi
problema gansazRvrulia adekvaturi safuZvelmdebar e informaciiTa da detalebiT.

damakmayofilebeli
problema ar aris naTlad gansazRv- ruli da aklia saWiro detali. safuZvelmdeba re informacia ar aris adeqvaturad axsnili. SedarebiTi analizis mcdeloba, magram aklia kritikuli Sefaseba. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi zogadad Sejamebulia, magram ganmeorebadia. rekomendaciebi Tu sakuTari Sexedulebebi ar aris mocemuli. 5 wyaroze nakle bia gamoyenebuli. isini srulad aris miTiTebuli, magram maTi nawili ar aris sasurvel formatSi. met-naklebad gamoyenebulia formaluri werilobiTi ena. aklia profesiuli toni. garkveuli Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.

aradamakmayofilebeli
problema ar aris gansazRvruli. safuZvelmdebare informacia bundovania an ar aris dakavSirebuli problemasTan. SedarebiTi analizi bundovania. kritikuli Sefaseba ar aris mocemuli. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ar aris adeqvaturad Sejamebuli. rekomendaciebi Tu sakuTari Sexedulebebi ar aris mocemuli.

Sesavali

gamoyenebuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi da kritikuli Sefaseba sanimuSoa. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi sanimuSodaa Sejamebuli da ar aris ganmeorebadi. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi logikuria da kavSirSia sakvlev problemasTan. minimum 5-6 wyaroa gamoyenebuli. yvela wyaro sakvlevi problemis relevanturia. isini srulad da sworadaa miTiTebuli. sanimuSodaa gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. miRweulia profesiuli toni. gramatika da punqtuacia uSecdomoa.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi kargia, magram garkveulwilad aklia kritikuli Sefaseba. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi kargadaa Sejamebuli da nakleb ganmeorebadia. mocemulia garkveuli rekomendaciebi, romlebic kavSirSia sakvlev problemasTan. 5 wyaro mainc aris gamoyenebuli. yvela wyaro sakvlevi problemis relevanturia. isini srulad aris miTiTebuli, magram ramodenime ar aris sasurvel formatSi. kargadaa gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ZiriTadad miRweulia profesiuli toni. umniSvnelo Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.

daskvna

ZiriTadi nawili

gamoyenebuli literatura

4 wyaroze naklebia gamoyenebuli. isini ar aris srulad miTiTebuli, umravlesobis formati arasworia.

ar aris gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ar aris miRweuli profesiuli toni. bevri Secdoma gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.

stili da ena

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