1MRK502030-UEN B en Application Manual REG670 1.2

Relion 670 series
Generator protection REG670 Application manual
Document ID: 1MRK 502 030-UEN Issued: December 2012 Revision: B Product version: 1.2
Copyright 2012 ABB. All rights reserved
Copyright
This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose. The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.
Trademarks
ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of the ABB Group. All other brand or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Warranty
Please inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB representative.
ABB AB Substation Automation Products SE-721 59 Vsters Sweden Telephone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00 Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18 http://www.abb.com/substationautomation
Disclaimer
The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this manual must satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable and acceptable, including that any applicable safety or other operational requirements are complied with. In particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and/ or product failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including but not limited to personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity applying the equipment, and those so responsible are hereby requested to ensure that all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks. This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot be completely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requested to notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, in no event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting from the use of this manual or the application of the equipment.
Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European Communities on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive 2006/95/EC). This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product standards EN 50263 and EN 60255-26 for the EMC directive, and with the product standards EN 60255-1 and EN 60255-27 for the low voltage directive. The product is designed in accordance with the international standards of the IEC 60255 series.
Table of contents
Table of contents
Section 1 Introduction.....................................................................13
Introduction to the application manual..............................................13 About the complete set of manuals for an IED............................13 About the application manual......................................................14 Intended audience.......................................................................14 Related documents......................................................................15 Revision notes.............................................................................15
Section 2
Requirements.................................................................17
Current transformer requirements....................................................17 Current transformer classification................................................17 Conditions....................................................................................18 Fault current................................................................................19 Secondary wire resistance and additional load...........................19 General current transformer requirements..................................20 Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements........................20 Guide for calculation of CT for generator differential protection................................................................................20 Transformer differential protection.........................................26 Restricted earth fault protection (low impedance differential)..............................................................................27 Current transformer requirements for CTs according to other standards............................................................................30 Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class P, PR.............................................................................30 Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class PX, IEC 60044-6, class TPS (and old British Standard, class X).........................................30 Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE.......................30 Voltage transformer requirements....................................................31 SNTP server requirements...............................................................32
Section 3
IED application...............................................................33
General IED application....................................................................33 Analog inputs....................................................................................40 Introduction..................................................................................40 Setting guidelines........................................................................41 Setting of the phase reference channel..................................41 Setting parameters......................................................................65 Local human-machine interface.......................................................71
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Application manual
Table of contents
Human machine interface ...........................................................71 Local HMI related functions.........................................................73 Introduction.............................................................................73 General setting parameters....................................................73 Indication LEDs...........................................................................74 Introduction.............................................................................74 Setting parameters.................................................................74 Basic IED functions..........................................................................76 Self supervision with internal event list........................................76 Application..............................................................................76 Setting parameters.................................................................77 Time synchronization...................................................................77 Application..............................................................................77 Setting guidelines...................................................................78 Setting parameters.................................................................79 Parameter setting groups............................................................82 Application..............................................................................82 Setting guidelines...................................................................82 Setting parameters.................................................................83 Test mode functionality TEST.....................................................83 Application..............................................................................83 Setting guidelines...................................................................83 Setting parameters.................................................................84 Change lock CHNGLCK..............................................................84 Application..............................................................................84 Setting parameters.................................................................85 IED identifiers..............................................................................85 Application..............................................................................85 Setting parameters.................................................................85 Product information.....................................................................86 Application..............................................................................86 Setting parameters.................................................................86 Rated system frequency PRIMVAL.............................................87 Application..............................................................................87 Setting guidelines...................................................................87 Setting parameters.................................................................87 Signal matrix for binary inputs SMBI...........................................87 Application..............................................................................87 Setting guidelines...................................................................87 Setting parameters.................................................................87 Signal matrix for binary outputs SMBO ......................................87 Application..............................................................................88 Setting guidelines...................................................................88
2 Application manual
Table of contents
Setting parameters.................................................................88 Signal matrix for mA inputs SMMI...............................................88 Application..............................................................................88 Setting guidelines...................................................................88 Setting parameters.................................................................88 Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI..........................................88 Application..............................................................................89 Frequency values...................................................................89 Setting guidelines...................................................................90 Setting parameters.................................................................95 Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM...........................................96 Application..............................................................................96 Setting guidelines...................................................................96 Setting parameters.................................................................97 Authority status ATHSTAT..........................................................97 Application..............................................................................97 Setting parameters.................................................................97 Denial of service DOS.................................................................97 Setting guidelines...................................................................98 Differential protection........................................................................98 Generator differential protection GENPDIF ................................98 Application..............................................................................98 Setting guidelines.................................................................100 Setting parameters...............................................................105 Transformer differential protection T2WPDIF and T3WPDIF ..................................................................................106 Application............................................................................106 Setting guidelines.................................................................107 Setting example....................................................................115 Setting parameters...............................................................127 Restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance REFPDIF .....132 Application............................................................................132 Setting guidelines.................................................................137 Setting parameters...............................................................139 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF ................139 Identification.........................................................................139 Application............................................................................140 Connection examples for high impedance differential protection..............................................................................148 Setting guidelines.................................................................151 Setting parameters...............................................................161 Impedance protection ....................................................................161 Full-scheme distance measuring, Mho characteristic ZMHPDIS .................................................................................161
Table of contents
Application............................................................................161 Setting guidelines.................................................................161 Setting parameters...............................................................165 Pole slip protection PSPPPAM .................................................166 Application............................................................................167 Setting guidelines.................................................................169 Setting parameters...............................................................179 Loss of excitation LEXPDIS.......................................................180 Application............................................................................180 Setting guidelines.................................................................185 Setting parameters...............................................................188 Sensitive rotor earth fault protection, injection based ROTIPHIZ .................................................................................189 Application............................................................................190 Setting guidelines.................................................................193 Setting parameters...............................................................197 100% stator earth fault protection, injection based STTIPHIZ ..................................................................................198 Application............................................................................198 Setting guidelines.................................................................204 Setting parameters...............................................................207 Current protection...........................................................................208 Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output PHPIOC ....................................................................................208 Application............................................................................209 Setting guidelines.................................................................209 Setting parameters...............................................................214 Four step phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC .................214 Application............................................................................214 Setting guidelines.................................................................215 Setting parameters...............................................................226 Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection EFPIOC ...........230 Application............................................................................231 Setting guidelines.................................................................231 Setting parameters...............................................................234 Four step residual overcurrent protection, zero, negative sequence direction EF4PTOC ..................................................234 Application............................................................................234 Setting guidelines.................................................................236 Setting parameters...............................................................246 Four step directional negative phase sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC ................................................................251 Application............................................................................251 Setting guidelines.................................................................253
Table of contents
Setting parameters...............................................................257 Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and power protection SDEPSDE ................................................................262 Application............................................................................262 Setting guidelines.................................................................263 Setting parameters...............................................................271 Thermal overload protection, two time constants TRPTTR ......273 Application............................................................................273 Setting guideline...................................................................274 Setting parameters...............................................................277 Breaker failure protection CCRBRF .........................................278 Application............................................................................278 Setting guidelines.................................................................278 Setting parameters...............................................................282 Pole discordance protection CCRPLD .....................................282 Application............................................................................283 Setting guidelines.................................................................283 Setting parameters...............................................................284 Directional underpower protection GUPPDUP..........................284 Application............................................................................285 Setting guidelines.................................................................287 Setting parameters...............................................................290 Directional overpower protection GOPPDOP ...........................291 Application............................................................................291 Setting guidelines.................................................................293 Setting parameters...............................................................297 Negativ sequence time overcurrent protection for machines NS2PTOC .................................................................................298 Application............................................................................298 Setting guidelines.................................................................302 Setting parameters...............................................................304 Accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator AEGGAPC.................................................................................305 Application............................................................................305 Setting guidelines.................................................................305 Setting parameters...............................................................306 Voltage protection...........................................................................306 Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV ...........................306 Application............................................................................307 Setting guidelines.................................................................307 Setting parameters...............................................................310 Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV .............................312 Application............................................................................313 Setting guidelines.................................................................313
Table of contents
Setting parameters...............................................................316 Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV ............318 Application............................................................................318 Setting guidelines.................................................................319 Setting parameters...............................................................327 Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH .......................................328 Application............................................................................329 Setting guidelines.................................................................331 Setting parameters...............................................................334 Voltage differential protection VDCPTOV .................................335 Application............................................................................335 Setting guidelines.................................................................337 Setting parameters...............................................................339 100% Stator earth fault protection, 3rd harmonic based STEFPHIZ.................................................................................339 Application............................................................................339 Setting guidelines.................................................................344 Setting parameters...............................................................346 Frequency protection......................................................................346 Underfrequency protection SAPTUF ........................................346 Application............................................................................347 Setting guidelines.................................................................347 Setting parameters...............................................................348 Overfrequency protection SAPTOF ..........................................349 Application............................................................................349 Setting guidelines.................................................................350 Setting parameters...............................................................351 Rate-of-change frequency protection SAPFRC ........................351 Application............................................................................351 Setting guidelines.................................................................351 Setting parameters...............................................................352 Multipurpose protection..................................................................353 General current and voltage protection CVGAPC.....................353 Application............................................................................353 Setting guidelines.................................................................359 Setting parameters...............................................................372 Rotor earth fault protection........................................................379 Secondary system supervision.......................................................379 Current circuit supervision CCSRDIF .......................................379 Application............................................................................380 Setting guidelines.................................................................380 Setting parameters...............................................................381 Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF..........................................381
Table of contents
Application............................................................................381 Setting guidelines.................................................................382 Setting parameters...............................................................385 Control............................................................................................386 Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing SESRSYN.................................................................................386 Application............................................................................386 Application examples...........................................................392 Setting guidelines.................................................................398 Setting parameters...............................................................404 Apparatus control APC..............................................................406 Application............................................................................407 Interaction between modules...............................................413 Setting guidelines.................................................................415 Setting parameters...............................................................416 Interlocking ...............................................................................418 Configuration guidelines.......................................................420 Interlocking for line bay ABC_LINE .....................................420 Interlocking for bus-coupler bay ABC_BC ...........................425 Interlocking for transformer bay AB_TRAFO .......................431 Interlocking for bus-section breaker A1A2_BS.....................432 Interlocking for bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC ...........435 Interlocking for busbar earthing switch BB_ES ...................443 Interlocking for double CB bay DB ......................................449 Interlocking for 1 1/2 CB BH ................................................451 Horizontal communication via GOOSE for interlocking GOOSEINTLKRCV..............................................................452 Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation SLGGIO................................................................452 Application............................................................................452 Setting guidelines.................................................................453 Setting parameters...............................................................454 Selector mini switch VSGGIO....................................................454 Application............................................................................454 Setting guidelines.................................................................455 Setting parameters...............................................................455 IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions DPGGIO........455 Application............................................................................456 Setting guidelines.................................................................456 Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GGIO....................456 Application............................................................................456 Setting guidelines.................................................................456 Setting parameters...............................................................457 AutomationBits, command function for DNP3.0 AUTOBITS.....457
Table of contents
Application............................................................................457 Setting guidelines.................................................................458 Setting parameters...............................................................458 Single command, 16 signals SINGLECMD...............................472 Application............................................................................472 Setting guidelines.................................................................474 Setting parameters...............................................................474 Logic...............................................................................................475 Tripping logic SMPPTRC ..........................................................475 Application............................................................................475 Setting guidelines.................................................................479 Setting parameters...............................................................479 Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO.......................................................480 Application............................................................................480 Setting guidelines.................................................................480 Setting parameters...............................................................481 Configurable logic blocks...........................................................481 Application............................................................................481 Setting parameters...............................................................482 Fixed signal function block FXDSIGN.......................................483 Application............................................................................483 Setting parameters...............................................................484 Boolean 16 to Integer conversion B16I.....................................484 Application............................................................................484 Setting guidelines.................................................................485 Boolean 16 to Integer conversion with logic node representation B16IFCVI...........................................................485 Application............................................................................485 Setting guidelines.................................................................485 Integer to Boolean 16 conversion IB16.....................................485 Application............................................................................485 Setting parameters...............................................................486 Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation IB16FCVB..........................................................486 Application............................................................................486 Setting parameters...............................................................486 Monitoring.......................................................................................486 Measurement.............................................................................486 Application............................................................................487 Zero clamping.......................................................................489 Setting guidelines.................................................................489 Setting parameters...............................................................499 Event counter CNTGGIO...........................................................512 Identification.........................................................................512
Table of contents
Application............................................................................512 Setting parameters...............................................................512 Event function EVENT...............................................................512 Introduction...........................................................................512 Setting guidelines.................................................................512 Setting parameters...............................................................513 Logical signal status report BINSTATREP................................515 Application............................................................................515 Setting guidelines.................................................................516 Setting parameters...............................................................516 Measured value expander block RANGE_XP...........................516 Application............................................................................516 Setting guidelines.................................................................517 Disturbance report DRPRDRE..................................................517 Application............................................................................517 Setting guidelines.................................................................518 Setting parameters...............................................................523 Event list....................................................................................533 Application............................................................................533 Setting guidelines.................................................................533 Indications.................................................................................533 Application............................................................................533 Setting guidelines.................................................................534 Event recorder ..........................................................................534 Application............................................................................534 Setting guidelines.................................................................535 Trip value recorder....................................................................535 Application............................................................................535 Setting guidelines.................................................................535 Disturbance recorder.................................................................536 Application............................................................................536 Setting guidelines.................................................................536 Metering..........................................................................................537 Pulse-counter logic PCGGIO.....................................................537 Application............................................................................537 Setting guidelines.................................................................537 Setting parameters...............................................................538 Function for energy calculation and demand handling ETPMMTR.................................................................................538 Application............................................................................539 Setting guidelines.................................................................539 Setting parameters...............................................................540
Section 4
Application manual
Station communication.................................................543
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Table of contents
Overview.........................................................................................543 IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol.........................................543 Application IEC 61850-8-1.........................................................543 Setting guidelines......................................................................545 Setting parameters....................................................................545 IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions SPGGIO, SP16GGIO................................................................................545 Application............................................................................545 Setting guidelines.................................................................545 Setting parameters...............................................................545 IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions MVGGIO.......545 Application............................................................................546 Setting guidelines.................................................................546 Setting parameters...............................................................546 IEC 61850-8-1 redundant station bus communication..............546 Application............................................................................547 Setting guidelines.................................................................548 Setting parameters...............................................................550 LON communication protocol.........................................................550 Application.................................................................................550 Setting parameters....................................................................552 SPA communication protocol.........................................................552 Application.................................................................................552 Setting guidelines......................................................................554 Setting parameters....................................................................555 IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol.....................................555 Application.................................................................................555 Setting parameters....................................................................560 Multiple command and transmit MULTICMDRCV, MULTICMDSND.............................................................................563 Application.................................................................................564 Setting guidelines......................................................................564 Settings................................................................................564 Setting parameters....................................................................564
Section 5
Remote communication................................................565
Binary signal transfer......................................................................565 Application.................................................................................565 Communication hardware solutions.....................................565 Setting guidelines......................................................................566 Setting parameters....................................................................569
Section 6
Configuration................................................................573
Description of REG670...................................................................573
Table of contents
Introduction................................................................................573 Description of configuration A20 .........................................573 Description of configuration B30..........................................580 Description of configuration C30..........................................586
Section 7
Glossary.......................................................................593
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1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 1 Introduction
Section 1
Introduction
About this chapter

This chapter introduces the user to the manual as such.
1.1
1.1.1
Introduction to the application manual

About the complete set of manuals for an IED
The users manual (UM) is a complete set of five different manuals:
Decommissioning deinstalling & disposal
IEC09000744-1-en.vsd
IEC09000744 V1 EN
Planning & purchase
Commissioning
Engineering
Engineeringmanual Installation and Commissioning manual Operators manual Application manual Technical reference manual
The Application Manual (AM) contains application descriptions, setting guidelines and setting parameters sorted per function. The application manual should be used to find out when and for what purpose a typical protection function could be used. The manual should also be used when calculating settings. The Technical Reference Manual (TRM) contains application and functionality descriptions and it lists function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals, setting parameters and technical data sorted per function. The technical reference
Operation
Installing
Maintenance
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
manual should be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during normal service. The Installation and Commissioning Manual (ICM) contains instructions on how to install and commission the protection IED. The manual can also be used as a reference during periodic testing. The manual covers procedures for mechanical and electrical installation, energizing and checking of external circuitry, setting and configuration as well as verifying settings and performing directional tests. The chapters are organized in the chronological order (indicated by chapter/section numbers) in which the protection IED should be installed and commissioned. The Operators Manual (OM) contains instructions on how to operate the protection IED during normal service once it has been commissioned. The operators manual can be used to find out how to handle disturbances or how to view calculated and measured network data in order to determine the cause of a fault. The Engineering Manual (EM) contains instructions on how to engineer the IEDs using the different tools in PCM600. The manual provides instructions on how to set up a PCM600 project and insert IEDs to the project structure. The manual also recommends a sequence for engineering of protection and control functions, LHMI functions as well as communication engineering for IEC 61850 and DNP3.
1.1.2
About the application manual

The application manual contains the following chapters: The chapter Requirements describes current and voltage transformer requirements. The chapter IED application describes the use of the included software functions in the IED. The chapter discusses application possibilities and gives guidelines for calculating settings for a particular application. The chapter Station communication describes the communication possibilities in a SA-system. The chapter Remote communication describes the remote end data communication possibilities through binary signal transferring. The chapter Configuration describes the preconfiguration of the IED and its complements. The chapter Glossary is a list of terms, acronyms and abbreviations used in ABB technical documentation.
1.1.3
Intended audience
General
The application manual is addressing the system engineer/technical responsible that is responsible for specifying the application of the IED.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Requirements
The system engineer/technical responsible must have a good knowledge about protection systems, protection equipment, protection functions and the configured functional logics in the protection.
1.1.4
Documents related to REG670 Operators manual
Related documents
Identity number 1MRK 502 028-UEN 1MRK 502 029-UEN 1MRK 502 027-UEN 1MRK 502 030-UEN 1MRK 502 031-BEN 1MRK 502 032-BEN 1MRG001910
Installation and commissioning manual Technical reference manual Application manual Product guide customized Product guide pre-configured Rotor Earth Fault Protection with Injection Unit RXTTE4 and REG670
Connection and Installation components Test system, COMBITEST Accessories for 670 series IEDs 670 series SPA and signal list IEC 61850 Data objects list for 670 series Engineering manual 670 series Buyers guide REG 216 Communication set-up for Relion 670 series
1MRK 513 003-BEN 1MRK 512 001-BEN 1MRK 514 012-BEN 1MRK 500 092-WEN 1MRK 500 091-WEN 1MRK 511 240-UEN 1MRB520004-BEN 1MRK 505 260-UEN
More information can be found on www.abb.com/substationautomation.
1.1.5
Revision notes
Revision A B Description First issue for 670 series version 1.2 Minor corrections made Maintenance updates, PR corrections
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1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 2 Requirements
Section 2
Requirements
About this chapter

This chapter describes current and voltage transformer requirements.
2.1
Current transformer requirements

The performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured current signal. Saturation of the current transformer (CT) will cause distortion of the current signal and can result in a failure to operate or cause unwanted operations of some functions. Consequently CT saturation can have an influence on both the dependability and the security of the protection. This protection IED has been designed to permit heavy CT saturation with maintained correct operation.
2.1.1
Current transformer classification

To guarantee correct operation, the current transformers (CTs) must be able to correctly reproduce the current for a minimum time before the CT will begin to saturate. To fulfill the requirement on a specified time to saturation the CTs must fulfill the requirements of a minimum secondary e.m.f. that is specified below. There are several different ways to specify CTs. Conventional magnetic core CTs are usually specified and manufactured according to some international or national standards, which specify different protection classes as well. There are many different standards and a lot of classes but fundamentally there are three different types of CTs: High remanence type CT Low remanence type CT Non remanence type CT
The high remanence type has no limit for the remanent flux. This CT has a magnetic core without any airgap and a remanent flux might remain almost infinite time. In this type of transformers the remanence can be up to around 80% of the saturation flux. Typical examples of high remanence type CT are class P, PX, TPS, TPX according to IEC, class P, X according to BS (old British Standard) and non gapped class C, K according to ANSI/IEEE. The low remanence type has a specified limit for the remanent flux. This CT is made with a small air gap to reduce the remanence to a level that does not exceed 10% of the saturation flux. The small air gap has only very limited influences on
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
the other properties of the CT. Class PR, TPY according to IEC are low remanence type CTs. The non remanence type CT has practically negligible level of remanent flux. This type of CT has relatively big air gaps in order to reduce the remanence to practically zero level. In the same time, these air gaps reduce the influence of the DCcomponent from the primary fault current. The air gaps will also decrease the measuring accuracy in the non-saturated region of operation. Class TPZ according to IEC is a non remanence type CT. Different standards and classes specify the saturation e.m.f. in different ways but it is possible to approximately compare values from different classes. The rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044 6 standard is used to specify the CT requirements for the IED. The requirements are also specified according to other standards.
2.1.2
Conditions
The requirements are a result of investigations performed in our network simulator. The current transformer models are representative for current transformers of high remanence and low remanence type. The results may not always be valid for non remanence type CTs (TPZ). The performances of the protection functions have been checked in the range from symmetrical to fully asymmetrical fault currents. Primary time constants of at least 120 ms have been considered at the tests. The current requirements below are thus applicable both for symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents. Depending on the protection function phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase and threephase faults have been tested for different relevant fault positions for example, close in forward and reverse faults, zone 1 reach faults, internal and external faults. The dependability and security of the protection was verified by checking for example, time delays, unwanted operations, directionality, overreach and stability. The remanence in the current transformer core can cause unwanted operations or minor additional time delays for some protection functions. As unwanted operations are not acceptable at all maximum remanence has been considered for fault cases critical for the security, for example, faults in reverse direction and external faults. Because of the almost negligible risk of additional time delays and the non-existent risk of failure to operate the remanence have not been considered for the dependability cases. The requirements below are therefore fully valid for all normal applications. It is difficult to give general recommendations for additional margins for remanence to avoid the minor risk of an additional time delay. They depend on the performance and economy requirements. When current transformers of low remanence type (for example, TPY, PR) are used, normally no additional margin is needed. For current transformers of high remanence type (for example, P, PX, TPS, TPX) the small probability of fully asymmetrical faults, together with high
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
remanence in the same direction as the flux generated by the fault, has to be kept in mind at the decision of an additional margin. Fully asymmetrical fault current will be achieved when the fault occurs at approximately zero voltage (0). Investigations have shown that 95% of the faults in the network will occur when the voltage is between 40 and 90. In addition fully asymmetrical fault current will not exist in all phases at the same time.
2.1.3
Fault current
The current transformer requirements are based on the maximum fault current for faults in different positions. Maximum fault current will occur for three-phase faults or single phase-to-earth faults. The current for a single phase-to-earth fault will exceed the current for a three-phase fault when the zero sequence impedance in the total fault loop is less than the positive sequence impedance. When calculating the current transformer requirements, maximum fault current for the relevant fault position should be used and therefore both fault types have to be considered.
2.1.4
Secondary wire resistance and additional load

The voltage at the current transformer secondary terminals directly affects the current transformer saturation. This voltage is developed in a loop containing the secondary wires and the burden of all relays in the circuit. For earth faults the loop includes the phase and neutral wire, normally twice the resistance of the single secondary wire. For three-phase faults the neutral current is zero and it is just necessary to consider the resistance up to the point where the phase wires are connected to the common neutral wire. The most common practice is to use four wires secondary cables so it normally is sufficient to consider just a single secondary wire for the three-phase case. The conclusion is that the loop resistance, twice the resistance of the single secondary wire, must be used in the calculation for phase-to-earth faults and the phase resistance, the resistance of a single secondary wire, may normally be used in the calculation for three-phase faults. As the burden can be considerable different for three-phase faults and phase-toearth faults it is important to consider both cases. Even in a case where the phase-toearth fault current is smaller than the three-phase fault current the phase-to-earth fault can be dimensioning for the CT depending on the higher burden. In isolated or high impedance earthed systems the phase-to-earth fault is not the dimensioning case and therefore the resistance of the single secondary wire always can be used in the calculation, for this case.
Section 2 Requirements 2.1.5 General current transformer requirements
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The current transformer ratio is mainly selected based on power system data for example, maximum load. However, it should be verified that the current to the protection is higher than the minimum operating value for all faults that are to be detected with the selected CT ratio. The minimum operating current is different for different functions and normally settable so each function should be checked. The current error of the current transformer can limit the possibility to use a very sensitive setting of a sensitive residual overcurrent protection. If a very sensitive setting of this function will be used it is recommended that the current transformer should have an accuracy class which have an current error at rated primary current that is less than 1% (for example, 5P). If current transformers with less accuracy are used it is advisable to check the actual unwanted residual current during the commissioning.
2.1.6
Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements

With regard to saturation of the current transformer all current transformers of high remanence and low remanence type that fulfill the requirements on the rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal below can be used. The characteristic of the non remanence type CT (TPZ) is not well defined as far as the phase angle error is concerned. If no explicit recommendation is given for a specific function we therefore recommend contacting ABB to confirm that the non remanence type can be used. The CT requirements for the different functions below are specified as a rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044-6 standard. Requirements for CTs specified in different ways are given at the end of this section.
2.1.6.1
Guide for calculation of CT for generator differential protection

This section is an informative guide describing the practical procedure when dimensioning CTs for the generator differential protection IED. Two different cases are of interest. The first case describes how to verify that existing CTs fulfill the requirements in a specific application. The other case describes a method to provide CT manufacturers with necessary CT data for the application. Below is one example for each case.
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Ext fault Itf

CT1
Itf
~
GDP
CT2
IEC11000215 V1 EN
In IED the generator differential and the transformer differential functions have the same CT requirements. According to the manual the CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required e.m.f. EalreqRat and EalreqExt below:
Eal EalreqRat = 30
EQUATION2525 V1 EN
I nG I pn
I sn ( RCT + Rw + Raddbu )
(Equation 1)
Eal EalreqExt = 2
EQUATION2526 V1 EN
I tf I pn
I sn ( RCT + Rw + Raddbu )
(Equation 2)
where: InG Itf The rated primary current of the generator Maximum primary fault current through the CTs for external faults. Generally both three phase faults and phase to earth faults shall be considered. However, in most generator applications the system is high impedance earthed and the phase to earth fault current is small which means that the three phase fault will be the dimensioning case. CT rated primary current CT rated secondary current CT secondary winding resistance The resistance of the secondary wire. For phase to earth faults the loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires (double length) shall be used and for three phase faults the phase wire (single length) can be used. The total additional burden from the differential relay and possible other relays
Ipn Isn RCT Rw
Raddbu
We assume that the secondary wire and additional burden are the same for the two examples. The resistance of the secondary wires can be calculated with the following expression:
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Rw
= r
I W A
(Equation 3)
EQUATION2527 V1 EN
In our example the single length of the secondary wire is 300 m both to CT1 and CT2. The cross-section area is 2,5 mm2. The resistivity for cupper at 75 C is 0,021 m2/m. With this value
Rw
= r
I 300 = 0, 021 = 2,5W A 2,5

(Equation 4)
EQUATION2528 V1 EN
The total additional burden in our example is 0,3 for both CTs.
Calculation example 1
Verify that the existing CTs fulfil the requirements for the REG670 generator differential protection in the following application.
Ext fault Itf

CT1
Itf
~
GDP
CT2
IEC11000215 V1 EN
Figure 1:
Generator data: Rated apparent power: Rated voltage: Short circuit impedance: 90 MVA 16 kV 25 %
The existing CTs (CT1 and CT2) have the following data: CT1: 4000/1 A, 5P10, 15 VA, the secondary winding resistance RCT = 5 The rated burden:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Rb =
15 Isn
2
15 1
= 15 W
(Equation 5)
EQUATION2529 V1 EN
CT2: 4000/1 A, class PX, the rated knee point e.m.f. Ek = 200 V, RCT = 5
From the data the Eal can be calculated: CT1:

E al = ALF Isn ( R CT + R b ) = 10 1 ( 5 + 15 ) = 200 V
EQUATION2530 V1 EN
(Equation 6)
where ALF is the CT accuracy limit factor. CT2:

E al Ek 0,8 = 200 0,8 = 250 V
(Equation 7)
EQUATION2531 V1 EN
The rated current of the generator and the fault current for a three phase external short circuit must be calculated.
InG = Sn 3 Un = 90 3 16 = 3, 25 kA
(Equation 8)
EQUATION2532 V1 EN
Itf =
InG xg
3, 25 0, 25
= 13,0 kA
(Equation 9)
EQUATION2533 V1 EN
We can now calculate the required secondary e.m.f. according to equation 1 and 2. As the 16 kV system is high impedance earthed the burden only needs to consider the single length of the secondary wire.
Check of CT1 and CT2:

The CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. EalreqRat and EalreqExt below:
E al EalreqRat = 30
EQUATION2534 V1 EN
InG Ipn
Isn ( R CT + R w + R addbu ) = 30
3250 4000
1 ( 5 + 2,5 + 0,3 ) = 190 V

(Equation 10)
E al E alreqExt = 2
EQUATION2535 V1 EN
Itf Ipn
13000 4000
1 ( 5 + 2,5 + 0,3 ) = 51 V
(Equation 11)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In this application we can see that the CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is equal or larger than 190 V. As the existing CT1 has Eal = 200 V and CT2 has Eal = 250 V we can conclude that the CTs fulfil the requirements for the generator differential protection in REG670.
Calculation example 2
We are using the same example as before (Calculation example 1) but now the CT data is not known and we shall specify the CTs and provide CT manufacturers with necessary CT data. The rated current of the generator and the fault current for a three phase external short circuit is calculated.
InG = Sn 3 Un = 90 3 16 = 3, 25 kA
(Equation 12)
EQUATION2532 V1 EN
Itf =
InG xg
3, 25 0, 25
= 13,0 kA
(Equation 13)
EQUATION2533 V1 EN
We decide that CT1 and CT2 shall be equal (not necessary according to the requirements). The CT ratio is decided to 4000/1 A and the burden is the same as in Example 1. So Rw = 2,5 (single length) and the total additional burden Raddbu = 0,3 for both CTs. As we do not know the CT secondary winding resistance RCT we must assume a realistic value. The value can vary much depending on the design of the CT but a realistic range is between 20 to 80 % of the rated burden. Therefore we first must decide the rated burden of the CT. Maximum burden for the CTs are:
R b max = R w + R addbu = 2, 5 + 0, 3 = 2, 8 W
EQUATION2536 V1 EN
(Equation 14)
It is often economical favorable to specify a low rated burden and a higher overcurrent factor instead of vice versa. In our case it can be suitable to decide the rated burden to Rb = 5 (5 VA). Now we can assume the CT secondary winding resistance to be 60 % of Rb. RCT = 3 . We can now calculate the required secondary e.m.f. according to equation 1 and 2. As the 16 kV system is high impedance earthed the burden only needs to consider the single length of the secondary wire.
Dimensioning of CT1 and CT2:

The CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. EalreqRat and EalreqExt below:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
E al E alreqRat = 30
EQUATION2537 V1 EN
InG Ipn
3250 4000
1 ( 3 + 2,5 + 0,3 ) = 142 V

(Equation 15)
E al E alreqExt = 2
EQUATION2538 V1 EN
Itf Ipn
13000 4000
1 ( 3 + 2, 5 + 0, 3 ) = 38V
(Equation 16)
The conclusion is that we need a CT with Eal > 142 V. For example a CT class 5P with the rated burden 5 VA and RCT < 3 shall fulfil the following:
E al 142 = ALF Isn ( R CT + R b ) = ALF 1 ( 3 + 5 )
EQUATION2539 V1 EN
(Equation 17)
ALF
142
(3 + 5)
= 17, 8
(Equation 18)
EQUATION2540 V1 EN
CTs with the following data will fulfil the requirements for the generator differential protection in this application: Class 5P20 (5P18), 5 VA and RCT < 3 .
It shall be noted that even if the rated burden of this CT is specified to 5 VA it is not possible to have an actual burden more than 2,8 and still fulfil the CT requirements. It is of course also possible to specify the CT according to other classes. For example a CT with the following data will also fulfil the requirements: Class PX, RCT < 3 and the knee point e.m.f.
E k 0, 8 E al = 0, 8 142 = 114 V
EQUATION2541 V1 EN
(Equation 19)
In addition to these data it can be suitable to provide the CT manufacturer with the data according to equation 20 as follows:
E al E alreqRat = 30
EQUATION2542 V1 EN
InG Ipn
3250 4000
1 ( R CT + 2,8 )
(Equation 20)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Isn ( R CT + R w + R addbu )
Eal
30
InG Ipn
E al R CT + 2,8
EQUATION2543 V1 EN
30
3250 4000
= 24, 4
(Equation 21)
This can give the CT manufacturer a possibility to optimize the relation between the resistance of the CT winding and the area of the iron core. If the CT shall be specified as a class PX the following relation between the knee point e.m.f. Ek and RCT shall be fulfilled:
Ek 0, 8 ( R CT + 2, 8 )
EQUATION2544 V1 EN
24, 4
or
Ek R CT + 2, 8
19, 5
(Equation 22)
2.1.6.2
Transformer differential protection

The current transformers must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:
E al E alreq = 30 I nt
EQUATION1412 V1 EN
Isn I pn
S R CT + R L + R I2 r
(Equation 23)
E al E alreq = 2 I tf
EQUATION1413 V1 EN
Isn S R CT + R L + R I pn I2 r
(Equation 24)
where: Int Itf Ipn Isn Ir RCT RL The rated primary current of the power transformer (A) Maximum primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs and the power transformer (A) The rated primary CT current (A) The rated secondary CT current (A) The rated current of the protection IED (A) The secondary resistance of the CT (W) The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (W). The loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires must be used for faults in solidly earthed systems. The resistance of a single secondary wire should be used for faults in high impedance earthed systems. The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.020 VA/channel for Ir=1 A and Sr=0.150 VA/channel for Ir=5 A
SR
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In substations with breaker-and-a-half or double-busbar double-breaker arrangement, the fault current may pass two main CTs for the transformer differential protection without passing the power transformer. In such cases and if both main CTs have equal ratios and magnetization characteristics the CTs must satisfy equation 23 and equation 25.
E al E alreq = If
EQUATION1414 V1 EN
Isn S R CT + R L + R I pn I2 r
(Equation 25)
where: If Maximum primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs without passing the power transformer (A)
2.1.6.3
Restricted earth fault protection (low impedance differential)

The requirements are specified separately for solidly earthed and impedance earthed transformers. For impedance earthed transformers the requirements for the phase CTs are depending whether it is three individual CTs connected in parallel or it is a cable CT enclosing all three phases.
Neutral CTs and phase CTs for solidly earthed transformers
The neutral CT and the phase CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:
Eal Ealreq = 30 I nt
EQUATION2237 V1 EN
I sn S RCT + RL + R 2 I pn Ir
(Equation 26)
Eal Ealreq = 2 I etf

EQUATION2238 V1 EN
(Equation 26)
Where: Int Ietf Ipn Isn Ir The rated primary current of the power transformer (A) Maximum primary fundamental frequency phase-to-earth fault current that passes the CTs and the power transformer neutral (A) The rated primary CT current (A) The rated secondary CT current (A) The rated current of the protection IED (A)
Table continues on next page
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
RCT RL SR
The secondary resistance of the CT () The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (). The loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires shall be used. The burden of a REx670 current input channel (VA). SR=0,020 VA / channel for IR = 1 A and SR = 0,150 VA / channel for IR = 5 A
In substations with breaker-and-a-half or double-busbar double-breaker arrangement, the fault current may pass two main phase CTs for the restricted earth fault protection without passing the power transformer. In such cases and if both main CTs have equal ratios and magnetization characteristics the CTs must satisfy Requirement (12) and the Requirement (14) below:
Eal Ealreq = I ef
EQUATION2239 V1 EN
I sn I pn
RCT + RL +
SR
2
Ir
(Equation 27)
Where: Ief Maximum primary fundamental frequency phase-to-earth fault current that passes two main CTs without passing the power transformer neutral (A)
Neutral CTs and phase CTs for impedance earthed transformers
The neutral CT and phase CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:
Eal Ealreq = 3 I etf

EQUATION2240 V1 EN
I sn I pn
RCT + RL +
SR
2
Ir
(Equation 28)
Where: Ietf Ipn Isn Ir RCT RL SR Maximum primary fundamental frequency phase-to-earth fault current that passes the CTs and the power transformer neutral (A) The rated primary CT current (A) The rated secondary CT current (A) The rated current of the protection IED (A) The secondary resistance of the CT () The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (). The loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires shall be used. The burden of a REx670 current input channel (VA). SR = 0,020 VA / channel for Ir = 1 A and SR = 0,150 VA / channel for Ir = 5 A
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In case of three individual CTs connected in parallel (Holmgren connection) on the phase side the following additional requirements must also be fulfilled. The three individual phase CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:
Eal Ealreq = 2 I tf
EQUATION2241 V1 EN
(Equation 29)
Where: Itf RLsw Maximum primary fundamental frequency three-phase fault current that passes the CTs and the power transformer (A). The resistance of the single secondary wire and additional load ().
In impedance earthed systems the phase-to-earth fault currents often are relatively small and the requirements might result in small CTs. However, in applications where the zero sequence current from the phase side of the transformer is a summation of currents from more than one CT (cable CTs or groups of individual CTs in Holmgren connection) for example, in substations with breaker-and-a-half or double-busbar double-breaker arrangement or if the transformer has a Tconnection to different busbars, there is a risk that the CTs can be exposed for higher fault currents than the considered phase-to-earth fault currents above. Examples of such cases can be cross-country faults or phase-to-phase faults with high fault currents and unsymmetrical distribution of the phase currents between the CTs. The zero sequence fault current level can differ much and is often difficult to calculate or estimate for different cases. To cover these cases, with summation of zero sequence currents from more than one CT, the phase side CTs must fulfill the Requirement (17) below:
Eal Ealreq = I f
EQUATION2242 V1 EN
I sn I pn
RCT + RL +
SR
2 Ir
(Equation 30)
Where: If RL Maximum primary fundamental frequency three-phase fault current that passes the CTs (A) The resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (). The loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires shall be used.
Section 2 Requirements 2.1.7
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Current transformer requirements for CTs according to other standards

All kinds of conventional magnetic core CTs are possible to use with the IEDs if they fulfill the requirements corresponding to the above specified expressed as the rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044-6 standard. From different standards and available data for relaying applications it is possible to approximately calculate a secondary e.m.f. of the CT comparable with Eal. By comparing this with the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq it is possible to judge if the CT fulfills the requirements. The requirements according to some other standards are specified below.
2.1.7.1
Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class P, PR

A CT according to IEC 60044-1 is specified by the secondary limiting e.m.f. E2max. The value of the E2max is approximately equal to the corresponding Eal according to IEC 60044-6. Therefore, the CTs according to class P and PR must have a secondary limiting e.m.f. E2max that fulfills the following:
E2 max > max E alreq

(Equation 31)
EQUATION1383 V2 EN
2.1.7.2
Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class PX, IEC 60044-6, class TPS (and old British Standard, class X)
CTs according to these classes are specified approximately in the same way by a rated knee-point e.m.f. Eknee (Ek for class PX, EkneeBS for class X and the limiting secondary voltage Ual for TPS). The value of the Eknee is lower than the corresponding Eal according to IEC 60044-6. It is not possible to give a general relation between the Eknee and the Eal but normally the Eknee is approximately 80 % of the Eal. Therefore, the CTs according to class PX, X and TPS must have a rated knee-point e.m.f. Eknee that fulfills the following:
Eknee Ek EkneeBS Ual > 0.8 (maximum of Ealreq)
EQUATION2100 V1 EN
(Equation 32)
2.1.7.3
Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE

Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE are partly specified in different ways. A rated secondary terminal voltage UANSI is specified for a CT of class C.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
UANSI is the secondary terminal voltage the CT will deliver to a standard burden at 20 times rated secondary current without exceeding 10 % ratio correction. There are a number of standardized UANSI values for example, UANSI is 400 V for a C400 CT. A corresponding rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. EalANSI can be estimated as follows:
E a lANSI = 20 I s n R C T + U A NSI = 20 I s n R C T + 20 Is n Z b ANSI
EQUATION971 V1 EN
(Equation 33)
where: ZbANSI UANSI The impedance (that is, complex quantity) of the standard ANSI burden for the specific C class (W) The secondary terminal voltage for the specific C class (V)
The CTs according to class C must have a calculated rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. EalANSI that fulfills the following:
E alANSI > max imum of E alreq
EQUATION1384 V1 EN
(Equation 34)
A CT according to ANSI/IEEE is also specified by the knee-point voltage UkneeANSI that is graphically defined from an excitation curve. The knee-point voltage UkneeANSI normally has a lower value than the knee-point e.m.f. according to IEC and BS. UkneeANSI can approximately be estimated to 75 % of the corresponding Eal according to IEC 60044 6. Therefore, the CTs according to ANSI/ IEEE must have a knee-point voltage UkneeANSI that fulfills the following:
EkneeANSI > 0.75 (maximum of Ealreq)
EQUATION2101 V1 EN
(Equation 35)
2.2
Voltage transformer requirements

The performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured input signal. Transients caused by capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) can affect some protection functions. Magnetic or capacitive voltage transformers can be used. The capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) should fulfill the requirements according to the IEC 600445 standard regarding ferro-resonance and transients. The ferro-resonance requirements of the CVTs are specified in chapter 7.4 of the standard.
31
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The transient responses for three different standard transient response classes, T1, T2 and T3 are specified in chapter 15.5 of the standard. CVTs according to all classes can be used. The protection IED has effective filters for these transients, which gives secure and correct operation with CVTs.
2.3
SNTP server requirements

The SNTP server to be used is connected to the local network, that is not more than 4-5 switches or routers away from the IED. The SNTP server is dedicated for its task, or at least equipped with a real-time operating system, that is not a PC with SNTP server software. The SNTP server should be stable, that is, either synchronized from a stable source like GPS, or local without synchronization. Using a local SNTP server without synchronization as primary or secondary server in a redundant configuration is not recommended.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 3 IED application
Section 3
IED application
About this chapter

This chapter describes the use of the included software functions in the IED. The chapter discusses application possibilities and gives guidelines for calculating settings for a particular application.
3.1
General IED application

The REG670 is used for protection, control and monitoring of generators and generator-transformer blocks from relatively small units up to the largest generating units. The IED has a comprehensive function library, covering the requirements for most generator applications. The large number of analog inputs available enables, together with the large functional library, integration of many functions in one IED. In typical applications two units can provide total functionality, also providing a high degree of redundancy. REG670 can as well be used for protection and control of shunt reactors. Stator earth fault protection, both traditional 95% as well as 100% injection and 3rd harmonic based are included. When the injection based protection is used, 100% of the machine stator winding, including the star point, is protected under all operating modes. The 3rd harmonic based 100% stator earth fault protection uses 3rd harmonic differential voltage principle. Injection based 100% stator earth fault protection can operate even when machine is at standstill. Well proven algorithms for pole slip, underexcitation, rotor earth fault, negative sequence current protections, and so on, are included in the IED. The generator differential protection in the REG670 adapted to operate correctly for generator applications where factors as long DC time constants and requirement on short trip time have been considered. As many of the protection functions can be used as multiple instances there are possibilities to protect more than one object in one IED. It is possible to have protection for an auxiliary power transformer integrated in the same IED having main protections for the generator. The concept thus enables very cost effective solutions. The REG670 also enables valuable monitoring possibilities as many of the process values can be transferred to an operator HMI. The wide application flexibility makes this product an excellent choice for both new installations and for refurbishment in existing power plants.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Serial data communication is via optical connections to ensure immunity against disturbances. The wide application flexibility makes this product an excellent choice for both new installations and the refurbishment of existing installations. By using patented algorithm REG670 (or any other product from 670 series) can track the power system frequency in quite wide range from 9Hz to 95Hz. In order to do that preferably the three-phase voltage signal from the generator terminals shall be connected to the IED. Then IED can adopt its filtering algorithm in order to properly measure phasors of all current and voltage signals connected to the IED. This feature is essential for proper operation of the protection during generator start-up and shut-down procedure. This adaptive filtering is ensured by proper configuration and settings of all relevant pre-processing blocks, see figure 30 and 31. Note that in all pre-configured REG670 IEDs such configuration and settings are already made and that threephase voltage at the generator terminals are used for frequency tracking. With such settings REG670 will be able to properly estimate the magnitude and the phase angle of measured current and voltage phasors in this wide frequency range. Note that the following functions will than operate properly in the whole frequency interval: Generator differential Transformer differential Four step overcurrent protection (DFT based measurement) Four step residual overcurrent protection Over/under voltage protection (DFT based measurement) Residual overvoltage protection Overexcitation protection General current and voltage protection Directional over/under power function Measurement function (that is, MMXU) and so on
Note that during secondary injection testing of this feature, it is absolutely necessary to also inject the voltage signals used for frequency tracking even when a simple overcurrent protection is tested. If protection for lower frequencies than 9Hz is required (for example, for pumpstorage schemes) four step overcurrent protection with RMS measurement shall be used. This function is able to operate for current signals within frequency range from 1Hz up to 100Hz and it is not at all dependent on any voltage signal. Its pickup for very low frequency is only determined by main CT capability to transfer low frequency current signal to the secondary side. However it shall be noted that during such low frequency conditions this function will react on the measured current peak values instead of usual RMS value and that its operation shall be instantaneous (that is, without any intentional time delay). Function can be used either as normal overcurrent function or even as generator differential function
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
when currents from two generator sides are summed and connected to the four step overcurrent function. Typically for such installations dedicated overcurrent steps are used during such low frequency conditions while some other overcurrent steps with different setting for pickup value and time delay are used during normal machine operation. Such logic can be easily arranged in REG670 application configuration tool. Four step overcurrent protection with RMS measurement shall also be used as machine overcurrent and differential protection during electrical braking. During such operating condition intentional three-phase short-circuit is made at the machine terminal. This will effectively force voltages at the machine terminal to zero and effectively disabled voltage based frequency tracking in REG670. Similar logic as described for pump-storage scheme above can be used.
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV 64S RSE< + REX060 81 f>
STTI PHIZ Y
D
Y
60FL SDD RFUF
81
f<
SA PTUF
SA PTOF 78 Ucos
VT
PSP PPAM 51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
OC4 PTOC
AEG GAPC 50BF 3I> BF CC RBRF
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U U
64R
RRE< 87G 3Id/I
ROTI PHIZ + REX060, REX061
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
GEN PDIF
LEX PDIS 46 I2> 49 Ith Meter. CV MMXU
ROV2 PTOV
NS2 PTOC
TR PTTR
59N
UN>
59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ REG 670*1.2

ROV2 PTOV
IEC11000201 V1 EN
Figure 2:
Generator protection application with generator differential, 100% stator earth fault and back-up protection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
59N
3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV 64S RSE< + REX060 Meter. Y
STTI PHIZ
D
Y
CV MMXU 60FL SDD RFUF 81 f< 81 f> SA PTUF SA PTOF 78 Ucos
VT
PSP PPAM 51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 46 I2> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
OC4 PTOC
AEG GAPC
NS2 PTOC 50BF 3I> BF CC RBRF
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U U
64R
RRE< 87G 3Id/I
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
GEN PDIF
LEX PDIS
ROV2 PTOV
S
64W IN>
EF4 PTOC REG 670*1.2

IEC11000204 V1 EN
Figure 3:
Generator protection application for generator with split winding including generator phase differential, 100% stator earth fault and back-up protection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Meter. Y
D
Y
CV MMXU 60FL SDD RFUF 81 f< 81 f> SA PTUF SA PTOF 78 Ucos
VT
PSP PPAM 51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 46 I2> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
OC4 PTOC
AEG GAPC
NS2 PTOC 50BF 3I> BF CC RBRF
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U U
64R
RRE< 87G 3Id/I
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
GEN PDIF
LEX PDIS
ROV2 PTOV
S
64W IN> 87W 3Id/I
EF4 PTOC
GEN PDIF 59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ
VT
59N
UN>
ROV2 PTOV
64S
RSE<
STTI PHIZ
+ REX060 REG 670*1.2

IEC11000206 V1 EN
Figure 4:
Generator protection application for generator with split winding including generator phase differential, generator split-phase differential, 100% stator earth fault and back-up protection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
50/51
3I>
50BF 3I> BF CC RBRF 87T 3Id/I
OC4 PTOC
T3W PDIF
Y
Unit Trafo
50/51
3I>
OC4 PTOC 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC Y
D
Y
59N
3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
Excitation Trafo
Auxiliary Trafo
D
Y
60FL SDD RFUF
81
f<
81
f>
SA PTUF
SA PTOF 78 Ucos
OC4 PTOC Auxiliary Bus
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U U
64R
RRE< 87G 3Id/I
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
GEN PDIF
ROV2 PTOV
NS2 PTOC 59N UN>
TR PTTR 59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ
Grounding Transformer
ROV2 PTOV
64S
RSE<
STTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX062 REG 670*1.2

IEC11000202 V1 EN
Figure 5:
Unit protection application with overall differential, generator differential, 100% stator earth fault and back-up protection. Stator winding grounded via grounding transformer.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
87N
IdN/I
50/51
3I>
49
Ith
Meter. CV MMXU
REF PDIF
OC4 PTOC
TR PTTR
T2W PDIF
50N/51N
IN>
87O
3Id/I
Unit Trafo
EF4 PTOC
T3W PDIF
Y D
50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
D
Y 59N 3Uo> ROV2 PTOV 60FL SDD RFUF 51/67 3I-> 81 f< 78 Ucos
D
Y
SA PTUF 50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM 21 Z< 24 U/f>
OC4 PTOC
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U U
64R
RRE< 87G 3Id/I
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 81 f>
GEN PDIF
SA PTOF
NS2 PTOC
TR PTTR
VT
59N
UN>
59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ 64S RSE< + REX060 REG 670*1.2

ROV2 PTOV
STTI PHIZ
IEC11000203 V1 EN
Figure 6:
Unit protection application with overall differential, unit transformer differential, generator differential, 100% stator earth fault and backup protection. Ungrounded stator winding.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
87N
IdN/I
50/51
3I>
49
Ith
Meter. CV MMXU
REF PDIF
OC4 PTOC
TR PTTR
T2W PDIF
50N/51N
IN>
87O
3Id/I
Unit Trafo
EF4 PTOC
T3W PDIF
Y D
D
Y
50/51
3I>
OC4 PTOC 59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV 64S RSE< + REX060
STTI PHIZ 59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
D
Y
VT
60FL SDD RFUF 51/67 3I->
81
f<
78
Ucos
SA PTUF 50AE U/I>
OC4 PTOC
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U U
64R
RRE< 87G 3Id/I
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 81 f>
GEN PDIF
SA PTOF
NS2 PTOC
TR PTTR
REG 670*1.2
IEC11000207 V1 EN
Figure 7:
Unit protection application with overall differential, unit transformer differential, generator differential, 100% stator earth fault and backup protection. Stator winding grounded via primary resistor.
3.2
3.2.1
Analog inputs
Introduction
Analog input channels must be configured and set properly to get correct measurement results and correct protection operations. For power measuring and all directional and differential functions the directions of the input currents must be defined properly. Measuring and protection algorithms in the IED use primary system quantities. Setting values are in primary quantities as well and it is
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
important to set the data about the connected current and voltage transformers properly. A reference PhaseAngleRef can be defined to facilitate service values reading. This analog channels phase angle will always be fixed to zero degrees and all other angle information will be shown in relation to this analog input. During testing and commissioning of the IED the reference channel can be changed to facilitate testing and service values reading. The availability of VT inputs depends on the ordered transformer input module (TRM) type.
3.2.2
Setting guidelines
The available setting parameters related to analog inputs are depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.
3.2.2.1
Setting of the phase reference channel

All phase angles are calculated in relation to a defined reference. An appropriate analog input channel is selected and used as phase reference. The parameter PhaseAngleRef defines the analog channel that is used as phase angle reference.
Example
The setting PhaseAngleRef=7 shall be used if a phase-to-earth voltage (usually the L1 phase-to-earth voltage connected to VT channel number 7 of the analog card) is selected to be the phase reference.
Setting of current channels
The direction of a current to the IED is depending on the connection of the CT. Unless indicated otherwise, the main CTs are supposed to be star connected and can be connected with the earthing point to the object or from the object. This information must be set in the IED. The convention of the directionality is defined as follows: A positive value of current, power, and so on means that the quantity has the direction into the object and a negative value means direction out from the object. For directional functions the direction into the object is defined as Forward and the direction out from the object is defined as Reverse. See figure 8 A positive value of current, power, and so on (forward) means that the quantity has a direction towards the object. - A negative value of current, power, and so on (reverse) means a direction away from the object. See figure 8.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Definition of direction for directional functions Reverse Forward
Definition of direction for directional functions Forward Reverse
Protected Object Line, transformer, etc

e.g. P, Q, I Measured quantity is positive when flowing towards the object Set parameter CTStarPoint Correct Setting is "ToObject" e.g. P, Q, I Measured quantity is positive when flowing towards the object Set parameter CTStarPoint Correct Setting is "FromObject" en05000456.vsd
IEC05000456 V1 EN
Figure 8:
Internal convention of the directionality in the IED
With correct setting of the primary CT direction, CTStarPoint set to FromObject or ToObject, a positive quantities always flowing towards the object and a direction defined as Forward always is looking towards the object. The following examples show the principle.
Example 1
Two IEDs used for protection of two objects.
Line
Ip
Transformer
Ip
Ip
Line
Reverse Forward
Is
Transformer protection
Definition of direction for directional functions Is
Line protection
Setting of current input: Set parameter CTStarPoint with Transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "ToObject"
Setting of current input: Set parameter CTStarPoint with Line as reference object. Correct setting is "FromObject"
en05000753.vsd
IEC05000753 V1 EN
Figure 9:
Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IED
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The figure 9 shows the normal case where the objects have their own CTs. The settings for CT direction shall be done according to the figure. To protect the line the direction of the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward. This means that the protection is looking towards the line.
Example 2
Two IEDs used for protection of two objects and sharing a CT.
Transformer Line
Reverse Forward
Transformer protection
Definition of direction for directional functions
Line protection
Setting of current input: Set parameter CTStarPoint with Line as reference object. Correct setting is "FromObject"
en05000460.vsd
IEC05000460 V1 EN
Figure 10:
This example is similar to example 1, but here the transformer is feeding just one line and the line protection uses the same CT as the transformer protection does. The CT direction is set with different reference objects for the two IEDs though it is the same current from the same CT that is feeding the two IEDs. With these settings the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward to look towards the line.
Example 3
One IED used to protect two objects.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Transformer Line
Forward Reverse
Transformer and Line protection
Definition of direction for directional line functions
en05000461.vsd
IEC05000461 V1 EN
Figure 11:
In this example one IED includes both transformer and line protection and the line protection uses the same CT as the transformer protection does. For both current input channels the CT direction is set with the transformer as reference object. This means that the direction Forward for the line protection is towards the transformer. To look towards the line the direction of the directional functions of the line protection must be set to Reverse. The direction Forward/Reverse is related to the reference object that is the transformer in this case. When a function is set to Reverse and shall protect an object in reverse direction it shall be noted that some directional functions are not symmetrical regarding the reach in forward and reverse direction. It is in first hand the reach of the directional criteria that can differ. Normally it is not any limitation but it is advisable to have it in mind and check if it is acceptable for the application in question. If the IED has a sufficient number of analog current inputs an alternative solution is shown in figure 12. The same currents are fed to two separate groups of inputs and the line and transformer protection functions are configured to the different inputs. The CT direction for the current channels to the line protection is set with the line as reference object and the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward to protect the line.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Transformer Line
Reverse Forward
Transformer and Line protection
Definition of direction for directional line functions
Setting of current input for transformer functions: Set parameter CTStarPoint with Transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "ToObject"
Setting of current input for transformer functions: Set parameter CTStarPoint with Transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "ToObject"
Setting of current input for line functions: Set parameter CTStarPoint with Line as reference object. Correct setting is "FromObject"
en05000462.vsd
IEC05000462 V1 EN
Figure 12:
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Busbar
Busbar Protection 1
en06000196.vsd
IEC06000196 V1 EN
Figure 13:
For busbar protection it is possible to set the CTStarPoint parameters in two ways. The first solution will be to use busbar as a reference object. In that case for all CT inputs marked with 1 in figure 13, set CTStarPoint = ToObject, and for all CT inputs marked with 2 in figure 13, set CTStarPoint = FromObject. The second solution will be to use all connected bays as reference objects. In that case for all CT inputs marked with 1 in figure 13, set CTStarPoint = FromObject, and for all CT inputs marked with 2 in figure 13, set CTStarPoint = ToObject. Regardless which one of the above two options is selected busbar differential protection will behave correctly.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The main CT ratios must also be set. This is done by setting the two parameters CTsec and CTprim for each current channel. For a 1000/1 A CT the following setting shall be used: CTprim = 1000 (value in A) CTsec =1 (value in A).
Examples on how to connect, configure and set CT inputs for most commonly used CT connections
Figure 14 defines the marking of current transformer terminals commonly used around the world:
In the SMAI function block, you have to set if the SMAI block is measuring current or voltage. This is done with the parameter: AnalogInputType: Current/voltage. The ConnectionType: phase phase/phase-earth and GlobalBaseSel.
ISec
P1 (H1)
S1 (X1)
P2 (H2)
S2 (X2)
IPri
x P2 (H2) a)
IEC06000641 V1 EN
S2 (X2)
x P1 (H1)
S1 (X1)
b)
c)
en06000641.vsd
Figure 14:
Where: a) b) and c)
Commonly used markings of CT terminals
is symbol and terminal marking used in this document. Terminals marked with a dot indicates the primary and secondary winding terminals with the same (that is, positive) polarity are equivalent symbols and terminal marking used by IEC (ANSI) standard for CTs. Note that for these two cases the CT polarity marking is correct!
It shall be noted that depending on national standard and utility practices, the rated secondary current of a CT has typically one of the following values: 1A 5A
However in some cases the following rated secondary currents are used as well:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
2A 10A
The IED fully supports all of these rated secondary values. It is recommended to: use 1A rated CT input into the IED in order to connect CTs with 1A and 2A secondary rating use 5A rated CT input into the IED in order to connect CTs with 5A and 10A secondary rating
Example on how to connect a star connected three-phase CT set to the IED
Figure 15 gives an example on how to connect a star connected three-phase CT set to the IED. It gives an overview of required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED as well.
L1 L2 L3
IED
4 2 1 IL1 3
SMAI_20
IL2
CT 600/5 Star Connected
IL1
IL3
IL2 IL3
Protected Object
IEC11000025 V2 EN
Figure 15:
Star connected three-phase CT set with star point towards the protected object
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Where: 1) 2) The drawing shows how to connect three individual phase currents from a star connected three-phase CT set to the three CT inputs of the IED. shows how to connect residual/neutral current from the three-phase CT set to the fourth inputs in the IED. It shall be noted that if this connection is not made, the IED will still calculate this current internally by vectorial summation of the three individual phase currents. is the TRM where these current inputs are located. It shall be noted that for all these current inputs the following setting values shall be entered. CTprim=600A CTsec=5A CTStarPoint=ToObject
3)
Inside the IED only the ratio of the first two parameters is used. The third parameter as set in this example will have no influence on the measured currents (that is, currents are already measured towards the protected object). 4) are three connections made in the Signal Matrix tool (SMT), which connects these three current inputs to the first three input channels on the preprocessing function block 6). Depending on the type of functions, which need this current information, more than one preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to these three CT inputs. is a connection made in the Signal Matrix tool (SMT), which connects the residual/neutral current input to the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block 6). Note that this connection in SMT shall not be done if the residual/neutral current is not connected to the IED. In that case the pre-processing block will calculate it by vectorial summation of the three individual phase currents. is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate: fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities)
5)
6)
These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control functions within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block in the configuration tool. For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the default values. If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating stations), then the setting parameters DFTReference shall be set accordingly.
Another alternative is to have the star point of the three-phase CT set as shown in figure :
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
L1
L2
L3
IED
3 IR 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
AI 01 (I) AI 02 (I) AI 03 (I) AI 04 (I) AI 05 (I) AI 06 (I)
IL2
IL1
IL3
6 4
BLOCK ^GRP2L1 ^GRP2L2 ^GRP2L3 ^GRP2N
SMAI2 AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN
IL3 IL2 CT 800/1 Star Connected IL1
Protected Object
IEC06000644 V3 EN
Figure 16:
Star connected three-phase CT set with its star point away from the protected object
In this case everything is done in a similar way as in the above described example, except that for all used current inputs on the TRM the following setting parameters shall be entered as shown in the example figure 16: CTprim=600A CTsec=5A CTStarPoint=FromObject
Inside the IED only the ratio of the first two parameters is used. The third parameter as set in this example will invert the measured currents (that is, turn the currents by 180) in order to ensure that the currents within the IED are measured towards the protected object.
Example how to connect delta connected three-phase CT set to the IED
Figure 17 gives an example how to connect a delta connected three-phase CT set to the IED. It gives an overview of the required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions in the IED as well.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
L1
L2
L3
IED
IL2
IL1
IL3
2 1 IL1-IL2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 AI 06(I) AI 05(I) AI 04(I) AI 03(I) AI 02(I)
# Not used
5 3
SMAI2
CT 600/5 in Delta DAB Connected
AI 01(I)
AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN
IL2-IL3 IL3-IL1
Protected Object
.
IEC06000645 V3 EN
Figure 17:
Delta DAB connected three-phase CT set

Where: 1) 2) shows how to connect three individual phase currents from a delta connected three-phase CT set to three CT inputs of the IED. is the TRM where these current inputs are located. It shall be noted that for all these current inputs the following setting values shall be entered.
600 = 346 A 3 CT sec = 5 A CTprim =

IECEQUATION2413 V1 EN
(Equation 36)
CTStarPoint=ToObject
Inside the IED only the ratio of the first two parameters is used. The third parameter as set in this example will have no influence on the measured currents (that is, currents are already measured towards the protected object). Table continues on next page
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3)
are three connections made in Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), which connect these three current inputs to first three input channels of the preprocessing function block 6). Depending on the type of functions which need this current information, more then one preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to these three CT inputs. shows that the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block shall not be connected in SMT. is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate: fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities)
4) 5)
These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control functions within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block in the configuration tool. For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the default values. If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating stations) then the setting parameters DFTReference shall be set accordingly.
Another alternative is to have the delta connected CT set as shown in figure 18:
L1 L2 L3
IED
5 3 IL1-IL3
SMAI2
IL2
IL1
IL3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CT 800/1 in delta DCA Connected
AI 01 (I) AI 02 (I) AI 03 (I) AI 04 (I) 4 AI 05 (I) AI 06 (I)

#Not used
IL2-IL1 IL3-IL2
Protected Object
IEC06000646 V3 EN
Figure 18:
Delta DAC connected three-phase CT set
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In this case, everything is done in a similar way as in the above described example, except that for all used current inputs on the TRM the following setting parameters shall be entered:
800 = 462 A 3 CT sec = 1A CTprim =

(Equation 37)
CTStarPoint=ToObject
Inside the IED only the ratio of the first two parameters is used. The third parameter as set in this example will have no influence on the measured currents (that is, currents are already measured towards the protected object).
Example how to connect single-phase CT to the IED
Figure 19 gives an example how to connect the single-phase CT to the IED. It gives an overview of the required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED as well.
IED
Protected Object
2
1 2 AI 01(I) AI 02(I) AI 03(I) 3
# Not used SMAI2 BLOCK ^GRP2L1 ^GRP2L2 ^GRP2L3 ^GRP2N AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN
L1
L2
L3
3 4 5 6 7
CT 1000/1
1 INP
8 9 10 11
AI 04(I) AI 05(I) AI 06(I)
# Not used # Not used
a) b)
INP
12
INP
IEC06000647 V3 EN
Figure 19:
Connections for single-phase CT input
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Where: 1) 2) shows how to connect single-phase CT input in the IED. is TRM where these current inputs are located. It shall be noted that for all these current inputs the following setting values shall be entered. For connection (a) shown in figure 19:
CTprim = 600 A CT sec = 5 A

(Equation 38)
CTStarPoint=ToObject Inside the IED only the ratio of the first two parameters is used. The third parameter as set in this example will have no influence on the measured currents (that is, currents are already measured towards the protected object).
For connection (b) shown in figure 19:
CTprim = 600 A CT sec = 5 A

(Equation 39)
CTStarPoint=FromObject Inside the IED only the ratio of the first two parameters is used. The third parameter as set in this example will invert the measured currents (that is, turn the currents by 180) in order to ensure that the currents within the IED are measured towards the protected object.
3) 4) 5) shows that in this example the first three input channel of the preprocessing block is not connected in Signal Matrix Tool (SMT). shows the connection made in SMT tool, which connect this CT input to the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block 5). is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate: fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities)
These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control functions within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block. in the configuration tool. For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the default values If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating stations) then the setting parameters DFTReference shall be set accordingly.
As the IED uses primary system quantities the main VT ratios must be known to the IED. This is done by setting the two parameters VTsec and VTprim for each voltage channel. The phase-to-phase value can be used even if each channel is connected to a phase-to-earth voltage from the VT.
Setting of voltage channels
Example
Consider a VT with the following data:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
132kV 110V 3 3
EQUATION2016 V1 EN
(Equation 40)
The following setting should be used: VTprim=132 (value in kV) VTsec=110 (value in V)
Examples how to connect, configure and set VT inputs for most commonly used VT connections
Figure 20 defines the marking of voltage transformer terminals commonly used around the world.
+
UPri
+
USec
A (H1)
a (X1)
A (H1)
da (X1)
A (H1)
a (X1)
a)
IEC06000591 V1 EN
N (H2)
b)
n (X2)
N (H2)
c)
dn (X2)
B (H2)
d)
b (X2)
en06000591.vsd
Figure 20:
Where: a) b) c) d)
Commonly used markings of VT terminals
is the symbol and terminal marking used in this document. Terminals marked with a dot indicate the primary and secondary winding terminals with the same (positive) polarity is the equivalent symbol and terminal marking used by IEC (ANSI) standard for phase-toearth connected VTs is the equivalent symbol and terminal marking used by IEC (ANSI) standard for open delta connected VTs is the equivalent symbol and terminal marking used by IEC (ANSI) standard for phase-tophase connected VTs
It shall be noted that depending on national standard and utility practices the rated secondary voltage of a VT has typically one of the following values: 100 V 110 V 115 V 120 V 230 V
The IED fully supports all of these values and most of them will be shown in the following examples.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Examples on how to connect a three phase-to-earth connected VT to the IED
Figure 21 gives an example on how to connect a three phase-to-earth connected VT to the IED. It as well gives overview of required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED.
L1 L2 L3 66 kV 3
IED
2 3 5
110V 3
13 14 15 16 17 18 AI 08 (U) AI 09 (U)
#Not used
AI 07 (I)
66 kV 3
19
110V 3
20 21 22 23 24
AI 10 (U) AI 11 (U) AI 12 (U)
66 kV 3
110V 3
.
IEC06000599 V3 EN
Figure 21:
A Three phase-to-earth connected VT
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Where: 1) 2) shows how to connect three secondary phase-to-earth voltages to three VT inputs on the IED is the TRM where these three voltage inputs are located. For these three voltage inputs, the following setting values shall be entered: VTprim =66 kV VTsec = 110 V Inside the IED, only the ratio of these two parameters is used. It shall be noted that the ratio of the entered values exactly corresponds to ratio of one individual VT.
66 110
66 = 3 110 3
(Equation 41)
EQUATION1903 V1 EN
3)
are three connections made in Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), which connect these three voltage inputs to first three input channels of the preprocessing function block 5). Depending on the type of functions which need this voltage information, more then one preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to these three VT inputs. shows that in this example the fourth (that is, residual) input channel of the preprocessing block is not connected in SMT tool. Thus the preprocessing block will automatically calculate 3Uo inside by vectorial sum from the three phase to earth voltages connected to the first three input channels of the same preprocessing block. Alternatively, the fourth input channel can be connected to open delta VT input, as shown in figure 23. is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate: fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities)
4)
5)
These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control functions within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block in the configuration tool. For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the default values. However the following settings shall be set as shown here: UBase=66 kV (that is, rated Ph-Ph voltage) If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating stations) then the setting parameters DFTReference shall be set accordingly.
Example on how to connect a phase-to-phase connected VT to the IED

Figure 22 gives an example how to connect a phase-to-phase connected VT to the IED. It gives an overview of the required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED as well. It shall be noted that this VT connection is only used on lower voltage levels (that is, rated primary voltage below 40 kV).
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
L1 L2 L3
13.8kV 120V 13.8kV 120V
IED
2 3 1
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 AI 12(U) AI 11(U) AI 10(U) AI 09(U)
#Not Used
AI 07(I)
BLOCK
SMAI2 AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN ^GRP2L1 ^GRP2L2 ^GRP2L3 ^GRP2N
AI 08(U)
IEC06000600 V3 EN
Figure 22:
A Two phase-to-phase connected VT

Where: 1) 2) shows how to connect the secondary side of a phase-to-phase VT to the VT inputs on the IED is the TRM where these three voltage inputs are located. It shall be noted that for these three voltage inputs the following setting values shall be entered: VTprim=13.8 kV VTsec=120 V Please note that inside the IED only ratio of these two parameters is used.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
3)
are three connections made in the Signal Matrix tool (SMT), which connects these three voltage inputs to first three input channels of the preprocessing function block 5). Depending on the type of functions, which need this voltage information, more than one preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to these three VT inputs shows that in this example the fourth (that is, residual) input channel of the preprocessing block is not connected in SMT. Preprocessing block has a task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate: fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities)
4) 5)
These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control functions within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block in the configuration tool. For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the default values. However the following settings shall be set as shown here: ConnectionType=Ph-Ph UBase=13.8 kV If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating stations) then the setting parameters DFTReference shall be set accordingly.
Example on how to connect an open delta VT to the IED for high impedance earthed or unearthed
Figure 23 gives an example about the wiring of an open delta VT to the IED for high impedance earthed or unearthed power systems. It shall be noted that this type of VT connection presents a secondary voltage proportional to 3U0 to the IED. In case of a solid earth fault close to the VT location the primary value of 3Uo will be equal to:
3U 0 = 3.UPh - Ph = 3.UPh - E
EQUATION1921 V2 EN
(Equation 42)
The primary rated voltage of an open Delta VT is always equal to UPh-E. Three series connected VT secondary windings gives a secondary voltage equal to three times the individual VT secondary winding rating. Thus the secondary windings of open delta VTs quite often have a secondary rated voltage equal to one third of the rated phase-to-phase VT secondary voltage (110/3V in this particular example). Figure gives overview of required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED as well.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
L1 L2 L3
6.6kV 3
IED
2
13
110V 3
14 15 16 17 18
AI 07 (I) AI 08 (U) AI 09 (U)

SMAI2 BLOCK
# Not Used # Not Used
6.6kV 3
19 20 21 22 23 24
3
AI 10 (U) AI 11 (U) AI 12 (U)
^GRP2L1 ^GRP2L2 ^GRP2L3 ^GRP2N
110V 3
+3Uo
# Not Used
6.6kV 3
110V 3
IEC06000601 V3 EN
Figure 23:
Open delta connected VT in high impedance earthed power system
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Where : 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of the open delta VT to one VT input on the IED. +3U0 shall be connected to the IED
2)
is the TRM where this voltage input is located. It shall be noted that for this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered:
VTprim =
EQUATION1923 V1 EN
3 6.6 = 11.43kV
(Equation 43)
VT sec = 3
EQUATION1924 V1 EN
110 3
= 110V
(Equation 44)
Inside the IED, only the ratio of these two parameters is used. It shall be noted that the ratio of the entered values exactly corresponds to ratio of one individual open delta VT.
3 6.6 110
6.6 = 3 110 3
(Equation 45)
EQUATION1925 V1 EN
3) 4) 5)
shows that in this example the first three input channel of the preprocessing block is not connected in SMT tool. shows the connection made in Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), which connect this voltage input to the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block 5). is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog input and calculate: fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities)
These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control functions within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block in the configuration tool. For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the default values. If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating stations ) then the setting parameters DFTReference shall be set accordingly.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Example how to connect the open delta VT to the IED for low impedance earthed or solidly earthed power systems
Figure 24 gives an example about the connection of an open delta VT to the IED for low impedance earthed or solidly earthed power systems. It shall be noted that this type of VT connection presents secondary voltage proportional to 3U0 to the IED. In case of a solid earth fault close to the VT location the primary value of 3Uo will be equal to:
3Uo = U Ph - Ph 3 = U Ph - E
(Equation 46)
EQUATION1926 V1 EN
The primary rated voltage of such VT is always equal to UPh-E Therefore, three series connected VT secondary windings will give the secondary voltage equal only to one individual VT secondary winding rating. Thus the secondary windings of such open delta VTs quite often has a secondary rated voltage close to rated phaseto-phase VT secondary voltage, that is, 115V or 115/3V as in this particular example. Figure 24 gives an overview of the actions which are needed to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED.
L1 L2 L3
138kV 3
IED
2
13 14 15 16 17 18 AI08 (U) AI09 (U)
BLOCK
# Not Used # Not Used # Not Used
5
AI07 (I)
115V 3
138kV 3
19 20 21 22 23 24
3
AI10 (U) AI11 (U) AI12 (U)
115V 3
+3Uo
138kV 3
115V 3
IEC06000602 V3 EN
Figure 24:
Open delta connected VT in low impedance or solidly earthed power system
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of open delta VT to one VT input in the IED. +3Uo shall be connected to the IED.
2)
is TRM where this voltage input is located. It shall be noted that for this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered:
VTprim =
EQUATION1928 V1 EN
138 3
= 138kV
(Equation 47)
VT sec =
EQUATION1929 V1 EN
115 3
= 115V
(Equation 48)
Inside the IED, only the ratio of these two parameters is used. It shall be noted that the ratio of the entered values exactly corresponds to ratio of one individual open delta VT.
138 115
138 = 3 115 3
(Equation 49)
EQUATION1930 V1 EN
3) 4) 5)
shows that in this example the first three input channel of the preprocessing block is not connected in SMT tool. shows the connection made in Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), which connect this voltage input to the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block 4). preprocessing block has a task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate: fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities)
Example on how to connect a neutral point VT to the IED
Figure 25 gives an example on how to connect a neutral point VT to the IED. This type of VT connection presents secondary voltage proportional to U0 to the IED.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In case of a solid earth fault in high impedance earthed or unearthed systems the primary value of Uo voltage will be equal to:
U0 = UPh - Ph = UPh - E 3
(Equation 50)
EQUATION1931 V2 EN
Figure 25 gives an overview of required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED as well.
Protected Object
IED
2 5
13 14 AI07 (I) AI08 (I)
BLOCK
L1
L2
L3
15 16 17 18 19 20 AI09 (I)
3
AI10 (U) AI11 (U) AI12 (U)
# Not Used # Not Used # Not Used
21 22 23
Uo
24
6.6kV 3
IEC06000603 V3 EN
100V
Figure 25:
Neutral point connected VT
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of neutral point VT to one VT input in the IED. U0 shall be connected to the IED.
2)
is the TRM where this voltage input is located. It shall be noted that for this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered: is the TRM or AIM where this voltage input is located. For this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered:
VTprim =
6.6 3
= 3.81kV
(Equation 51)
EQUATION1933 V1 EN
VT sec = 100V
EQUATION1934 V1 EN
(Equation 52)
Inside the IED, only the ratio of these two parameters is used. It shall be noted that the ratio of the entered values exactly corresponds to ratio of the neutral point VT. 3) 4) 5) shows that in this example the first three input channel of the preprocessing block is not connected in SMT tool. shows the connection made in Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), which connects this voltage input to the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block 5). is a preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate: fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities)
3.2.3
Setting parameters
The available setting parameters related to analog inputs are depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 1:
Name PhaseAngleRef
AISVBAS Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) TRM40-Ch1 TRM40-Ch2 TRM40-Ch3 TRM40-Ch4 TRM40-Ch5 TRM40-Ch6 TRM40-Ch7 TRM40-Ch8 TRM40-Ch9 TRM40-Ch10 TRM40-Ch11 TRM40-Ch12 TRM41-Ch1 TRM41-Ch2 TRM41-Ch3 TRM41-Ch4 TRM41-Ch5 TRM41-Ch6 TRM41-Ch7 TRM41-Ch8 TRM41-Ch9 TRM41-Ch10 TRM41-Ch11 TRM41-Ch12 MU1-L1I MU1-L2I MU1-L3I MU1-L4I MU1-L1U MU1-L2U MU1-L3U MU1-L4U MU2-L1I MU2-L2I MU2-L3I MU2-L4I MU2-L1U MU2-L2U MU2-L3U MU2-L4U MU3-L1I MU3-L2I MU3-L3I MU3-L4I MU3-L1U MU3-L2U MU3-L3U MU3-L4U Unit Step Default TRM40-Ch1 Description Reference channel for phase angle presentation
Table 2:
Name CTStarPoint1 CTsec1 CTprim1 CTStarPoint2
TRM_12I Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject Unit A A Step 1 1 Default ToObject 1 3000 ToObject Description ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite
Table continues on next page 66 Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 Unit A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 Description Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current
Name CTsec2 CTprim2 CTStarPoint3 CTsec3 CTprim3 CTStarPoint4 CTsec4 CTprim4 CTStarPoint5 CTsec5 CTprim5 CTStarPoint6 CTsec6 CTprim6 CTStarPoint7 CTsec7 CTprim7 CTStarPoint8 CTsec8 CTprim8 CTStarPoint9 CTsec9 CTprim9 CTStarPoint10 CTsec10 CTprim10 CTStarPoint11 CTsec11 CTprim11 CTStarPoint12 CTsec12 CTprim12
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 3:
Name CTStarPoint1 CTsec1 CTprim1 CTStarPoint2 CTsec2 CTprim2 CTStarPoint3 CTsec3 CTprim3 CTStarPoint4 CTsec4 CTprim4 CTStarPoint5 CTsec5 CTprim5 CTStarPoint6 CTsec6 CTprim6 VTsec7 VTprim7 VTsec8 VTprim8 VTsec9 VTprim9 VTsec10 VTprim10 VTsec11 VTprim11 VTsec12 VTprim12
TRM_6I_6U Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 Unit A A A A A A A A A A A A V kV V kV V kV V kV V kV V kV Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 Default ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 Description ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 4:
Name CTStarPoint1 CTsec1 CTprim1 CTStarPoint2 CTsec2 CTprim2 CTStarPoint3 CTsec3 CTprim3 CTStarPoint4 CTsec4 CTprim4 CTStarPoint5 CTsec5 CTprim5 CTStarPoint6 CTsec6 CTprim6
TRM_6I Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 Unit A A A A A A A A A A A A Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 Description ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current
Table 5:
Name CTStarPoint1 CTsec1 CTprim1 CTStarPoint2 CTsec2 CTprim2 CTStarPoint3 CTsec3 CTprim3 CTStarPoint4 CTsec4

Values (Range) FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 Unit A A A A A A A Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 Description ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current

Name CTprim4 CTStarPoint5 CTsec5 CTprim5 CTStarPoint6 CTsec6 CTprim6 CTStarPoint7 CTsec7 CTprim7 VTsec8 VTprim8 VTsec9 VTprim9 VTsec10 VTprim10 VTsec11 VTprim11 VTsec12 VTprim12 Values (Range) 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 Unit A A A A A A A V kV V kV V kV V kV V kV Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 Default 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage
Table 6:
Name CTStarPoint1 CTsec1 CTprim1 CTStarPoint2 CTsec2 CTprim2 CTStarPoint3 CTsec3 CTprim3 CTStarPoint4 CTsec4 CTprim4

Values (Range) FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 Unit A A A A A A A A Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 Description ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 FromObject ToObject 1 - 10 1 - 99999 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.001 - 999.999 0.05 - 2000.00 Unit A A A A A A A A A A V kV V kV V kV Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 Default ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 ToObject 1 3000 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 110.000 400.00 Description ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite Rated CT secondary current Rated CT primary current Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage Rated VT secondary voltage Rated VT primary voltage
Name CTStarPoint5 CTsec5 CTprim5 CTStarPoint6 CTsec6 CTprim6 CTStarPoint7 CTsec7 CTprim7 CTStarPoint8 CTsec8 CTprim8 CTStarPoint9 CTsec9 CTprim9 VTsec10 VTprim10 VTsec11 VTprim11 VTsec12 VTprim12
3.3
3.3.1
Local human-machine interface

Human machine interface
The local human machine interface is available in a small and a medium sized model. The difference between the two models is the size of the LCD. The small size LCD can display seven lines of text and the medium size LCD can display the single line diagram with up to 15 objects on each page. Up to 12 single line diagram pages can be defined, depending on the product capability. The local HMI is divided into zones with different functionality.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Status indication LEDs. Alarm indication LEDs, which consist of 15 LEDs (6 red and 9 yellow) with user printable label. All LEDs are configurable from PCM600. Liquid crystal display (LCD). Keypad with push buttons for control and navigation purposes, switch for selection between local and remote control and reset. Isolated RJ45 communication port.
IEC05000055-LITEN V1 EN
Figure 26:
Small, alpha numeric HMI
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IEC05000056-LITEN V1 EN
Figure 27:
Example of medium graphic HMI
3.3.2
3.3.2.1
Local HMI related functions

Introduction
The local HMI can be adapted to the application configuration and to user preferences. Function block LocalHMI Function block LEDGEN Setting parameters
3.3.2.2
Table 7:
Name Language DisplayTimeout AutoRepeat ContrastLevel DefaultScreen EvListSrtOrder SymbolFont
General setting parameters

SCREEN Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) English OptionalLanguage 10 - 120 Off On -10 - 20 0-0 Latest on top Oldest on top IEC ANSI Unit Min % Step 10 1 1 Default English 60 On 0 0 Latest on top IEC Description Local HMI language Local HMI display timeout Activation of auto-repeat (On) or not (Off) Contrast level for display Default screen Sort order of event list Symbol font for Single Line Diagram
Section 3 IED application 3.3.3

3.3.3.1
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Indication LEDs
Introduction
The function block LEDGEN controls and supplies information about the status of the indication LEDs. The input and output signals of LEDGEN are configured with PCM600. The input signal for each LED is selected individually with the Signal Matrix Tool in PCM600. LEDs (number 16) for trip indications are red. LEDs (number 715) for start indications are yellow.
Each indication LED on the local HMI can be set individually to operate in six different sequences Two sequences operate as follow type. Four sequences operate as latch type. Two of the latching sequence types are intended to be used as a protection indication system, either in collecting or restarting mode, with reset functionality. Two of the latching sequence types are intended to be used as signaling system in collecting (coll) mode with an acknowledgment functionality.
The light from the LEDs can be steady (-S) or flashing (-F). See the technical reference manual for more information.
3.3.3.2
Table 8:
Name Operation tRestart tMax SeqTypeLED1
Setting parameters
LEDGEN Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.0 - 100.0 0.0 - 100.0 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Unit s s Step 0.1 0.1 Default Off 0.0 0.0 Follow-S Description Operation mode for the LED function Defines the disturbance length Maximum time for the definition of a disturbance Sequence type for LED 1
SeqTypeLED2
Follow-S
Sequence type for LED 2
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Unit Step Default Follow-S Description Sequence type for LED 3
Name SeqTypeLED3
SeqTypeLED4
Follow-S
SeqTypeLED5
Follow-S
SeqTypeLED6
Follow-S
SeqTypeLED7
Follow-S
SeqTypeLED8
Follow-S
sequence type for LED 8
SeqTypeLED9
Follow-S
SeqTypeLED10
Follow-S
SeqTypeLED11
Follow-S

Name SeqTypeLED12 Values (Range) Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S Unit Step Default Follow-S Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
SeqTypeLED13
Follow-S
SeqTypeLED14
Follow-S
SeqTypeLED15
Follow-S
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.1.1
Basic IED functions

Self supervision with internal event list
Application
The protection and control IEDs have many functions included . The included selfsupervision with internal event list function block provides good supervision of the IED. The fault signals make it easier to analyze and locate a fault. Both hardware and software supervision is included and it is also possible to indicate possible faults through a hardware contact on the power supply module and/ or through the software communication. Internal events are generated by the built-in supervisory functions. The supervisory functions supervise the status of the various modules in the IED and, in case of failure, a corresponding event is generated. Similarly, when the failure is corrected, a corresponding event is generated. Apart from the built-in supervision of the various modules, events are also generated when the status changes for the: built-in real time clock (in operation/out of order). external time synchronization (in operation/out of order).
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Events are also generated: whenever any setting in the IED is changed.
The internal events are time tagged with a resolution of 1 ms and stored in a list. The list can store up to 40 events. The list is based on the FIFO principle, that is, when it is full, the oldest event is overwritten. The list cannot be cleared and its content cannot be modified. The list of internal events provides valuable information, which can be used during commissioning and fault tracing. The information can only be retrieved with the aid of PCM600 Event Monitoring Tool. The PC can either be connected to the front port, or to the port at the back of the IED.
3.4.1.2
Setting parameters
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.
3.4.2
3.4.2.1
Time synchronization
Application
Use time synchronization to achieve a common time base for the IEDs in a protection and control system. This makes it possible to compare events and disturbance data between all IEDs in the system. Time-tagging of internal events and disturbances are an excellent help when evaluating faults. Without time synchronization, only the events within the IED can be compared to one another. With time synchronization, events and disturbances within the entire station, and even between line ends, can be compared at evaluation. In the IED, the internal time can be synchronized from a number of sources: BIN (Binary Minute Pulse) GPS SNTP IRIG-B SPA LON PPS
Odut of these, LON and SPA contains two types of synchronization messages: Coarse time messages are sent every minute and contain complete date and time, that is year, month, day, hour, minute, second and millisecond. Fine time messages are sent every second and comprise only seconds and milliseconds.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The setting tells the IED which of these that shall be used to synchronize the IED. It is possible to set a backup time-source for GPS signal, for instance SNTP. In this case, when the GPS signal quality is bad, the IED will automatically choose SNTP as the time-source. At a given point in time, only one time-source will be used.
3.4.2.2
Setting guidelines
System time The time is set with years, month, day, hour, minute, second and millisecond. Synchronization The setting parameters for the real-time clock with external time synchronization (TIME) are set via local HMI or PCM600. TimeSynch When the source of the time synchronization is selected on the local HMI, the parameter is called TimeSynch. The time synchronization source can also be set from PCM600. The setting alternatives are: FineSyncSource which can have the following values: Off SPA LON BIN (Binary Minute Pulse) GPS GPS+SPA GPS+LON GPS+BIN SNTP GPS+SNTP GPS+IRIG-B IRIG-B PPS
CoarseSyncSrc which can have the following values: Off SPA LON SNTP DNP
CoarseSyncSrc which can have the following values:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Off SNTP DNP IEC60870-5-103
The function input to be used for minute-pulse synchronization is called TIMEMINSYNC. The system time can be set manually, either via the local HMI or via any of the communication ports. The time synchronization fine tunes the clock (seconds and milliseconds). The parameter SyncMaster defines if the IED is a master, or not a master for time synchronization in a system of IEDs connected in a communication network (IEC61850-8-1). The SyncMaster can have the following values: Off SNTP -Server Set the course time synchronizing source (CoarseSyncSrc) to Off when GPS time synchronization of line differential function is used. Set the fine time synchronization source (FineSyncSource) to GPS. The GPS will thus provide the complete time synchronization. GPS alone shall synchronize the analogue values in such systems.
3.4.2.3
Setting parameters
Path in the local HMI is located under Main menu/Setting/Time Path in PCM600 is located under Main menu/Settings/Time/Synchronization
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 9:
Name CoarseSyncSrc
TIMESYNCHGEN Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off SPA LON SNTP DNP Off SPA LON BIN GPS GPS+SPA GPS+LON GPS+BIN SNTP GPS+SNTP IRIG-B GPS+IRIG-B PPS Off SNTP-Server Slow Fast Off GPS IRIG-B PPS NoSynch Synch Class T5 (1us) Class T4 (4us) Unspecified Unit Step Default Off Description Coarse time synchronization source
FineSyncSource
Off
Fine time synchronization source
SyncMaster TimeAdjustRate HWSyncSrc
Off Fast Off
Activate IED as synchronization master Adjust rate for time synchronization Hardware time synchronization source
AppSynch SyncAccLevel
NoSynch Unspecified
Time synchronization mode for application Wanted time synchronization accuracy
Table 10:
Name ModulePosition BinaryInput BinDetection
SYNCHBIN Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 3 - 16 1 - 16 PositiveEdge NegativeEdge Unit Step 1 1 Default 3 1 PositiveEdge Description Hardware position of IO module for time synchronization Binary input number for time synchronization Positive or negative edge detection
Table 11:
Name ServerIP-Add RedServIP-Add
SYNCHSNTP Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0 - 18 0 - 18 Unit IP Address IP Address Step 1 1 Default 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Description Server IP-address Redundant server IP-address
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Table 12:
Name MonthInYear
DSTBEGIN Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) January February March April May June July August September October November December Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Last First Second Third Fourth 0 - 172800 Unit Step Default March Description Month in year when daylight time starts
DayInWeek
Sunday
Day in week when daylight time starts
WeekInMonth
Last
Week in month when daylight time starts
UTCTimeOfDay
3600
UTC Time of day in seconds when daylight time starts
Table 13:
Name MonthInYear
DSTEND Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) January February March April May June July August September October November December Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Last First Second Third Fourth 0 - 172800 Unit Step Default October Description Month in year when daylight time ends
DayInWeek
Sunday
Day in week when daylight time ends
WeekInMonth
Last
Week in month when daylight time ends
UTCTimeOfDay
3600
UTC Time of day in seconds when daylight time ends
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 14:
Name NoHalfHourUTC
TIMEZONE Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) -24 - 24 Unit Step 1 Default 0 Description Number of half-hours from UTC
Table 15:
Name SynchType TimeDomain Encoding
SYNCHIRIG-B Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) BNC Opto LocalTime UTC IRIG-B 1344 1344TZ MinusTZ PlusTZ Unit Step Default Opto LocalTime IRIG-B Description Type of synchronization Time domain Type of encoding
TimeZoneAs1344
PlusTZ
Time zone as in 1344 standard
3.4.3
3.4.3.1
Parameter setting groups

Application
Six sets of settings are available to optimize IED operation for different power system conditions. By creating and switching between fine tuned setting sets, either from the local HMI or configurable binary inputs, results in a highly adaptable IED that can cope with a variety of power system scenarios. Different conditions in networks with different voltage levels require highly adaptable protection and control units to best provide for dependability, security and selectivity requirements. Protection units operate with a higher degree of availability, especially, if the setting values of their parameters are continuously optimized according to the conditions in the power system. Operational departments can plan for different operating conditions in the primary equipment. The protection engineer can prepare the necessary optimized and pretested settings in advance for different protection functions. Six A function block, SETGRPS, defines how many setting groups are used. Setting is done with parameter MAXSETGR and shall be set to the required value for each IED. Only the number of setting groups set will be available in the Parameter Setting tool for activation with the ActiveGroup function block.
3.4.3.2
Setting guidelines
The setting ActiveSetGrp, is used to select which parameter group to be active. The active group can also be selected with configured input to the function block SETGRPS.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The length of the pulse, sent out by the output signal SETCHGD when an active group has changed, is set with the parameter t. The parameter MAXSETGR defines the maximum number of setting groups in use to switch between. Only the selected number of setting groups will be available in the Parameter Setting tool (PST) for activation with the ActiveGroup function block.
3.4.3.3
Table 16:
Name t
Setting parameters
ActiveGroup Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) 0.0 - 10.0 Unit s Step 0.1 Default 1.0 Description Pulse length of pulse when setting changed
Table 17:
Name ActiveSetGrp
SETGRPS Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) SettingGroup1 SettingGroup2 SettingGroup3 SettingGroup4 SettingGroup5 SettingGroup6 1-6 Unit Step Default SettingGroup1 Description ActiveSettingGroup
MAXSETGR
No
Max number of setting groups 1-6
3.4.4
3.4.4.1
Test mode functionality TEST

Application
The protection and control IEDs may have a complex configuration with many included functions. To make the testing procedure easier, the IEDs include the feature that allows individual blocking of a single-, several-, or all functions. This means that it is possible to see when a function is activated or trips. It also enables the user to follow the operation of several related functions to check correct functionality and to check parts of the configuration, and so on.
3.4.4.2
Setting guidelines
Remember always that there are two possible ways to place the IED in the TestMode= On state. If, the IED is set to normal operation (TestMode = Off), but the functions are still shown being in the test mode, the input signal INPUT on the TESTMODE function block might be activated in the configuration.

3.4.4.3
Table 18:
Name TestMode EventDisable CmdTestBit
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Setting parameters
TESTMODE Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Off On Off On Unit Step Default Off Off Off Description Test mode in operation (On) or not (Off) Event disable during testmode Command bit for test required or not during testmode
3.4.5
3.4.5.1
Change lock CHNGLCK

Application
Change lock function CHNGLCK is used to block further changes to the IED configuration once the commissioning is complete. The purpose is to make it impossible to perform inadvertent IED configuration and setting changes. However, when activated, CHNGLCK will still allow the following actions that does not involve reconfiguring of the IED: Monitoring Reading events Resetting events Reading disturbance data Clear disturbances Reset LEDs Reset counters and other runtime component states Control operations Set system time Enter and exit from test mode Change of active setting group
The binary input controlling the function is defined in ACT or SMT. The CHNGLCK function is configured using ACT.
LOCK Binary input signal that will activate/deactivate the function, defined in ACT or SMT.
When CHNGLCK has a logical one on its input, then all attempts to modify the IED configuration and setting will be denied and the message "Error: Changes blocked" will be displayed on the local HMI; in PCM600 the message will be "Operation denied by active ChangeLock". The CHNGLCK function should be
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
configured so that it is controlled by a signal from a binary input card. This guarantees that by setting that signal to a logical zero, CHNGLCK is deactivated. If any logic is included in the signal path to the CHNGLCK input, that logic must be designed so that it cannot permanently issue a logical one to the CHNGLCK input. If such a situation would occur in spite of these precautions, then please contact the local ABB representative for remedial action.
3.4.5.2
Table 19:
Name Operation
Setting parameters
CHNGLCK Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) LockHMI and Com LockHMI, EnableCom EnableHMI, LockCom Unit Step Default LockHMI and Com Description Operation mode of change lock
3.4.6
3.4.6.1
IED identifiers
Application
IED identifiers (TERMINALID) function allows the user to identify the individual IED in the system, not only in the substation, but in a whole region or a country. Use only characters A-Z, a-z and 0-9 in station, object and unit names.
3.4.6.2
Table 20:
Name StationName StationNumber ObjectName ObjectNumber UnitName UnitNumber
Setting parameters
TERMINALID Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) 0 - 18 0 - 99999 0 - 18 0 - 99999 0 - 18 0 - 99999 Unit Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default Station name 0 Object name 0 Unit name 0 Description Station name Station number Object name Object number Unit name Unit number

3.4.7.1
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Product information
Application
The Product identifiers function identifies the IED. The function has seven pre-set, settings that are unchangeable but nevertheless very important: IEDProdType ProductDef FirmwareVer SerialNo OrderingNo ProductionDate
The settings are visible on the local HMI , under Main menu/Diagnostics/IED status/Product identifiers They are very helpful in case of support process (such as repair or maintenance).
3.4.7.2
Setting parameters
Factory defined settings
The factory defined settings are very useful for identifying a specific version and very helpful in the case of maintenance, repair, interchanging IEDs between different Substation Automation Systems and upgrading. The factory made settings can not be changed by the customer. They can only be viewed. The settings are found in the local HMI under Main menu/Diagnostics/IED status/Product identifiers The following identifiers are available: IEDProdType Describes the type of the IED (like REL, REC or RET). Example: REL670 Describes the firmware version. Example: 1.4.51 Firmware versions numbers are running independently from the release production numbers. For every release numbers (like 1.5.0.17) there can be one or more firmware versions, depending on the small issues corrected in between releases. Main function type code according to IEC 60870-5-103. Example: 128 (meaning line protection). FirmwareVer
IEDMainFunType

86
SerialNo OrderingNo ProductionDate
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 3 IED application Rated system frequency PRIMVAL

Application
The rated system frequency is set under Main menu/General settings/ Power system/ Primary Values in the local HMI and PCM600 parameter setting tree.
3.4.8
3.4.8.1
3.4.8.2
Setting guidelines
Set the system rated frequency. Refer to section "Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI" for description on frequency tracking.
3.4.8.3
Table 21:
Name Frequency
Setting parameters
PRIMVAL Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) 50.0 - 60.0 Unit Hz Step 10.0 Default 50.0 Description Rated system frequency
3.4.9
3.4.9.1
Signal matrix for binary inputs SMBI

Application
The Signal matrix for binary inputs function SMBI is used within the Application Configuration tool in direct relation with the Signal Matrix tool. SMBI represents the way binary inputs are brought in for one IED configuration.
3.4.9.2
Setting guidelines
There are no setting parameters for the Signal matrix for binary inputs SMBI available to the user in Parameter Setting tool. However, the user shall give a name to SMBI instance and the SMBI inputs, directly in the Application Configuration tool. These names will define SMBI function in the Signal Matrix tool. The user defined name for the input or output signal will also appear on the respective output or input signal.
3.4.9.3
Setting parameters
The function does not have any parameters available in local HMI or PCM600.
3.4.10
Signal matrix for binary outputs SMBO

3.4.10.1 Application
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The Signal matrix for binary outputs function SMBO is used within the Application Configuration tool in direct relation with the Signal Matrix tool. SMBO represents the way binary outputs are sent from one IED configuration. It is important that SMBO inputs are connected when SMBOs are connected to physical outputs through the Signal Matrix Tool. If SMBOs are connected (in SMT) but their inputs not, all the physical outputs will be set by default. This might cause malfunction of primary equipment and/or injury to personnel.
3.4.10.2
Setting guidelines
There are no setting parameters for the Signal matrix for binary outputs SMBO available to the user in Parameter Setting tool. However, the user must give a name to SMBO instance and SMBO outputs, directly in the Application Configuration tool. These names will define SMBO function in the Signal Matrix tool.
3.4.10.3
Setting parameters
The function does not have any parameters available in local HMI or PCM600.
3.4.11
3.4.11.1
Signal matrix for mA inputs SMMI

Application
The Signal matrix for mA inputs function SMMI is used within the Application Configuration tool in direct relation with the Signal Matrix tool. SMMI represents the way milliamp (mA) inputs are brought in for one IED configuration.
3.4.11.2
Setting guidelines
There are no setting parameters for the Signal matrix for mA inputs SMMI available to the user in the Parameter Setting tool. However, the user must give a name to SMMI instance and SMMI inputs, directly in the Application Configuration tool.
3.4.11.3
Setting parameters
3.4.12
88
Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
Signal matrix for analog inputs function (SMAI), also known as the preprocessor function, processes the analog signals connected to it and gives information about all aspects of the analog signals connected, like the RMS value, phase angle, frequency, harmonic content, sequence components and so on. This information is then used by the respective functions in ACT (for example protection, measurement or monitoring). The SMAI function is used within PCM600 in direct relation with the Signal Matrix tool or the Application Configuration tool.
3.4.12.1
3.4.12.2
Frequency values
The frequency functions includes a functionality based on level of positive sequence voltage, IntBlockLevel, to validate if the frequency measurement is valid or not. If positive sequence voltage is lower than IntBlockLevel the function is blocked. IntBlockLevel, is set in % of UBase/3 If SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-Ph at least two of the inputs GRPxL1, GRPxL2 and GRPxL3 must be connected in order to calculate positive sequence voltage. If SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-N, all three inputs GRPxL1, GRPxL2 and GRPxL3 must be connected in order to calculate positive sequence voltage. If only one phase-phase voltage is available and SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-Ph the user is advised to connect two (not three) of the inputs GRPxL1, GRPxL2 and GRPxL3 to the same voltage input as shown in figure 28 to make SMAI calculating a positive sequence voltage (that is input voltage/3).
IEC10000060 V1 EN
Figure 28:
Connection example
The above described scenario does not work if SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-N. If only one phase-earth voltage is available, the same type of connection can be used but the SMAI ConnectionType setting must still be Ph-Ph and this has to be accounted for when setting IntBlockLevel. If SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-N and the same voltage is connected to all
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three SMAI inputs, the positive sequence voltage will be zero and the frequency functions will not work properly.
The outputs from the above configured SMAI block shall only be used for Overfrequency protection (SAPTOF), Underfrequency protection (SAPTUF) and Rate-of-change frequency protection (SAPFRC) due to that all other information except frequency and positive sequence voltage might be wrongly calculated. The same phase-phase voltage connection principle shall be used for frequency tracking master SMAI block in pump-storage power plant applications when swapping of positive and negative sequence voltages happens during generator/ motor mode of operation.
3.4.12.3
Setting guidelines
The parameters for the signal matrix for analog inputs (SMAI) functions are set via the local HMI or PCM600. Every SMAI function block can receive four analog signals (three phases and one neutral value), either voltage or current. SMAI outputs give information about every aspect of the 3ph analog signals acquired (phase angle, RMS value, frequency and frequency derivates, and so on 244 values in total). Besides the block group name, the analog inputs type (voltage or current) and the analog input names that can be set directly in ACT. Instantaneous protection function with a 3 ms cycle time, needs to be connected to the processing SMAI function block, which is also running at 3 ms task cycle. In addition, logic function blocks used with these fast cycle protection functions need to have 3 ms task cycle. Same procedure needs to be followed for each cycle time. DFTRefExtOut: Parameter valid only for function block SMAI1 . Reference block for external output (SPFCOUT function output). DFTReference: Reference DFT for the block. These DFT reference block settings decide DFT reference for DFT calculations. The settings InternalDFTRef will use fixed DFT reference based on set system frequency. AdDFTRefChn will use DFT reference from the selected group block, when own group selected adaptive DFT reference will be used based on calculated signal frequency from own group. The setting ExternalDFTRef will use reference based on what is connected to input DFTSPFC. ConnectionType: Connection type for that specific instance (n) of the SMAI (if it is Ph-N or Ph-Ph). Depending on connection type setting the not connected Ph-N or Ph-Ph outputs will be calculated.
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Negation: If the user wants to negate the 3ph signal, it is possible to choose to negate only the phase signals Negate3Ph, only the neutral signal NegateN or both Negate3Ph+N. negation means rotation with 180 of the vectors. UBase: Base voltage setting (for each instance x). MinValFreqMeas: The minimum value of the voltage for which the frequency is calculated, expressed as percent of UBase (for each instance n). Settings DFTRefExtOut and DFTReference shall be set to default value InternalDFTRef if no VT inputs are available.
Even if the user sets the AnalogInputType of a SMAI block to Current, the MinValFreqMeas is still visible. However, using the current channel values as base for frequency measurement is not recommendable for a number of reasons, not last among them being the low level of currents that one can have in normal operating conditions. Examples of adaptive frequency tracking
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Task time group 1 SMAI instance 3 phase group SMAI1:1 1 SMAI2:2 2 SMAI3:3 3 SMAI4:4 4 SMAI5:5 5 SMAI6:6 6 SMAI7:7 7 SMAI8:8 8 SMAI9:9 9 SMAI10:10 10 SMAI11:11 11 SMAI12:12 12
Task time group 2 SMAI instance 3 phase group SMAI1:13 1 SMAI2:14 2 SMAI3:15 3 SMAI4:16 4 SMAI5:17 5 SMAI6:18 6 SMAI7:19 7 SMAI8:20 8 SMAI9:21 9 SMAI10:22 10 SMAI11:23 11 SMAI12:24 12 Task time group 3 SMAI instance 3 phase group SMAI1:25 1 SMAI2:26 2 SMAI3:27 3 SMAI4:28 4 SMAI5:29 5 SMAI6:30 6 SMAI7:31 7 SMAI8:32 8 SMAI9:33 9 SMAI10:34 10 SMAI11:35 11 SMAI12:36 12
AdDFTRefCh7
AdDFTRefCh4
IEC07000197.vsd
IEC07000197 V2 EN
Figure 29:
Twelve SMAI instances are grouped within one task time. SMAI blocks are available in three different task times in the IED. Two pointed instances are used in the following examples.
The examples shows a situation with adaptive frequency tracking with one reference selected for all instances. In practice each instance can be adapted to the needs of the actual application. Example 1
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SMAI1:13 BLOCK DFTSPFC ^GRP1L1 ^GRP1L2 ^GRP1L3 ^GRP1N SPFCOUT AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN
IEC07000198 V3 EN
Figure 30:
Configuration for using an instance in task time group 1 as DFT reference
Assume instance SMAI7:7 in task time group 1 has been selected in the configuration to control the frequency tracking . Observe that the selected reference instance (i.e. frequency tracking master) must be a voltage type. Observe that positive sequence voltage is used for the frequency tracking feature. For task time group 1 this gives the following settings (see Figure 29 for numbering): SMAI1:1: DFTRefExtOut = AdDFTRefCh7 to route SMAI7:7 reference to the SPFCOUT output, DFTReference = AdDFTRefCh7 for SMAI1:1 to use SMAI7:7 as reference (see Figure 30) SMAI2:2 SMAI12:12: DFTReference = AdDFTRefCh7 for SMAI2:2 SMAI12:12 to use SMAI7:7 as reference. For task time group 2 this gives the following settings: SMAI1:13 SMAI12:24: DFTReference = ExternalDFTRef to use DFTSPFC input as reference (SMAI7:7) For task time group 3 this gives the following settings: SMAI1:25 SMAI12:36: DFTReference = ExternalDFTRef to use DFTSPFC input as reference (SMAI7:7) Example 2
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IEC07000199 V3 EN
Figure 31:
Configuration for using an instance in task time group 2 as DFT reference.
Assume instance SMAI4:16 in task time group 2 has been selected in the configuration to control the frequency tracking for all instances. Observe that the selected reference instance (i.e. frequency tracking master) must be a voltage type. Observe that positive sequence voltage is used for the frequency tracking feature. For task time group 1 this gives the following settings (see Figure 29 for numbering): SMAI1:1 SMAI12:12: DFTReference = ExternalDFTRef to use DFTSPFC input as reference (SMAI4:16) For task time group 2 this gives the following settings: SMAI1:13: DFTRefExtOut = AdDFTRefCh4 to route SMAI4:16 reference to the SPFCOUT output, DFTReference = AdDFTRefCh4 for SMAI1:13 to use SMAI4:16 as reference (see Figure 31) SMAI2:14 SMAI12:24: DFTReference = AdDFTRefCh4 to use SMAI4:16 as reference. For task time group 3 this gives the following settings: SMAI1:25 SMAI12:36: DFTReference = ExternalDFTRef to use DFTSPFC input as reference (SMAI4:16)
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Setting parameters
3.4.12.4
Table 22:
Name DFTRefExtOut
SMAI1 Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) InternalDFTRef AdDFTRefCh1 AdDFTRefCh2 AdDFTRefCh3 AdDFTRefCh4 AdDFTRefCh5 AdDFTRefCh6 AdDFTRefCh7 AdDFTRefCh8 AdDFTRefCh9 AdDFTRefCh10 AdDFTRefCh11 AdDFTRefCh12 External DFT ref InternalDFTRef AdDFTRefCh1 AdDFTRefCh2 AdDFTRefCh3 AdDFTRefCh4 AdDFTRefCh5 AdDFTRefCh6 AdDFTRefCh7 AdDFTRefCh8 AdDFTRefCh9 AdDFTRefCh10 AdDFTRefCh11 AdDFTRefCh12 External DFT ref Ph-N Ph-Ph 1-2 Unit Step Default InternalDFTRef Description DFT reference for external output
DFTReference
InternalDFTRef
DFT reference
ConnectionType TYPE
Ch
Ph-N 1
Input connection type 1=Voltage, 2=Current
Table 23:
Name Negation
SMAI1 Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) Off NegateN Negate3Ph Negate3Ph+N 5 - 200 0.05 - 2000.00 Unit Step Default Off Description Negation
MinValFreqMeas UBase
% kV
1 0.05
10 400.00
Limit for frequency calculation in % of UBase Base voltage
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Table 24:
Name DFTReference
SMAI2 Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) InternalDFTRef AdDFTRefCh1 AdDFTRefCh2 AdDFTRefCh3 AdDFTRefCh4 AdDFTRefCh5 AdDFTRefCh6 AdDFTRefCh7 AdDFTRefCh8 AdDFTRefCh9 AdDFTRefCh10 AdDFTRefCh11 AdDFTRefCh12 External DFT ref Ph-N Ph-Ph 1-2 Unit Step Default InternalDFTRef Description DFT reference
ConnectionType TYPE
Ch
Ph-N 1
Input connection type 1=Voltage, 2=Current
Table 25:
Name Negation
SMAI2 Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) Off NegateN Negate3Ph Negate3Ph+N 5 - 200 0.05 - 2000.00 Unit Step Default Off Description Negation
MinValFreqMeas UBase
% kV
1 0.05
10 400.00
Limit for frequency calculation in % of UBase Base voltage
3.4.13
3.4.13.1
Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM

Application
The analog summation block 3PHSUM function block is used in order to get the sum of two sets of 3 phase analog signals (of the same type) for those IED functions that might need it.
3.4.13.2
Setting guidelines
The summation block receives the three-phase signals from SMAI blocks. The summation block has several settings. SummationType: Summation type (Group 1 + Group 2, Group 1 - Group 2, Group 2 - Group 1 or (Group 1 + Group 2)). DFTReference: The reference DFT block (InternalDFT Ref,DFTRefGrp1 or External DFT ref) .
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FreqMeasMinVal: The minimum value of the voltage for which the frequency is calculated, expressed as percent of UBasebase voltage setting (for each instance x). UBase: Base voltage setting.
3.4.13.3
Table 26:
Name SummationType
Setting parameters
3PHSUM Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Group1+Group2 Group1-Group2 Group2-Group1 -(Group1+Group2) InternalDFTRef AdDFTRefCh1 External DFT ref Unit Step Default Group1+Group2 Description Summation type
DFTReference
InternalDFTRef
DFT reference
Table 27:
Name FreqMeasMinVal UBase
3PHSUM Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 5 - 200 0.05 - 2000.00 Unit % kV Step 1 0.05 Default 10 400.00 Description Amplitude limit for frequency calculation in % of Ubase Base voltage
3.4.14
3.4.14.1
Authority status ATHSTAT

Application
Authority status (ATHSTAT) function is an indication function block, which informs about two events related to the IED and the user authorization: the fact that at least one user has tried to log on wrongly into the IED and it was blocked (the output USRBLKED) the fact that at least one user is logged on (the output LOGGEDON)
The two outputs of ATHSTAT function can be used in the configuration for different indication and alarming reasons, or can be sent to the station control for the same purpose.
3.4.14.2
Setting parameters
3.4.15
Denial of service DOS

3.4.15.1 Setting guidelines
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3.5
3.5.1
Differential protection
Generator differential protection GENPDIF
Function description Generator differential protection IEC 61850 identification GENPDIF IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 87G
Id>
SYMBOL-NN V1 EN
3.5.1.1
Application
Short circuit between the phases of the stator windings causes normally very large fault currents. The short circuit generates risk of damages on insulation, windings and stator core. The large short circuit currents cause large current forces, which can damage other components in the power plant, such as turbine and generatorturbine shaft. The short circuit can also initiate explosion and fire. When a short circuit occurs in a generator there is a damage that has to be repaired. The severity and thus the repair time are dependent on the degree of damage, which is highly dependent on the fault time. Fast fault clearance of this fault type is therefore of greatest importance to limit the damages and thus the economic loss. To limit the damages in connection to stator winding short circuits, the fault clearance time must be as fast as possible (instantaneous). Both the fault current contributions from the external power system (via the generator and/or the block circuit breaker) and from the generator itself must be disconnected as fast as possible. A fast reduction of the mechanical power from the turbine is of great importance. If the generator is connected to the power system close to other generators, the fast fault clearance is essential to maintain the transient stability of the non-faulted generators. Normally, the short circuit fault current is very large, that is, significantly larger than the generator rated current. There is a risk that a short circuit can occur between phases close to the neutral point of the generator, thus causing a relatively small fault current. The fault current fed from the generator itself can also be limited due to low excitation of the generator. This is normally the case at running up of the generator, before synchronization to the network. Therefore, it is desired that the detection of generator phase-to-phase short circuits shall be relatively sensitive, thus detecting small fault currents.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
It is also of great importance that the generator short circuit protection does not trip for external faults, when large fault current is fed from the generator. In order to combine fast fault clearance, sensitivity and selectivity the Generator current differential protection GENPDIF is normally the best choice for phase-to-phase generator short circuits. The risk of unwanted operation of the differential protection, caused by current transformer saturation, is a universal differential protection problem. If the generator is tripped in connection to an external short circuit, this can first give an increased risk of power system collapse. Besides that, there can be a production loss for every unwanted trip of the generator. Hence, there is a great economic value to prevent unwanted disconnection of power generation. The generator application allows a special situation, where the short circuit fault current with a large DC component, can have the first zero crossing of the current, after several periods. This is due to the long DC time constant of the generator (up to 1000 ms), see figure 32. GENPDIF is also well suited to give fast, sensitive and selective fault clearance, if used for protection of shunt reactors and small busbars.
I(t)
en06000312.vsd
IEC06000312 V1 EN
Figure 32:
Typical for generators are long DC time constants. Their relation can be such that the instantaneous fault current is more than 100 % offset in the beginning.

1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Generator differential protection GENPDIF makes evaluation in different subfunctions in the differential function. Percentage restrained differential analysis DC, 2nd and 5th harmonic analysis Internal/external fault discriminator Adaptive frequency tracking must be properly configured and set for the Signal Matrix for analog inputs (SMAI) preprocessing blocks in order to ensure proper operation of the generator differential protection function during varying frequency conditions.
General settings
IBase: Set as the rated current of the generator in primary A. InvertCT2Curr: It is normally assumed that the secondary winding of the CTs of the generator are earthed towards the generator, as shown in figure 33. In this case the parameter InvertCT2Curr is set to No.
IEC06000430 V2 EN
Figure 33:
Position of current transformers
If Generator differential protection GENPDIF is used in conjunction with a transformer differential protection within the same IED, the direction of the terminal CT may be referred towards the step-up transformer. This will give wrong reference direction for the generator differential protection. This can be adjusted by setting the parameter InvertCT2curr to Yes. Operation: GENPDIF is set On or Off with this setting. The characteristic of the restrain differential protection is shown in figure 34. The characteristic is defined by the settings: IdMin EndSection1 EndSection2 SlopeSection2 SlopeSection3
Percentage restrained differential operation
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operate current [ times IBase ] 5
Operate unconditionally UnrestrainedLimit
Operate conditionally
2 Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 SlopeSection3
1 IdMin SlopeSection2 0 0 EndSection1 EndSection2 1 2 3
Restrain 4 5
restrain current [ times IBase ]
en05000187-2.vsd
IEC05000187 V2 EN
Figure 34:
Operate-restrain characteristic
slope = D Ioperate 100% D Irestrain

EQUATION1246 V1 EN
(Equation 53)
IdMin: IdMin is the constant sensitivity of section 1. This setting can normally be chosen to 0.10 times the generator rated current. In section 1 the risk of false differential current is very low. This is the case, at least up to 1.25 times the generator rated current. EndSection1 is proposed to be set to 1.25 times the generator rated current. In section 2, a certain minor slope is introduced which is supposed to cope with false differential currents proportional to higher than normal currents through the current transformers. EndSection2 is proposed to be set to about 3 times the generator rated current. The SlopeSection2, defined as the percentage value of DIdiff/ DIBias, is proposed to be set to 40%, if no deeper analysis is done. In section 3, a more pronounced slope is introduced which is supposed to cope with false differential currents related to current transformer saturation. The SlopeSection3, defined as the percentage value of DIdiff/DIBias, is proposed to be set to 80 %, if no deeper analysis is done.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IdUnre: IdUnre is the sensitivity of the unrestrained differential protection stage. The choice of setting value can be based on calculation of the largest short circuit current from the generator at fault in the external power system (normally threephase short circuit just outside of the protection zone on the LV side of the step-up transformer). IdUnre is set as a multiple of the generator rated current. OpCrossBlock: If OpCrossBlock is set to Yes, and START signal is active, activation of the harmonic blocking in that phase will block the other phases as well. OpNegSeqDiff: OpNegSeqDiff is set to Yes for activation of the negative sequence differential features, both the internal or external fault discrimination and the sensitive negative sequence differential current feature. It is recommended to have this feature enabled. IMinNegSeq: IMinNegSeq is the setting of the smallest negative sequence current when the negative sequence based functions shall be active. This sensitivity can normally be set down to 0.04 times the generator rated current, to enable very sensitive protection function. As the sensitive negative sequence differential protection function is blocked at high currents the high sensitivity does not give risk of unwanted function. NegSeqROA: NegSeqROA is the Relay Operate Angle, as described in figure 35. The default value 60 is recommended as optimum value for dependability and security.
Negative sequence internal/external fault discriminator feature
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90 deg 120 deg NegSeqROA (Relay Operate Angle)
Angle could not be measured. One or both currents too small
Internal fault region
180 deg
IminNegSeq
0 deg
External fault region
The characteristic is defined by the settings: IMinNegSeq and NegSeqROA 270 deg
Internal / external fault boundary. Default 60 deg
en06000433-2.vsd
IEC06000433 V2 EN
Figure 35:
NegSeqROA: NegSeqROA determines the boundary between the internal- and external fault regions
Open CT detection
The Generator differential function has a built-in, advanced open CT detection feature. This feature can block the unexpected operation created by the Generator differential function in case of open CT secondary circuit under normal load condition. An alarm signal can also be issued to substation operational personnel to make remedy action once the open CT condition is detected. The following setting parameters are related to this feature: Setting parameter OpenCTEnable enables/disables this feature Setting parameter tOCTAlarmDelay defines the time delay after which the alarm signal will be given Setting parameter tOCTReset defines the time delay after which the open CT condition will reset once the defective CT circuits have been rectified Once the open CT condition has been detected, then all the differential protection functions are blocked except the unrestraint (instantaneous) differential protection
The outputs of open CT condition related parameters are listed below:
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OpenCT: Open CT detected OpenCTAlarm: Alarm issued after the setting delay OpenCTIN: Open CT in CT group inputs (1 for input 1 and 2 for input 2) OpenCTPH: Open CT with phase information (1 for phase L1, 2 for phase L2, 3 for phase L3)
HarmDistLimit: This setting is the total harmonic distortion (2nd and 5th harmonic) for the harmonic restrain pick-up. The default limit 10% can be used in normal cases. In special application, for example, close to power electronic converters, a higher setting might be used to prevent unwanted blocking. TempIdMin: If the binary input raise pick-up (DESENSIT) is activated the operation level of IdMin is increased to the TempIdMin.
Other additional options
TempIdMin IdMin
1 SlopeSection2 0 0 EndSection1 EndSection2 1 2 3
Restrain 4 5
en06000637.vsd
IEC06000637 V2 EN
Figure 36:
The value of TempIdMin
AddTripDelay: If the input DESENSIT is activated the operation time of the protection function can also be increased by the setting AddTripDelay. OperDCBiasing: If enabled the DC component of the differential current will be included in the bias current with a slow decay. The option can be used to increase security if the primary system DC time constant is very long, thus giving risk of
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
current transformer saturation, even for small currents. It is recommended to set OperDCBiasing = On if the current transformers on the two sides of the generator are of different make with different magnetizing characteristics. It is also recommended to set the parameter OperDCBiasing = On for all shunt reactor applications.
3.5.1.3
Table 28:
Name Operation IdMin IdUnre OpNegSeqDiff IMinNegSeq
Setting parameters
GENPDIF Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.05 - 1.00 1.00 - 50.00 No Yes 0.02 - 0.20 Unit IB IB IB Step 0.01 0.01 0.01 Default Off 0.25 10.00 Yes 0.04 Description Operation Off / On Section 1 sensitivity, multiple of generator rated current Unrestr. prot. limit, multiple of generator rated current Negative Sequence Differential Enable Off/On Neg. sequence curr. limit, as multiple of gen. rated curr.
Table 29:
Name EndSection1 EndSection2 SlopeSection2 SlopeSection3 OpCrossBlock NegSeqROA HarmDistLimit TempIdMin AddTripDelay OperDCBiasing OpenCTEnable
GENPDIF Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.20 - 1.50 1.00 - 10.00 10.0 - 50.0 30.0 - 100.0 No Yes 30.0 - 120.0 5.0 - 100.0 1.0 - 5.0 0.000 - 60.000 Off On Off On Unit IB IB % % Deg % IdMin s Step 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 Default 1.25 3.00 40.0 80.0 Yes 60.0 10.0 2.0 0.100 Off Off Description End of section 1, multiple of generator rated current End of section 2, multiple of generator rated current Slope in section 2 of operate-restrain characteristic, in % Slope in section 3 of operate-restrain characteristic, in % Operation On / Off for cross-block logic between phases Operate Angle of int/ext neg. seq. fault discriminator, deg (Total) relative harmonic distorsion limit, percent Temp. Id pickup when input raisePickUp=1, multiple of IdMin Additional trip delay, when input raisePickUp=1 Operation DC biasing On / Off Open CT detection feature Off/On

Name tOCTAlarmDelay tOCTResetDelay tOCTUnrstDelay Values (Range) 0.100 - 10.000 0.100 - 10.000 0.100 - 100.000 Unit s s s Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 1.000 0.250 10.000 Description
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Open CT: time to alarm if an open CT is detected, in sec Reset delay in s. After delay, diff. function is activated Unrestrained diff. protection blocked after this delay, in s
Table 30:
Name IBase InvertCT2Curr
GENPDIF Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 100.0 - 100000.0 No Yes Unit A Step 0.1 Default 5000.0 No Description Rated current of protected generator, Amperes Invert CT 2 curr., yes (1) or no (0). Default is no (0).
3.5.2
Transformer differential protection T2WPDIF and T3WPDIF

Function description Transformer differential protection, twowinding IEC 61850 identification T2WPDIF IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 87T
3Id/I
SYMBOL-BB V1 EN
Transformer differential protection, three-winding
T3WPDIF
87T
3Id/I
SYMBOL-BB V1 EN
3.5.2.1
Application
The transformer differential protection is a unit protection. It serves as the main protection of transformers in case of winding failure. The protective zone of a differential protection includes the transformer itself, the bus-work or cables between the current transformers and the power transformer. When bushing current transformers are used for the differential IED, the protective zone does not include the bus-work or cables between the circuit breaker and the power transformer. In some substations there is a current differential protection relay for the busbar. Such a busbar protection will include the bus-work or cables between the circuit breaker and the power transformer. Internal electrical faults are very serious and will cause immediate damage. Short circuits and earth faults in windings and terminals will normally be detected by the differential protection. Interturn faults, which are flashovers between conductors within the same physical winding, is also possible to detect if a large enough number of turns are short-circuited. Interturn faults are the most difficult transformer winding fault to detect with electrical
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protections. A small interturn fault including just a few turns will result in an undetectable amount of current until it develops into an earth or phase fault. For this reason it is important that the differential protection has a high level of sensitivity and that it is possible to use a sensitive setting without causing unwanted operations during external faults. It is important that the faulty transformer be disconnected as fast as possible. As the differential protection is a unit protection it can be designed for fast tripping, thus providing selective disconnection of the faulty transformer. The differential protection should never operate on faults outside the protective zone. A transformer differential protection compares the current flowing into the transformer with the current leaving the transformer. A correct analysis of fault conditions by the differential protection must take into consideration changes due to the voltage, current and phase angle changes caused by the protected transformer. Traditional transformer differential protection functions required auxiliary transformers for correction of the phase shift and ratio. The numerical microprocessor based differential algorithm as implemented in the IED compensates for both the turns-ratio and the phase shift internally in the software. No auxiliary current transformers are necessary. The differential current should theoretically be zero during normal load or external faults if the turn-ratio and the phase shift are correctly compensated. However, there are several different phenomena other than internal faults that will cause unwanted and false differential currents. The main reasons for unwanted differential currents may be: mismatch due to varying tap changer positions different characteristics, loads and operating conditions of the current transformers zero sequence currents that only flow on one side of the power transformer normal magnetizing currents magnetizing inrush currents overexcitation magnetizing currents
3.5.2.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for the Transformer differential protection function are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM600).
Restrained and unrestrained differential protection
To make a differential IED as sensitive and stable as possible, restrained differential protections have been developed and are now adopted as the general practice in the protection of power transformers. The protection should be provided with a proportional bias, which makes the protection operate for a certain percentage differential current related to the current through the transformer. This stabilizes the protection under through fault conditions while still permitting the system to have good basic sensitivity. The bias current can be defined in many
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different ways. One classical way of defining the bias current has been Ibias = (I1 + I2) / 2, where I1 is the magnitude of the power transformer primary current, and I2 the magnitude of the power transformer secondary current. However, it has been found that if the bias current is defined as the highest power transformer current this will reflect the difficulties met by the current transformers much better. The differential protection function uses the highest current of all restrain inputs as bias current. For applications where the power transformer rated current and the CT primary rated current can differ considerably, (applications with T-connections), measured currents in the T connections are converted to pu value using the rated primary current of the CT, but one additional "measuring" point is introduced as sum of this two T currents. This summed current is converted to pu value using the power transformer winding rated currents. After that the highest pu value is taken as bias current in pu. In this way the best possible combination between sensitivity and security for differential protection function with T connection is obtained. The main philosophy behind the principle with the operate bias characteristic is to increase the pickup level when the current transformers have difficult operating conditions. This bias quantity gives the best stability against an unwanted operation during external faults. The usual practice for transformer protection is to set the bias characteristic to a value of at least twice the value of the expected spill current under through faults conditions. These criteria can vary considerably from application to application and are often a matter of judgment. The second slope is increased to ensure stability under heavy through fault conditions which could lead to increased differential current due to saturation of current transformers. Default settings for the operating characteristic with IdMin = 0.3pu of the power transformer rated current can be recommended as a default setting in normal applications. If the conditions are known more in detail, higher or lower sensitivity can be chosen. The selection of suitable characteristic should in such cases be based on the knowledge of the class of the current transformers, availability of information on the load tap changer position, short circuit power of the systems, and so on. The second section of the restrain characteristic has an increased slope in order to deal with increased differential current due to additional power transformer losses during heavy loading of the transformer and external fault currents. The third section of the restrain characteristic decreases the sensitivity of the restrained differential function further in order to cope with CT saturation and transformer losses during heavy through faults. A default setting for the operating characteristic with IdMin = 0.3 * IBase is recommended in normal applications. If the conditions are known in more detail, higher or lower sensitivity can be chosen. The selection of suitable characteristic should in such cases be based on the knowledge of the class of the current transformers, availability of information on the tap changer position, short circuit power of the systems, and so on. Transformers can be connected to buses in such ways that the current transformers used for the differential protection will be either in series with the power transformer windings or the current transformers will be in breakers that are part of the bus, such as a breaker-and-a-half or a ring bus scheme. For current transformers with primaries in series with the power transformer winding, the current
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transformer primary current for external faults will be limited by the transformer impedance. When the current transformers are part of the bus scheme, as in the breaker-and-a-half or the ring bus scheme, the current transformer primary current is not limited by the power transformer impedance. High primary currents may be expected. In either case, any deficiency of current output caused by saturation of one current transformer that is not matched by a similar deficiency of another current transformer will cause a false differential current to appear. Differential protection can overcome this problem if the bias is obtained separately from each set of current transformer circuits. It is therefore important to avoid paralleling of two or more current transformers for connection to a single restraint input. Each current connected to the IED is available for biasing the differential protection function. The unrestrained operation level has a default value of IdUnre = 10pu, which is typically acceptable for most of the standard power transformer applications. In the following case, this setting need to be changed accordingly: For differential applications on HV shunt reactors, due to the fact that there is no heavy through-fault condition, the unrestrained differential operation level can be set to IdUnre = 1.75pu
The overall operating characteristic of the transformer differential protection is shown in figure 37.
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1 IdMin SlopeSection2 0 0 EndSection1 EndSection2 1 2 3
Restrain 4 5
en05000187-2.vsd
IEC05000187 V2 EN
Figure 37:
Representation of the restrained-, and the unrestrained operate characteristics
slope = D Ioperate 100% D Irestrain

EQUATION1246 V1 EN
(Equation 54)
and where the restrained characteristic is defined by the settings: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
IdMin EndSection1 EndSection2 SlopeSection2 SlopeSection3
Elimination of zero sequence currents
A differential protection may operate unwanted due to external earth-faults in cases where the zero sequence current can flow on only one side of the power transformer. but not on the other side. This is the case when zero sequence current cannot be properly transformed to the other side of the power transformer. Power transformer connection groups of the Yd or Dy type cannot transform zero
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
sequence current. If a delta winding of a power transformer is earthed via an earthing transformer inside the zone protected by the differential protection there will be an unwanted differential current in case of an external earth-fault. The same is true for an earthed star winding. Even if both the star and delta winding are earthed, the zero sequence current is usually limited by the earthing transformer on the delta side of the power transformer, which may result in differential current as well. To make the overall differential protection insensitive to external earth-faults in these situations the zero sequence currents must be eliminated from the power transformer IED currents on the earthed windings, so that they do not appear as differential currents. This had once been achieved by means of interposing auxiliary current transformers. The elimination of zero sequence current is done numerically by setting ZSCurrSubtrWx=Off or On and doesn't require no auxiliary transformers or zero sequence traps. Instead it is necessary to eliminate the zero sequence current from every individual winding by proper setting of setting parameters ZSCurrSubtrWx=Off or On With a combination of the second harmonic restraint and the waveform restraint methods it is possibly to get a protection with high security and stability against inrush effects and at the same time maintain high performance in case of heavy internal faults even if the current transformers are saturated. Both these restraint methods are used by the IED. The second harmonic restraint function has a settable level. If the ratio of the second harmonic to fundamental harmonic in the differential current is above the settable limit, the operation of the differential protection is restrained. It is recommended to set parameter I2/I1Ratio = 15% as default value in case no special reasons exist to choose another value.
Inrush restraint methods
Overexcitation restraint method
Overexcitation currents contain odd harmonics, because the waveform is symmetrical about the time axis. As the third harmonic currents cannot flow into a delta winding, the fifth harmonic is the lowest harmonic which can serve as a criterion for overexcitation. The differential protection function is provided with a fifth harmonic restraint to prevent the protection from operation during an overexcitation condition of a power transformer. If the ratio of the fifth harmonic to fundamental harmonic in the differential current is above a settable limit the operation is restrained. It is recommended to use I5/I1Ratio = 25% as default value in case no special reasons exist to choose another setting. Transformers likely to be exposed to overvoltage or underfrequency conditions (that is, generator step-up transformers in power stations) should be provided with an overexcitation protection based on V/Hz to achieve a trip before the core thermal limit is reached.
Cross-blocking between phases
Basic definition of the cross-blocking is that one of the three phases can block operation (that is, tripping) of the other two phases due to the harmonic pollution of the differential current in that phase (waveform, 2nd or 5th harmonic content). In the algorithm the user can control the cross-blocking between the phases via the setting parameter CrossBlockEn. When parameter CrossBlockEn is set to On, cross blocking between phases will be introduced. There are no time related settings
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involved, but the phase with the operating point above the set bias characteristic will be able to cross-block the other two phases if it is self-blocked by any of the previously explained restrained criteria. As soon as the operating point for this phase is below the set bias characteristic cross blocking from that phase will be inhibited. In this way cross-blocking of the temporary nature is achieved. In should be noted that this is the default (recommended) setting value for this parameter. When parameter CrossBlockEn is set to Off, any cross blocking between phases will be disabled.
External/Internal fault discriminator
The internal/external fault discriminator operation is based on the relative position of the two phasors (in case of a two-winding transformer) representing the W1 and W2 negative sequence current contributions, defined by matrix expression see the technical reference manual. It practically performs a directional comparison between these two phasors. In order to perform a directional comparison of the two phasors their magnitudes must be high enough so that one can be sure that they are due to a fault. On the other hand, in order to guarantee a good sensitivity of the internal/external fault discriminator, the value of this minimum limit must not be too high. Therefore this limit value (IMinNegSeq) is settable in the range from 1% to 20% of the differential protections IBasecurrent, which is in our case the power transformer HV side rated current. The default value is 4%. Only if the magnitude of both negative sequence current contributions are above the set limit, the relative position between these two phasors is checked. If either of the negative sequence current contributions, which should be compared, is too small (less than the set value for IMinNegSeq), no directional comparison is made in order to avoid the possibility to produce a wrong decision. This magnitude check, guarantees stability of the algorithm when the power transformer is energized. In cases where the protected transformer can be energized with a load connected on the LV side (e.g. a step-up transformer in a power station with directly connected auxiliary transformer on its LV side) the value for this setting shall be increased to at least 12%. This is necessary in order to prevent unwanted operation due to LV side currents during the transformer inrush. The setting NegSeqROA represents the so-called Relay Operate Angle, which determines the boundary between the internal and external fault regions. It can be selected in the range from 30 degrees to 90 degrees, with a step of 1 degree. The default value is 60 degrees. The default setting 60 degrees somewhat favors security in comparison to dependability. If the user has no well-justified reason for another value, 60 degrees shall be applied. If the above conditions concerning magnitudes are fulfilled, the internal/external fault discriminator compares the relative phase angle between the negative sequence current contributions from the HV side and LV side of the power transformer using the following two rules :
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
If the negative sequence currents contributions from HV and LV sides are in phase or at least in the internal fault region, the fault is internal. If the negative sequence currents contributions from HV and LV sides are 180 degrees out of phase or at least in the external fault region, the fault is external.
Under external fault condition and with no current transformer saturation, the relative angle is theoretically equal to 180 degrees. During internal fault and with no current transformer saturation, the angle shall ideally be 0 degrees, but due to possible different negative sequence source impedance angles on HV and LV side of power transformer, it may differ somewhat from the ideal zero value. The internal/external fault discriminator has proved to be very reliable. It has been given a great power. If a fault is detected,that is, START signals set by ordinary differential protection, and at the same time the internal/external fault discriminator characterizes this fault as an internal, any eventual blocking signals produced by either the harmonic or the waveform restraints are ignored. If the bias current is more than 110% of IBase, the negative sequence threshold (IMinNegSeq) is increased internally.. This assures response times of the new and advanced of the differential protection below one power system cycle (below 20 ms for 50 Hz system) for all more severe internal faults. Even for heavy internal faults with severely saturated current transformers this new differential protection operate well below one cycle, since the harmonic distortions in the differential currents do not slow down the differential protection operation. Practically, an unrestrained operation is achieved for all internal faults. External faults happen ten to hundred times more often than internal ones as far as the power transformers are concerned. If a disturbance is detected and the internal/ external fault discriminator characterizes this fault as an external fault, the conventional additional criteria are posed on the differential algorithm before its trip is allowed. This assures high algorithmstability during external faults. However, at the same time the differential function is still capable of trip ping quickly for evolving faults. The principle of the internal/external fault discriminator can be extended to autotransformers and transformers with three windings. If all three windings are connected to their respective networks then three directional comparisons are made, but only two comparisons are necessary in order to positively determine the position of the fault with respect to the protected zone. The directional comparisons which are possible, are: W1 - W2, W1 - W3, and W2 - W3. The rule applied by the internal/external fault discriminator in case of three-winding power transformers is: If all comparisons indicate an internal fault, then it is an internal fault. If any comparison indicates an external fault, then it is an external fault
If one of the windings is not connected, the algorithm automatically reduces to the two-winding version. Nevertheless, the whole power transformer is protected, including the non-connected winding.
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On-line compensation for on-load tap-changer position
The Transformer differential (TW2PDIF for two winding and TW3PDIF for three winding) function in the IED has a built-in facility to on-line compensate for onload tap-changer operation. The following parameters which are set under general settings are related to this compensation feature: Parameter LocationOLTC1 defines the winding where first OLTC (OLTC1) is physically located. The following options are available: Not Used / Winding 1 / Winding 2 / Winding 3. When value Not Used is selected the differential function will assume that OLTC1 does not exist and it will disregard all other parameters related to first OLTC Parameter LowTapPosOLTC1 defines the minimum end tap position for OLTC1 (typically position 1) Parameter RatedTapOLTC1 defines the rated (for example, mid) position for OLTC1 (for example, 11 for OLTC with 21 positions) This tap position shall correspond to the values for rated current and voltage set for that winding Parameter HighTapPsOLTC1 defines the maximum end tap position for OLTC1 (for example, 21 for OLTC with 21 positions) Parameter TapHighVoltTC1 defines the end position for OLTC1 where highest no-load voltage for that winding is obtained (for example, position with maximum number of turns) Parameter StepSizeOLTC1 defines the voltage change per OLTC1 step (for example, 1.5%)
The above parameters are defined for OLTC1. Similar parameters shall be set for second on-load tap-changer designated with OLTC2 in the parameter names, for threewinding differential protection. Differential protection continuously monitors the level of the fundamental frequency differential currents and gives an alarm if the pre-set value is simultaneously exceeded in all three phases. This feature can be used to monitor the integrity of on-load tap-changer compensation within the differential function. The threshold for the alarm pickup level is defined by setting parameter IDiffAlarm. This threshold should be typically set in such way to obtain operation when on-load tap-changer measured value within differential function differs for more than two steps from the actual on-load tap-changer position. To obtain such operation set parameter IDiffAlarm equal to two times the on-load tap-changer step size (For example, typical setting value is 5% to 10% of base current). Set the time delay defined by parameter tAlarmDelay two times longer than the on-load tapchanger mechanical operating time (For example, typical setting value 10s).
Differential current alarm
Open CT detection
The Generator differential function has a built-in, advanced open CT detection feature. This feature can block the unexpected operation created by the Generator differential function in case of open CT secondary circuit under normal load condition. An alarm signal can also be issued to substation operational personnel to make remedy action once the open CT condition is detected.
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The following setting parameters are related to this feature: Setting parameter OpenCTEnable enables/disables this feature Setting parameter tOCTAlarmDelay defines the time delay after which the alarm signal will be given Setting parameter tOCTReset defines the time delay after which the open CT condition will reset once the defective CT circuits have been rectified Once the open CT condition has been detected, then all the differential protection functions are blocked except the unrestraint (instantaneous) differential protection
The outputs of open CT condition related parameters are listed below: OpenCT: Open CT detected OpenCTAlarm: Alarm issued after the setting delay OpenCTIN: Open CT in CT group inputs (1 for input 1 and 2 for input 2) OpenCTPH: Open CT with phase information (1 for phase L1, 2 for phase L2, 3 for phase L3)
Switch onto fault feature
The Transformer differential (TW2PDIF for two winding and TW3PDIF for three winding) function in the IED has a built-in, advanced switch onto fault feature. This feature can be enabled or disabled by the setting parameter SOTFMode. When SOTFMode = On this feature is enabled. It shall be noted that when this feature is enabled it is not possible to test the 2nd harmonic blocking feature by simply injecting one current with superimposed second harmonic. In that case the switch on to fault feature will operate and the differential protection will trip. However for a real inrush case the differential protection function will properly restrain from operation. For more information about the operating principles of the switch onto fault feature please read the technical reference manual.
3.5.2.3
Setting example Introduction

Differential protection for power transformers has been used for decades. In order to correctly apply transformer differential protection proper compensation for: power transformer phase shift (vector group compensation) CT secondary currents magnitude difference on different sides of the protected transformer (ratio compensation) zero sequence current elimination (zero sequence current reduction) shall be done. In the past this was performed with help of interposing CTs or special connection of main CTs (delta connected CTs). With numerical technology all these compensations are done in IED software.
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The Differential transformer protection is capable to provide differential protection for all standard three-phase power transformers without any interposing CTs. It has been designed with assumption that all main CTs will be star connected. For such applications it is then only necessary to enter directly CT rated data and power transformer data as they are given on the power transformer nameplate and differential protection will automatically balance itself. These are internal compensations within the differential function. The protected power transformer data are always entered as they are given on the nameplate. Differential function will by itself correlate nameplate data and select proper the reference windings. However the IED can also be used in applications where some of the main CTs are connected in delta. In such cases the ratio for the main CT connected in delta shall be intentionally set for (3)=1.732 times smaller than actual ratio of individual phase CTs (for example, instead of 800/5 set 462/5) In case the ratio is 800/2.88A, often designed for such typical delta connections, set the ratio as 800/5 in the IED. At the same time the power transformer vector group shall be set as Yy0 because the IED shall not internally provide any phase angle shift compensation. The necessary phase angle shift compensation will be provided externally by delta connected main CT. All other settings should have the same values irrespective of main CT connections. It shall be noted that irrespective of the main CT connections (star or delta) on-line reading and automatic compensation for actual load tap changer position can be used in the IED. Three most typical main CT connections used for transformer differential protection are shown in figure 38. It is assumed that the primary phase sequence is L1-L2-L3.
Typical main CT connections for transformer differential protection
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IL1 L1 Protected Transformer Winding
IL2
L2
IL3
L3
IL3-IL2
IL2-IL1
IL1-IL3
IL3-IL1
IL2-IL3
CT Star Connected
IEC06000549 V1 EN
CT in Delta DAC Connected
CT in Delta DAB Connected
IL1-IL2
IL3
IL2
IL1
en06000549.vsd
Figure 38:
Commonly used main CT connections for Transformer differential protection.
For star connected main CTs, secondary currents fed to the IED: are directly proportional to the measured primary currents are in phase with the measured primary currents contain all sequence components including zero sequence current component
For star connected main CTs, the main CT ratio shall be set as it is in actual application. The StarPoint parameter, for the particular star connection shown in figure 38, shall be set ToObject. If star connected main CTs have their star point away from the protected transformer this parameter should be set FromObject. For delta DAC connected main CTs, secondary currents fed to the IED: are increased 3 times (1.732 times) in comparison with star connected CTs lag by 30 the primary winding currents (this CT connection rotates currents by 30 in clockwise direction) do not contain zero sequence current component
For DAC delta connected main CTs, ratio shall be set for 3 times smaller than the actual ratio of individual phase CTs. The StarPoint parameter, for this particular connection shall be set ToObject. It shall be noted that delta DAC connected main CTs must be connected exactly as shown in figure 38. For delta DAB connected main CTs, secondary currents fed to the IED:
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are increased 3 times (1.732 times) in comparison with star connected CTs lead by 30 the primary winding currents (this CT connection rotates currents by 30 in anti-clockwise direction) do not contain zero sequence current component
For DAB delta connected main CT ratio shall be set for 3 times smaller in RET 670 then the actual ratio of individual phase CTs. The StarPoint parameter, for this particular connection shall be set ToObject. It shall be noted that delta DAB connected main CTs must be connected exactly as shown in figure 38. For more detailed info regarding CT data settings please refer to the three application examples presented in section "Application Examples".
Application Examples
Three application examples will be given here. For each example two differential protection solutions will be presented: First solution will be with all main CTs star connected. Second solution will be with delta connected main CT on Y (that is, star) connected sides of the protected power transformer.
For each differential protection solution the following settings will be given: 1. 2. Input CT channels on the transformer input modules. General settings for the transformer differential protection where specific data about protected power transformer shall be entered.
Finally the setting for the differential protection characteristic will be given for all presented applications. Example 1: Star-delta connected power transformer without on-load tapchanger Single line diagrams for two possible solutions for such type of power transformer with all relevant application data are given in figure 39.
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CT 300/5 Star
CT 300/5 in Delta (DAC)
20.9 MVA 69/12.5 kV YNd1 (YDAC)
20.9 MVA 69/12.5 kV YNd1 (YDAC)
CT 800/5 Star
CT 800/5 Star
en06000554.vsd
IEC06000554 V1 EN
Figure 39:
Two differential protection solutions for star-delta connected power transformer
For this particular power transformer the 69 kV side phase-to-earth no-load voltages lead by 30 degrees the 12.5 kV side phase-toearth no-load voltages. Thus when external phase angle shift compensation is done by connecting main HV CTs in delta, as shown in the right-hand side in figure 39, it must be ensured that the HV currents are rotated by 30 in clockwise direction. Thus the DAC delta CT connection must be used for 69 kV CTs in order to put 69 kV & 12.5 kV currents in phase. To ensure proper application of the IED for this power transformer it is necessary to do the following: 1. Check that HV & LV CTs are connected to 5 A CT inputs in the IED. 2. For second solution make sure that HV delta connected CTs are DAC connected. 3. For star connected CTs make sure how they are stared (that is, earthed) to/from protected transformer. 4. Enter the following settings for all three CT input channels used for the LV side CTs see table 31.
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Table 31:
Setting parameter CTprim CTsec CTStarPoint
CT input channels used for the LV side CTs

Selected value for both solutions 800 5 ToObject
5. Enter the following settings for all three CT input channels used for the HV side CTs, see table 32.
Table 32:
Setting parameter CTprim
CT input channels used for the HV side CTs

Selected value for both solution 1 (star connected CT) 300 Selected value for both solution 2 (delta connected CT)
300 3
= 173
(Equation 55)
EQUATION1888 V1 EN
CTsec CTStarPoint
5 From Object
5 ToObject
To compensate for delta connected CTs, see equation 55. 6. Enter the following values for the general settings of the Transformer differential protection function, see table 33.
Table 33:
Setting parameter RatedVoltageW1 RatedVoltageW2 RatedCurrentW1 RatedCurrentW2 ConnectTypeW1 ConnectTypeW2 ClockNumberW2 ZSCurrSubtrW1 ZSCurrSubtrW2 TconfigForW1 TconfigForW2 LocationOLTC1 Other Parameters
1) 2)
General settings of the differential protection function

Select value for both solution 1 (star connected CT) 69 kV 12.5 kV 175 A 965 A STAR (Y) delta=d 1 [30 deg lag] On Off No No Not used Not relevant for this application. Use default value. Selected value for both solution 2 (delta connected CT) 69 kV 12.5 kV 175 A 965 A STAR (Y) star=y 1) 0 [0 deg] 1) Off 2) Off No No Not used Not relevant for this application. Use default value.
To compensate for delta connected CTs Zero-sequence current is already removed by connecting main CTs in delta
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Delta-star connected power transformer without tap charger Single line diagrams for two possible solutions for such type of power transformer with all relevant application data are given in figure 40.
CT 400/5 Star
CT 400/5 Star
60 MVA 115/24.9 kV Dyn1 (DABY)
60 MVA 115/24.9 kV Dyn1 (DABY)
CT 1500/5 Star
CT 1500/5 in Delta (DAB)
en06000555.vsd
IEC06000555 V1 EN
Figure 40:
Two differential protection solutions for delta-star connected power transformer
For this particular power transformer the 115 kV side phase-to-earth no-load voltages lead by 30 the 24.9 kV side phase-to-earth no-load voltages. Thus when external phase angle shift compensation is done by connecting main 24.9 kV CTs in delta, as shown in the right-hand side in figure 40, it must be ensured that the 24.9 kV currents are rotated by 30 in anti-clockwise direction. Thus, the DAB CT delta connection (see figure 40) must be used for 24.9 kV CTs in order to put 115 kV & 24.9 kV currents in phase. To ensure proper application of the IED for this power transformer it is necessary to do the following: 1. Check that HV & LV CTs are connected to 5 A CT inputs in the IED. 2. For second solution make sure that LV delta connected CTs are DAB connected. 3. For star connected CTs make sure how they are 'star'red (that is, earthed) to/from protected transformer.
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4. Enter the following settings for all three CT input channels used for the HV side CTs, see table 34.
Table 34:
Setting parameter CTprim CTsec CTStarPoint

Selected value for both solutions 400 5 ToObject
5. Enter the following settings for all three CT input channels used for the LV side CTs, see table "CT input channels used for the LV side CTs".

Setting parameter CTprim Selected value for both Solution 1 Selected value for both (star connected CT) Solution 2 (delta connected CT) 1500
1500 3
= 866
(Equation 56)
EQUATION1889 V1 EN
CTsec CTStarPoint
5 ToObject
5 ToObject
To compensate for delta connected CTs, see equation 56. 6. Enter the following values for the general settings of the differential protection function, see table35.
Table 35:
Setting parameter RatedVoltageW1 Rated VoltageW2 RatedCurrentW1 RatedCurrentW2 ConnectTypeW1 ConnectTypeW2 ClockNumberW2 ZSCurrSubtrW1 ZSCurrSubtrW2 TconfigForW1 TconfigForW2 Table continues on next page
General settings of the differential protection

selected value for both Solution 1 (star conected CT) 115 kV 24.9 kV 301 A 1391 A Delta (D) star=y 1 [30 deg lag] Off On No No Selected value for both Solution 2 (delta connected CT) 115 kV 24.9 kV 301 A 1391 A STAR (Y) 1) star=y 0 [0 deg] 1) Off On 2) No No
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting parameter LocationOLTC1 Other parameters
1) 2)
selected value for both Solution 1 (star conected CT) Not Used Not relevant for this application. Use default value.
Selected value for both Solution 2 (delta connected CT) Not Used Not relevant for this application. Use default value.
To compensate for delta connected CTs. Zero-sequence current is already removed by connecting main CTs in delta.
Star-star connected power transformer with load tap changer and tertiary not loaded delta winding Single line diagrams for two possible solutions for such type of power transformer with all relevant application data are given in figure 41. It shall be noted that this example is applicable for protection of autotransformer with not loaded tertiary delta winding as well.
CT 200/1 Star
CT 200/1 in Delta (DAB) 31.5/31.5/(10.5) MVA 110111.5% /36.75/(10.5) kV YNyn0(d5) 31.5/31.5/(10.5) MVA 110111.5% /36.75/(10.5) kV YNyn0(d5)
CT 500/5 Star
CT 500/5 in Delta (DAB)
en06000558.vsd
IEC06000558 V1 EN
Figure 41:
Two differential protection solutions for star-star connected transformer.
For this particular power transformer the 110 kV side phase-to-earth no-load voltages are exactly in phase with the 36.75 kV side phase-to-earth no-load voltages. Thus, when external phase angle shift compensation is done by connecting main CTs in delta, both set of CTs must be identically connected (that is, either both DAC or both DAB as shown in the right-hand side in figure 41) in order to put 110 kV & 36.75 kV currents in phase. To ensure proper application of the IED for this power transformer it is necessary to do the following:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
1. Check that HV CTs are connected to 1 A CT inputs in the IED. 2. Check that LV CTs are connected to 5 A CT inputs in the IED. 3. When delta connected CTs are used make sure that both CT sets are identically connected (that is, either both DAC or both DAB). 4. For star connected CTs make sure how they are 'star'red (that is, earthed) towards or away from the protected transformer. 5. Enter the following settings for all three CT input channels used for the HV side CTs, see table 36.
Table 36:

Selected value for both solution 1 (star connected CTs) 200 Selected value for both Solution 2 (delta connected CTs)
200 3
= 115
(Equation 57)
EQUATION1891 V1 EN
CTsec CTStarPoint
1 FromObject
1 ToObject
To compensate for delta connected CTs, see equation 57. 6. Enter the following settings for all three CT input channels used for the LV side CTs
Table 37:

Selected value for both Solution 1 Selected value for both Solution 2 (star connected) (delta connected) 500
500 3
= 289
(Equation 58)
EQUATION1892 V1 EN
CTsec CTStarPoint
5 ToObject
5 ToObject
To compensate for delta connected CTs, see equation 58. 7. Enter the following values for the general settings of the differential protection function, see table 38
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 38:
Setting parameter RatedVoltageW1 RatedVoltageW2 RatedCurrentW1 RatedCurrentW2 ConnectTypeW1 ConnectTypeW2 ClockNumberW2 ZSCurrSubtrW1 ZSCurrSubtrW2 TconfigForW1 TconfigForW2 LocationOLT1
General settings of the differential protection function

Selected value for both Solution 1 Selected value for both Solution 2 (star connected) (delta connected) 110 kV 36.75 kV 165 A 495 A STAR (Y) star=y 0 [0 deg] On On No No Winding 1 (W1) 1 12 23 23 1.5% Not relevant for this application. Use default value. 110 kV 36.75 kV 165 A 495 A STAR (Y) star=y 0 [0 deg] Off 1) Off 1) No No Winding 1 (W1) 1 12 23 23 1.5% Not relevant for this application. Use default value.
LowTapPosOLTC1 RatedTapOLTC1 HighTapPsOLTC1 TapHighVoltTC1 StepSizeOLTC1 Other parameters

1)
Zero-sequence current is already removed by connecting main CTs in delta.
Summary and conclusions
The IED can be used for differential protection of three-phase power transformers with main CTs either star or delta connected. However the IED has been designed with the assumption that all main CTS are star connected. The IED can be used in applications where the main CTs are delta connected. For such applications the following shall be kept in mind: 1. 2. 3. The ratio for delta connected CTs shall be set (3)=1.732 times smaller than the actual individual phase CT ratio. The power transformer vector group shall typically be set as Yy0 because the compensation for power transformer the actual phase shift is provided by the external delta CT connection. The zero sequence current is eliminated by the main CT delta connections. Thus on sides where CTs are connected in delta the zero sequence current elimination shall be set to Off in the IED.
The following table summarizes the most commonly used star-delta vector groups around the world and provides information about the required type of main CT delta connection on the star side of the protected transformer.

IEC vector group Positive sequence no-load voltage phasor diagram
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Required delta CT connection type on star side of the protected power transformer and internal vector group setting in the IED DAC/Yy0
YNd1
IEC06000559 V1 EN
Dyn1
DAB/Yy0
IEC06000560 V1 EN
YNd11
DAB/Yy0
IEC06000561 V1 EN
Dyn11
DAC/Yy0
IEC06000562 V1 EN
YNd5
DAB/Yy6
IEC06000563 V1 EN
Dyn5
DAC/Yy6
Y
IEC06000564 V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting parameters
3.5.2.4
Table 39:
Name Operation SOTFMode tAlarmDelay IDiffAlarm IdMin IdUnre CrossBlockEn NegSeqDiffEn IMinNegSeq NegSeqROA
T2WPDIF Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On Off On 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 1.00 0.05 - 0.60 1.00 - 50.00 Off On Off On 0.02 - 0.20 30.0 - 120.0 Unit s IB IB IB IB Deg Step 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 Default Off On 10.000 0.20 0.30 10.00 On On 0.04 60.0 Description Operation Off / On Operation mode for switch onto fault Time delay for diff currents alarm level Dif. cur. alarm, multiple of base curr, usually W1 curr. Section1 sensitivity, multi. of base curr, usually W1 curr. Unrestr. prot. limit, multiple of Winding 1 rated current Operation Off/On for cross-block logic between phases Operation Off/On for neg. seq. differential protections Neg. seq. curr. must be higher than this level to be used Operate Angle for int. / ext. neg. seq. fault discriminator
Table 40:
Name EndSection1 EndSection2 SlopeSection2 SlopeSection3 I2/I1Ratio I5/I1Ratio OpenCTEnable tOCTAlarmDelay tOCTResetDelay tOCTUnrstDelay
T2WPDIF Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.20 - 1.50 1.00 - 10.00 10.0 - 50.0 30.0 - 100.0 5.0 - 100.0 5.0 - 100.0 Off On 0.100 - 10.000 0.100 - 10.000 0.10 - 6000.00 Unit IB IB % % % % s s s Step 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.01 Default 1.25 3.00 40.0 80.0 15.0 25.0 Off 3.000 0.250 10.00 Description End of section 1, multiple of Winding 1 rated current End of section 2, multiple of Winding 1 rated current Slope in section 2 of operate-restrain characteristic, in % Slope in section 3 of operate-restrain characteristic, in % Max. ratio of 2nd harm. to fundamental harm dif. curr. in % Max. ratio of 5th harm. to fundamental harm dif. curr. in % Open CT detection feature. Open CTEnable Off/On Open CT: time in s to alarm after an open CT is detected Reset delay in s. After delay, diff. function is activated Unrestrained diff. protection blocked after this delay, in s
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 41:
Name RatedVoltageW1 RatedVoltageW2 RatedCurrentW1 RatedCurrentW2 ConnectTypeW1 ConnectTypeW2 ClockNumberW2
T2WPDIF Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 - 2000.00 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 WYE (Y) Delta (D) WYE (Y) Delta (D) 0 [0 deg] 1 [30 deg lag] 2 [60 deg lag] 3 [90 deg lag] 4 [120 deg lag] 5 [150 deg lag] 6 [180 deg] 7 [150 deg lead] 8 [120 deg lead] 9 [90 deg lead] 10 [60 deg lead] 11 [30 deg lead] Off On Off On No Yes 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 No Yes 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 Not Used Winding 1 (W1) Winding 2 (W2) 0 - 10 1 - 100 Unit kV kV A A Step 0.05 0.05 1 1 Default 400.00 231.00 577 1000 WYE (Y) WYE (Y) 0 [0 deg] Description Rated voltage of transformer winding 1 (HV winding) in kV Rated voltage of transformer winding 2 in kV Rated current of transformer winding 1 (HV winding) in A Rated current of transformer winding 2 in A Connection type of winding 1: Y-wye or Ddelta Connection type of winding 2: Y-wye or Ddelta Phase displacement between W2 & W1=HV winding, hour notation
ZSCurrSubtrW1 ZSCurrSubtrW2 TconfigForW1 CT1RatingW1 CT2RatingW1 TconfigForW2 CT1RatingW2 CT2RatingW2 LocationOLTC1
A A A A -
1 1 1 1 -
On On No 3000 3000 No 3000 3000 Not Used
Enable zer. seq. current subtraction for W1 side, On / Off Enable zer. seq. current subtraction for W2 side, On / Off Two CT inputs (T-config.) for winding 1, YES / NO CT primary rating in A, T-branch 1, on transf. W1 side CT primary in A, T-branch 2, on transf. W1 side Two CT inputs (T-config.) for winding 2, YES / NO CT primary rating in A, T-branch 1, on transf. W2 side CT primary rating in A, T-branch 2, on transf. W2 side Transformer winding where OLTC1 is located OLTC1 lowest tap position designation (e.g. 1) OLTC1 rated tap/mid-tap position designation (e.g. 6)
LowTapPosOLTC1 RatedTapOLTC1
1 1
1 6
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 1 - 100 1 - 100 0.01 - 30.00 Unit % Step 1 1 0.01 Default 11 1 1.00 Description OLTC1 highest tap position designation (e.g. 11) OLTC1 end-tap position with winding highest no-load voltage Voltage change per OLTC1 step in percent of rated voltage
Name HighTapPsOLTC1 TapHighVoltTC1 StepSizeOLTC1
Table 42:
Name Operation SOTFMode tAlarmDelay IDiffAlarm IdMin IdUnre CrossBlockEn NegSeqDiffEn IMinNegSeq NegSeqROA
T3WPDIF Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On Off On 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 1.00 0.05 - 0.60 1.00 - 50.00 Off On Off On 0.02 - 0.20 30.0 - 120.0 Unit s IB IB IB IB Deg Step 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 Default Off On 10.000 0.20 0.30 10.00 On On 0.04 60.0 Description Operation Off / On Operation mode for switch onto fault feature Time delay for diff currents alarm level Dif. cur. alarm, multiple of base curr, usually W1 curr. Section1 sensitivity, multi. of base curr, usually W1 curr. Unrestr. prot. limit, multi. of base curr. usually W1 curr. Operation Off/On for cross-block logic between phases Operation Off/On for neg. seq. differential protections Neg. seq. curr. limit, mult. of base curr, usually W1 curr. Operate Angle for int. / ext. neg. seq. fault discriminator
Table 43:
Name EndSection1 EndSection2 SlopeSection2 SlopeSection3 I2/I1Ratio I5/I1Ratio OpenCTEnable
T3WPDIF Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.20 - 1.50 1.00 - 10.00 10.0 - 50.0 30.0 - 100.0 5.0 - 100.0 5.0 - 100.0 Off On Unit IB IB % % % % Step 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Default 1.25 3.00 40.0 80.0 15.0 25.0 Off Description End of section 1, multi. of base current, usually W1 curr. End of section 2, multi. of base current, usually W1 curr. Slope in section 2 of operate-restrain characteristic, in % Slope in section 3 of operate-restrain characteristic, in % Max. ratio of 2nd harm. to fundamental harm dif. curr. in % Max. ratio of 5th harm. to fundamental harm dif. curr. in % Open CT detection feature. Open CTEnable Off/On

Name tOCTAlarmDelay tOCTResetDelay tOCTUnrstDelay Values (Range) 0.100 - 10.000 0.100 - 10.000 0.10 - 6000.00 Unit s s s Step 0.001 0.001 0.01 Default 3.000 0.250 10.00 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Open CT: time in s to alarm after an open CT is detected Reset delay in s. After delay, diff. function is activated Unrestrained diff. protection blocked after this delay, in s
Table 44:
Name RatedVoltageW1 RatedVoltageW2 RatedVoltageW3 RatedCurrentW1 RatedCurrentW2 RatedCurrentW3 ConnectTypeW1 ConnectTypeW2 ConnectTypeW3 ClockNumberW2
T3WPDIF Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 - 2000.00 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 WYE (Y) Delta (D) WYE (Y) Delta (D) WYE (Y) Delta (D) 0 [0 deg] 1 [30 deg lag] 2 [60 deg lag] 3 [90 deg lag] 4 [120 deg lag] 5 [150 deg lag] 6 [180 deg] 7 [150 deg lead] 8 [120 deg lead] 9 [90 deg lead] 10 [60 deg lead] 11 [30 deg lead] 0 [0 deg] 1 [30 deg lag] 2 [60 deg lag] 3 [90 deg lag] 4 [120 deg lag] 5 [150 deg lag] 6 [180 deg] 7 [150 deg lead] 8 [120 deg lead] 9 [90 deg lead] 10 [60 deg lead] 11 [30 deg lead] Off On Unit kV kV kV A A A Step 0.05 0.05 0.05 1 1 1 Default 400.00 231.00 10.50 577 1000 7173 WYE (Y) WYE (Y) Delta (D) 0 [0 deg] Description Rated voltage of transformer winding 1 (HV winding) in kV Rated voltage of transformer winding 2 in kV Rated voltage of transformer winding 3 in kV Rated current of transformer winding 1 (HV winding) in A Rated current of transformer winding 2 in A Rated current of transformer winding 3 in A Connection type of winding 1: Y-wye or Ddelta Connection type of winding 2: Y-wye or Ddelta Connection type of winding 3: Y-wye or Ddelta Phase displacement between W2 & W1=HV winding, hour notation
ClockNumberW3
5 [150 deg lag]
Phase displacement between W3 & W1=HV winding, hour notation
ZSCurrSubtrW1
On
Enable zer. seq. current subtraction for W1 side, On / Off
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) Off On Off On No Yes 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 No Yes 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 No Yes 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 Not Used Winding 1 (W1) Winding 2 (W2) Winding 3 (W3) 0 - 10 1 - 100 1 - 100 1 - 100 0.01 - 30.00 Not Used Winding 1 (W1) Winding 2 (W2) Winding 3 (W3) 0 - 10 1 - 100 1 - 100 1 - 100 0.01 - 30.00 Unit A A A A A A Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default On On No 3000 3000 No 3000 3000 No 3000 3000 Not Used Description Enable zer. seq. current subtraction for W2 side, On / Off Enable zer. seq. current subtraction for W3 side, On / Off Two CT inputs (T-config.) for winding 1, YES / NO CT primary rating in A, T-branch 1, on transf. W1 side CT primary in A, T-branch 2, on transf. W1 side Two CT inputs (T-config.) for winding 2, YES / NO CT primary rating in A, T-branch 1, on transf. W2 side CT primary rating in A, T-branch 2, on transf. W2 side Two CT inputs (T-config.) for winding 3, YES / NO CT primary rating in A, T-branch 1, on transf. W3 side CT primary rating in A, T-branch 2, on transf. W3 side Transformer winding where OLTC1 is located
Name ZSCurrSubtrW2 ZSCurrSubtrW3 TconfigForW1 CT1RatingW1 CT2RatingW1 TconfigForW2 CT1RatingW2 CT2RatingW2 TconfigForW3 CT1RatingW3 CT2RatingW3 LocationOLTC1
LowTapPosOLTC1 RatedTapOLTC1 HighTapPsOLTC1 TapHighVoltTC1 StepSizeOLTC1 LocationOLTC2
% -
1 1 1 1 0.01 -
1 6 11 1 1.00 Not Used
OLTC1 lowest tap position designation (e.g. 1) OLTC1 rated tap/mid-tap position designation (e.g. 6) OLTC1 highest tap position designation (e.g. 11) OLTC1 end-tap position with winding highest no-load voltage Voltage change per OLTC1 step in percent of rated voltage Transformer winding where OLTC2 is located
LowTapPosOLTC2 RatedTapOLTC2 HighTapPsOLTC2 TapHighVoltTC2 StepSizeOLTC2
1 1 1 1 0.01
1 6 11 1 1.00
OLTC2 lowest tap position designation (e.g. 1) OLTC2 rated tap/mid-tap position designation (e.g. 6) OLTC2 highest tap position designation (e.g. 11) OLTC2 end-tap position with winding highest no-load voltage Voltage change per OLTC2 step in percent of rated voltage
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance REFPDIF

Function description Restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance IEC 61850 identification REFPDIF IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 87N
IdN/I
SYMBOL-AA V1 EN
3.5.3.1
Application
Breakdown of the insulation between a phase conductor and earth in an effectively or low impedance earthed power system results in a large fault current. A breakdown of the insulation between a transformer winding and the core or the tank may result in a large fault current which causes severe damage to the windings and the transformer core. A high gas pressure may develop, damaging the transformer tank. Fast and sensitive detection of earth faults in a power transformer winding can be obtained in solidly earthed or low impedance earthed networks by the restricted earthfault protection. The only requirement is that the power transformer winding is connected to earth in the star point (in case of star-connected windings) or through a separate earthing transformer (in case of delta-connected windings). The low impedance restricted earth-fault protection REFPDIF is a winding protection function. It protects the power transformer winding against faults involving earth. Observe that single phase-to-earth faults are the most common fault types in transformers. A sensitive earth-fault protection is therefore desirable. A restricted earth-fault protection is the fastest and the most sensitive protection, a power transformer winding can have and will detect faults such as: earth faults in the transformer winding when the network is earthed through an impedance earth faults in the transformer winding in solidly earthed network when the point of the fault is close to the winding star point.
The restricted earth-fault protection is not affected, as a differential protection, with the following power transformer related phenomena: magnetizing inrush currents overexcitation magnetizing currents load tap changer external and internal phase faults which do not involve earth symmetrical overload conditions
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Due to its features, REFPDIF is often used as a main protection of the transformer winding for all faults involving earth.
Transformer winding, solidly earthed
The most common application is on a solidly earthed transformer winding. The connection is shown in figure 42.
REFDIF I3PW1CT1 IdN/I I3P
Protected winding
IEC09000109-4-EN V1 EN
Figure 42:
Connection of the low impedance Restricted earth-fault function REFPDIF for a directly (solidly) earthed transformer winding
Transformer winding, earthed through zig-zag earthing transformer
A common application is for low reactance earthed transformer where the earthing is through separate zig-zag earthing transformers. The fault current is then limited to typical 800 to 2000 A for each transformer. The connection for this application is shown in figure 43.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
REFDIF
-1
I3PW1CT1 IdN/I I3P
Protected winding W1
REFDIF
-2
I3PW2CT1 IdN/I I3P
Protected winding W2
Earthing transformer
IEC09000110-4-EN V1 EN
Figure 43:
Connection of the low impedance Restricted earth-fault function REFPDIF for a zig-zag earthing transformer
Autotransformer winding, solidly earthed
Autotransformers can be protected with the low impedance restricted earth-fault protection function REFPDIF. The complete transformer will then be protected including the HV side, the neutral connection and the LV side. The connection of REFPDIF for this application is shown in figure 44.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
REFDIF I3PW1CT1 I3PW2CT1 IdN/I I3P LV (W2) HV (W1)
Auto transformer
IEC09000111-4-EN V1 EN
Figure 44:
Connection of restricted earth fault, low impedance function REFPDIF for an autotransformer, solidly earthed
Reactor winding, solidly earthed
Reactors can be protected with restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance function REFPDIF. The connection of REFPDIF for this application is shown in figure 45.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
REFDIF I3PW1CT1 IdN/I I3P Reactor
IEC09000112-4 V1 EN
Figure 45:
Connection of restricted earth-fault, low impedance function REFPDIF for a solidly earthed reactor
Multi-breaker applications
Multi-breaker arrangements including ring, one and a half breaker, double breaker and mesh corner arrangements have two sets of current transformers on the phase side. The restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance function REFPDIF has inputs to allow two current inputs from each side of the transformer. The second winding set is basically only applicable for autotransformers. A typical connection for a star-delta transformer is shown in figure 46.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
REFDIF
I3PW1CT1 I3P IdN/I I3PW1CT2 Protected winding
IEC09000113-3 V1 EN
Figure 46:
Connection of Restricted earth fault, low impedance function REFPDIF in multi-breaker arrangements
CT earthing direction
To make the restricted earth-fault protection REFPDIF work, the main CTs are always supposed to be star connected. The main CT's neutral (star) formation can be positioned in either way, ToObject or FromObject. However, internally REFPDIF always uses reference directions towards the protected transformers, as shown in figure 46. Thus the IED always measures the primary currents on all sides and in the neutral of the power transformer with the same reference direction towards the power transformer windings. The earthing can, therefore, be freely selected for each of the involved current transformers.
3.5.3.2
Setting guidelines Setting and configuration

Recommendation for analog inputs I3P: Neutral point current ( All analog inputs connected as 3Ph groups in ACT). I3PW1CT1: Phase currents for winding 1 first current transformer set. I3PW1CT2: Phase currents for winding1 second current transformer set for multibreaker arrangements. When not required configure input to "GRP-OFF". I3PW2CT1: Phase currents for winding 2 first current transformer set. Used for autotransformers.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
I3PW2CT2: Phase currents for winding 2 second current transformer set for multibreaker arrangements. Used when protecting an autotransformer. When not required, configure input to "GRP-OFF". Recommendation for Binary input signals Refer to the pre-configured configurations for details. BLOCK: The input will block the operation of the function. Can be used, for example, to block for a limited time the operation during special service conditions. Recommendation for output signals Refer to pre-configured configurations for details. START: The start output indicates that Idiff is in the operate region of the characteristic. It can be used to initiate disturbance recorder. TRIP: The trip output is activated when all operating criteria are fulfilled. DIROK: The output is activated when the directional criteria has been fulfilled. Output can be used for information purpose normally during testing. It can, for example, be checked from the debug tool or connected as a signal to the disturbance recorder. Information available on local HMI and debug using Application Configuration Tool. BLK2H: The output is activated when the function is blocked due to too high level of second harmonic. Output can be used for information purpose normally during testing. It can, for example, be checked from the debug tool or connected as a signal to the disturbance recorder. Information available on local HMI and debug using Application Configuration Tool.
Setting parameters
The parameters for the restricted earth-fault protection, low impedance function REFPDIF are set via the local HMI or PCM600. Operation: The operation of REFPDIF can be switched On/Off. IBase: The IBase setting is the setting of the base (per unit) current on which all percentage settings are based. Normally the protected power transformer winding rated current is used but alternatively the current transformer primary rated current can be set. IdMin: The setting gives the minimum operation value. The setting is in percent of the IBase value. The neutral current must always be larger than half of this value. A normal setting is 30% of power transformer-winding rated current for the solidly earthed winding. CTFactorPri1: A factor to allow a sensitive function also at multi-breaker arrangement where the rating in the bay is much higher than the rated current of the transformer winding. The stabilizing can then be high so an unnecessary high fault level can be required. The setting is normally 1.0 but in multi-breaker arrangement the setting shall be CT primary rating/IBase.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
CTFactorPri2: A factor to allow a sensitive function also at multi-breaker arrangement where the rating in the bay is much higher than the rated current of the transformer winding. The stabilizing can then be high so an unnecessary high fault level can be required. The setting is normally 1.0 but in multi-breaker arrangement the setting shall be CT primary rating/IBase. CTFactorSec1: See setting CTFactorPri1. Only difference is that CTFactorSec1 is related to W2 side. CTFactorSec2: See setting CTFactorPri2. Only difference is that CTFactorSec2 is related to W2 side.
3.5.3.3
Table 45:
Name Operation IBase IdMin CTFactorPri1 CTFactorPri2 CTFactorSec1 CTFactorSec2
Setting parameters
REFPDIF Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 4.0 - 100.0 1.0 - 10.0 1.0 - 10.0 1.0 - 10.0 1.0 - 10.0 Unit A %IB Step 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Default Off 3000 10.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Description Operation Off / On Base current Maximum sensitivity in % of Ibase CT factor for HV side CT1 (CT1rated/ HVrated current) CT factor for HV side CT2 (CT2rated/ HVrated current) CT factor for MV side CT1 (CT1rated/ MVrated current) CT factor for MV side CT2 (CT2rated/ MVrated current)
Table 46:
Name ROA
REFPDIF Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 60 - 90 Unit Deg Step 1 Default 60 Description Relay operate angle for zero sequence directional feature
3.5.4
3.5.4.1
1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF

Identification
Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number
1Ph High impedance differential protection
HZPDIF
Id
SYMBOL-CC V2 EN
87

3.5.4.2 Application
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The 1Ph High impedance differential protection function HZPDIFcan be used as: Autotransformer differential protection Restricted earth fault protection T-feeder protection Tertiary (or secondary busbar) protection Tertiary connected reactor protection Generator differential protection
The application will be dependent on the primary system arrangements and location of breakers, available independent cores on CTs and so on.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Id
3Id
3Id
3Id
3Id
3Id G
IEC05000163 V3 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
3Id Z<
3Id Z<
IEC05000738 V2 EN
Figure 47:
Different applications of a 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function
The basics of the high impedance principle
The high impedance differential protection principle has been used for many years and is well documented. The operating characteristic provides very good sensitivity and high speed operation. One main benefit offered by the principle is an absolute stability (that is, no operation) for external faults even in the presence of heavy CT saturation. The principle is based on the CT secondary current circulating between involved current transformers and not through the IED due to its high impedance, normally in the range of hundreds of ohms and sometimes above Kiloohm. When an internal fault occurs the current cannot circulate and is forced through the differential circuit causing operation.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Id
Metrosil
IEC05000164 V3 EN
Figure 48:
Example for the high impedance restricted earth fault protection application
For a through fault one current transformer might saturate when the other CTs still will feed current. For such a case a voltage will be developed across the stabilising resistor. The calculations are made with the worst situations in mind and a minimum operating voltage UR is calculated according to equation 59
UR > IF max ( Rct + Rl )

EQUATION1531 V1 EN
(Equation 59)
where:
IFmax Rct Rl
is the maximum through fault current at the secondary side of the CT is the current transformer secondary resistance and is the maximum loop resistance of the circuit at any CT.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The minimum operating voltage has to be calculated (all loops) and the IED function is set higher than the highest achieved value (setting U>Trip). As the loop resistance is the value to the connection point from each CT, it is advisable to do all the CT core summations in the switchgear to have shortest possible loops. This will give lower setting values and also a better balanced scheme. The connection in to the control room can then be from the most central bay. For an internal fault, circulation is not possible, due to the high impedance. Depending on the size of current transformer, relatively high voltages will be developed across the series resistor. Note that very high peak voltages can appear. To prevent the risk of flashover in the circuit, a voltage limiter must be included. The voltage limiter is a voltage dependent resistor (Metrosil). The external unit with stabilizing resistor has a value of either 6800 ohms or 1800 ohms (depending on ordered alternative) with a shorting link to allow adjustment to the required value. Select a suitable value of the resistor based on the UR voltage calculated. A higher resistance value will give a higher sensitivity and a lower value a lower sensitivity. The function has a recommended operating current range 40 mA to 1.0A for 1 A inputs and 200 mA to 5A for 5A inputs. This, together with the selected and set value, is used to calculate the required value of current at the set U>Trip and SeriesResitor values. The CT inputs used for 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function, shall be set to have ratio 1:1. So the parameters CTsecx and CTprimx of the relevant channel x of TRM and/or AIM shall be set equal to 1 A by PST in PCM600; The parameter CTStarPointx may be set to ToObject. The tables 47, 48 below show, the operating currents for different settings of operating voltages and selected resistances. Adjust as required based on tables 47, 48 or to values in between as required for the application. Minimum ohms can be difficult to adjust due to the small value compared to the total value. Normally the voltage can be increased to higher values than the calculated minimum U>Trip with a minor change of total operating values as long as this is done by adjusting the resistor to a higher value. Check the sensitivity calculation below for reference.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 47:
Operating voltageU>Tri 20 V 40 V 60 V 80 V 100 V 150 V 200 V
1 A channels: input with minimum operating down to 20 mA

Stabilizing resistor R ohms 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 6800 Operating current level 1A 0.020 A 0.020 A 0.020 A 0.020 A 0.020 A 0.020 A 0.029 A Stabilizing resistor R ohms -1000 1500 2000 2500 3750 5000 Operating current level 1A -0.040 A 0.040 A 0.040 A 0.040 A 0.040 A 0.040 A Stabilizing resistor R ohms --600 800 1000 1500 2000 Operating current level 1A --0.100 A 0.100 A 0.100 A 0.100 A 0.100 A
Table 48:
Operating voltageU>Tri 20 V 40 V 60 V 80 V 100 V 150 V 200 V
5 A channels: input with minimum operating down to 100 mA

Stabilizing resistor R1 ohms 200 400 600 800 1000 1500 2000 Operating current level 5A 0.100 A 0.100 A 0.100 A 0.100 A 0.100 A 0.100 A 0.100 A Stabilizing resistor R1 ohms 100 200 300 400 500 750 1000 Operating current level 5A 0.200 A 0.200 A 0.200 A 0.200 A 0.200 A 0.200 A 0.200 A Stabilizing resistor R1 ohms -100 150 200 250 375 500 Operating current level 5A -0.400 0.400 A 0.400 A 0.400 A 0.400 A 0.400 A
The current transformer saturating voltage must be at least 2 U>Trip to have sufficient operating margin. This must be checked after calculation of U>Trip. When the R value has been selected and the U>Trip value has been set, the sensitivity of the scheme IP can be calculated. The IED sensitivity is decided by the total current in the circuit according to equation 60.
IP = n ( IR + Ires + lmag )
EQUATION1747 V1 EN
(Equation 60)
where: n IP IR Ires Imag is the CT ratio primary current at IED pickup, IED pickup current is the current through the voltage limiter and is the sum of the magnetizing currents from all CTs in the circuit (for example, 4 for restricted earth fault protection, 2 for reactor differential protection, 3-5 for autotransformer differential protection).
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
It should be remembered that the vectorial sum of the currents must be used (IEDs, Metrosil and resistor currents are resistive). The current measurement is insensitive to DC component in fault current to allow the use of only the AC components of the fault current in the above calculations. The voltage dependent resistor (Metrosil) characteristic is shown in figure 55. Series resistor thermal capacity The series resistor is dimensioned for 200 W. Preferable the U>Trip2/ SeriesResistor should always be lower than 200 W to allow continuous activation during testing. If this value is exceeded, testing should be done with a transient faults.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Rl Rct R Rres UR
Rl Rct
I>
Protected Object
UR a) Through load situation
UR
b) Through fault situation
UR
c) Internal faults
IEC05000427 V2 EN
Figure 49:
The high impedance principle for one phase with two current transformer inputs

3.5.4.3
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Connection examples for high impedance differential protection

WARNING! USE EXTREME CAUTION! Dangerously high voltages might be present on this equipment, especially on the plate with resistors. Do any maintenance ONLY if the primary object protected with this equipment is de-energized. If required by national law or standard, enclose the plate with resistors with a protective cover or in a separate box.
Connections for three-phase high impedance differential protection
Generator, reactor or busbar differential protection is a typical application for threephase high impedance differential protection. Typical CT connections for threephase high impedance differential protection scheme are shown in figure 50.
L1 (A) L2 (B) L3 (C)
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
8
SMAI2
CT 1200/1 Star/Wye Connected
AI01 (I) AI02 (I) AI03 (I) AI04 (I) AI05 (I) AI06 (I)
BLOCK ^GRP2L1 ^GRP2L2 ^GRP2L3 ^GRP2N TYPE
9 10
Protected Object
N L3 (C) L2 (B) L1 (A) N L3 (C) L2 (B)
IED
4 5
X1 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CT 1200/1 Star/Wye Connected
L1 (A)
3
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 R4 R5 R6 R1 R2 2 U 2 U 2 U 4 4 R3 3 2 4 1
L1 (A)
IEC07000193 V2 EN
L2 (B)
L3 (C)
3-Ph Plate with Metrosils and Resistors

IEC07000193_2_en.vsd
Figure 50:
Pos 1 Description
CT connections for high impedance differential protection
Scheme earthing point Note that it is of outmost importance to insure that only one earthing point exist in such scheme.
Three-phase plate with setting resistors and metrosils.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
3 4 5 6
Necessary connection for three-phase metrosil set. Shown connections are applicable for both types of three-phase plate. Position of optional test switch for secondary injection into the high impedance differential IED. Necessary connection for setting resistors. Shown connections are applicable for both types of three-phase plate. The factory made star point on a three-phase setting resistor set. Shall be removed for installations with 650 and 670 series IEDs. This star point is required for RADHA schemes only.
7 8
How to connect three individual phase currents for high impedance scheme to three CT inputs in the IED. Transformer input module, where the current inputs are located. Note that the CT ratio for high impedance differential protection application must be set as one.
For main CTs with 1A secondary rating the following setting values shall be entered: CTprim = 1A and CTsec = 1A For main CTs with 5A secondary rating the following setting values shall be entered: CTprim = 5A and CTsec = 5A The parameter CTStarPoint shall be always left to the default value ToObject.
Three connections made in the Signal Matrix, which connect these three current inputs to the first three input channels of the preprocessing function block (10). For high impedance differential protection preprocessing function block in 3ms task shall be used. Preprocessing block, to digitally filter the connected analogue inputs. Preprocessing block outputs AI1, AI2 and AI3 shall be connected to three instances of 1Ph high impedance differential protection HZPDIF function blocks, for example instance 1, 2 and 3 of HZPDIF in the configuration tool.
10
Connections for 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF

Restricted earth fault protection REFPDIFis a typical application for 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF. Typical CT connections for high impedance based REFPDIF protection scheme are shown in figure 51.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
L1 (A)
L2 (B)
L3 (C)
1
7
AI01 (I)
SMAI2
CT 1500/5 Star/Wye Connected 6
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AI02 (I) AI03 (I) AI04 (I) AI05 (I) AI06 (I)
BLOCK ^GRP2L1 ^GRP2L2 ^GRP2L3 ^GRP2N TYPE
Protected Object
L1 (A) L2 (B) L3 (C)
N
11 12
IED
4 1
N
CT 1500/5
X1
3 5
4 2 1 R1 R2 3 1
2 U
1-Ph Plate with Metrosil and Resistor

IEC07000194 V2 EN
Figure 51:
Pos 1 Description
CT connections for restricted earth fault protection
Scheme earthing point Note that it is of outmost importance to insure that only one earthing point exist in such scheme.
2 3 4 5 6 7
One-phase plate with stabilizing resistor and metrosil. Necessary connection for the metrosil. Shown connections are applicable for both types of onephase plate. Position of optional test switch for secondary injection into the high impedance differential IED. Necessary connection for stabilizing resistor. Shown connections are applicable for both types of one-phase plate. How to connect REFPDIF high impedance scheme to one CT input in IED. Transformer input module where this current input is located. Note that the CT ratio for high impedance differential protection application must be set as one.
For main CTs with 1A secondary rating the following setting values shall be entered: CTprim = 1A and CTsec = 1A For main CTs with 5A secondary rating the following setting values shall be entered: CTprim = 5A and CTsec = 5A The parameter CTStarPoint shall always be left to the default value ToObject
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Connection made in the Signal Matrix, which connects this current input to first input channel of the preprocessing function block (9). For high impedance differential protection preprocessing function block in 3ms task shall be used. Preprocessing block, which has a task to digitally filter the connected analogue inputs. Preprocessing block output AI1 shall be connected to one instances of 1Ph high impedance differential protection function HZPDIF (for example, instance 1 of HZPDIF in the configuration tool).
3.5.4.4
Setting guidelines
The setting calculations are individual for each application. Refer to the different application descriptions below.
Configuration
The configuration is done in the Application Configuration tool. Signals from for example, check if criteria are connected to the inputs as required for the application. BLOCK input is used to block the function for example, from external check criteria. BLKTR input is used to block the function tripping for example, from external check criteria. The alarm level will be operative.
Settings of protection function
Operation: The operation of the high impedance differential function can be switched On or Off. U>Alarm: Set the alarm level. The sensitivity can roughly be calculated as a divider from the calculated sensitivity of the differential level. A typical setting is 10% of U>Trip It can be used as scheme supervision stage. tAlarm: Set the time for the alarm. A typical setting is 2-3 seconds. U>Trip: Set the trip level according to the calculations in the examples for each application example. The level is selected with margin to the calculated required voltage to achieve stability. Values can be 20-200 V dependent on the application. SeriesResistor: Set the value of the stabilizing series resistor. Calculate the value according to the examples for each application. Adjust the resistor as close as possible to the calculated example. Measure the value achieved and set this value here. The value shall always be high impedance. This means for example, for 1A circuits say bigger than 400 ohms (400 VA) and for 5 A circuits say bigger than 100 ohms (2500 VA). This ensures that the current will circulate and not go through the differential circuit at through faults.

T-feeder protection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In many busbar arrangements such as one-and a half breaker, ring breaker, mesh corner, there will be a T-feeder from the current transformer at the breakers up to the current transformers in the transformer bushings. It is often required to separate the zones so the zone up to the bushing is covered from one differential function and the transformer from another. The 1Ph high impedance differential HZPDIF function in the IED allows this to be done efficiently, see figure 52.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
3Id
IEC05000165 V2 EN
3Id
IEC05000739 V2 EN
Figure 52:
The protection scheme utilizing the high impedance function for the T-feeder
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Normally this scheme is set to achieve a sensitivity of around 20 percent of the rated current so that a low value can be used on the resistor. It is strongly recommended to use the highest tap of the CT whenever high impedance protection is used. This helps in utilizing maximum CT capability, minimize the current, thereby reducing the stability voltage limit. Another factor is that during internal faults, the voltage developed across the selected tap is limited by the non-linear resistor but in the unused taps, owing to autotransformer action, voltages may be much higher than design limits might be induced.
Setting example
Basic data: Current transformer ratio: CT Class: Secondary resistance: Cable loop resistance: 2000/1 A 20 VA 5P20 6.2 ohms <100 m 2.5mm2(one way) gives 2 0,8 ohm at 75 C<200 ft AWG10 (one way between the junction point and the farthest CT) to be limited to approx. 0.2 Ohms at 75deg C gives loop resistance 2 0.2 = 0.4 Ohms. Equal to switchgear rated fault current 40 kA
Max fault current:
Calculation:
UR >
4000 2000
( 6.2 + 1.6 ) = 156V

(Equation 61)
EQUATION1207 V1 EN
Select a setting of U>Trip=200 V. The current transformer saturation voltage must be at least, twice the set operating voltage U>Trip.
E 5 P > ( 20 + 6.2 ) 20 = 524V

EQUATION1208 V1 EN
(Equation 62)
that is, bigger than 2 U>Trip
Check from the table of selected resistances the required series stabilizing resistor value to use. As this application requires to be so sensitive select SeriesResistor= 2000 ohm, which gives an IED operating current of 100 mA. Calculate the primary sensitivity at operating voltage, ignoring the current drawn by the non-linear resistor.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IP =
2000 1
(100 0 + 20 0 + 3 10 -60 ) 10 -3 approx.220 A

(Equation 63)
EQUATION1209 V1 EN
where 200mA is the current drawn by the IED circuit and 50mA is the current drawn by each CT just at pickup
The magnetizing current is taken from the magnetizing curve for the current transformer cores which should be available. The value at U>Trip is taken. For the voltage dependent resistor current the top value of voltage 200 2 is used and the top current used. Then the RMS current is calculated by dividing with2. Use the maximum value from the curve. It can clearly be seen that the sensitivity is not so much influenced by the selected voltage level so a sufficient margin should be used. The selection of the stabilizing resistor and the level of the magnetizing current (mostly dependent of the number of turns) are the most important factors.
Tertiary reactor protection
For many transformers there can be a secondary system for local distribution and/ or shunt compensation. The 1Ph High impedance differential protection function HZPDIF can be used to protect the tertiary reactor for phase as well as earth faults if the earthing is direct or low impedance.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
3Id
IEC05000176 V3 EN
Figure 53:
Application of the1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function on an autotransformer
Setting example
It is strongly recommended to use the highest tap of the CT whenever high impedance protection is used. This helps in utilizing maximum CT capability, minimize the current, thereby reducing the stability voltage limit. Another factor is that during internal faults, the voltage developed across the selected tap is limited by the non-linear resistor but in the unused taps, owing to autotransformer action, voltages much higher than design limits might be induced.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Basic data: Current transformer ratio: CT Class: Secondary resistance: Cable loop resistance: 100/5 A (Note: Must be the same at all locations) 10 VA 5P20 0.26 ohms <50 m 2.5mm2 (one way) gives 1 0.4 ohm at 75 C Note! Only one way as the system earthing is limiting the earth-fault current. If high earth-fault current exists use two way cable. The maximum through fault current is limited by the reactor reactance and the inrush will be the worst for a reactor for example, 800 A.
Max fault current:
Calculation:
UR >
800 1000
( 0.26 + 0.4 ) = 5.28V

(Equation 64)
EQUATION1216 V1 EN
Select a setting of U>Trip=20 V. The current transformer saturation voltage at 5% error can roughly be calculated from the rated values.
E 5P >
10 + 0.26 20 5 = 66V 25
(Equation 65)
EQUATION1217 V1 EN
that is, greater than 2 U>Trip.
Check from the table of selected resistances the required series stabilizing resistor value to use. Since this application requires good sensitivity, select SeriesResistor = 200 ohm, which gives an IED current of 100 mA. To calculate the sensitivity at operating voltage, refer to equation 66, which gives an acceptable value. A little lower sensitivity could be selected by using a lower resistance value.
IP = 100 5 (100 0 + 5 0 + 2 100 -60 ) approx.5 A
(Equation 66)
EQUATION1218 V1 EN
The magnetizing current is taken from the magnetizing curve of the current transformer cores, which should be available. The value at U>Trip is taken. For the voltage dependent resistor current the top value of voltage 20 2 is used and the top current used. Then the RMS current is calculated by dividing with 2. Use the maximum value from the curve.

Restricted earth fault protection REFPDIF
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
For solidly earthed systems a Restricted earth fault protection REFPDIF is often provided as a complement to the normal transformer differential IED. The advantage with the restricted earth fault IEDs is their high sensitivity. Sensitivities of 2-8% can be achieved whereas the normal differential IED will have sensitivities of 20-40%. The level for high impedance restricted earth fault function is dependent of the current transformers magnetizing currents. Restricted earth fault IEDs are also very quick due to the simple measuring principle and the measurement of one winding only. The connection of a restricted earth fault IED is shown in figure 54. It is connected across each directly or low ohmic earthed transformer winding in figure 54. It is quite common to connect the restricted earth fault IED in the same current circuit as the transformer differential IED. Due to the difference of measuring principle, the detection of earth faults may be somewhat limited. Such faults are then only detected by REFPDIF function. The mixed connection using the 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function should be avoided and the low impedance scheme should be used instead.
Id
IEC05000177 V2 EN
Figure 54:
Application of HZPDIF function as a restricted earth fault IED for an YNd transformer
Setting example
It is strongly recommended to use the highest tap of the CT whenever high impedance protection is used. This helps in utilizing maximum CT capability, minimize the current, thereby reducing the stability voltage limit. Another factor is that during internal faults, the voltage developed across the selected tap is limited by the non-linear resistor but in the unused taps, owing to auto158 Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
transformer action, voltages much higher than design limits might be induced.
Basic data: Transformer rated current on HV winding: Current transformer ratio: CT Class: Cable loop resistance: Max fault current: 250 A 300/1 A (Note: Must be the same at all locations) 10 VA 5P20 <50 m 2.5mm2 (one way) gives 2 0.4 ohm at 75 C The maximum through fault current is limited by the transformer reactance, use 15 rated current of the transformer
Calculation:
UR > 15
EQUATION1219 V1 EN
250 300
( 0.66 + 0.8 ) = 18.25V

(Equation 67)
Select a setting of U>Trip=20 V. The current transformer saturation voltage at 5% error can roughly be calculated from the rated values.
E 5 P > (10 + 0.66 ) 20 = 213.2V

EQUATION1220 V1 EN
(Equation 68)
that is, greater than 2 U>Trip
Check from the table of selected resistances the required series stabilizing resistor value to use. Since this application requires high sensitivity, select SeriesResistor= 1000 ohm which gives a current of 20 mA. To calculate the sensitivity at operating voltage, refer to equation 69 which is acceptable as it gives around 10% minimum operating current.
IP =
300 1
( 20 0 + 5 0 + 4 20 -60 ) approx.25.5 A
(Equation 69)
EQUATION1221 V1 EN
The magnetizing current is taken from the magnetizing curve for the current transformer cores which should be available. The value at U>Trip is taken. For the voltage dependent resistor current the top value of voltage 20 2 is used and the top current used. Then the RMS current is calculated by dividing with2. Use the maximum value from the curve.

Alarm level operation
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function has a separate alarm level, which can be used to give alarm for problems with an involved current transformer circuit. The setting level is normally selected to be around 10% of the operating voltage U>Trip. As seen in the setting examples above the sensitivity of HZPDIF function is normally high, which means that the function will in many cases operate also for short circuits or open current transformer secondary circuits. However the stabilizing resistor can be selected to achieve sensitivity higher than normal load current and/or separate criteria can be added to the operation, a check zone. This can be either another IED, with the same HZPDIF function, or be a check about the fault condition, which is performed by an earth overcurrent function or neutral point voltage function. For such cases where operation is not expected during normal service the alarm output should be used to activate an external shorting of the differential circuit avoiding continuous high voltage in the circuit. A time delay of a few seconds is used before the shorting and alarm are activated. Auxiliary relays with contacts that can withstand high voltage shall be used, like RXMVB types. Use auxiliary relays with contacts that can withstand high voltages for example, RXMVB types.
IEC05000749 V1 EN
Figure 55:
Current voltage characteristics for the non-linear resistors, in the range 10-200 V, the average range of current is: 0.0110 mA
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting parameters
3.5.4.5
Table 49:
Name Operation U>Alarm tAlarm U>Trip SeriesResistor
HZPDIF Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 2 - 500 0.000 - 60.000 5 - 900 10 - 20000 Unit V s V ohm Step 1 0.001 1 1 Default Off 10 5.000 100 250 Description Operation Off / On Alarm voltage level in volts on CT secondary side Time delay to activate alarm Operate voltage level in volts on CT secondary side Value of series resistor in Ohms
3.6
3.6.1
Impedance protection
Full-scheme distance measuring, Mho characteristic ZMHPDIS
Function description IEC 61850 identification ZMHPDIS IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 21
Full-scheme distance protection, mho characteristic
S00346 V1 EN
3.6.1.1
Application Generator underimpedance protection application

For generator protection schemes is often required to use under-impedance protection in order to protect generator against sustained faults. The mho distance protection in REG670 can be used for this purpose if the following guidelines are followed. Configuration for every zone is identical.
3.6.1.2
Setting guidelines Configuration

First of all it is required to configure the Mho function in the way shown in figure 56. Note that a directional function block (that is ZDMPDIR) and a required number of zones (that is ZMHPDIS) shall only be configured. In this figure, three underimpedance zones are included.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IEC10000101 V3 EN
Figure 56:
Mho function example configuration for generator protection application
Settings
Full-scheme distance measuring, Mho characteristic ZMHPDIS used as an underimpedance function shall be set for the application example shown in figure 57
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
HV Substation
HV CB
Step-up Transformer
65MVA 123/13kV xt=10%
Auxiliary Transformer
Generator CB Excitation Transformer

Y Y @
REG670
VT: 13,5kV/110V
Field CB
~
CT: 4000/5
70MVA 13,2kV 3062A
21
Z<
ZMH PDIS
IEC10000102 V1 EN
Figure 57:
Application example for generator under-impedance function
The first under-impedance protection zone shall cover 100% of the step-up transformer impedance with a time delay of 1.0s. Calculate the step-up transformer impedance, in primary ohms, from the 13kV side as follows:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
XT =
xt U r2 10 132 = = 0, 26W 100 S 100 65
IEC-EQUATION2318 V1 EN
Then the reach in primary ohms shall be set to 100% of transformer impedance. Thus the reach shall be set to 0,26 primary. Set the first zone of Full-scheme distance measuring, Mho characteristic ZMHPDIS to disable phase-to-earth loops and enable phase-to-phase loops: Generator rated phase current and phase-phase voltage quantities shall be set for base voltage (UBase=13,2kV) and base current (IBase=3062A) settings. Parameter DirMode shall be set to Offset. Parameter OffsetMhoDir shall be set to Non-directional. The phase-to-earth measuring loops shall be disabled by setting OpModePE=Off. The phase-to-phase measuring loops shall be enabled and corresponding settings in primary ohms for forward and reserve reach and time delay shall be entered accordingly: Parameter ZPP shall be set to 0,260. Parameter ZrevPP shall be set to 0,260. Parameter tPP shall be set to 1,0000s. Parameter ZAngPP shall be set to default value 85 Deg.
Set the following for the directional element ZDMRDIR: Generator rated phase current and phase-phase voltage quantities shall be set for base voltage (UBase=13,2kV) and base current (IBase=3062A) settings. Parameter DirEvalType shall be set to Imp/Comp. Other settings can be left on the default values.
By doing this offset mho characteristic for zone one will be achieved as shown in figure 58. Note that for this particular example ZPP=ZRevPP=0,26. Thus the operating characteristic for this particular application will be a circle with a centre in the impedance plane origo. By following the same procedure other mho zones can be set.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ZAngPP
IEC10000105 V1 EN
Figure 58:
Operating characteristic for phase-to-phase loops
3.6.1.3
Table 50:
Name Operation IBase UBase DirMode
Setting parameters
ZMHPDIS Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 Off Offset Forward Reverse Off On Overreach Underreach Off On Unit A kV Step 1 0.05 Default On 3000 400.00 Forward Description Operation Off/On Base current Base voltage Direction mode
LoadEncMode ReachMode OpModePE
Off Overreach On
Application manual
}
Reach mode Over/Underreach
ZR ev PP
ZP
Load encroachment mode Off/On
Operation mode Off / On of Phase-Earth loops
165

Name ZPE ZAngPE KN KNAng ZRevPE tPE IMinOpPE OpModePP ZPP ZAngPP ZRevPP tPP IMinOpPP Values (Range) 0.005 - 3000.000 10 - 90 0.00 - 3.00 -180 - 180 0.005 - 3000.000 0.000 - 60.000 10 - 30 Off On 0.005 - 3000.000 10 - 90 0.005 - 3000.000 0.000 - 60.000 10 - 30 Unit ohm/p Deg Deg ohm/p s %IB ohm/p Deg ohm/p s %IB Step 0.001 1 0.01 1 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 1 0.001 0.001 1 Default 30.000 80 0.80 -15 30.000 0.000 20 On 30.000 85 30.000 0.000 20 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Positive sequence impedance setting for Phase-Earth loop Angle for positive sequence line impedance for Phase-Earth loop Magnitud of earth return compensation factor KN Angle for earth return compensation factor KN Reverse reach of the phase to earth loop(magnitude) Delay time for operation of phase to earth elements Minimum operation phase to earth current Operation mode Off / On of PhasePhase loops Impedance setting reach for phase to phase elements Angle for positive sequence line impedance for Phase-Phase elements Reverse reach of the phase to phase loop(magnitude) Delay time for operation of phase to phase Minimum operation phase to phase current
Table 51:
Name OffsetMhoDir
ZMHPDIS Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) Non-directional Forward Reverse Off On Off On Unit Step Default Non-directional Description Direction mode for offset mho
OpModetPE OpModetPP
On On
Operation mode Off / On of Zone timer, Ph-E Operation mode Off / On of Zone timer, Ph-ph
3.6.2
Pole slip protection PSPPPAM

Function description Pole slip protection IEC 61850 identification PSPPPAM IEC 60617 identification Ucos ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 78
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
Normally, the generator operates synchronously with the power system, that is, all the generators in the system have the same angular velocity and approximately the same phase angle difference. If the phase angle between the generators gets too large the stable operation of the system cannot be maintained. In such a case the generator loses the synchronism (pole slip) to the external power system. The situation with pole slip of a generator can be caused by different reasons. A short circuit occurs in the external power grid, close to the generator. If the fault clearance time is too long, the generator will accelerate so much, so the synchronism cannot be maintained. The relative generator phase angle at a fault and pole slip, relative to the external power system, is shown in figure 59.
3.6.2.1
en06000313.vsd
IEC06000313 V1 EN
Figure 59:
Relative generator phase angle at a fault and pole slip relative to the external power system
The relative angle of the generator is shown for different fault duration at a threephase short circuit close to the generator. As the fault duration increases the angle swing amplitude increases. When the critical fault clearance time is reached the stability cannot be maintained.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Un-damped oscillations occur in the power system, where generator groups at different locations, oscillate against each other. If the connection between the generators is too weak the amplitude of the oscillations will increase until the angular stability is lost. At the moment of pole slip there will be a centre of this pole slip, which is equivalent with distance protection impedance measurement of a three-phase. If this point is situated in the generator itself, the generator should be tripped as fast as possible. If the locus of the out of step centre is located in the power system outside the generators the power system should, if possible, be split into two parts, and the generators should be kept in service. This split can be made at predefined locations (trip of predefined lines) after function from pole slip protection (PSPPPAM) in the line protection IED.
en06000314.vsd
IEC06000314 V1 EN
Figure 60:
Undamped oscillations causing pole slip
The relative angle of the generator is shown a contingency in the power system, causing un-damped oscillations. After a few periods of the oscillation the swing amplitude gets to large and the stability cannot be maintained. If the excitation of the generator gets too low there is a risk that the generator cannot maintain synchronous operation. The generator will slip out of phase and operate as an induction machine. Normally the under-excitation protection will
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
detect this state and trip the generator before the pole slip. For this fault the underexcitation protection and PSPPPAM function will give mutual redundancy. The operation of a generator having pole slip will give risk of damages to the generator block. At each pole slip there will be significant torque impact on the generatorturbine shaft. In asynchronous operation there will be induction of currents in parts of the generator normally not carrying current, thus resulting in increased heating. The consequence can be damages on insulation and stator/rotor iron. At asynchronous operation the generator will absorb a significant amount of reactive power, thus risking overload of the windings.
PSPPPAM function shall detect out of step conditions and trip the generator as fast as possible if the locus of the pole slip is inside the generator. If the centre of pole slip is outside the generator, situated out in the power grid, the first action should be to split the network into two parts, after line protection action. If this fails there should be operation of the generator pole slip protection, to prevent further damages to the generator block.
3.6.2.2
Setting guidelines
Operation: With the parameter Operation the function can be set On or Off. IBase: The parameter IBase is set to the generator rated current in A, according to equation 70.
IBase =
EQUATION1884 V1 EN
SN 3 U N
(Equation 70)
UBase: The parameter UBase is set to the generator rated Voltage (phase-to-phase) in kV MeasureMode: The voltage and current used for the impedance measurement is set by the parameter MeasureMode. The setting possibilities are: PosSeq, L1-L2, L2L3, or L3-L1. If all phase voltages and phase currents are fed to the IED the PosSeq alternative is recommended (default). Further settings can be illustrated in figure 61.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Zone 1 EB Xd XT
Zone 2 EA
ZS
IED jX
ZA
Pole slip impedance movement ZC TripAngle
Zone 2 Zone 1 WarnAngle f R
ZB
IEC06000548 V2 EN
Figure 61:
Settings for the Pole slip detection function
The ImpedanceZA is the forward impedance as show in figure 61. ZA should be the sum of the transformer impedance XT and the equivalent impedance of the external system ZS. The impedance is given in % of the base impedance, according to equation 71.
UBase Z Base =
EQUATION1883 V1 EN
3
(Equation 71)
IBase
The ImpedanceZB is the reverse impedance as show in figure 61. ZB should be equal to the generator transient reactance X'd. The impedance is given in % of the base impedance, see equation 71.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The ImpedanceZC is the forward impedance giving the borderline between zone 1 and zone 2. ZC should be equal to the transformer reactance ZT. The impedance is given in % of the base impedance, see equation 71. The angle of the impedance line ZB ZA is given as AnglePhi in degrees. This angle is normally close to 90. StartAngle: An alarm is given when movement of the rotor is detected and the rotor angle exceeds the angle set for StartAngle. The default value 110 is recommended. It should be checked so that the points in the impedance plane, corresponding to the chosen StartAngle does not interfere with apparent impedance at maximum generator load. TripAngle: If a pole slip has been detected: change of rotor angle corresponding to slip frequency 0.2 8 Hz, the slip line ZA ZB is crossed and the direction of rotation is the same as at start, a trip is given when the rotor angle gets below the set TripAngle. The default value 90 is recommended. N1Limit: The setting N1Limit gives the number of pole slips that should occur before trip, if the crossing of the slip line ZA ZB is within zone 1, that is, the node of the pole slip is within the generator transformer block. The default value 1 is recommended to minimize the stress on the generator and turbine at out of step conditions. N2Limit: The setting N2Limit gives the number of pole slips that should occur before trip, if the crossing of the slip line ZA ZB is within zone 2, that is, the node of the pole slip is in the external network. The default value 3 is recommended give external protections possibility to split the network and thus limit the system consequencies. ResetTime: The setting ResetTime gives the time for (PSPPPAM) function to reset after start when no pole slip been detected. The default value 5s is recommended.
Setting example for line application
In case of out of step conditions this shall be detected and the line between substation 1 and 2 shall be tripped.
ZA = forward source impedance
ZB
Line impedance = ZC
IED
IEC07000014 V2 EN
Figure 62:
Line application of pole slip protection
If the apparent impedance crosses the impedance line ZB ZA this is the detection criterion of out of step conditions, see figure 63.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ZA
ZC anglePhi R Apparent impedance at normal load
ZB
IEC07000015 V2 EN
Figure 63:
Impedances to be set for pole slip protection
The setting parameters of the protection is: ZA: ZB: ZC: Line + source impedance in the forward direction The source impedance in the reverse direction The line impedance in the forward direction The impedance phase angle
AnglePhi:
Use the following data:
UBase: 400 kV
SBase set to 1000 MVA Short circuit power at station 1 without infeed from the protected line: 5000 MVA (assumed to a pure reactance) Short circuit power at station 2 without infeed from the protected line: 5000 MVA (assumed to a pure reactance Line impedance: 2 + j20 ohm
With all phase voltages and phase currents available and fed to the protection IED, it is recommended to set the MeasureMode to positive sequence. The impedance settings are set in pu with ZBase as reference:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ZBase =
EQUATION1960 V1 EN
UBase 2 SBase
400 2 1000
= 160ohm
(Equation 72)
ZA = Z (line ) + Zsc ( station 2) = 2 + j 20 + j

EQUATION1961 V1 EN
400
5000
= 2 + j 52ohm
(Equation 73)
This corresponds to:
ZA =
2 + j 52 160
= 0.0125 + j 0.325 pu = 0.32588 pu

(Equation 74)
EQUATION1962 V1 EN
Set ZA to 0.32.
ZB = Zsc ( station1) = j
EQUATION1963 V1 EN
400 2 5000
= j 32ohm
(Equation 75)
ZB =
j 32 160
= j 0.20 pu = 0.2090 pu
(Equation 76)
EQUATION1964 V1 EN
Set ZB to 0.2 This corresponds to:
ZC =
2 + j 20 160
= 0.0125 + j 0.125 pu = 0.12684 pu

(Equation 77)
EQUATION1966 V1 EN
Set ZC to 0.13 and AnglePhi to 88 The warning angle (StartAngle) should be chosen not to cross into normal operating area. The maximum line power is assumed to be 2000 MVA. This corresponds to apparent impedance:
Z=
U S
400
2000
= 80ohm
(Equation 78)
EQUATION1967 V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Simplified, the example can be shown as a triangle, see figure 64.

X
ZA Zload R ZB
en07000016.vsd
IEC07000016 V1 EN
Figure 64:
angleStart arctan
EQUATION1968 V2 EN
Simplified figure to derive StartAngle

ZB ZA 32 52 + arctan = arctan + arctan = 21.80 + 33.0 550 Zload Zload 80 80
(Equation 79)
In case of minor damped oscillations at normal operation we do not want the protection to start. Therefore we set the start angle with large margin. Set StartAngle to 110 For the TripAngle it is recommended to set this parameter to 90 to assure limited stress for the circuit breaker. In a power system it is desirable to split the system into predefined parts in case of pole slip. The protection is therefore situated at lines where this predefined split shall take place. Normally the N1Limit is set to 1 so that the line will be tripped at the first pole slip. If the line shall be tripped at all pole slip situations also the parameter N2Limit is set to 1. In other cases a larger number is recommended.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting example for generator application
In case of out of step conditions this shall be checked if the pole slip centre is inside the generator (zone 1) or if it is situated in the network (zone 2).
ZA ZB ZC
en07000017.vsd
IEC07000017 V1 EN
Figure 65:
Generator application of pole slip protection
If the apparent impedance crosses the impedance line ZB ZA this is the detected criterion of out of step conditions, see figure 66.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ZA
ZC anglePhi R Apparent impedance at normal load
ZB
IEC07000015 V2 EN
Figure 66:
Impedances to be set for pole slip protection PSPPPAM
The setting parameters of the protection are: ZA ZB ZC Block transformer + source impedance in the forward direction The generator transient reactance The block transformer reactance The impedance phase angle
AnglePhi
Use the following generator data:
UBase: 20 kV
SBase set to 200 MVA Xd': 25%
Use the following block transformer data:
UBase: 20 kV (low voltage side)

SBase set to 200 MVA ek: 15%
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Short circuit power from the external network without infeed from the protected line: 5000 MVA (assumed to a pure reactance). We have all phase voltages and phase currents available and fed to the protection IED. Therefore it is recommended to set the MeasureMode to positive sequence. The impedance settings are set in pu with ZBase as reference:
ZBase =
EQUATION1969 V1 EN
UBase
SBase
20
200
= 2.0ohm
(Equation 80)
ZA = Z (transf ) + Zsc (network ) = j

EQUATION1970 V1 EN
202 202 0.15 + j = j 0.38ohm 200 5000

(Equation 81)
ZA =
j 0.38 2.0
= j 0.19 pu = 0.1990 pu
(Equation 82)
EQUATION1971 V1 EN
Set ZA to 0.19
ZB = jX d ' = j
EQUATION1972 V2 EN
20 2 0.25 = j 0.5ohm 200

(Equation 83)
ZB =
j 0.5 2.0
= j 0.25 pu = 0.2590 pu
(Equation 84)
EQUATION1973 V1 EN
Set ZB to 0.25
ZC = jX T = j
EQUATION1974 V1 EN
202 0.15 = j 0.3ohm 200

(Equation 85)
ZC =
j 0.3 = j 0.15 pu = 0.1590o pu 2.0

(Equation 86)
EQUATION1975 V2 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Set ZC to 0.15 and AnglePhi to 90. The warning angle (StartAngle) should be chosen not to cross into normal operating area. The maximum line power is assumed to be 200 MVA. This corresponds to apparent impedance:
Z=
U S
20
200
= 2ohm
(Equation 87)
EQUATION1976 V1 EN
Simplified, the example can be shown as a triangle, see figure 67.

X
ZA Zload R ZB
en07000016.vsd
IEC07000016 V1 EN
Figure 67:
angleStart arctan
EQUATION1977 V2 EN
Simplified figure to derive StartAngle

ZB ZA 0.25 0.19 + arctan = arctan + arctan = 7.10 + 5.4 130 Zload Zload 2 2
(Equation 88)
In case of minor damped oscillations at normal operation we do not want the protection to start. Therefore we set the start angle with large margin. Set StartAngle to 110.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
For the TripAngle it is recommended to set this parameter to 90 to assure limited stress for the circuit breaker. If the centre of pole slip is within the generator block set N1Limit to 1 to get trip at first pole slip. If the centre of pole slip is within the network set N2Limit to 3 to get enable split of the system before generator trip.
3.6.2.3
Table 52:
Name Operation OperationZ1 OperationZ2 ImpedanceZA ImpedanceZB ImpedanceZC AnglePhi StartAngle TripAngle N1Limit N2Limit
Setting parameters
PSPPPAM Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Off On Off On 0.00 - 1000.00 0.00 - 1000.00 0.00 - 1000.00 72.00 - 90.00 0.0 - 180.0 0.0 - 180.0 1 - 20 1 - 20 Unit % % % Deg Deg Deg Step 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 1 1 Default Off On On 10.00 10.00 10.00 85.00 110.0 90.0 1 3 Description Operation On / Off Operation Zone1 On / Off Operation Zone2 On / Off Forward impedance in % of Zbase Reverse impedance in % of Zbase Impedance of zone1 limit in % of Zbase Angle of the slip impedance line Rotor angle for the start signal Rotor angle for the trip1 and trip2 signals Count limit for the trip1 signal Count limit for the trip2 signal
Table 53:
Name ResetTime
PSPPPAM Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 Unit s Step 0.001 Default 5.000 Description Time without slip to reset all signals
Table 54:
Name IBase UBase MeasureMode
PSPPPAM Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.1 - 99999.9 0.1 - 9999.9 PosSeq L1L2 L2L3 L3L1 No Yes Unit A kV Step 0.1 0.1 Default 3000.0 20.0 PosSeq Description Base Current (primary phase current in Amperes) Base Voltage (primary phase-to-phase voltage in kV) Measuring mode (PosSeq, L1L2, L2L3, L3L1)
InvertCTcurr
No
Invert current direction
Section 3 IED application 3.6.3 Loss of excitation LEXPDIS

Function description Loss of excitation IEC 61850 identification LEXPDIS IEC 60617 identification
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 40
<
SYMBOL-MM V1 EN
3.6.3.1
Application
There are limits for the loss of excitation of a synchronous machine. A reduction of the excitation current weakens the coupling between the rotor and the external power system. The machine may lose the synchronism and starts to operate like an induction machine. Then, the reactive consumption will increase. Even if the machine does not lose synchronism it may not be acceptable to operate in this state for a long time. Loss of excitation increases the generation of heat in the end region of the synchronous machine. The local heating may damage the insulation of the stator winding and even the iron core. A generator connected to a power system can be represented by an equivalent single phase circuit as shown in figure 68. For simplicity the equivalent shows a generator having round rotor, (XdXq).
I, (P, Q) + E j Xd + V j Xnet + Enet -
en06000321.vsd
IEC06000321 V1 EN
Figure 68:
where: E Xd Xnet Enet Xq
A generator connected to a power system, represented by an equivalent single phase circuit
represents the internal voltage in the generator, is the stationary reactance of the generator, is an equivalent reactance representing the external power system and is an infinite voltage source representing the lumped sum of the generators in the system. quadrature axis reactance of the generator
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The active power out from the generator can be formulated according to equation 89:
P= E E net sin d X d + X net
(Equation 89)
EQUATION1540 V1 EN
where: The angle is the phase angle difference between the voltages E and Enet.
If the excitation of the generator is decreased (loss of field), the voltage E becomes low. In order to maintain the active power output the angle must be increased. It is obvious that the maximum power is achieved at 90. If the active power cannot be reached at 90 static stability cannot be maintained. The complex apparent power from the generator, at different angles is shown in figure 69. The line corresponding to 90 is the steady state stability limit. It must be noticed that the power limitations shown below is highly dependent on the network impedance.
Q
70 80 P 90
en06000322.vsd
IEC06000322 V1 EN
Figure 69:
The complex apparent power from the generator, at different angles
To prevent damages to the generator block, the generator should be tripped at low excitation. A suitable area, in the PQ-plane, for protection operation is shown in
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
figure 70. In this example limit is set to a small negative reactive power independent of active power.
Q
70 80 P 90
Underexcitation Protection Operation area
IEC06000450 V2 EN
Figure 70:
Suitable area, in the PQ-plane, for protection operation
Often the capability curve of a generator describes also low excitation capability of the generator, see figure 71.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Q [pu] Motor 0.8 0.6

8 0. g gin S lag
Generator
A B
Overexcited
d te Ra
VA
f. p.
37o 0.6
o
Underexcited -0.3 -0.5
0.2 0.4 Rate dM VA p.
0.8
P [pu] F Xe=0.2
18 f. 0 . 95 l ead i ng
C F
E D
Xs=0
en06000451.vsd
IEC06000451 V1 EN
Figure 71:
where: AB BC CD BH EF Xs
Capability curve of a generator
= Field current limit = Stator current limit = End region heating limit of stator, due to leakage flux = Possible active power limit due to turbine output power limitation = Steady-state limit without AVR = Source impedance of connected power system
Loss of excitation protection can be based on directional power measurement or impedance measurement. The straight line EF in the P-Q plane can be transferred into the impedance plane by using the relation shown in equation 90.
Z= V V V * V 2 V 2 S V2 P V 2 Q j = = = = + = R + jX I I V * S * S* S P2 + Q2 P2 + Q2
(Equation 90)
EQUATION1723 V1 EN
The straight line in the PQ-diagram will be equivalent with a circle in the impedance plane, see figure 72. In this example the circle is corresponding to constant Q, that is, characteristic parallel with P-axis.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Underexcitation Protection Operation area
en06000452.vsd
IEC06000452 V2 EN
Figure 72:
The straight line in the PQ-diagram is equivalent with a circle in the impedance plane
LEXPDIS in the IED is realised by two impedance circles and a directional restraint possibility as shown in figure 73.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Underexcitation Protection Restraint area R
Z1, Fast zone Z2, Slow zone
IEC06000453 V3 EN
Figure 73:
LEXPDIS in the IED, realized by two impedance circles and a directional restraint possibility
3.6.3.2
Setting guidelines
Here is described the setting when there are two zones activated of the protection. Zone Z1 will give a fast trip in case of reaching the dynamic limitation of the stability. Zone 2 will give a trip after a longer delay if the generator reaches the static limitation of stability. There is also a directional criterion used to prevent trip at close in external faults in case of zones reaching into the impedance area as shown in figure 73. Operation: With the setting Operation LEXPDIS function can be set On/Off. IBase: The setting IBase is set to the generator rated Current in A, see equation 91.
IBase =
EQUATION1707 V1 EN
SN 3 U N
(Equation 91)
UBase: The setting UBase is set to the generator rated Voltage (phase-phase) in kV. OperationZ1, OperationZ2: With the settingsOperationZ1 and OperationZ2 each zone can be set On or Off.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
For the two zones the impedance settings are made as shown in figure 74.
X
R -XoffsetZ1 or -XoffsetZ2
Z1diameter or Z2diameter
Z1 or Z2
IEC06000460 V2 EN
Figure 74:
Impedance settings for the fast (Z1) and slow (Z2) zone
The impedances are given in pu of the base impedance calculated according to equation 92.
UBase Z Base =
EQUATION1776 V1 EN
3
(Equation 92)
IBase
XoffsetZ1 and XoffsetZ2, offset of impedance circle top along the X axis, are given negative value if X < 0. XoffsetZ1: It is recommended to set XoffsetZ1= - Xd'/2 and Z1diameter = 100% of ZBase. tZ1: tZ1 is the setting of trip delay for Z1 and this parameter is recommended to set 0.1 s.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IEC10000201 V1 EN
Figure 75:
Loss of excitation characteristics recommended by IEEE
It is recommended to set XoffsetZ2 equal to - Xd'/2 and Z2diamater equal to Xd. tZ2: tZ2 is the setting of trip delay for Z2 and this parameter is recommended to set 2.0 s not to risk unwanted trip at oscillations with temporary apparent impedance within the characteristic. DirSuperv: The directional restrain characteristic allows impedance setting with positive X value without the risk of unwanted operation of the under-excitation ABB Group function. June 21, To 2010enable | Slide 1 the directional restrain option the parameter DirSuperv shall be set On. XoffsetDirLine, DirAngle: The settings XoffsetDirLine and DirAngle are shown in figure 76. XoffsetDirLine is set in % of the base impedance according to equation 92. XoffsetDirLine is given a positive value if X > 0. DirAngle is set in degrees with negative value in the 4th quadrant. Typical value is -13.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Underexcitation Protection Restrain area
- XoffsetDirLine DirAngle
en06000461-2.vsd
IEC06000461 V2 EN
Figure 76:
The settings XoffsetDirLine and DirAngle
3.6.3.3
Table 55:
Name Operation OperationZ1 XoffsetZ1 Z1diameter tZ1 OperationZ2
Setting parameters
LEXPDIS Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Off On -1000.00 - 1000.00 0.01 - 3000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 Off On Unit % % s Step 0.01 0.01 0.01 Default Off On -10.00 100.00 0.01 On Description Operation Off / On Operation Off/On zone Z1 Offset of Z1 circle top point along X axis in % of Zbase Diameter of impedance circle for Z1 in % of Zbase Trip time delay for Z1 Operation Off/On zone Z2
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) -1000.00 - 1000.00 0.01 - 3000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 Unit % % s Step 0.01 0.01 0.01 Default -10.00 200.00 1.00 Description Offset of Z2 circle top point along X axis in % of Zbase Diameter of impedance circle for Z2 in % of Zbase Trip time delay for Z2
Name XoffsetZ2 Z2diameter tZ2
Table 56:
Name DirSuperv XoffsetDirLine DirAngle
LEXPDIS Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) Off On -1000.00 - 3000.00 -180.0 - 180.0 Unit % Deg Step 0.01 0.1 Default Off 0.00 -13.0 Description Operation Off/On for additional directional criterion Offset of directional line along X axis in % of Zbase Angle between directional line and Raxis in degrees
Table 57:
Name IBase UBase MeasureMode
LEXPDIS Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.1 - 99999.9 0.1 - 9999.9 PosSeq L1L2 L2L3 L3L1 Unit A kV Step 0.1 0.1 Default 3000 20 PosSeq Description Base Current (primary phase current in Amperes) Base Voltage (primary phase-to-phase voltage in kV) Measuring mode (PosSeq, L1L2, L2L3, L3L1)
Table 58:
Name InvertCTcurr
LEXPDIS Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) No Yes Unit Step Default No Description Invert CT current
3.6.4
Sensitive rotor earth fault protection, injection based ROTIPHIZ

Function description Sensitive rotor earth fault protection, injection based IEC 61850 identification ROTIPHIZ IEC 60617 identification Rre< ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 64R

3.6.4.1 Application
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The sensitive rotor earth fault protection, injection based (ROTIPHIZ), is used to detect earth faults in the rotor windings of generators and motors. An independent signal with a frequency different from the generator rated frequency is injected into the rotor circuit. To implement the above concept, a separate injection box is required. The injection box generates a square wave voltage signal which is fed into the rotor winding of the generator. The magnitude of the injected voltage signal and the resulting injected current is measured through a resistive shunt located within the injection box. These two measured values are fed to the IED. Based on these two measured quantities, the IED determines the rotor winding resistance to earth. The resistance value is then compared to the preset fault resistance alarm and trip levels. The protection function can detect earth faults in the entire rotor winding and associated connections. The function can also detect excitation system earth faults on the AC side of the excitation rectifier. The measuring principle used is not influenced by the generator operating mode and is fully functional even with the generator at standstill.
Rotor earth fault protection function
The injection to the rotor is schematically shown in figure 77.
Iinj DC Rf AC REX061 Rf Iinj + U inj Rotor Reference Im pedance Crot + Uinj -
Crot
IEC11000065 V1 EN
Figure 77:
Equivalent diagram for Sensitive rotor earth fault protection principle
The impedance ZMeasured is equal to the capacitive reactance between the rotor winding and earth (1/Crot) and the earth fault resistance (Rf). The series resistance in the injection circuit is eliminated. Rf is very large in the non-faulted case and the measured impedance, called the rotor reference impedance and can be calculated as :
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Z ref = - j
EQUATION2510 V1 EN
1 wCrot
alternative
1 = jwCrot Z ref
EQUATION2511 V1 EN
Where
w = 2p finj
EQUATION2512 V1 EN
The injected frequency finj of the square wave, is a set value, deviating from the fundamental frequency (50 or 60 Hz). The injected frequency can be set within the range 75 250 Hz with the recommended value 113 Hz in 50 Hz systems and 137 Hz in 60 Hz systems. Rseries is a resistance in the REX061 unit used to protect against overvoltage to the injection unit. Such overvoltages can occur if the unit is fed from static excitation system. The injection unit REX060 is connected to the generator and to IED as shown in figure 78.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
8 4
Step-up Transformer
U>
3 1
Uinj
Rshunt
~
6
Generator
ROTOR EF
REX061
I
RN
REX060/RIM module
REG670 Generator Protection Panel

IEC11000014 V1 EN
Figure 78:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Connection of REX060 for rotor earth fault protection
Generator unit consisting of a synchronous generator and a step-up transformer Generator field winding Capacitor coupling unit which is used to provide insulation barrier between rotor circuit and injection equipment Cable used to inject the square-wave signal into the rotor circuit Connection for measurement of injected current. This signal is amplified in REX060 before it is passed on to IED for evaluation. Connection for measurement of injected voltage. This signal is amplified in REX060 before it is passed on to IED for evaluation. Two VT inputs into IED which are used to measure injected current and voltage Protection for excessive over-voltages posed by generator. REX060 can withstand without damage maximum voltage of 120V and when used together with REX062 up to 240V.
The measured values are transferred to the primary impedance values by taking the actual impedance value through the complex transformation given by the equation.
Ztrue = k1 Z measured + k2
GUID-20ADF3F6-6A89-4B5F-B0DA-9740C4FD5482 V1 EN
The factors k1 and k2 [] are derived during the calibration measurements under commissioning. As support for the calibration, the Injection Commissioning tool must be used. This tool is an integrated part of the PCM600 tool. In connection to this calibration, the reference impedance is also derived. In case of a rotor earth fault with fault impedance Zf, the measured admittance is:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
1 1 1 = + Z Z ref Z f = 1 1 1 = Zf Z Z ref
EQUATION2405 V1 EN
The real part gives the fault conductance.

1 1 1 = Re Z Z ref Rf
EQUATION2421 V1 EN
RAlarm and RTrip are the two resistance levels given in the settings. The values of RAlarm and RTrip are given in . An alarm signal ALARM is given after a set delay tAlarm if Rf < RAlarm. A start signal START is given if Rf < RTrip. For the tripping times, see figure 81. Accuracy for ROTIPHIZ is installation dependent because harmonics in static excitation system, large variation of the ambient temperature and variation of rotor capacitance and conductance to ground between standstill and fully loaded machine will limit the possible setting level for the alarm stage. As a consequence 50 k sensitivity can be typically reached without problem. Depending on particular installation alarm sensitivity of up to 500 k may be reached.
3.6.4.2
Setting guidelines Setting injection unit REX060

The rotor injection module (RIM) in the REX060 generates a square wave signal for injection into the field winding circuit (rotor circuit). The injected voltage and current are connected to the measuring part of REX060. The signals are amplified giving voltage signals for both the injected voltage and current, adapted to analogue inputs of IED. Frequency, current and voltage gain are settable and stored in non-volatile memory. If value is out of range, the limit value will be stored. Last stored setting values are shown in display.
Table 59:
Setting System frequency Injected frequency Gain factor
Necessary settings for REX060

Range 50/60 Hz One set for rotor circuit injection Four steps for the rotor earth-fault protection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Injection frequency can be set as integer in range 75 to 250 Hz for a rotor. When selected, only one digit can be adjusted at the time by the Up or Down buttons. Store the new value by Enter button, or alternatively recover the last stored value by Clear button. Gain setting can be set in four discreet steps in the main menu. The selected step result in pre defined voltage and current gain factors. In other words, voltage and current gain cannot be set independently. Store the new gain by the Enter button, or alternatively recover to the last stored gain by the Clear button. Rotor gain factor for both voltage and current is dependent on the highest voltage that may occur at the injection point (exciter connection) due to disturbances of thyristor rectifiers and mains frequency from fault in rectifier source. U max at sensing input is the sum of the maximum allowed voltage that may occur at the voltage and current sense input points of REX060.
Table 60: Rotor gain
Gain factor 1 2 3 4 Extreme Enhanced Default Reduced Note
Always start with default gain. Other gains shall be used only if requested during commissioning procedure by the ICT tool.
Connecting and setting voltage inputs
There are two different methods for connecting the IED to the REX060 injection unit if both stator and rotor protection is used, either using two analog input channels on the IED for both rotor and stator voltage and current measurements, or two analog IED input channels for the rotor and another two IED channels for the stator measurements. 1. The same voltage input is used for both stator and rotor voltage measurement and another voltage input is used for both stator and rotor current measurement. The REX060 outputs to IED are connected in series.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IED
VOLTAGE MEASURE (U)
X61 8 9 10 11
REX060
STATOR MODULE SIM
CURRENT MEASURE (U)
X81 8 9 10 11
ROTOR MODULE RIM
IEC11000210 V1 EN
Figure 79:
Connection to IED with two analogue voltage inputs
2.
Two different voltage inputs are used for stator and rotor voltage measurement and two other voltage inputs are used for stator and rotor current measurement. This means that the inputs for STTIPHIZ is separated from the inputs for ROTIPHIZ.
IED
VOLTAGE MEASURE (U) CURRENT MEASURE (U) X61 8 9 10 11
REX060
STATOR MODULE SIM
X81 8 VOLTAGE MEASURE (U) CURRENT MEASURE (U) 9 10 11
ROTOR MODULE RIM
IEC11000209 V1 EN
Figure 80:
Separate analogue inputs for stator STTIPHIZ and rotor ROTIPHIZ protection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
If sufficient number of analog voltage inputs are available in IED, alternative 2 with separate inputs for STTIPHIZ and ROTIPHIZ is recommended. Some settings are required for the analog voltage inputs. Set the voltage ratio for the inputs to 1/1, for example, VTSecx = 100 V VTPrimx = 0.1 kV The analogue inputs are linked to a pre-processor block in the Signal Matrix Tool. This pre-processor block must have the same cycle time, 8 ms, as the function blocks for STTIPHIZ and ROTIPHIZ. The default parameter settings are used for the pre-processor block. Note that it is possible to connect two REG670 in parallel to the REX060 injection unit in order to obtain redundant measurement in two separate IEDs. However, at commissioning both REG670 IEDs must be connected during calibration procedure. It is of outmost importance that REX060, REX061 and REX062 chassis are all solidly grounded. Grounding (PE), protective earth is a separate 4 mm screw terminal, as a part of the metallic chassis.
Settings for sensitive rotor earth fault protection,ROTIPHIZ
Operation to be set On to activate the sensitive rotor earth-fault protection RTrip is the resistance level,set directly in primary Ohms, for activation of the tripfunction. RAlarm is the resistance level, set directly in primary Ohms, for activation of the alarm-function. tAlarm is the time delay to activate the ALARM signal output when the measured fault resistance is below the set RAlarm level FactACLim is the scale factor for earth fault on AC side of exiter tTripAC is the time delay for TRIP signal on the AC side of exiter ULimRMS is the largest allowed RMS at the analog input to IED to prevent cut off of the input signal. The default setting 420 V is strongly recommended. FreqInjected to be set on the injection unit REX060 for the stator earth-fault protection. The setting range is 75 250 Hz in steps of 0.001 Hz. In the choice of the injection frequency harmonics of the fundamental frequency (50 or 60 Hz) should be avoided as well as other harmonics related to other frequencies in the power system, for instance railway electrical systems with the fundamental frequency 16 2/3 Hz or 20 Hz. The recommended setting is 113Hz in 50Hz power system and 137Hz in 60Hz power system. The setting is fine tuned in connection to the commissioning calibration measurement and analysis in the ICT tool. The complex factors k1Real, k1Imag, k2Real, k21Imag are setting parameters. The factors k1 and k2 as well as the reference impedances, RefR1, RefX1 and RefR2,
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
RefX2, are derived from the calibration measurements during commissioning. ICT (Injection Commissioning Tool) must be used for the calibration process due to the complex nature of analysis and calculations. This tool is an integrated part of the PCM600. FilterLength setting affects the TRIP signal, see figure 81
Trip time
10 FilterLength
2 FilterLength
Fault resistance
RTrip
IEC11000002 V1 EN
RAlarm
Figure 81:
Trip time characteristic as function of fault resistance
3.6.4.3
Table 61:
Name Operation RTrip RAlarm tAlarm FactACLim tTripAC ULimRMS
Setting parameters
ROTIPHIZ Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 100 - 100000 100 - 1000000 0.00 - 600.00 0.01 - 2.00 0.000 - 60.000 1 - 1000 Unit ohm ohm s s V Step 1 1 1.00 0.01 1.000 1 Default Off 1000 10000 30.00 0.25 10.000 100 Description Operation (On / Off) of function Trip limit of fault resistance in Ohm Alarm limit of fault resistance in Ohm Alarm time delay Scale factor for rotor earth fault on AC side of exciter Time delay for trip on AC side of exciter RMS voltage level
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 62:
Name FreqInjected
ROTIPHIZ Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 75.000 - 250.000 Unit Hz Step 0.001 Default 113.000 Description Injected frequency
Table 63:
Name k1Real k1Imag k2Real k2Imag RefR1 RefX1 RefR2 RefX2
ROTIPHIZ Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 0.001 1000000000.000 -1000000.000 1000000.000 0.001 1000000000.000 -1000000.000 1000000.000 Unit ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 10000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000000.000 2000.000 1000000.000 2000.000 Description Multiplication factor k1 for calibration, real part Multiplication factor k1 for calibration, imaginary part Addition factor k2 for calibration, real part in Ohm Addition factor k2 for calibration, imaginary part in Ohm Reference resistance R1 in ohm Reference reactance X1 in ohm Reference resistance R2 in ohm Reference reactance X2 in ohm
Table 64:
Name FilterLength
ROTIPHIZ Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 1s 2s Unit Step Default 1s Description Length of filter buffer
3.6.5
100% stator earth fault protection, injection based STTIPHIZ

Function description 100% stator earth fault protection, injection based IEC 61850 identification STTIPHIZ IEC 60617 identification Rse< ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 64S
3.6.5.1
Application
The 100% stator earth-fault protection (STTIPHIZ) is used to detect the earth faults in the stator windings of generators and motors. STTIPHIZ is applicable for generators connected to the power system through a unit transformer in a block connection. An independent signal with a certain frequency different from the generator rated frequency is injected into the stator circuit. The response of this injected signal is used to detect stator earth faults.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
To implement the above concept, a separate injection box is required. The injection box generates a square wave voltage signal which for example, can be fed into the secondary winding of the generator neutral point voltage transformer or the grounding transformer. This signal is propagated through the transformer into the stator circuit. Thus, any connection or interference into the existing stator primary circuit or re-arrangement of the primary resistor is not required. The magnitude of the injected voltage signal is measured on the secondary side of the neutral point voltage transformer or the grounding transformer. In addition, the resulting injected current is measured through a resistive shunt located within the injection box. These two measured values are fed to the IED. Based on these two measured quantities, the protection IED determines the stator winding resistance to ground. The resistance value is then compared with the preset fault resistance alarm or trip levels. The protection function can not only detect the earth fault at the generator star point, but also along the stator windings and at the generator terminals, including the connected components such as voltage transformers, circuit breakers, excitation transformer and so on. The measuring principle used is not influenced by the generator operating mode and is fully functional even with the generator at standstill. It is still required to have a standard 95% stator earth-fault protection, based on the neutral point fundamental frequency displacement voltage, operating in parallel with the 100% stator earth-fault protection function. For a detailed description of 100% stator earth fault protection STTIPHIZ and sensitive rotor earth fault protection, see document no 1MRG005030 "Application example for injection based 100% Stator EF and Sensitive Rotor EF protection." The injection to the stator is schematically shown in figure 82. It should be observed that in this figure injection equivalent circuit is also shown with all impedances and injection generator related to the primary side of the neutral point voltage transformer. Points a & b indicate connection terminals for the injection equipment. Similar equivalent circuit can be drawn for all other types of generator stator earthing shown in latter figures.
100% Stator earth fault protection function
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Z Bare Z Measured
Z series Cstat R fault Iinj
a
UN
+ Uinj -
Rf
Cstat
RN
ZmT
b
Iinj + RN Uinj Stator Reference Impedance ZRef
b
IEC11000008 V1 EN
Figure 82:
High-resistance generator earthing with a neutral point resistor
There are some alternatives for connection of the neutral point resistor as shown in figure 83 (low voltage neutral point resistor connected via a DT).
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Cstat
Iinj + RN Uinj -
b
IEC11000009 V1 EN
Figure 83:
Effective high-resistance generator earthing via a distribution transformer
Another alternative is shown in figure 84 (High-resistance earthing via a delta, grounded-wye transformer). In this case the transformer must withstand the large secondary current caused by primary earth fault. The resistor typically has to be divided as shown in figure 84 to limit the voltage to the injection equipment in case of earth fault at the generator terminal. This voltage is often in the range 400 500 V. As the open delta connection gives three times the zero sequence phase voltage this gives too high voltage at the injection point if the resistance is not divided as shown in the figure 84 . By dividing the resistor in two parts it shall be ensured that maximum voltage imposed back on injection equipment is equal to or less than 240V.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
I inj RN C stat + U inj -
IEC11000010 V1 EN
Figure 84:
High-resistance generator earthing via a delta, grounded-wye transformer
It is also possible to make the injection via VT open delta connection, as shown in figure 85.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
U1 / U2 Y Y
Y
I inj + Rd U a
inj
C
stat
U1 R d >> R N U2
RN
IEC11000011 V1 EN
Figure 85:
Injection via open delta VT connection
It must be observed that the resistor Rd is normally applied for ferro-resonance damping. The resistance Rd is will have very little contribution to the earth fault current as it has high resistance. This injection principle can be used for applications with various generator system earthing methods. It is therefore
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
recommended to make the injection via the open delta VT on the terminal side in most applications. Accuracy for STTIPHIZ is installation dependent and it mainly depends on the characteristic of grounding or voltage transformer used to inject signal into the stator. Note that large variation of the ambient temperature and variation of stator capacitance and conductance to ground between standstill and fully loaded machine will also limit the possible setting level for the alarm stage. As a consequence 10 k sensitivity can be typically reached without problem. Depending on particular installation alarm sensitivity of up to 50 k may be reached at steady state operating condition of the machine. Note that it is possible to connect two REG670 in parallel to the REX060 injection unit in order to obtain redundant measurement in two separate IEDs. However, at commissioning both REG670 IEDs must be connected during calibration procedure.
3.6.5.2
Setting guidelines Setting injection unit REX060

The 100% stator earth fault protection module in the REX060 generate a square wave signal for injection into the stator windings of the generator via the neutral point. The injected voltage and current are connected to the measurement parts of REX060. The signals are amplified giving voltage signals for both the injected voltage and current, adapted to analogue inputs of IED. Frequency, current and voltage gain are settable and stored in non-volatile memory. If value is outside range, then the limited value will be stored. Last stored settings are shown in display.
Table 65:
Setting System frequency Injected frequency UmaxEF [V]
Necessary settings for REX060

Range 50/60 Hz 50 to 250 Hz Four steps for the 100% stator earth fault protection
Injection frequency can be set as integer in range 50 to 250 Hz. When selected, only one digit can be adjusted at the time by the Up or Down buttons. Store the new value by Enter button, or alternatively recover to the last stored value by Clear button. Gain setting can be set in four discreet steps for SIM in the main menu. These selectable steps, in turn result in pre defined voltage and current gain factors. The gain can be adjusted by the Up or Down buttons when selected. Store the new gain by the Enter button, or alternatively recover to the last stored gain by the Clear button. Stator gain should be set to the VT/DT rating. That voltage is dependent on the VT/ DT ratio and the highest possible voltage at neutral point. Gain factor (UmaxEF)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
shall be selected to correspond to this voltage which shall be at least the same as VT/ DT value in table below.
Table 66: Stator gain
UmaxEF [V] 240 200 160 up to 120 Default value Note
Connecting and setting voltage inputs
There are two different methods for connecting the IED to the REX060 injection unit if both stator and rotor protection is used, either using two IED analog input channels for both rotor and stator measurements, or two IED analog input channels for the rotor and another two channels for the stator measurements. 1. The same IED voltage input is used for both stator and rotor voltage measurement and another voltage input is used for both stator and rotor current measurement. The REX060 outputs to IED are connected in series.
IED
VOLTAGE MEASURE (U) X61 8 9 10 CURRENT MEASURE (U) 11
REX060
STATOR MODULE SIM
X81 8 9 10 11
ROTOR MODULE RIM
IEC11000210 V1 EN
Figure 86:
Connection to IED with two analogue voltage inputs
2.
Two different voltage inputs are used for stator and rotor voltage measurement and two other voltage inputs are used for stator and rotor current measurement. This means that the inputs for STTIPHIZ is separated from the inputs for ROTIPHIZ.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IED
VOLTAGE MEASURE (U) CURRENT MEASURE (U)
X61 8 9 10 11
REX060
STATOR MODULE SIM
X81 8 VOLTAGE MEASURE (U) CURRENT MEASURE (U) 9 10 11
ROTOR MODULE RIM
IEC11000209 V1 EN
Figure 87:
Separate analogue inputs for stator (STTIPHIZ) and rotor (ROTIPHIZ) protection
If sufficient number of analog voltage inputs are available in IED, alternative 2 with separate inputs is recommended. Some settings are required for the analog voltage inputs in the IED. The voltage ratio for the inputs shall be set 1/1, for example, VTSecx = 100 V VTPrimx = 0.1 kV The analogue inputs are linked to a pre-processor (SMAI) block in the Signal Matrix Tool. This pre-processor block must have the same cycle time, 8 ms, as the function block for STTIPHIZ. The default parameter settings shall be used for the pre-processor block.
100% stator earth fault protection
Operation to be set On to activate the stator earth-fault protection RTrip is the resistance level,set directly in primary Ohms, for activation of the tripfunction. RAlarm is the resistance level, set directly in primary Ohms, for activation of the alarm-function. tAlarm is the time delay to activate the ALARM signal output when the measured fault resistance is below the set RAlarm level OpenCircLim Open circuit limit in primary ULimRMS is the largest allowed RMS at the analog input to IED to prevent cut off of the input signal. The default setting 420 V is strongly recommended.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
FreqInjected shall be set to the same value as on the injection unit REX060 for the stator earth-fault protection. The setting range is 50 250 Hz in steps of 0.001 Hz. Values which corresponds to the harmonics of the fundamental frequency (50 or 60 Hz) should be avoided, as well as other harmonics related to other frequencies in the power system. For instance railway electrical systems with the power supply frequency 16 2/3 Hz or 25 Hz. The recommended setting is 87 Hz for 50 Hz system and 103 Hz for 60 Hz system. The setting is fine tuned at commissioning during calibration measurement and analysis in the ICT tool. The complex factors k1Real, k1Imag, k2Real, k21Imag are setting parameters. The factors k1 and k2 as well as the reference impedances, R1 - R5 and X1 - X5, are derived from the calibration measurements during commissioning. ICT (Injection Commissioning Tool) must be used for the calibration since this tool perform necessary calculations to derive above factors. This tool is an integrated part of the PCM600 tool. FilterLength the setting affects the length of samples used to calculate Rf. Default value 1s shall normally be used. OpenCircLim: If the measured impedance is larger than the setting OpenCircLim, the output OPCIRC is set TRUE. If OPCIRC is set, it means there is a strong likelihood that the neutral resistor is destroyed or not connected to the generator. The open circuit is only applied on the stator winding protection.
3.6.5.3
Table 67:
Name Operation RTrip RAlarm tAlarm OpenCircLim ULimRMS
Setting parameters
STTIPHIZ Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 100 - 10000 100 - 100000 0.00 - 600.00 100 - 10000000 1 - 1000 Unit ohm ohm s ohm V Step 1 1 1.00 1 1 Default Off 1000 5000 30.00 10000000 100 Description Operation (On / Off) of function Trip limit of fault resistance in Ohm Alarm limit of fault resistance in Ohm Alarm time delay Open circuit limit in Ohm RMS voltage level
Table 68:
Name FreqInjected
STTIPHIZ Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 50.000 - 250.000 Unit Hz Step 0.001 Default 87.000 Description Injected frequency
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 69:
Name k1Real k1Imag k2Real k2Imag RefR1 RefX1 RefR2 RefX2 RefR3 RefX3 RefR4 RefX4 RefR5 RefX5
STTIPHIZ Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 0.001 1000000000.000 -1000000.000 1000000.000 0.001 1000000000.000 -1000000.000 1000000.000 0.001 1000000000.000 -1000000.000 1000000.000 0.001 1000000000.000 -1000000.000 1000000.000 0.001 1000000000.000 -1000000.000 1000000.000 Unit ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm ohm Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 10000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1000.000 2000.000 1000.000 2000.000 1000.000 2000.000 1000.000 2000.000 1000.000 2000.000 Description Multiplication factor k1 for calibration, real part Multiplication factor k1 for calibration, imaginary part Addition factor k2 for calibration, real part in Ohm Addition factor k2 for calibration, imaginary part in Ohm Reference resistance R1 in ohm Reference reactance X1 in ohm Reference resistance R2 in ohm Reference reactance X2 in ohm Reference resistance R3 in ohm Reference reactance X3 in ohm Reference resistance R4 in ohm Reference reactance X4 in ohm Reference resistance R5 in ohm Reference reactance X5 in ohm
Table 70:
Name FilterLength
STTIPHIZ Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 1s 2s Unit Step Default 1s Description Length of filter buffer
3.7
3.7.1
Current protection
Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output PHPIOC
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Function description Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output IEC 61850 identification PHPIOC IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 50
3I>>
SYMBOL-Z V1 EN
3.7.1.1
Application
Long transmission lines often transfer great quantities of electric power from production to consumption areas. The unbalance of the produced and consumed electric power at each end of the transmission line is very large. This means that a fault on the line can easily endanger the stability of a complete system. The transient stability of a power system depends mostly on three parameters (at constant amount of transmitted electric power): The type of the fault. Three-phase faults are the most dangerous, because no power can be transmitted through the fault point during fault conditions. The magnitude of the fault current. A high fault current indicates that the decrease of transmitted power is high. The total fault clearing time. The phase angles between the EMFs of the generators on both sides of the transmission line increase over the permitted stability limits if the total fault clearing time, which consists of the protection operating time and the breaker opening time, is too long.
The fault current on long transmission lines depends mostly on the fault position and decreases with the distance from the generation point. For this reason the protection must operate very quickly for faults very close to the generation (and relay) point, for which very high fault currents are characteristic. The instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output PHPIOC can operate in 10 ms for faults characterized by very high currents.
3.7.1.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output PHPIOC are set via the local HMI or PCM600. This protection function must operate only in a selective way. So check all system and transient conditions that could cause its unwanted operation. Only detailed network studies can determine the operating conditions under which the highest possible fault current is expected on the line. In most cases, this current appears during three-phase fault conditions. But also examine single-phase-to-earth and two-phase-to-earth conditions.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Also study transients that could cause a high increase of the line current for short times. A typical example is a transmission line with a power transformer at the remote end, which can cause high inrush current when connected to the network and can thus also cause the operation of the built-in, instantaneous, overcurrent protection. IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. If possible to find a suitable value the rated current of the protected object is chosen. OpMode: This parameter can be set to 2 out of 3 or 1 out of 3. The setting controls the minimum number of phase currents that must be larger than the set operate current IP>> for operation. Normally this parameter is set to 1 out of 3and will thus detect all fault types. If the protection is to be used mainly for multi phase faults, 2 out of 3 should be chosen. IP>>: Set operate current in % of IBase. StValMult: The operate current can be changed by activation of the binary input ENMULT to the set factor StValMult.
Meshed network without parallel line
The following fault calculations have to be done for three-phase, single-phase-toearth and two-phase-to-earth faults. With reference to figure 88, apply a fault in B and then calculate the current through-fault phase current IfB. The calculation should be done using the minimum source impedance values for ZA and the maximum source impedance values for ZB in order to get the maximum through fault current from A to B.
ZA
I fB ZL
ZB
IED Fault
IEC09000022 V1 EN
Figure 88:
Through fault current from A to B: IfB
Then a fault in A has to be applied and the through fault current IfA has to be calculated, figure 89. In order to get the maximum through fault current, the minimum value for ZB and the maximum value for ZA have to be considered.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ZA
I fA ZL
ZB
~
IED Fault
IEC09000023 V1 EN
Figure 89:
Through fault current from B to A: IfA
The IED must not trip for any of the two through-fault currents. Hence the minimum theoretical current setting (Imin) will be:
Imin MAX(I fA, IfB )
EQUATION78 V1 EN
(Equation 93)
A safety margin of 5% for the maximum protection static inaccuracy and a safety margin of 5% for the maximum possible transient overreach have to be introduced. An additional 20% is suggested due to the inaccuracy of the instrument transformers under transient conditions and inaccuracy in the system data. The minimum primary setting (Is) for the instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output is then:
Is 1.3.Im in
EQUATION79 V2 EN
(Equation 94)
The protection function can be used for the specific application only if this setting value is equal to or less than the maximum fault current that the IED has to clear, IF in figure 90.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IF
ZA
ZL
ZB
~
IED Fault
IEC09000024 V1 EN
Figure 90:
Fault current: IF
IP >>=
Is IBase
100
(Equation 95)
EQUATION1147 V3 EN
In case of parallel lines, the influence of the induced current from the parallel line to the protected line has to be considered. One example is given in figure 91 where the two lines are connected to the same busbars. In this case the influence of the induced fault current from the faulty line (line 1) to the healthy line (line 2) is considered together with the two through fault currents IfA and IfB mentioned previously. The maximal influence from the parallel line for the IED in figure 91 will be with a fault at the C point with the C breaker open. A fault in C has to be applied, and then the maximum current seen from the IED (IM ) on the healthy line (this applies for single-phase-to-earth and two-phase-toearth faults) is calculated.
Meshed network with parallel line
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Line 1 A C ZL1 B ZB Fault ZL2 IM IED

IEC09000025 V1 EN
ZA M
Line 2
Figure 91:
Two parallel lines. Influence from parallel line to the through fault current: IM
The minimum theoretical current setting for the overcurrent protection function (Imin) will be:
Imin MAX(I fA, IfB , IM )
EQUATION82 V1 EN
(Equation 96)
Where IfA and IfB have been described in the previous paragraph. Considering the safety margins mentioned previously, the minimum setting (Is) for the instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output is then:
Is 1.3Imin
EQUATION83 V2 EN
(Equation 97)
The protection function can be used for the specific application only if this setting value is equal or less than the maximum phase fault current that the IED has to clear. The IED setting value IP>> is given in percentage of the primary base current value, IBase. The value for IP>> is given from this formula:
IP >>= Is IBase 100
(Equation 98)
EQUATION1147 V3 EN

3.7.1.3
Table 71:
Name Operation IBase OpMode IP>>
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
PHPIOC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 2 out of 3 1 out of 3 1 - 2500 Unit A %IB Step 1 1 Default Off 3000 1 out of 3 200 Description Operation Off / On Base current Select operation mode 2-out of 3 / 1-out of 3 Operate phase current level in % of IBase
Table 72:
Name StValMult
PHPIOC Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.5 - 5.0 Unit Step 0.1 Default 1.0 Description Multiplier for operate current level
3.7.2
Four step phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC

Function description Four step phase overcurrent protection IEC 61850 identification OC4PTOC
4 4
IEC 60617 identification

3I> alt
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 51/67
TOC-REVA V1 EN
3.7.2.1
Application
The Four step phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output OC4PTOC is used in several applications in the power system. Some applications are: Short circuit protection of feeders in distribution and subtransmission systems. Normally these feeders have radial structure. Back-up short circuit protection of transmission lines. Back-up short circuit protection of power transformers. Short circuit protection of different kinds of equipment connected to the power system such as; shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors, motors and others. Back-up short circuit protection of power generators. If VT inputs are not available or not connected, setting parameter DirModex (x = step 1, 2, 3 or 4) shall be left to default value Nondirectional. In many applications several steps with different current pick up levels and time delays are needed. OC4PTOC can have up to four different, individual settable,
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
steps. The flexibility of each step of OC4PTOC is great. The following options are possible: Non-directional / Directional function: In most applications the non-directional functionality is used. This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from the protected object itself. In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault clearance, the directional function can be necessary. Choice of delay time characteristics: There are several types of delay time characteristics available such as definite time delay and different types of inverse time delay characteristics. The selectivity between different overcurrent protections is normally enabled by co-ordination between the function time delays of the different protections. To enable optimal co-ordination between all overcurrent protections, they should have the same time delay characteristic. Therefore a wide range of standardized inverse time characteristics are available: IEC and ANSI. It is also possible to tailor make the inverse time characteristic. Normally it is required that the phase overcurrent protection shall reset as fast as possible when the current level gets lower than the operation level. In some cases some sort of delayed reset is required. Therefore different kinds of reset characteristics can be used. For some protection applications there can be a need to change the current pick-up level for some time. A typical case is when the protection will measure the current to a large motor. At the start up sequence of a motor the start current can be significantly larger than the rated current of the motor. Therefore there is a possibility to give a setting of a multiplication factor to the current pick-up level. This multiplication factor is activated from a binary input signal to the function. Power transformers can have a large inrush current, when being energized. This phenomenon is due to saturation of the transformer magnetic core during parts of the period. There is a risk that inrush current will reach levels above the pick-up current of the phase overcurrent protection. The inrush current has a large 2nd harmonic content. This can be used to avoid unwanted operation of the protection. Therefore, OC4PTOC have a possibility of 2nd harmonic restrain if the level of this harmonic current reaches a value above a set percentage of the fundamental current. The phase overcurrent protection is often used as protection for two and three phase short circuits. In some cases it is not wanted to detect single-phase earth faults by the phase overcurrent protection. This fault type is detected and cleared after operation of earth fault protection. Therefore it is possible to make a choice how many phases, at minimum, that have to have current above the pick-up level, to enable operation. If set 1 of 3 it is sufficient to have high current in one phase only. If set 2 of 3 or 3 of 3 single-phase earth faults are not detected.
3.7.2.2
Setting guidelines
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
When inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the operate time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay. Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is of utmost importance to set the definite time delay for that stage to zero. The parameters for Four step phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output OC4PTOC are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following settings can be done for OC4PTOC. MeasType: Selection of discrete Fourier filtered (DFT) or true RMS filtered (RMS) signals. RMS is used when the harmonic contents are to be considered, for example in applications with shunt capacitors. Operation: The protection can be set to Off or On IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the current of the protected object. UBase: Base voltage level in kV. This voltage is give as a phase-to-phase voltage and this is the reference for voltage related settings of the function. Normally the setting should be chosen to the rated phase-to-phase voltage of the voltage transformer feeding the protection IED. AngleRCA: Protection characteristic angle set in degrees. If the angle of the fault loop current has the angle RCA the direction to fault is forward. AngleROA: Angle value, given in degrees, to define the angle sector of the directional function, see figure 92. IminOpPhSel: Minimum current for phase selection set in % of IBase. This setting should be less than the lowest step setting. Default setting is 7%. StartPhSel: Number of phases, with high current, required for operation. The setting possibilities are: Not used,1 out of 3, 2 out of 3 and 3 out of 3. Default setting is 1 out of 3. 2ndHarmStab: Operate level of 2nd harmonic current restrain set in % of the fundamental current. The setting range is 5 - 100% in steps of 1%. Default setting is 20%.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Uref
1 2 2 4
Idir
IEC09000636_1_vsd
IEC09000636 V1 EN
Figure 92:
Directional function characteristic
1. 2. 3. 4.
RCA = Relay characteristic angle ROA = Relay operating angle Reverse Forward
Settings for each step

x means step 1, 2, 3 and 4.
DirModex: The directional mode of step x. Possible settings are Off/Nondirectional/Forward/Reverse. Characteristx: Selection of time characteristic for step x. Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics are available according to table 73.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 73:
Curve name
Inverse time characteristics
ANSI Extremely Inverse ANSI Very Inverse ANSI Normal Inverse ANSI Moderately Inverse ANSI/IEEE Definite time ANSI Long Time Extremely Inverse ANSI Long Time Very Inverse ANSI Long Time Inverse IEC Normal Inverse IEC Very Inverse IEC Inverse IEC Extremely Inverse IEC Short Time Inverse IEC Long Time Inverse IEC Definite Time User Programmable ASEA RI RXIDG (logarithmic)
The different characteristics are described in Technical reference manual. Ix>: Operate phase current level for step x given in % of IBase. tx: Definite time delay for step x. Used if definite time characteristic is chosen. kx: Time multiplier for inverse time delay for step x. IMinx: Minimum operate current for step x in % of IBase. Set IMinx below Ix> for every step to achieve ANSI reset characteristic according to standard. If IMinx is set above Ix> for any step the ANSI reset works as if current is zero when current drops below IMinx. IxMult: Multiplier for scaling of the current setting value. If a binary input signal (enableMultiplier) is activated the current operation level is increase by this setting constant. Setting range: 1.0-10.0 txMin: Minimum operate time for all inverse time characteristics. At high currents the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time. By setting this parameter the operation time of the step can never be shorter than the setting. Setting range: 0.000 - 60.000s in steps of 0.001s.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operate time
IMinx
txMin
Current
IEC10000058 V1 EN
Figure 93:
Minimum operate current and operation time for inverse time characteristics
In order to fully comply with curves definition setting parameter txMin shall be set to the value, which is equal to the operating time of the selected inverse curve for measured current of twenty times the set current pickup value. Note that the operating time value is dependent on the selected setting value for time multiplier kx. ResetTypeCrvx: The reset of the delay timer can be made in different ways. By choosing setting the possibilities are according to table 74.
Table 74:
Curve name Instantaneous IEC Reset (constant time) ANSI Reset (inverse time)
Reset possibilities
Curve index no. 1 2 3
The delay characteristics are described in the technical reference manual. There are some restrictions regarding the choice of reset delay. For the definite time delay characteristics the possible delay time settings are instantaneous (1) and IEC (2 = set constant time reset).
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
For ANSI inverse time characteristics all three types of reset time characteristics are available; instantaneous (1), IEC (2 = set constant time reset) and ANSI (3 = current dependent reset time). For IEC inverse time characteristics the possible delay time settings are instantaneous (1) and IEC (2 = set constant time reset). For the customer tailor made inverse time delay characteristics (type 17) all three types of reset time characteristics are available; instantaneous (1), IEC (2 = set constant time reset) and ANSI (3 = current dependent reset time). If the current dependent type is used settings pr, tr and cr must be given. HarmRestrainx: Enable block of step x from the harmonic restrain function (2nd harmonic). This function should be used when there is a risk if power transformer inrush currents might cause unwanted trip. Can be set Off/On. tPCrvx, tACrvx, tBCrvx, tCCrvx: Parameters for customer creation of inverse time characteristic curve (Curve type = 17). See equation 99 for the time characteristic equation.
A IxMult + t [s] = B p i -C in >

EQUATION1261 V2 EN
(Equation 99)
For more information, refer to the technical reference manual. tPRCrvx, tTRCrvx, tCRCrvx: Parameters for customer creation of inverse reset time characteristic curve (Reset Curve type = 3). Further description can be found in the technical reference manual.
2nd harmonic restrain

If a power transformer is energized there is a risk that the transformer core will saturate during part of the period, resulting in an inrush transformer current. This will give a declining residual current in the network, as the inrush current is deviating between the phases. There is a risk that the phase overcurrent function will give an unwanted trip. The inrush current has a relatively large ratio of 2nd harmonic component. This component can be used to create a restrain signal to prevent this unwanted function. The settings for the 2nd harmonic restrain are described below. 2ndHarmStab: The rate of 2nd harmonic current content for activation of the 2nd harmonic restrain signal, to block chosen steps. The setting is given in % of the fundamental frequency residual current. The setting range is 5 - 100% in steps of 1%. The default setting is 20% and can be used if a deeper investigation shows that no other value is needed..
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
HarmRestrainx: This parameter can be set Off/On, to disable or enable the 2nd harmonic restrain. The four step phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output can be used in different ways, depending on the application where the protection is used. A general description is given below. The operating current setting inverse time protection or the lowest current step constant inverse time protection must be given a current setting so that the highest possible load current does not cause protection operation. Here consideration also has to be taken to the protection reset current, so that a short peak of overcurrent does not cause operation of the protection even when the overcurrent has ceased. This phenomenon is described in figure 94.
Current I
Line phase current Operate current
Reset current
The IED does not reset
Time t
IEC05000203-en-2.vsd
IEC05000203 V3 EN
Figure 94:
Operate and reset current for an overcurrent protection
The lowest setting value can be written according to equation 100.

Ipu 1.2
EQUATION1262 V2 EN
Im ax k
(Equation 100)
where: 1.2 k Imax is a safety factor, is the resetting ratio of the protection is the maximum load current. 221 Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
From operation statistics the load current up to the present situation can be found. The current setting must be valid also for some years ahead. It is, in most cases, realistic that the setting values are updated not more often than once every five years. In many cases this time interval is still longer. Investigate the maximum load current that different equipment on the line can withstand. Study components such as line conductors, current transformers, circuit breakers, and disconnectors. The manufacturer of the equipment normally gives the maximum thermal load current of the equipment. The maximum load current on the line has to be estimated. There is also a demand that all faults, within the zone that the protection shall cover, must be detected by the phase overcurrent protection. The minimum fault current Iscmin, to be detected by the protection, must be calculated. Taking this value as a base, the highest pick up current setting can be written according to equation 101.
Ipu 0.7 Isc min
EQUATION1263 V2 EN
(Equation 101)
where: 0.7 Iscmin is a safety factor is the smallest fault current to be detected by the overcurrent protection.
As a summary the operating current shall be chosen within the interval stated in equation 102.
1.2 Im ax Ipu 0.7 Isc min k
(Equation 102)
EQUATION1264 V2 EN
The high current function of the overcurrent protection, which only has a short delay of the operation, must be given a current setting so that the protection is selective to other protection in the power system. It is desirable to have a rapid tripping of faults within as large portion as possible of the part of the power system to be protected by the protection (primary protected zone). A fault current calculation gives the largest current of faults, Iscmax, at the most remote part of the primary protected zone. Considerations have to be made to the risk of transient overreach, due to a possible DC component of the short circuit current. The lowest current setting of the most rapid stage, of the phase overcurrent protection, can be written according to
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
I high 1.2 kt I sc max

EQUATION1265 V1 EN
(Equation 103)
where: 1.2 kt is a safety factor, is a factor that takes care of the transient overreach due to the DC component of the fault current and can be considered to be less than 1.1
Iscmax is the largest fault current at a fault at the most remote point of the primary protection zone.
The operate times of the phase overcurrent protection has to be chosen so that the fault time is so short that protected equipment will not be destroyed due to thermal overload, at the same time as selectivity is assured. For overcurrent protection, in a radial fed network, the time setting can be chosen in a graphical way. This is mostly used in the case of inverse time overcurrent protection. Figure 95 shows how the time-versus-current curves are plotted in a diagram. The time setting is chosen to get the shortest fault time with maintained selectivity. Selectivity is assured if the time difference between the curves is larger than a critical time difference.
en05000204.wmf
IEC05000204 V1 EN
Figure 95:
Fault time with maintained selectivity
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The operation time can be set individually for each overcurrent protection. To assure selectivity between different protections, in the radial network, there have to be a minimum time difference Dt between the time delays of two protections. The minimum time difference can be determined for different cases. To determine the shortest possible time difference, the operation time of protections, breaker opening time and protection resetting time must be known. These time delays can vary significantly between different protective equipment. The following time delays can be estimated:
Protection operation time: Protection resetting time: Breaker opening time: 15-60 ms 15-60 ms 20-120 ms
Example for time coordination

Assume two substations A and B directly connected to each other via one line, as shown in the figure 96. Consider a fault located at another line from the station B. The fault current to the overcurrent protection of IED B1 has a magnitude so that the protection will have instantaneous function. The overcurrent protection of IED A1 must have a delayed function. The sequence of events during the fault can be described using a time axis, see figure 96.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
A1
B1
Feeder
I>
I>
Time axis
t=0 The fault occurs

IEC05000205 V1 EN
t=t1 Protection B1 trips
t=t2 Breaker at B1 opens
t=t3 Protection A1 resets

en05000205.vsd
Figure 96:
where: t=0 t=t1 t=t2 t=t3
Sequence of events during fault
is when the fault occurs, is when the trip signal from the overcurrent protection at IED B1 is sent to the circuit breaker. The operation time of this protection is t1, is when the circuit breaker at IED B1 opens. The circuit breaker opening time is t2 - t1 and is when the overcurrent protection at IED A1 resets. The protection resetting time is t3 - t2.
To ensure that the overcurrent protection at IED A1, is selective to the overcurrent protection at IED B1, the minimum time difference must be larger than the time t3. There are uncertainties in the values of protection operation time, breaker opening time and protection resetting time. Therefore a safety margin has to be included. With normal values the needed time difference can be calculated according to equation 104.
Dt 40 ms + 100 ms + 40 ms + 40 ms = 220 ms
EQUATION1266 V1 EN
(Equation 104)
where it is considered that: the operate time of overcurrent protection B1 is 40 ms the breaker open time the resetting time of protection A1 the additional margin is 100 ms is 40 ms and is 40 ms

3.7.2.3
Table 75:
Name Operation IBase UBase AngleRCA AngleROA StartPhSel
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
OC4PTOC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 40 - 65 40 - 89 1 out of 3 2 out of 3 3 out of 3 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1 - 10000 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse Unit A kV Deg Deg Step 1 0.05 1 1 Default Off 3000 400.00 55 80 1 out of 3 Description Operation Off / On Base current Base voltage Relay characteristic angle (RCA) Relay operation angle (ROA) Number of phases required for op (1 of 3, 2 of 3, 3 of 3) Directional mode of step 1 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
DirMode1
Non-directional
Characterist1
ANSI Def. Time
Selection of time delay curve type for step 1
I1> t1 k1 IMin1 t1Min I1Mult DirMode2
%IB s %IB s -
1 0.001 0.01 1 0.001 0.1 -
1000 0.000 0.05 100 0.000 2.0 Non-directional
Phase current operate level for step1 in % of IBase Definitive time delay of step 1 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 1 Minimum operate current for step1 in % of IBase Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 1 Multiplier for current operate level for step 1 Directional mode of step 2 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1 - 10000 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 Unit Step Default ANSI Def. Time Description Selection of time delay curve type for step 2
Name Characterist2
I2> t2 k2 IMin2 t2Min I2Mult DirMode3
%IB s %IB s -
1 0.001 0.01 1 0.001 0.1 -
500 0.400 0.05 50 0.000 2.0 Non-directional
Phase current operate level for step2 in % of IBase Definitive time delay of step 2 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 2 Minimum operate current for step2 in % of IBase Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 2 Multiplier for current operate level for step 2 Directional mode of step 3 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Characterist3
ANSI Def. Time
I3> t3
%IB s
1 0.001
250 0.800
Phase current operate level for step3 in % of IBase Definitive time delay of step 3

Name k3 IMin3 t3Min I3Mult DirMode4 Values (Range) 0.05 - 999.00 1 - 10000 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1 - 10000 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Unit %IB s Step 0.01 1 0.001 0.1 Default 0.05 33 0.000 2.0 Non-directional Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 3 Minimum operate current for step3 in % of IBase Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 3 Multiplier for current operate level for step 3 Directional mode of step 4 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Characterist4
ANSI Def. Time
I4> t4 k4 IMin4 t4Min I4Mult
%IB s %IB s -
1 0.001 0.01 1 0.001 0.1
175 2.000 0.05 17 0.000 2.0
Phase current operate level for step4 in % of IBase Definitive time delay of step 4 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 4 Minimum operate current for step4 in % of IBase Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 4 Multiplier for current operate level for step 4
Table 76:
Name IMinOpPhSel 2ndHarmStab ResetTypeCrv1
OC4PTOC Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 1 - 100 5 - 100 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset Unit %IB %IB Step 1 1 Default 7 20 Instantaneous Description Minimum current for phase selection in % of IBase Operate level of 2nd harm restrain op in % of Fundamental Selection of reset curve type for step 1
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off On Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off On Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 Unit s Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 Default 0.020 1.000 13.500 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Off Instantaneous Description Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 1 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Enable block of step 1 from harmonic restrain Selection of reset curve type for step 2
Name tReset1 tPCrv1 tACrv1 tBCrv1 tCCrv1 tPRCrv1 tTRCrv1 tCRCrv1 HarmRestrain1 ResetTypeCrv2
tReset2 tPCrv2 tACrv2 tBCrv2 tCCrv2 tPRCrv2 tTRCrv2 tCRCrv2 HarmRestrain2 ResetTypeCrv3
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 -
0.020 1.000 13.500 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Off Instantaneous
Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 2 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Enable block of step 2 from harmonic restrain Selection of reset curve type for step 3
tReset3 tPCrv3 tACrv3 tBCrv3
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01
0.020 1.000 13.500 0.00
Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 3 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 3

Name tCCrv3 tPRCrv3 tTRCrv3 tCRCrv3 HarmRestrain3 ResetTypeCrv4 Values (Range) 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off On Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off On Unit Step 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 Default 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Off Instantaneous Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 3 Enable block of step3 from harmonic restrain Selection of reset curve type for step 4
tReset4 tPCrv4 tACrv4 tBCrv4 tCCrv4 tPRCrv4 tTRCrv4 tCRCrv4 HarmRestrain4
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 -
0.020 1.000 13.500 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Off
Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 4 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 4 Enable block of step 4 from harmonic restrain
Table 77:
Name MeasType
OC4PTOC Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) DFT RMS Unit Step Default DFT Description Selection between DFT and RMS measurement
3.7.3
Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection EFPIOC

Function description Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection IEC 61850 identification EFPIOC IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 50N
IN>>
IEF V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
In many applications, when fault current is limited to a defined value by the object impedance, an instantaneous earth-fault protection can provide fast and selective tripping. The Instantaneous residual overcurrent EFPIOC, which can operate in 15 ms (50 Hz nominal system frequency) for faults characterized by very high currents, is included in the IED.
3.7.3.1
3.7.3.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for the Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection EFPIOC are set via the local HMI or PCM600. Some guidelines for the choice of setting parameter for EFPIOC is given. The setting of the function is limited to the operate residual current to the protection (IN>>). The basic requirement is to assure selectivity, that is EFPIOC shall not be allowed to operate for faults at other objects than the protected object (line). For a normal line in a meshed system single phase-to-earth faults and phase-to-phaseto-earth faults shall be calculated as shown in figure 97 and figure 98. The residual currents (3I0) to the protection are calculated. For a fault at the remote line end this fault current is IfB. In this calculation the operational state with high source impedance ZA and low source impedance ZB should be used. For the fault at the home busbar this fault current is IfA. In this calculation the operational state with low source impedance ZA and high source impedance ZB should be used.
ZA
I fB ZL
ZB
IED Fault
IEC09000022 V1 EN
Figure 97:
Through fault current from A to B: IfB
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ZA
I fA ZL
ZB
~
IED Fault
IEC09000023 V1 EN
Figure 98:
Through fault current from B to A: IfA
The function shall not operate for any of the calculated currents to the protection. The minimum theoretical current setting (Imin) will be:
Imin MAX(I fA, IfA )
EQUATION284 V1 EN
(Equation 105)
A safety margin of 5% for the maximum static inaccuracy and a safety margin of 5% for maximum possible transient overreach have to be introduced. An additional 20% is suggested due to inaccuracy of instrument transformers under transient conditions and inaccuracy in the system data. The minimum primary current setting (Is) is:
Is 1.3.Im in
EQUATION285 V2 EN
(Equation 106)
In case of parallel lines with zero sequence mutual coupling a fault on the parallel line, as shown in figure 99, should be calculated.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Line 1 A C ZL1 B ZB Fault ZL2 IM IED

IEC09000025 V1 EN
ZA M
Line 2
Figure 99:
Two parallel lines. Influence from parallel line to the through fault current: IM
The minimum theoretical current setting (Imin) will in this case be:
I m in M A X ( IfA, I fB, I M )
EQUATION287 V1 EN
(Equation 107)
Where: IfA and IfB have been described for the single line case.
Considering the safety margins mentioned previously, the minimum setting (Is) is:
Is 1.3.Im in
EQUATION288 V2 EN
(Equation 108)
Transformer inrush current shall be considered. The setting of the protection is set as a percentage of the base current (IBase). Operation: set the protection to On or Off. IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. If possible to find a suitable value the rated current of the protected object is chosen. IN>>: Set operate current in % of IBase. StValMult: The operate current can be changed by activation of the binary input ENMULT to the set factor StValMult.

3.7.3.3
Table 78:
Name Operation IBase IN>>
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
EFPIOC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 1 - 2500 Unit A %IB Step 1 1 Default Off 3000 200 Description Operation Off / On Base current Operate residual current level in % of IBase
Table 79:
Name StValMult
EFPIOC Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.5 - 5.0 Unit Step 0.1 Default 1.0 Description Multiplier for operate current level
3.7.4
Four step residual overcurrent protection, zero, negative sequence direction EF4PTOC
Function description Four step residual overcurrent protection IEC 61850 identification EF4PTOC IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 51N/67N
IN 4 4 alt
TEF-REVA V1 EN
3.7.4.1
Application
The four step residual overcurrent protection EF4PTOC is used in several applications in the power system. Some applications are: In many applications several steps with different current operating levels and time delays are needed. EF4PTOC can have up to four, individual settable steps. The flexibility of each step of EF4PTOC is great. The following options are possible: Non-directional/Directional function: In some applications the non-directional functionality is used. This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from the protected object itself. In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault clearance, the directional function can be necessary. This can be the case for earthfault protection in meshed and effectively earthed transmission systems. The directional residual overcurrent protection is also well suited to operate in teleprotection communication schemes, which enables fast clearance of earth faults on transmission lines. The directional function uses the polarizing quantity as decided by setting. Voltage polarizing (-3U0 is most commonly used, but alternatively current polarizing where currents in transformer neutrals providing the neutral (zero sequence) source (ZN) is used to polarize (IN ZN) the function.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Dual polarizing where the sum of both voltage and current components is allowed to polarize can also be selected. Choice of time characteristics: There are several types of time characteristics available such as definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics. The selectivity between different overcurrent protections is normally enabled by co-ordination between the operate time of the different protections. To enable optimal co-ordination all overcurrent protections, to be coordinated against each other, should have the same time characteristic. Therefore a wide range of standardized inverse time characteristics are available: IEC and ANSI.
Table 80:
Curve name ANSI Extremely Inverse ANSI Very Inverse ANSI Normal Inverse ANSI Moderately Inverse ANSI/IEEE Definite time ANSI Long Time Extremely Inverse ANSI Long Time Very Inverse ANSI Long Time Inverse IEC Normal Inverse IEC Very Inverse IEC Inverse IEC Extremely Inverse IEC Short Time Inverse IEC Long Time Inverse IEC Definite Time User Programmable ASEA RI RXIDG (logarithmic)
Time characteristics
It is also possible to tailor make the inverse time characteristic. Normally it is required that EF4PTOC shall reset as fast as possible when the current level gets lower than the operation level. In some cases some sort of delayed reset is required. Therefore different kinds of reset characteristics can be used. For some protection applications there can be a need to change the current operating level for some time. Therefore there is a possibility to give a setting of a multiplication factor INxMult to the residual current pick-up level. This multiplication factor is activated from a binary input signal ENMULTx to the function.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Power transformers can have a large inrush current, when being energized. This inrush current can have residual current components. The phenomenon is due to saturation of the transformer magnetic core during parts of the cycle. There is a risk that inrush current will give a residual current that reaches level above the operating current of the residual overcurrent protection. The inrush current has a large second harmonic content. This can be used to avoid unwanted operation of the protection. Therefore, EF4PTOC has a possibility of second harmonic restrain 2ndHarmStab if the level of this harmonic current reaches a value above a set percentage of the fundamental current.
3.7.4.2
Setting guidelines
When inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the operate time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay. Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is of utmost importance to set the definite time delay for that stage to zero. The parameters for the four step residual overcurrent protection, zero or negative sequence direction EF4PTOC are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following settings can be done for the four step residual overcurrent protection. Operation: Sets the protection to On or Off. IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the current transformer where the current measurement is made. UBase: Base voltage level in kV. This voltage is given as a phase-to-phase voltage and this is the reference for voltage related settings of the function. The residual voltage is used as reference voltage for the directional function. Normally the setting should be chosen to the rated phase-to-phase voltage of the voltage transformer feeding the protection IED. DirModex: The directional mode of step x. Possible settings are Off/Nondirectional/Forward/Reverse. Characteristx: Selection of time characteristic for step x. Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics are available. Inverse time characteristic enables fast fault clearance of high current faults at the same time as selectivity to other inverse time phase overcurrent protections can be assured. This is mainly used in radial fed networks but can also be used in meshed networks. In meshed networks the settings must be based on network fault calculations.
Settings for each step (x = 1, 2, 3 and 4)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
To assure selectivity between different protections, in the radial network, there have to be a minimum time difference Dt between the time delays of two protections. The minimum time difference can be determined for different cases. To determine the shortest possible time difference, the operation time of protections, breaker opening time and protection resetting time must be known. These time delays can vary significantly between different protective equipment. The following time delays can be estimated:
Protection operate time: Protection resetting time: Breaker opening time: 15-60 ms 15-60 ms 20-120 ms
The different characteristics are described in the technical reference manual. INx>: Operate residual current level for step x given in % of IBase. kx: Time multiplier for the dependent (inverse) characteristic for step x. IMinx: Minimum operate current for step x in % of IBase. Set IMinx below Ix> for every step to achieve ANSI reset characteristic according to standard. If IMinx is set above Ix> for any step the ANSI reset works as if current is zero when current drops below IMinx. INxMult: Multiplier for scaling of the current setting value. If a binary input signal (ENMULTx) is activated the current operation level is increased by this setting constant. txMin: Minimum operating time for inverse time characteristics. At high currents the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time. By setting this parameter the operation time of the step can never be shorter than the setting.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operate time
IMinx
txMin
Current
IEC10000058 V1 EN
Figure 100:
Minimum operate current and operate time for inverse time characteristics
In order to fully comply with curves definition the setting parameter txMin shall be set to the value which is equal to the operate time of the selected IEC inverse curve for measured current of twenty times the set current pickup value. Note that the operate time value is dependent on the selected setting value for time multiplier kx. ResetTypeCrvx: The reset of the delay timer can be made in different ways. The possibilities are described in the technical reference manual. tPCrvx, tACrvx, tBCrvx, tCCrvx: Parameters for user programmable of inverse time characteristic curve. The time characteristic equation is according to equation 109:
A k t[ s ] = + B i p -C in >
EQUATION1189 V1 EN
(Equation 109)
Further description can be found in the technical reference manual.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
tPRCrvx, tTRCrvx, tCRCrvx: Parameters for user programmable of inverse reset time characteristic curve. Further description can be found in the technical reference manual.
Common settings for all steps
tx: Definite time delay for step x. Used if definite time characteristic is chosen. AngleRCA: Relay characteristic angle given in degree. This angle is defined as shown in figure 101. The angle is defined positive when the residual current lags the reference voltage (Upol = 3U0 or U2)
RCA
Upol = 3U0 or U2
Operation I>Dir
en 05000135 -4-nsi.vsd
IEC05000135 V4 EN
Figure 101:
Relay characteristic angle given in degree
In a normal transmission network a normal value of RCA is about 65. The setting range is -180 to +180. polMethod: Defines if the directional polarization is from Voltage (3U0 or U2) Current (3I0 ZNpol or 3I2 ZNpol where ZNpol is RNpol + jXNpol), or both currents and voltage, Dual (dual polarizing, (3U0 + 3I0 ZNpol) or (U2 + I2 ZNpol)).
Normally voltage polarizing from the internally calculated residual sum or an external open delta is used. Current polarizing is useful when the local source is strong and a high sensitivity is required. In such cases the polarizing voltage (3U0) can be below 1% and it is then
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
necessary to use current polarizing or dual polarizing. Multiply the required set current (primary) with the minimum impedance (ZNpol) and check that the percentage of the phase-to-earth voltage is definitely higher than 1% (minimum 3U0>UPolMin setting) as a verification. RNPol, XNPol: The zero-sequence source is set in primary ohms as base for the current polarizing. The polarizing voltage is then achieved as 3I0 ZNpol. The ZNpol can be defined as (ZS1-ZS0)/3, that is the earth return impedance of the source behind the protection. The maximum earth-fault current at the local source can be used to calculate the value of ZN as U/(3 3I0) Typically, the minimum ZNPol (3 zero sequence source) is set. Setting is in primary ohms. When the dual polarizing method is used it is important that the settingINx>or the product 3I0 ZNpol is not greater than 3U0. If so, there is a risk for incorrect operation for faults in the reverse direction. IPolMin: is the minimum earth-fault current accepted for directional evaluation. For smaller currents than this value the operation will be blocked. Typical setting is 5-10% of IBase. UPolMin: Minimum polarization (reference) residual voltage for the directional function, given in % of UBase/3. I>Dir: Operate residual current release level in % of IBase for directional comparison scheme. The setting is given in % of IBase and must be set below the lowest INx> setting, set for the directional measurement. The output signals, STFW and STRV can be used in a teleprotection scheme. The appropriate signal should be configured to the communication scheme block.
2nd harmonic restrain
If a power transformer is energized there is a risk that the current transformer core will saturate during part of the period, resulting in a transformer inrush current. This will give a declining residual current in the network, as the inrush current is deviating between the phases. There is a risk that the residual overcurrent function will give an unwanted trip. The inrush current has a relatively large ratio of 2nd harmonic component. This component can be used to create a restrain signal to prevent this unwanted function. At current transformer saturation a false residual current can be measured by the protection. Also here the 2nd harmonic restrain can prevent unwanted operation. 2ndHarmStab: The rate of 2nd harmonic current content for activation of the 2nd harmonic restrain signal. The setting is given in % of the fundamental frequency residual current. HarmRestrainx: Enable block of step x from the harmonic restrain function.
Parallel transformer inrush current logic
In case of parallel transformers there is a risk of sympathetic inrush current. If one of the transformers is in operation, and the parallel transformer is switched in, the
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
asymmetric inrush current of the switched in transformer will cause partial saturation of the transformer already in service. This is called transferred saturation. The 2nd harmonic of the inrush currents of the two transformers will be in phase opposition. The summation of the two currents will thus give a small 2nd harmonic current. The residual fundamental current will however be significant. The inrush current of the transformer in service before the parallel transformer energizing, will be a little delayed compared to the first transformer. Therefore we will have high 2nd harmonic current initially. After a short period this current will however be small and the normal 2nd harmonic blocking will reset.
IN> Power System
IN>
en05000136.vsd
IEC05000136 V1 EN
Figure 102:
Application for parallel transformer inrush current logic
If the BlkParTransf function is activated the 2nd harmonic restrain signal will latch as long as the residual current measured by the relay is larger than a selected step current level. Assume that step 4 is chosen to be the most sensitive step of the four step residual overcurrent protection function EF4PTOC. The harmonic restrain blocking is enabled for this step. Also the same current setting as this step is chosen for the blocking at parallel transformer energizing. Below the settings for the parallel transformer logic are described. UseStartValue: Gives which current level that should be used for activation of the blocking signal. This is given as one of the settings of the steps: Step 1/2/3/4. Normally the step having the lowest operation current level should be set. BlkParTransf: This parameter can be set Off/On, the parallel transformer logic.
Switch onto fault logic
In case of energizing a faulty object there is a risk of having a long fault clearance time, if the fault current is too small to give fast operation of the protection. The switch on to fault function can be activated from auxiliary signals from the circuit breaker, either the close command or the open/close position (change of position). This logic can be used to issue fast trip if one breaker pole does not close properly at a manual or automatic closing. SOTF and Under Time are similar functions to achieve fast clearance at asymmetrical closing based on requirements from different utilities.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The function is divided into two parts. The SOTF function will give operation from step 2 or 3 during a set time after change in the position of the circuit breaker. The SOTF function has a set time delay. The Under Time function, which has 2nd harmonic restrain blocking, will give operation from step 4. The 2nd harmonic restrain will prevent unwanted function in case of transformer inrush current. The Under Time function has a set time delay. Below the settings for switch on to fault logics are described. SOTF operation mode: This parameter can be set: Off/SOTF/Under Time/SOTF +Under Time. ActivationSOTF: This setting will select the signal to activate SOTF function; CB position open/CB position closed/CB close command. tSOTF: Time delay for operation of the SOTF function. The setting range is 0.000 60.000 s in step of 0.001 s. The default setting is 0.100 s StepForSOTF: If this parameter is set on the step 3 start signal will be used as current set level. If set off step 2 start signal will be used as current set level. t4U: Time interval when the SOTF function is active after breaker closing. The setting range is 0.000 - 60.000 s in step of 0.001 s. The default setting is 1.000 s. ActUnderTime: Describes the mode to activate the sensitive undertime function. The function can be activated by Circuit breaker position (change) or Circuit breaker command. tUnderTime: Time delay for operation of the sensitive undertime function. The setting range is 0.000 - 60.000 s in step of 0.001 s. The default setting is 0.300 s
Transformer application example
Two main cases are of interest when residual overcurrent protection is used for a power transformer, namely if residual current can be fed from the protected transformer winding or not. The protected winding will feed earth-fault (residual) current to earth faults in the connected power system. The residual current fed from the transformer at external phase-to-earth faults, is highly dependent of the total positive and zero-sequence source impedances as well as the residual current distribution between the network zero-sequence impedance and the transformer zero-sequence impedance. An example of this application is shown in figure 103.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
YN/D or YN/Y transformer Three phase CT summated
alt
IN>
Single CT
en05000490.vsd
IEC05000490 V1 EN
Figure 103:
Residual overcurrent protection application on a directly earthed transformer winding
In this case the protection has two different tasks: Detection of earth faults on the transformer winding, to which the protection is connected. Detection of earth faults in the power system, to which the protected winding is connected.
It can be suitable to use a residual overcurrent protection with at least two steps. Step 1 shall have a short definite time delay and a relatively high current setting, in order to detect and clear high current earth faults in the transformer winding or in the power system close to the transformer. Step 2 shall have a longer time delay (definite or inverse time delay) and a lower current operation level. Step 2 shall detect and clear transformer winding earth faults with low earth-fault current, that is, faults close to the transformer winding neutral point. If the current setting gap between step 1 and step 2 is large another step can be introduced with a current and time delay setting between the two described steps. The transformer inrush current will have a large residual current component. To prevent unwanted function of the earth-fault overcurrent protection, the 2nd harmonic restrain blocking should be used, at least for the sensitive step 2. If the protected winding will not feed earth-fault (residual) current to earth faults in the connected power system the application is as shown in figure 104.
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Y/Y, Y/D or D/Y transformer Three phase CT summated
IN>
en05000491.vsd
IEC05000491 V1 EN
Figure 104:
Residual overcurrent protection application on an isolated transformer winding
In the calculation of the fault current fed to the protection, at different earth faults, are highly dependent on the positive and zero sequence source impedances, as well as the division of residual current in the network. Earth-fault current calculations are necessary for the setting. Setting of step 1 One requirement is that earth faults at the busbar, where the transformer winding is connected, shall be detected. Therefore a fault calculation as shown in figure 105 is made.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Three phase CT summated
YN/D or YN/Y transformer
3I0 alt Single CT
IN> Single phase-toearth fault
IEC05000492 V2 EN
Figure 105:
Step 1 fault calculation 1
This calculation gives the current fed to the protection: 3I0fault1. To assure that step 1, selectivity to other earth-fault protections in the network a short delay is selected. Normally, a delay in the range 0.3 0.4 s is appropriate. To assure selectivity to line faults, tripped after a delay (typically distance protection zone 2) of about 0.5 s the current setting must be set so high so that such faults does not cause unwanted step 1 trip. Therefore, a fault calculation as shown in figure 106 is made.
YN/D or YN/Y transformer Three phase CT summated 3I0 alt Single CT
IN>
Single phase-toearth fault

IEC05000493 V2 EN
Figure 106:
Step 1 fault calculation 1

245
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The fault is located at the borderline between instantaneous and delayed operation of the line protection, such as Distance protection or line residual overcurrent protection. This calculation gives the current fed to the protection: 3I0fault2 The setting of step 1 can be chosen within the interval shown in equation 110.
3I 0fault 2 lowmar < I step1 < 3I 0fault1 highmar

EQUATION1455 V2 EN
(Equation 110)
Where: lowmar is a margin to assure selectivity (typical 1.2) and highmar is a margin to assure fast fault clearance of busbar fault (typical 1.2).
Setting of step 2 The setting of the sensitive step 2 is dependent of the chosen time delay. Often a relatively long definite time delay or inverse time delay is chosen. The current setting can be chosen very low. As it is required to detect earth faults in the transformer winding, close to the neutral point, values down to the minimum setting possibilities can be chosen. However, one must consider zero-sequence currents that can occur during normal operation of the power system. Such currents can be due to un-transposed lines. In case to protection of transformer windings not feeding residual current at external earth faults a fast lowcurrent step can be acceptable.
3.7.4.3
Table 81:
Name Operation IBase UBase AngleRCA polMethod
Setting parameters
EF4PTOC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 -180 - 180 Voltage Current Dual 1 - 100 2 - 100 0.50 - 1000.00 0.50 - 3000.00 Unit A kV Deg Step 1 0.05 1 Default Off 3000 400 65 Voltage Description Operation Off / On Base value for current settings Base value for voltage settings Relay characteristic angle (RCA) Type of polarization
UPolMin IPolMin RNPol XNPol
%UB %IB ohm ohm
1 1 0.01 0.01
1 5 5.00 40.00
Minimum voltage level for polarization in % of UBase Minimum current level for polarization in % of IBase Real part of source Z to be used for current polarisation Imaginary part of source Z to be used for current polarisation
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 1 - 100 5 - 100 Off On IN1> IN2> IN3> IN4> Off SOTF UnderTime SOTF&UnderTime Open Closed CloseCommand Step 2 Step 3 Off On 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 CB position CB command 0.000 - 60.000 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 Unit %IB % Step 1 1 Default 10 20 Off IN4> Description Residual current level for Direction release in % of IBase Second harmonic restrain operation in % of IN amplitude Enable blocking at parallel transformers Current level blk at parallel transf (step1, 2, 3 or 4)
Name IN>Dir 2ndHarmStab BlkParTransf UseStartValue
SOTF
Off
SOTF operation mode (Off/SOTF/ Undertime/SOTF&Undertime)
ActivationSOTF
Open
Select signal that shall activate SOTF
StepForSOTF HarmResSOTF tSOTF t4U ActUnderTime tUnderTime DirMode1
s s s -
0.001 0.001 0.001 -
Step 2 Off 0.200 1.000 CB position 0.300 Non-directional
Selection of step used for SOTF Enable harmonic restrain function in SOTF Time delay for SOTF Switch-onto-fault active time Select signal to activate under time (CB Pos/CBCommand) Time delay for under time Directional mode of step 1 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Characterist1
ANSI Def. Time
Time delay curve type for step 1
IN1> t1
%IB s
1 0.001
100 0.000
Operate residual current level for step 1 in % of IBase Independent (defenite) time delay of step 1

Name k1 IMin1 t1Min IN1Mult ResetTypeCrv1 Values (Range) 0.05 - 999.00 1.00 - 10000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 Off On 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 Unit %IB s Step 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.1 Default 0.05 100.00 0.000 2.0 Instantaneous Description
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Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for step 1 Minimum current for step 1 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 1 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for step 1 Reset curve type for step 1
tReset1 HarmRestrain1 tPCrv1 tACrv1 tBCrv1 tCCrv1 tPRCrv1 tTRCrv1 tCRCrv1 DirMode2
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 -
0.020 On 1.000 13.500 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Non-directional
Reset time delay for step 1 Enable block of step 1 from harmonic restrain Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Directional mode of step 2 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Characterist2
ANSI Def. Time
IN2>
%IB
50
Operate residual current level for step 2 in % of IBase
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1.00 - 10000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 Off On 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 Unit s %IB s Step 0.001 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.1 Default 0.400 0.05 50 0.000 2.0 Instantaneous Description Independent (definitive) time delay of step 2 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for step 2 Minimum current for step 2 Minimum operate time for inverse curves step 2 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for step 2 Reset curve type for step 2
Name t2 k2 IMin2 t2Min IN2Mult ResetTypeCrv2
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 -
Reset time delay for step 2 Enable block of step 2 from harmonic restrain Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Directional mode of step 3 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Characterist3
ANSI Def. Time
IN3>
%IB
33

Name t3 k3 IMin3 t3Min IN3Mult ResetTypeCrv3 Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1.00 - 10000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 Off On 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 Unit s %IB s Step 0.001 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.1 Default 0.800 0.05 33 0.000 2.0 Instantaneous Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Independent time delay of step 3 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for step 3 Minimum current for step 3 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 3 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for step 3 Reset curve type for step 3
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 -
Reset time delay for step 3 Enable block of step 3 from harmonic restrain Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter C for customer programmable curve step 3 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve step 3 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve step 3 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 3 Directional mode of step 4 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Characterist4
ANSI Def. Time
IN4>
%IB
17
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1.00 - 10000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 Off On 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Unit s %IB s Step 0.001 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.1 Default 1.200 0.05 17 0.000 2.0 Instantaneous Description Independent (definitive) time delay of step 4 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for step 4 Minimum current for step 4 Minimum operate time in inverse curves step 4 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for step 4 Reset curve type for step 4
Name t4 k4 IMin4 t4Min IN4Mult ResetTypeCrv4
tReset4 HarmRestrain4 tPCrv4 tACrv4 tBCrv4 tCCrv4 tPRCrv4 tTRCrv4 tCRCrv4
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1
0.020 On 1.000 13.500 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0
Reset time delay for step 4 Enable block of step 4 from harmonic restrain Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter A for customer programmable curve step 4 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter C for customer programmable curve step 4 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve step 4 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve step 4 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve step 4
3.7.5
Four step directional negative phase sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC

Function description Four step negative sequence overcurrent protection IEC 61850 identification NS4PTOC
4 4 alt
IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number
I2
46I2
IEC10000053 V1 EN
3.7.5.1
Application
Four step negative sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC is used in several applications in the power system. Some applications are:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Earth-fault and phase-phase short circuit protection of feeders in effectively earthed distribution and subtransmission systems. Normally these feeders have radial structure. Back-up earth-fault and phase-phase short circuit protection of transmission lines. Sensitive earth-fault protection of transmission lines. NS4PTOC can have better sensitivity to detect resistive phase-to-earth-faults compared to distance protection. Back-up earth-fault and phase-phase short circuit protection of power transformers. Earth-fault and phase-phase short circuit protection of different kinds of equipment connected to the power system such as shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors and others.
In many applications several steps with different current operating levels and time delays are needed. NS4PTOC can have up to four, individual settable steps. The flexibility of each step of NS4PTOC function is great. The following options are possible: Non-directional/Directional function: In some applications the non-directional functionality is used. This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from the protected object itself. In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault clearance, the directional function can be necessary. This can be the case for unsymmetrical fault protection in meshed and effectively earthed transmission systems. The directional negative sequence overcurrent protection is also well suited to operate in teleprotection communication schemes, which enables fast clearance of unsymmetrical faults on transmission lines. The directional function uses the polarizing quantity as decided by setting. Voltage polarizing is most commonly used but alternatively dual polarizing, where the sum of both voltage and current components is allowed to polarize, can also be selected. Choice of time characteristics: There are several types of time characteristics available such as definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics. The selectivity between different overcurrent protections is normally enabled by co-ordination between the operating time of the different protections. To enable optimal co-ordination all overcurrent relays, to be coordinated against each other, should have the same time characteristic. Therefore a wide range of standardized inverse time characteristics are available: IEC and ANSI.
Table 82:
Curve name ANSI Extremely Inverse ANSI Very Inverse ANSI Normal Inverse ANSI Moderately Inverse ANSI/IEEE Definite time Table continues on next page
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Curve name ANSI Long Time Extremely Inverse ANSI Long Time Very Inverse ANSI Long Time Inverse IEC Normal Inverse IEC Very Inverse IEC Inverse IEC Extremely Inverse IEC Short Time Inverse IEC Long Time Inverse IEC Definite Time User Programmable ASEA RI RXIDG (logarithmic)
There is also a user programmable inverse time characteristic. Normally it is required that the negative sequence overcurrent function shall reset as fast as possible when the current level gets lower than the operation level. In some cases some sort of delayed reset is required. Therefore different kinds of reset characteristics can be used. For some protection applications there can be a need to change the current operating level for some time. Therefore there is a possibility to give a setting of a multiplication factor IxMult to the negative sequence current pick-up level. This multiplication factor is activated from a binary input signal ENMULTx to the function.
3.7.5.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for Four step negative sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control Manager (PCM600). The following settings can be done for the four step negative sequence overcurrent protection: Operation: Sets the protection to On or Off. IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the protected object where the current measurement is made. UBase: Base voltage level in kV. This voltage is given as a phase-to-phase voltage and this is the reference for voltage related settings of the function. This voltage is internally divided by 3.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
When inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the operate time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay. Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is of utmost importance to set the definite time delay for that stage to zero.
Settings for each step

DirModeSelx: The directional mode of step x. Possible settings are off/nondirectional/ forward/reverse. Characteristx: Selection of time characteristic for step x. Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics are available.
Table 83:
The different characteristics are described in the Technical Reference Manual (TRM). Ix>: Operation negative sequence current level for step x given in % of IBase.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
tx: Definite time delay for step x. Used if definite time characteristic is chosen. kx: Time multiplier for the dependent (inverse) characteristic. IMinx: Minimum operate current for step x in % of IBase. Set IMinx below Ix> for every step to achieve ANSI reset characteristic according to standard. If IMinx is set above Ix> for any step the ANSI reset works as if current is zero when current drops below IMinx. IxMult: Multiplier for scaling of the current setting value. If a binary input signal (ENMULTx) is activated the current operation level is multiplied by this setting constant. txMin: Minimum operation time for inverse time characteristics. At high currents the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time. By setting this parameter the operation time of the step can never be shorter than the setting. ResetTypeCrvx: The reset of the delay timer can be made in different ways. By choosing setting there are the following possibilities:
Curve name Instantaneous IEC Reset (constant time) ANSI Reset (inverse time)
The different reset characteristics are described in the Technical Reference Manual (TRM). There are some restrictions regarding the choice of reset delay. For the independent time delay characteristics the possible delay time settings are instantaneous (1) and IEC (2 = set constant time reset). For ANSI inverse time delay characteristics all three types of reset time characteristics are available; instantaneous (1), IEC (2 = set constant time reset) and ANSI (3 = current dependent reset time). For IEC inverse time delay characteristics the possible delay time settings are instantaneous (1) and IEC (2 = set constant time reset). For the programmable inverse time delay characteristics all three types of reset time characteristics are available; instantaneous (1), IEC (2 = set constant time reset) and ANSI (3 = current dependent reset time). If the current dependent type is used settings pr, tr and cr must be given. tPCrvx, tACrvx, tBCrvx, tCCrvx: Parameters for programmable inverse time characteristic curve (Curve type = 17). The time characteristic equation is according to equation 109:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
A k t[ s ] = + B i p -C in >
EQUATION1189 V1 EN
(Equation 111)
Further description can be found in the Technical reference manual (TRM). tPRCrvx, tTRCrvx, tCRCrvx: Parameters for programmable inverse reset time characteristic curve. Further description can be found in the Technical reference manual (TRM).
Common settings for all steps

AngleRCA: Relay characteristic angle given in degrees. This angle is defined as shown in figure 101. The angle is defined positive when the residual current lags the reference voltage (Upol = -U2)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Reverse Area
AngleRCA
Upol=-U2
Forward Area Iop = I2
IEC10000031 V1 EN
Figure 107:
Relay characteristic angle given in degree
In a transmission network a normal value of RCA is about 80. UPolMin: Minimum polarization (reference) voltage % of UBase. I>Dir: Operate residual current level for directional comparison scheme. The setting is given in % of IBase. The start forward or start reverse signals can be used in a communication scheme. The appropriate signal must be configured to the communication scheme block.
3.7.5.3
Table 84:
Name Operation IBase UBase AngleRCA
Setting parameters
NS4PTOC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 -180 - 180 Unit A kV Deg Step 1 0.05 1 Default Off 3000 400 65 Description Operation Off / On Base value for current settings Base value for voltage settings Relay characteristic angle (RCA)

Name polMethod UPolMin IPolMin RPol XPol I>Dir DirMode1 Values (Range) Voltage Dual 1 - 100 2 - 100 0.50 - 1000.00 0.50 - 3000.00 1 - 100 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1.00 - 10000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 Unit %UB %IB ohm ohm %IB Step 1 1 0.01 0.01 1 Default Voltage 5 5 5.00 40.00 10 Non-directional Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Type of polarization Minimum voltage level for polarization in % of UBase Minimum current level for polarization in % of IBase Real part of neg. seq. source imp. to be used for current polarisation Imaginary part of neg. seq. source imp. to be used for current polarisation Neg. seq. curr. I2 level for Direction release in % of IBase Directional mode of step 1 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Characterist1
ANSI Def. Time
I1> t1 k1 IMin1 t1Min I1Mult ResetTypeCrv1
%IB s %IB s -
1 0.001 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.1 -
100 0.000 0.05 100.00 0.000 2.0 Instantaneous
Operate neg. seq. curr. I2 level for step 1 in % of IBase Independent (defenite) time delay of step 1 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for step 1 Minimum current for step 1 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 1 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for step 1 Reset curve type for step 1
tReset1 tPCrv1
s -
0.001 0.001
0.020 1.000
Reset time delay for step 1 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 1
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1.00 - 10000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 Unit Step 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 Default 13.500 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Non-directional Description Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 1 Directional mode of step 2 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Name tACrv1 tBCrv1 tCCrv1 tPRCrv1 tTRCrv1 tCRCrv1 DirMode2
Characterist2
ANSI Def. Time
%IB s %IB s -
1 0.001 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.1 -
50 0.400 0.05 50 0.000 2.0 Instantaneous
Operate neg. seq. curr. I2 level for step 2 in % of IBase Independent (definitive) time delay of step 2 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for step 2 Minimum current for step 2 Minimum operate time for inverse curves step 2 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for step 2 Reset curve type for step 2
tReset2 tPCrv2
s -
0.001 0.001
0.020 1.000
Reset time delay for step 2 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 2

Name tACrv2 tBCrv2 tCCrv2 tPRCrv2 tTRCrv2 tCRCrv2 DirMode3 Values (Range) 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1.00 - 10000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 Unit Step 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 Default 13.500 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Non-directional Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 2 Directional mode of step 3 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Characterist3
ANSI Def. Time
%IB s %IB s -
1 0.001 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.1 -
33 0.800 0.05 33 0.000 2.0 Instantaneous
Operate neg. seq. curr. I2 level for step 3 in % of IBase Independent time delay of step 3 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for step 3 Minimum current for step 3 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 3 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for step 3 Reset curve type for step 3
tReset3 tPCrv3 tACrv3
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001
0.020 1.000 13.500
Reset time delay for step 3 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 3
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Off Non-directional Forward Reverse ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 1 - 2500 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 999.00 1.00 - 10000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 Unit Step 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 Default 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Non-directional Description Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 3 Parameter C for customer programmable curve step 3 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve step 3 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve step 3 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for step 3 Directional mode of step 4 (off, nodir, forward, reverse)
Name tBCrv3 tCCrv3 tPRCrv3 tTRCrv3 tCRCrv3 DirMode4
Characterist4
ANSI Def. Time
%IB s %IB s -
1 0.001 0.01 1.00 0.001 0.1 -
17 1.200 0.05 17 0.000 2.0 Instantaneous
Operate neg. seq. curr. I2 level for step 4 in % of IBase Independent (definitive) time delay of step 4 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for step 4 Minimum current for step 4 Minimum operate time in inverse curves step 4 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for step 4 Reset curve type for step 4
tReset4 tPCrv4 tACrv4
s -
0.001 0.001 0.001
0.020 1.000 13.500
Reset time delay for step 4 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter A for customer programmable curve step 4

Name tBCrv4 tCCrv4 tPRCrv4 tTRCrv4 tCRCrv4 Values (Range) 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Unit Step 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 Default 0.00 1.0 0.500 13.500 1.0 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 4 Parameter C for customer programmable curve step 4 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve step 4 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve step 4 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve step 4
3.7.6
Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and power protection SDEPSDE

Function description Sensitive directional residual over current and power protection IEC 61850 identification SDEPSDE IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 67N
3.7.6.1
Application
In networks with high impedance earthing, the phase-to-earth fault current is significantly smaller than the short circuit currents. Another difficulty for earthfault protection is that the magnitude of the phase-to-earth fault current is almost independent of the fault location in the network. Directional residual current can be used to detect and give selective trip of phase-toearth faults in high impedance earthed networks. The protection uses the residual current component 3I0 cos , where is the angle between the residual current and the residual voltage (-3U0), compensated with a characteristic angle. Alternatively, the function can be set to strict 3I0 level with a check of angle 3I0 and cos . Directional residual power can also be used to detect and give selective trip of phaseto-earth faults in high impedance earthed networks. The protection uses the residual power component 3I0 3U0 cos , where is the angle between the residual current and the reference residual voltage, compensated with a characteristic angle. A normal non-directional residual current function can also be used with definite or inverse time delay. A back-up neutral point voltage function is also available for non-directional sensitive back-up protection.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In an isolated network, that is, the network is only coupled to earth via the capacitances between the phase conductors and earth, the residual current always has -90 phase shift compared to the reference residual voltage. The characteristic angle is chosen to -90 in such a network. In resistance earthed networks or in Petersen coil earthed, with a parallel resistor, the active residual current component (in phase with the residual voltage) should be used for the earth-fault detection. In such networks the characteristic angle is chosen to 0. As the amplitude of the residual current is independent of the fault location the selectivity of the earth-fault protection is achieved by time selectivity. When should the sensitive directional residual overcurrent protection be used and when should the sensitive directional residual power protection be used? Consider the following facts: Sensitive directional residual overcurrent protection gives possibility for better sensitivity. The setting possibilities of this function are down to 0.25 % of IBase, 1 A or 5 A. This sensitivity is in most cases sufficient in high impedance network applications, if the measuring CT ratio is not too high. Sensitive directional residual power protection gives possibility to use inverse time characteristics. This is applicable in large high impedance earthed networks, with large capacitive earth-fault current In some power systems a medium size neutral point resistor is used, for example, in low impedance earthed system. Such a resistor will give a resistive earth-fault current component of about 200 - 400 A at a zero resistive phase-toearth fault. In such a system the directional residual power protection gives better possibilities for selectivity enabled by inverse time power characteristics.
3.7.6.2
Setting guidelines
The sensitive earth-fault protection is intended to be used in high impedance earthed systems, or in systems with resistive earthing where the neutral point resistor gives an earth-fault current larger than what normal high impedance gives but smaller than the phase-to-phase short circuit current. In a high impedance system the fault current is assumed to be limited by the system zero sequence shunt impedance to earth and the fault resistance only. All the series impedances in the system are assumed to be zero. In the setting of earth-fault protection, in a high impedance earthed system, the neutral point voltage (zero sequence voltage) and the earth-fault current will be calculated at the desired sensitivity (fault resistance). The complex neutral point voltage (zero sequence) can be calculated as:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
U0 =
U phase 1+ 3 Rf Z0
(Equation 112)
EQUATION1943 V1 EN
Where Uphase Rf Z0 is the phase voltage in the fault point before the fault, is the resistance to earth in the fault point and is the system zero sequence impedance to earth
The fault current, in the fault point, can be calculated as:

I j = 3I 0 =
EQUATION1944 V1 EN
3 U phase Z0 + 3 R f
(Equation 113)
The impedance Z0 is dependent on the system earthing. In an isolated system (without neutral point apparatus) the impedance is equal to the capacitive coupling between the phase conductors and earth:
Z 0 = - jX c = - j
EQUATION1945 V1 EN
3 U phase Ij
(Equation 114)
Where Ij Xc is the capacitive earth-fault current at a non-resistive phase to earth-fault is the capacitive reactance to earth
In a system with a neutral point resistor (resistance earthed system) the impedance Z0 can be calculated as:
Z0 = - jX c 3R n - jX c + 3R n
(Equation 115)
EQUATION1946 V1 EN
Where Rn is the resistance of the neutral point resistor
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In many systems there is also a neutral point reactor (Petersen coil) connected to one or more transformer neutral points. In such a system the impedance Z0 can be calculated as:
Z 0 = - jX c // 3R n // j3X n =
EQUATION1947 V1 EN
3X n X c + j3R n ( 3X n - X c )
(Equation 116)
9R n X n X c
Where Xn is the reactance of the Petersen coil. If the Petersen coil is well tuned we have 3Xn = Xc In this case the impedance Z0 will be: Z0 = 3Rn
Now consider a system with an earthing via a resistor giving higher earth-fault current than the high impedance earthing. The series impedances in the system can no longer be neglected. The system with a single phase to earth-fault can be described as in figure 108.
Source impedance Zsc (pos. seq)
ZT,1 (pos. seq) ZT,0 (zero seq)
RN
U0A 3I0
Substation A
ZlineAB,1 (pos. seq) ZlineAB,0 (zero seq)
U0B
Substation B
ZlineBC,1 (pos. seq) ZlineBC,0 (zero seq)
Phase to earth fault

en06000654.vsd
IEC06000654 V1 EN
Figure 108:
Equivalent of power system for calculation of setting
The residual fault current can be written:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
3I 0 =
3U phase 2 Z1 + Z 0 + 3 R f
(Equation 117)
EQUATION1948 V1 EN
Where Uphase Z1 Z0 Rf is the phase voltage in the fault point before the fault is the total positive sequence impedance to the fault point. Z1 = Zsc+ZT,1+ZlineAB,1+ZlineBC,1 is the total zero sequence impedance to the fault point. Z0 = ZT,0+3RN+ZlineAB,0+ZlineBC,0 is the fault resistance.
The residual voltages in stations A and B can be written:

U 0 A = 3I 0 ( Z T ,0 + 3R N )
EQUATION1949 V1 EN
(Equation 118)
U OB = 3I 0 (Z T ,0 + 3R N + Z lineAB,0 )
EQUATION1950 V1 EN
(Equation 119)
The residual power, measured by the sensitive earth-fault protections in A and B will be:
S0 A = 3U 0 A 3I 0
EQUATION1951 V1 EN
(Equation 120)
S0 B = 3U 0 B 3I 0
EQUATION1952 V1 EN
(Equation 121)
The residual power is a complex quantity. The protection will have a maximum sensitivity in the characteristic angle RCA. The apparent residual power component in the characteristic angle, measured by the protection, can be written:
S0 A ,prot = 3U 0 A 3I 0 cos j A
EQUATION1953 V1 EN
(Equation 122)
S0 B,prot = 3U 0 B 3I 0 cos j B
EQUATION1954 V1 EN
(Equation 123)
The angles A and B are the phase angles between the residual current and the residual voltage in the station compensated with the characteristic angle RCA.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The protection will use the power components in the characteristic angle direction for measurement, and as base for the inverse time delay. The inverse time delay is defined as:
t inv = kSN (3I0 3U 0 cos j(reference)) 3I0 3U 0 cos j(measured)
(Equation 124)
EQUATION1942 V2 EN
The function can be set On/Off with the setting of Operation. The setting IBase gives the base current in A. Normally the primary rated current of the CT feeding the protection should be chosen. The setting UBase gives the base voltage in kV. Normally the system phase to earth voltage is chosen. The setting SBase gives the base voltage in kVA. Normally IBase UBase is chosen. With the setting OpMode the principle of directional function is chosen. With OpMode set to 3I0cosfi the current component in the direction equal to the characteristic angleRCADir has the maximum sensitivity. The characteristic for RCADir is equal to 0 is shown in figure 109.
RCADir = 0 , ROADir = 0
3I0
= ang(3I0 ) ang(3Uref )
3I0 cos
3U0 = Uref
IEC06000648 V3 EN
Figure 109:
Characteristic for RCADir equal to 0
The characteristic is for RCADir equal to -90 is shown in figure 110.

Uref
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
RCADir = 90 , ROADir = 90
3I0
3I0 cos
= ang (3I0 ) ang (Uref )
3U0
IEC06000649 V3 EN
Figure 110:
Characteristic for RCADir equal to -90
When OpMode is set to 3U03I0cosfi the apparent residual power component in the direction is measured. When OpMode is set to 3I0 and fi the function will operate if the residual current is larger than the setting INDir> and the residual current angle is within the sector RCADir ROADir. The characteristic for RCADir = 0 and ROADir = 80 is shown in figure 111.
RCADir = 0 ROADir = 80
Operate area 3I0 -3U0
IEC06000652 V3 EN
Figure 111:
Characteristic for RCADir = 0 and ROADir = 80
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
DirMode is set Forward or Reverse to set the direction of the trip function from the directional residual current function. All the directional protection modes have a residual current release level setting INRel> which is set in % of IBase. This setting should be chosen smaller than or equal to the lowest fault current to be detected. All the directional protection modes have a residual voltage release level setting UNRel> which is set in % of UBase. This setting should be chosen smaller than or equal to the lowest fault residual voltage to be detected. tDef is the definite time delay, given in s, for the directional residual current protection if definite time delay is chosen. tReset is the reset time for definite time delay, given in s. With a tReset time of several periods there is increased possibilities to clear intermittent earth-faults correctly. The setting shall be much shorter than the set trip delay. The characteristic angle of the directional functions RCADir is set in degrees. RCADir is normally set equal to 0 in a high impedance earthed network with a neutral point resistor as the active current component is appearing out on the faulted feeder only. RCADir is set equal to -90 in an isolated network as all currents are mainly capacitive. The relay open angle ROADir is set in degrees. For angles differing more than ROADir fromRCADir the function from the protection is blocked. The setting can be used to prevent unwanted function for non-faulted feeders, with large capacitive earth-fault current contributions, due to CT phase angle error. INCosPhi> is the operate current level for the directional function when OpMode is set 3I0Cosfi. The setting is given in % of IBase. The setting should be based on calculation of the active or capacitive earth-fault current at required sensitivity of the protection. SN> is the operate power level for the directional function when OpMode is set 3I03U0Cosfi. The setting is given in % of SBase. The setting should be based on calculation of the active or capacitive earth-fault residual power at required sensitivity of the protection. The input transformer for the Sensitive directional residual over current and power protection function has the same short circuit capacity as the phase current transformers. If the time delay for residual power is chosen the delay time is dependent on two setting parameters. SRef is the reference residual power, given in % of SBase. kSN is the time multiplier. The time delay will follow the following expression:
t inv = kSN Sref 3I 0 3U 0 cos j (measured)
(Equation 125)
EQUATION1957 V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
INDir> is the operate current level for the directional function when OpMode is set 3I0 and fi. The setting is given in % of IBase. The setting should be based on calculation of the earth-fault current at required sensitivity of the protection. OpINNonDir> is set On to activate the non-directional residual current protection. INNonDir> is the operate current level for the non-directional function. The setting is given in % of IBase. This function can be used for detection and clearance of crosscountry faults in a shorter time than for the directional function. The current setting should be larger than the maximum single-phase residual current out on the protected line. TimeChar is the selection of time delay characteristic for the non-directional residual current protection. Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics are available:
Table 85:
The different characteristics are described in Technical Manual. tPCrv, tACrv, tBCrv, tCCrv: Parameters for customer creation of inverse time characteristic curve (Curve type = 17). The time characteristic equation is:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
A t[ s ] = + B InMult i p -C in >
EQUATION1958 V1 EN
(Equation 126)
tINNonDir is the definite time delay for the non directional earth-fault current protection, given in s. OpUN> is set On to activate the trip function of the residual voltage protection. tUN is the definite time delay for the trip function of the residual voltage protection, given in s.
3.7.6.3
Table 86:
Name Operation OpMode
Setting parameters
SDEPSDE Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 3I0Cosfi 3I03U0Cosfi 3I0 and fi Forward Reverse -179 - 180 -10.0 - 10.0 0 - 90 0.25 - 200.00 0.25 - 200.00 0.25 - 200.00 0.000 - 60.000 0.03 - 200.00 0.00 - 2.00 Off On 1.00 - 400.00 0.000 - 60.000 Unit Step Default Off 3I0Cosfi Description Operation Off / On Selection of operation mode for protection
DirMode RCADir RCAComp ROADir INCosPhi> SN> INDir> tDef SRef kSN OpINNonDir> INNonDir> tINNonDir
Deg Deg Deg %IB %SB %IB s %SB %IB s
1 0.1 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.001
Forward -90 0.0 90 1.00 10.00 5.00 0.100 10.00 0.10 Off 10.00 1.000
Direction of operation forward or reverse Relay characteristic angle RCA, in deg Relay characteristic angle compensation Relay open angle ROA used as release in phase mode, in deg Set level for 3I0cosFi, directional res over current, in %Ib Set level for 3I03U0cosFi, starting inv time count, in %Sb Set level for directional residual over current prot, in %Ib Definite time delay directional residual overcurrent, in sec Reference value of res power for inverse time count, in %Sb Time multiplier setting for directional residual power mode Operation of non-directional residual overcurrent protection Set level for non directional residual over current, in %Ib Time delay for non-directional residual over current, in sec

Name TimeChar Values (Range) ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Reserved Programmable RI type RD type 0.000 - 60.000 0.00 - 2.00 Off On 1.00 - 200.00 0.000 - 60.000 0.25 - 200.00 0.01 - 200.00 Unit Step Default IEC Norm. inv. Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operation curve selection for IDMT operation
tMin kIN OpUN> UN> tUN INRel> UNRel>
s %UB s %IB %UB
0.001 0.01 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.01
0.040 1.00 Off 20.00 0.100 1.00 3.00
Minimum operate time for IEC IDMT curves, in sec IDMT time mult for non-dir res over current protection Operation of non-directional residual overvoltage protection Set level for non-directional residual over voltage, in %Ub Time delay for non-directional residual over voltage, in sec Residual release current for all directional modes, in %Ib Residual release voltage for all direction modes, in %Ub
Table 87:
Name tReset tPCrv tACrv tBCrv tCCrv ResetTypeCrv
SDEPSDE Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.00 - 20.00 0.1 - 10.0 Immediate IEC Reset ANSI reset Unit s Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 Default 0.040 1.000 13.500 0.00 1.0 IEC Reset Description Time delay used for reset of definite timers, in sec Setting P for customer programmable curve Setting A for customer programmable curve Setting B for customer programmable curve Setting C for customer programmable curve Reset mode when current drops off.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 100.000 0.1 - 10.0 Unit Step 0.001 0.001 0.1 Default 0.500 13.500 1.0 Description Setting PR for customer programmable curve Setting TR for customer programmable curve Setting CR for customer programmable curve
Name tPRCrv tTRCrv tCRCrv
Table 88:
Name IBase UBase SBase
SDEPSDE Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 200000000.00 Unit A kV kVA Step 1 0.05 0.05 Default 100 63.50 6350.00 Description Base Current, in A Base Voltage, in kV Phase to Neutral Base Power, in kVA. IBase*Ubase
Table 89:
Name RotResU
SDEPSDE Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0 deg 180 deg Unit Step Default 180 deg Description Setting for rotating polarizing quantity if necessary
3.7.7
Thermal overload protection, two time constants TRPTTR

Function description Thermal overload protection, two time constants IEC 61850 identification TRPTTR IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 49
SYMBOL-A V1 EN
3.7.7.1
Application
Transformers in the power system are designed for a certain maximum load current (power) level. If the current exceeds this level the losses will be higher than expected. As a consequence the temperature of the transformer will increase. If the temperature of the transformer reaches too high values the equipment might be damaged: The insulation within the transformer will have forced ageing. As a consequence of this, the risk of internal phase-to-phase or phase-to-earth faults will increase. There might be hot spots within the transformer, which will degrade the paper insulation. It might also cause bubbling in the transformer oil.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In stressed situations in the power system it can be required to overload transformers for a limited time. This should be done without the above mentioned risks. The thermal overload protection provides information and makes temporary overloading of transformers possible. The permissible load level of a power transformer is highly dependent on the cooling system of the transformer. There are two main principles: OA: The air is naturally circulated to the coolers without fans and the oil is naturally circulated without pumps. FOA: The coolers have fans to force air for cooling and pumps to force the circulation of the transformer oil.
The protection can have two sets of parameters, one for non-forced cooling and one for forced cooling. Both the permissive steady state loading level as well as the thermal time constant is influenced by the cooling system of the transformer. The two parameters sets can be activated by the binary input signal COOLING. This can be used for transformers where forced cooling can be taken out of operation, for example at fan or pump faults. The thermal overload protection estimates the internal heat content of the transformer (temperature) continuously. This estimation is made by using a thermal model of the transformer, which is based on current measurement. If the heat content of the protected transformer reaches a set alarm level a signal can be given to the operator. Two alarm levels are available. This enables preventive actions in the power system to be taken before dangerous temperatures are reached. If the temperature continues to increase to the trip value, the protection initiates a trip of the protected transformer. After tripping by the thermal overload protection, the transformer will cool down over time. There will be a time gap before the heat content (temperature) reaches such a level so that the transformer can be taken into service again. Therefore, the function will continue to estimate the heat content using a set cooling time constant. Energizing of the transformer can be blocked until the heat content has reached a set level.
3.7.7.2
Setting guideline
The parameters for the thermal overload protection, two time constants (TRPTTR) are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM600). The following settings can be done for the thermal overload protection: Operation: Off/On Operation: Sets the mode of operation. Off switches off the complete function.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the transformer winding where the current measurement is made. IRef: Reference level of the current given in % of IBase. When the current is equal to IRef the final (steady state) heat content is equal to 1. It is suggested to give a setting corresponding to the rated current of the transformer winding. IRefMult: If a binary input ENMULT is activated the reference current value can be multiplied by the factor IRefMult. The activation could be used in case of deviating ambient temperature from the reference value. In the standard for loading of a transformer an ambient temperature of 20C is used. For lower ambient temperatures the load ability is increased and vice versa. IRefMult can be set within a range: 0.01 - 10.00. IBase1: Base current for setting given as percentage of IBase. This setting shall be related to the status with no COOLING input. It is suggested to give a setting corresponding to the rated current of the transformer with natural cooling (OA). IBase2: Base current for setting given as percentage of IBase. This setting shall be related to the status with activated COOLING input. It is suggested to give a setting corresponding to the rated current of the transformer with forced cooling (FOA). If the transformer has no forced cooling IBase2 can be set equal to IBase1. Tau1: The thermal time constant of the protected transformer, related to IBase1 (no cooling) given in minutes. Tau2: The thermal time constant of the protected transformer, related to IBase2 (with cooling) given in minutes. The thermal time constant should be obtained from the transformer manufacturers manuals. The thermal time constant is dependent on the cooling and the amount of oil. Normal time constants for medium and large transformers (according to IEC 60076-7) are about 2.5 hours for naturally cooled transformers and 1.5 hours for forced cooled transformers. The time constant can be estimated from measurements of the oil temperature during a cooling sequence (described in IEC 60076-7). It is assumed that the transformer is operated at a certain load level with a constant oil temperature (steady state operation). The oil temperature above the ambient temperature is DQo0. Then the transformer is disconnected from the grid (no load). After a time t of at least 30 minutes the temperature of the oil is measured again. Now the oil temperature above the ambient temperature is DQot. The thermal time constant can now be estimated as:
t=
t ln DQo 0 - ln DQ ot
(Equation 127)
EQUATION1180 V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
If the transformer has forced cooling (FOA) the measurement should be made both with and without the forced cooling in operation, giving Tau2 and Tau1. The time constants can be changed if the current is higher than a set value or lower than a set value. If the current is high it is assumed that the forced cooling is activated while it is deactivated at low current. The setting of the parameters below enables automatic adjustment of the time constant. Tau1High: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau1 if the current is higher than the set value IHighTau1. IHighTau1 is set in % of IBase1. Tau1Low: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau1 if the current is lower than the set value ILowTau1. ILowTau1 is set in % of IBase1. Tau2High: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau2 if the current is higher than the set value IHighTau2. IHighTau2 is set in % of IBase2. Tau2Low: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau2 if the current is lower than the set value ILowTau2. ILowTau2 is set in % of IBase2. The possibility to change time constant with the current value as the base can be useful in different applications. Below some examples are given: In case a total interruption (low current) of the protected transformer all cooling possibilities will be inactive. This can result in a changed value of the time constant. If other components (motors) are included in the thermal protection, there is a risk of overheating of that equipment in case of very high current. The thermal time constant is often smaller for a motor than for the transformer.
ITrip: The steady state current that the transformer can withstand. The setting is given in % of IBase1 or IBase2. Alarm1: Heat content level for activation of the signal ALARM1. ALARM1 is set in % of the trip heat content level. Alarm2: Heat content level for activation of the output signal ALARM2. ALARM2 is set in % of the trip heat content level. ResLo: Lockout release level of heat content to release the lockout signal. When the thermal overload protection trips a lock-out signal is activated. This signal is intended to block switching on of the protected circuit transformer as long as the transformer temperature is high. The signal is released when the estimated heat content is below the set value. This temperature value should be chosen below the alarm temperature. ResLo is set in % of the trip heat content level. ThetaInit: Heat content before activation of the function. This setting can be set a little below the alarm level. If the transformer is loaded before the activation of the protection function, its temperature can be higher than the ambient temperature. The start point given in the setting will prevent risk of no trip at overtemperature
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
during the first moments after activation. ThetaInit: is set in % of the trip heat content level. Warning: If the calculated time to trip factor is below the setting Warning a warning signal is activated. The setting is given in minutes.
3.7.7.3
Table 90:
Name Operation IBase IRef IRefMult IBase1 IBase2 Tau1 Tau2 IHighTau1 Tau1High ILowTau1 Tau1Low IHighTau2 Tau2High ILowTau2 Tau2Low ITrip Alarm1 Alarm2 ResLo
Setting parameters
TRPTTR Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 10.0 - 1000.0 0.01 - 10.00 30.0 - 250.0 30.0 - 250.0 1.0 - 500.0 1.0 - 500.0 30.0 - 250.0 5 - 2000 30.0 - 250.0 5 - 2000 30.0 - 250.0 5 - 2000 30.0 - 250.0 5 - 2000 50.0 - 250.0 50.0 - 99.0 50.0 - 99.0 10.0 - 95.0 Unit A %IB %IB %IB Min Min %IB1 %tC1 %IB1 %tC1 %IB2 %tC2 %IB2 %tC2 %IBx %Itr %Itr %Itr Step 1 1.0 0.01 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 1.0 1 1.0 1 1.0 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Default Off 3000 100.0 1.00 100.0 100.0 60.0 60.0 100.0 100 100.0 100 100.0 100 100.0 100 110.0 80.0 90.0 60.0 Description Operation Off / On Base current in A Reference current in % of IBASE Multiplication Factor for reference current Base current,IBase1 without Cooling inpout in % of IBASE Base Current,IBase2, with Cooling input ON in % of IBASE Time constant without cooling input in min, with IBase1 Time constant with cooling input in min, with IBase2 Current Sett, in % of IBase1 for rescaling TC1 by TC1-IHIGH Multiplier in % to TC1 when current is > IHIGH-TC1 Current Set, in % of IBase1 for rescaling TC1 by TC1-ILOW Multiplier in % to TC1 when current is < ILOW-TC1 Current Set, in % of IBase2 for rescaling TC2 by TC2-IHIGH Multiplier in % to TC2 when current is >IHIGH-TC2 Current Set, in % of IBase2 for rescaling TC2 by TC2-ILOW Multiplier in % to TC2 when current is < ILOW-TC2 Steady state operate current level in % of IBasex First alarm level in % of heat content trip value Second alarm level in % of heat content trip value Lockout reset level in % of heat content trip value

Name ThetaInit Warning tPulse Values (Range) 0.0 - 95.0 1.0 - 500.0 0.01 - 0.30 Unit % Min s Step 1.0 0.1 0.01 Default 50.0 30.0 0.10 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Initial Heat content, in % of heat content trip value Time setting, below which warning would be set (in min) Length of the pulse for trip signal (in msec).
3.7.8
Breaker failure protection CCRBRF

Function description Breaker failure protection IEC 61850 identification CCRBRF IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 50BF
3I>BF
SYMBOL-U V1 EN
3.7.8.1
Application
In the design of the fault clearance system the N-1 criterion is often used. This means that a fault needs to be cleared even if any component in the fault clearance system is faulty. One necessary component in the fault clearance system is the circuit breaker. It is from practical and economical reason not feasible to duplicate the circuit breaker for the protected component. Instead a breaker failure protection is used. Breaker failure protection, 3-phase activation and output (CCRBRF) will issue a back-up trip command to adjacent circuit breakers in case of failure to trip of the normal circuit breaker for the protected component. The detection of failure to break the current through the breaker is made by means of current measurement or as detection of remaining trip signal (unconditional). CCRBRF can also give a re-trip. This means that a second trip signal is sent to the protected circuit breaker. The re-trip function can be used to increase the probability of operation of the breaker, or it can be used to avoid back-up trip of many breakers in case of mistakes during relay maintenance and test.
3.7.8.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for Breaker failure protection 3-phase activation and output CCRBRF are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following settings can be done for the breaker failure protection. Operation: Off/On
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the current transformer where the current measurement is made. FunctionMode This parameter can be set Current or Contact. This states the way the detection of failure of the breaker is performed. In the mode current the current measurement is used for the detection. In the mode Contact the long duration of breaker position signal is used as indicator of failure of the breaker. The mode Current&Contact means that both ways of detections are activated. Contact mode can be usable in applications where the fault current through the circuit breaker is small. This can be the case for some generator protection application (for example reverse power protection) or in case of line ends with weak end infeed. RetripMode: This setting states how the re-trip function shall operate. Retrip Off means that the re-trip function is not activated. CB Pos Check (circuit breaker position check) and Current means that a phase current must be larger than the operate level to allow re-trip. CB Pos Check (circuit breaker position check) and Contact means re-trip is done when circuit breaker is closed (breaker position is used). No CBPos Check means re-trip is done without check of breaker position.
Table 91: RetripMode Retrip Off CB Pos Check Dependencies between parameters RetripMode and FunctionMode FunctionMode
N/A Description the re-trip function is not activated a phase current must be larger than the operate level to allow re-trip re-trip is done when breaker position indicates that breaker is still closed after re-trip time has elapsed both methods are used re-trip is done without check of breaker position re-trip is done without check of breaker position both methods are used
Current
Contact
Current&Contact No CBPos Check Current Contact Current&Contact
BuTripMode: Back-up trip mode is given to state sufficient current criteria to detect failure to break. For Current operation 2 out of 4 means that at least two currents, of the three-phase currents and the residual current, shall be high to indicate breaker failure. 1 out of 3 means that at least one current of the three-phase currents shall be high to indicate breaker failure. 1 out of 4 means that at least one current of the three-phase currents or the residual current shall be high to indicate breaker failure. In most applications 1 out of 3 is sufficient. For Contact operation means back-up trip is done when circuit breaker is closed (breaker position is used). IP>: Current level for detection of breaker failure, set in % of IBase. This parameter should be set so that faults with small fault current can be detected. The
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
setting can be chosen in accordance with the most sensitive protection function to start the breaker failure protection. Typical setting is 10% of IBase. I>BlkCont: If any contact based detection of breaker failure is used this function can be blocked if any phase current is larger than this setting level. If the FunctionMode is set Current&Contact breaker failure for high current faults are safely detected by the current measurement function. To increase security the contact based function should be disabled for high currents. The setting can be given within the range 5 200% of IBase. IN>: Residual current level for detection of breaker failure set in % of IBase. In high impedance earthed systems the residual current at phase- to-earth faults are normally much smaller than the short circuit currents. In order to detect breaker failure at single-phase-earth faults in these systems it is necessary to measure the residual current separately. Also in effectively earthed systems the setting of the earth-fault current protection can be chosen to relatively low current level. The BuTripMode is set 1 out of 4. The current setting should be chosen in accordance to the setting of the sensitive earth-fault protection. The setting can be given within the range 2 200 % of IBase. t1: Time delay of the re-trip. The setting can be given within the range 0 60s in steps of 0.001 s. Typical setting is 0 50ms. t2: Time delay of the back-up trip. The choice of this setting is made as short as possible at the same time as unwanted operation must be avoided. Typical setting is 90 200ms (also dependent of re-trip timer). The minimum time delay for the re-trip can be estimated as:
t 2 t1 + tcbopen + t BFP _ reset + t margin

EQUATION1430 V1 EN
(Equation 128)
where: tcbopen tBFP_reset tmargin is the maximum opening time for the circuit breaker is the maximum time for breaker failure protection to detect correct breaker function (the current criteria reset) is a safety margin
It is often required that the total fault clearance time shall be less than a given critical time. This time is often dependent of the ability to maintain transient stability in case of a fault close to a power plant.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Protection operate time Normal tcbopen The fault occurs Retrip delay t1 tcbopen after re-trip tBFPreset Margin Minimum back-up trip delay t2 Critical fault clearance time for stability
Time Trip and Start CCRBRF

IEC05000479 V2 EN
Figure 112:
Time sequence
t2MPh: Time delay of the back-up trip at multi-phase start. The critical fault clearance time is often shorter in case of multi-phase faults, compared to single phaseto-earth faults. Therefore there is a possibility to reduce the back-up trip delay for multi-phase faults. Typical setting is 90 150 ms. t3: Additional time delay to t2 for a second back-up trip TRBU2. In some applications there might be a requirement to have separated back-up trip functions, tripping different back-up circuit breakers. tCBAlarm: Time delay for alarm in case of indication of faulty circuit breaker. There is a binary input CBFLT from the circuit breaker. This signal is activated when internal supervision in the circuit breaker detect that the circuit breaker is unable to clear fault. This could be the case when gas pressure is low in a SF6 circuit breaker, of others. After the set time an alarm is given, so that actions can be done to repair the circuit breaker. The time delay for back-up trip is bypassed when the CBFLT is active. Typical setting is 2.0 seconds. tPulse: Trip pulse duration. This setting must be larger than the critical impulse time of circuit breakers to be tripped from the breaker failure protection. Typical setting is 200 ms.

3.7.8.3
Table 92:
Name Operation IBase FunctionMode
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
CCRBRF Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 Current Contact Current&Contact 2 out of 4 1 out of 3 1 out of 4 Retrip Off CB Pos Check No CBPos Check 5 - 200 2 - 200 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Unit A Step 1 Default Off 3000 Current Description Operation Off / On Base current Detection principle for back-up trip
BuTripMode
1 out of 3
Back-up trip mode
RetripMode
Retrip Off
Operation mode of re-trip logic
IP> IN> t1 t2 t2MPh tPulse
%IB %IB s s s s
1 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
10 10 0.000 0.150 0.150 0.200
Operate phase current level in % of IBase Operate residual current level in % of IBase Time delay of re-trip Time delay of back-up trip Time delay of back-up trip at multi-phase start Trip pulse duration
Table 93:
Name I>BlkCont t3 tCBAlarm
CCRBRF Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 5 - 200 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Unit %IB s s Step 1 0.001 0.001 Default 20 0.030 5.000 Description Current for blocking of CB contact operation in % of IBase Additional time delay to t2 for a second back-up trip Time delay for CB faulty signal
3.7.9
Pole discordance protection CCRPLD

Function description Pole discordance protection IEC 61850 identification CCRPLD IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 52PD
PD
SYMBOL-S V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
There is a risk that a circuit breaker will get discordance between the poles at circuit breaker operation: closing or opening. One pole can be open and the other two closed, or two poles can be open and one closed. Pole discordance of a circuit breaker will cause unsymmetrical currents in the power system. The consequence of this can be: Negative sequence currents that will give stress on rotating machines Zero sequence currents that might give unwanted operation of sensitive earthfault protections in the power system.
3.7.9.1
It is therefore important to detect situations with pole discordance of circuit breakers. When this is detected the breaker should be tripped directly. Pole discordance protection CCRPLD will detect situation with deviating positions of the poles of the protected circuit breaker. The protection has two different options to make this detection: By connecting the auxiliary contacts in the circuit breaker so that logic is created, a signal can be sent to the protection, indicating pole discordance. This logic can also be realized within the protection itself, by using opened and close signals for each circuit breaker pole, connected to the protection. Each phase current through the circuit breaker is measured. If the difference between the phase currents is larger than a CurrUnsymLevel this is an indication of pole discordance, and the protection will operate.
3.7.9.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for the Pole discordance protection CCRPLD are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following settings can be done for the pole discordance protection. Operation: Off or On IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the protected object where the current measurement is made. tTrip: Time delay of the operation. ContSel: Operation of the contact based pole discordance protection. Can be set: Off/PD signal from CB. If PD signal from CB is chosen the logic to detect pole discordance is made in the vicinity to the breaker auxiliary contacts and only one signal is connected to the pole discordance function. If the Pole pos aux cont. alternative is chosen each open close signal is connected to the IED and the logic to detect pole discordance is realized within the function itself.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
CurrSel: Operation of the current based pole discordance protection. Can be set: Off/CB oper monitor/Continuous monitor. In the alternative CB oper monitor the function is activated only directly in connection to breaker open or close command (during 200 ms). In the alternative Continuous monitor function is continuously activated. CurrUnsymLevel: Unsymmetrical magnitude of lowest phase current compared to the highest, set in % of the highest phase current. Natural difference between phase currents in 1 1/2 breaker installations must be considered. For circuit breakers in 1 1/2 breaker configured switch yards there might be natural unbalance currents through the breaker. This is due to the existence of low impedance current paths in the switch yard. This phenomenon must be considered in the setting of the parameter. CurrRelLevel: Current magnitude for release of the function in % of IBase.
3.7.9.3
Table 94:
Name Operation IBase tTrip ContSel
Setting parameters
CCRPLD Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.000 - 60.000 Off PD signal from CB Pole pos aux cont. Off CB oper monitor Continuous monitor 0 - 100 0 - 100 Unit s Step 1 0.001 Default Off 3000 0.300 Off Description Operation Off / On Base current Time delay between trip condition and trip signal Contact function selection
CurrSel
Off
Current function selection
CurrUnsymLevel CurrRelLevel
% %IB
1 1
80 10
Unsym magn of lowest phase current compared to the highest. Current magnitude for release of the function in % of IBase
3.7.10
Directional underpower protection GUPPDUP

Function description Directional underpower protection IEC 61850 identification GUPPDUP IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 37
P<
SYMBOL-LL V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
The task of a generator in a power plant is to convert mechanical energy available as a torque on a rotating shaft to electric energy. Sometimes, the mechanical power from a prime mover may decrease so much that it does not cover bearing losses and ventilation losses. Then, the synchronous generator becomes a synchronous motor and starts to take electric power from the rest of the power system. This operating state, where individual synchronous machines operate as motors, implies no risk for the machine itself. If the generator under consideration is very large and if it consumes lots of electric power, it may be desirable to disconnect it to ease the task for the rest of the power system. Often, the motoring condition may imply that the turbine is in a very dangerous state. The task of the reverse power protection is to protect the turbine and not to protect the generator itself. Steam turbines easily become overheated if the steam flow becomes too low or if the steam ceases to flow through the turbine. Therefore, turbo-generators should have reverse power protection. There are several contingencies that may cause reverse power: break of a main steam pipe, damage to one or more blades in the steam turbine or inadvertent closing of the main stop valves. In the last case, it is highly desirable to have a reliable reverse power protection. It may prevent damage to an otherwise undamaged plant. During the routine shutdown of many thermal power units, the reverse power protection gives the tripping impulse to the generator breaker (the unit breaker). By doing so, one prevents the disconnection of the unit before the mechanical power has become zero. Earlier disconnection would cause an acceleration of the turbine generator at all routine shutdowns. This should have caused overspeed and high centrifugal stresses. When the steam ceases to flow through a turbine, the cooling of the turbine blades will disappear. Now, it is not possible to remove all heat generated by the windage losses. Instead, the heat will increase the temperature in the steam turbine and especially of the blades. When a steam turbine rotates without steam supply, the electric power consumption will be about 2% of rated power. Even if the turbine rotates in vacuum, it will soon become overheated and damaged. The turbine overheats within minutes if the turbine loses the vacuum. The critical time to overheating a steam turbine varies from about 0.5 to 30 minutes depending on the type of turbine. A high-pressure turbine with small and thin blades will become overheated more easily than a low-pressure turbine with long and heavy blades. The conditions vary from turbine to turbine and it is necessary to ask the turbine manufacturer in each case. Power to the power plant auxiliaries may come from a station service transformer connected to the secondary side of the step-up transformer. Power may also come from a start-up service transformer connected to the external network. One has to
3.7.10.1
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
design the reverse power protection so that it can detect reverse power independent of the flow of power to the power plant auxiliaries. Hydro turbines tolerate reverse power much better than steam turbines do. Only Kaplan turbine and bulb turbines may suffer from reverse power. There is a risk that the turbine runner moves axially and touches stationary parts. They are not always strong enough to withstand the associated stresses. Ice and snow may block the intake when the outdoor temperature falls far below zero. Branches and leaves may also block the trash gates. A complete blockage of the intake may cause cavitations. The risk for damages to hydro turbines can justify reverse power protection in unattended plants. A hydro turbine that rotates in water with closed wicket gates will draw electric power from the rest of the power system. This power will be about 10% of the rated power. If there is only air in the hydro turbine, the power demand will fall to about 3%. Diesel engines should have reverse power protection. The generator will take about 15% of its rated power or more from the system. A stiff engine may require perhaps 25% of the rated power to motor it. An engine that is good run in might need no more than 5%. It is necessary to obtain information from the engine manufacturer and to measure the reverse power during commissioning. Gas turbines usually do not require reverse power protection. Figure 113 illustrates the reverse power protection with underpower protection and with overpower protection. The underpower protection gives a higher margin and should provide better dependability. On the other hand, the risk for unwanted operation immediately after synchronization may be higher. One should set the underpower protection (reference angle set to 0) to trip if the active power from the generator is less than about 2%. One should set the overpower protection (reference angle set to 180) to trip if the power flow from the network to the generator is higher than 1%.
Underpower protection Q Overpower protection Q
Operate Line Margin
Operate Line Margin
Operating point without turbine torque
IEC09000019 V2 EN
Figure 113:
Reverse power protection with underpower or overpower protection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting guidelines
Operation: With the parameter Operation the function can be set On/Off. IBase: The parameter IBase is set to the generator rated current in A, see equation 129.
IBase =
EQUATION1707 V1 EN
3.7.10.2
SN 3 U N
(Equation 129)
UBase: The parameter UBase is set to the generator rated voltage (phase-phase) in kV. Mode: The voltage and current used for the power measurement. The setting possibilities are shown in table 95.
Table 95:
Set value Mode L1, L2, L3
Complex power calculation

Formula used for complex power calculation
S = U L1 I L1* + U L 2 I L 2* + U L 3 I L 3*
EQUATION1697 V1 EN
(Equation 130)
Arone
S = U L1L 2 I L1* - U L 2 L 3 I L 3*
EQUATION1698 V1 EN
(Equation 131)
PosSeq
S = 3 U PosSeq I PosSeq *
EQUATION1699 V1 EN
(Equation 132)
L1L2
S = U L1L 2 ( I L1* - I L 2* )
EQUATION1700 V1 EN
(Equation 133)
L2L3
S = U L 2 L 3 ( I L 2* - I L 3* )
EQUATION1701 V1 EN
(Equation 134)
L3L1
S = U L 3 L1 ( I L 3* - I L1* )
EQUATION1702 V1 EN
(Equation 135)
L1
S = 3 U L1 I L1*
EQUATION1703 V1 EN
(Equation 136)
L2
S = 3 U L 2 I L 2*
EQUATION1704 V1 EN
(Equation 137)
L3
S = 3 U L 3 I L 3*
EQUATION1705 V1 EN
(Equation 138)
The function has two stages that can be set independently.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
With the parameter OpMode1(2) the function can be set On/Off. The function gives trip if the power component in the direction defined by the setting Angle1(2) is smaller than the set pick up power value Power1(2)
Q
Power1(2) Angle1(2) Operate P
en06000441.vsd
IEC06000441 V1 EN
Figure 114:
Underpower mode
The setting Power1(2) gives the power component pick up value in the Angle1(2) direction. The setting is given in p.u. of the generator rated power, see equation 139. Minimum recommended setting is 0.2% of SN when metering class CT inputs into the IED are used.
S N = 3 UBase IBase
EQUATION1708 V1 EN
(Equation 139)
The setting Angle1(2) gives the characteristic angle giving maximum sensitivity of the power protection function. The setting is given in degrees. For active power the set angle should be 0 or 180. 0 should be used for generator low forward active power protection.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operate Angle1(2) = 0 P Power1(2)
en06000556.vsd
IEC06000556 V1 EN
Figure 115:
For low forward power the set angle should be 0 in the underpower function
TripDelay1(2) is set in seconds to give the time delay for trip of the stage after pick up. Hysteresis1(2) is given in p.u. of generator rated power according to equation 140.
S N = 3 UBase IBase
EQUATION1708 V1 EN
(Equation 140)
The drop out power will be Power1(2) + Hysteresis1(2). The possibility to have low pass filtering of the measured power can be made as shown in the formula:
S = k SOld + (1 - k ) SCalculated
EQUATION1893 V1 EN
(Equation 141)
Where S Sold is a new measured value to be used for the protection function is the measured value given from the function in previous execution cycle
SCalculated is the new calculated value in the present execution cycle
is settable parameter
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The value of k=0.92 is recommended in generator applications as the trip delay is normally quite long. The calibration factors for current and voltage measurement errors are set % of rated current/voltage: IAmpComp5, IAmpComp30, IAmpComp100 UAmpComp5, UAmpComp30, UAmpComp100 IAngComp5, IAngComp30, IAngComp100 The angle compensation is given as difference between current and voltage angle errors. The values are given for operating points 5, 30 and 100% of rated current/voltage. The values should be available from instrument transformer test protocols.
3.7.10.3
Table 96:
Name Operation OpMode1 Power1 Angle1 TripDelay1 DropDelay1 OpMode2 Power2 Angle2 TripDelay2 DropDelay2
Setting parameters
GUPPDUP Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Off UnderPower 0.0 - 500.0 -180.0 - 180.0 0.010 - 6000.000 0.010 - 6000.000 Off UnderPower 0.0 - 500.0 -180.0 - 180.0 0.010 - 6000.000 0.010 - 6000.000 Unit %SB Deg s s %SB Deg s s Step 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.001 Default Off UnderPower 1.0 0.0 1.000 0.060 UnderPower 1.0 0.0 1.000 0.060 Description Operation Off / On Operation mode 1 Power setting for stage 1 in % of Sbase Angle for stage 1 Trip delay for stage 1 Drop delay for stage 1 Operation mode 2 Power setting for stage 2 in % of Sbase Angle for stage 2 Trip delay for stage 2 Drop delay for stage 2
Table 97:
Name k Hysteresis1 Hysteresis2 IAmpComp5
GUPPDUP Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 0.999 0.2 - 5.0 0.2 - 5.0 -10.000 - 10.000 Unit pu pu % Step 0.001 0.1 0.1 0.001 Default 0.000 0.5 0.5 0.000 Description Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, P and Q Absolute hysteresis of stage 1 in % Sbase Absolute hysteresis of stage 2 in % Sbase Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 5% of Ir
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 Unit % % % % % Deg Deg Deg Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Description Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 30% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 100% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 5% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 30% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 100% of Ur Angle calibration for current at 5% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 30% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 100% of Ir
Name IAmpComp30 IAmpComp100 UAmpComp5 UAmpComp30 UAmpComp100 IAngComp5 IAngComp30 IAngComp100
Table 98:
Name IBase UBase Mode
GUPPDUP Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 L1, L2, L3 Arone Pos Seq L1L2 L2L3 L3L1 L1 L2 L3 Unit A kV Step 1 0.05 Default 3000 400.00 Pos Seq Description Base setting for current level Base setting for voltage level Selection of measured current and voltage
3.7.11
Directional overpower protection GOPPDOP

Function description Directional overpower protection IEC 61850 identification GOPPDOP IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 32
P>
DOCUMENT172362-IMG158942 V1 EN
3.7.11.1
Application
The task of a generator in a power plant is to convert mechanical energy available as a torque on a rotating shaft to electric energy. Sometimes, the mechanical power from a prime mover may decrease so much that it does not cover bearing losses and ventilation losses. Then, the synchronous generator becomes a synchronous motor and starts to take electric power from the
291
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
rest of the power system. This operating state, where individual synchronous machines operate as motors, implies no risk for the machine itself. If the generator under consideration is very large and if it consumes lots of electric power, it may be desirable to disconnect it to ease the task for the rest of the power system. Often, the motoring condition may imply that the turbine is in a very dangerous state. The task of the reverse power protection is to protect the turbine and not to protect the generator itself. Steam turbines easily become overheated if the steam flow becomes too low or if the steam ceases to flow through the turbine. Therefore, turbo-generators should have reverse power protection. There are several contingencies that may cause reverse power: break of a main steam pipe, damage to one or more blades in the steam turbine or inadvertent closing of the main stop valves. In the last case, it is highly desirable to have a reliable reverse power protection. It may prevent damage to an otherwise undamaged plant. During the routine shutdown of many thermal power units, the reverse power protection gives the tripping impulse to the generator breaker (the unit breaker). By doing so, one prevents the disconnection of the unit before the mechanical power has become zero. Earlier disconnection would cause an acceleration of the turbine generator at all routine shutdowns. This should have caused overspeed and high centrifugal stresses. When the steam ceases to flow through a turbine, the cooling of the turbine blades will disappear. Now, it is not possible to remove all heat generated by the windage losses. Instead, the heat will increase the temperature in the steam turbine and especially of the blades. When a steam turbine rotates without steam supply, the electric power consumption will be about 2% of rated power. Even if the turbine rotates in vacuum, it will soon become overheated and damaged. The turbine overheats within minutes if the turbine loses the vacuum. The critical time to overheating of a steam turbine varies from about 0.5 to 30 minutes depending on the type of turbine. A high-pressure turbine with small and thin blades will become overheated more easily than a low-pressure turbine with long and heavy blades. The conditions vary from turbine to turbine and it is necessary to ask the turbine manufacturer in each case. Power to the power plant auxiliaries may come from a station service transformer connected to the primary side of the step-up transformer. Power may also come from a start-up service transformer connected to the external network. One has to design the reverse power protection so that it can detect reverse power independent of the flow of power to the power plant auxiliaries. Hydro turbines tolerate reverse power much better than steam turbines do. Only Kaplan turbine and bulb turbines may suffer from reverse power. There is a risk that the turbine runner moves axially and touches stationary parts. They are not always strong enough to withstand the associated stresses.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Ice and snow may block the intake when the outdoor temperature falls far below zero. Branches and leaves may also block the trash gates. A complete blockage of the intake may cause cavitations. The risk for damages to hydro turbines can justify reverse power protection in unattended plants. A hydro turbine that rotates in water with closed wicket gates will draw electric power from the rest of the power system. This power will be about 10% of the rated power. If there is only air in the hydro turbine, the power demand will fall to about 3%. Diesel engines should have reverse power protection. The generator will take about 15% of its rated power or more from the system. A stiff engine may require perhaps 25% of the rated power to motor it. An engine that is well run in might need no more than 5%. It is necessary to obtain information from the engine manufacturer and to measure the reverse power during commissioning. Gas turbines usually do not require reverse power protection. Figure 116 illustrates the reverse power protection with underpower IED and with overpower IED. The underpower IED gives a higher margin and should provide better dependability. On the other hand, the risk for unwanted operation immediately after synchronization may be higher. One should set the underpower IED to trip if the active power from the generator is less than about 2%. One should set the overpower IED to trip if the power flow from the network to the generator is higher than 1%.
Underpower IED Q Overpower IED Q
Operate Line Margin
Operate Line Margin
IEC06000315 V2 EN
Figure 116:
Reverse power protection with underpower IED and overpower IED
3.7.11.2
Setting guidelines
Operation: With the parameter Operation the function can be set On/Off. IBase: The parameter IBase is set to the generator rated current in A, see equation 142.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IBase =
EQUATION1707 V1 EN
SN 3 U N
(Equation 142)
UBase: The parameter UBase is set to the generator rated voltage (phase-phase) in kV. Mode: The voltage and current used for the power measurement. The setting possibilities are shown in table 99.
Table 99:
Set value Mode L1, L2, L3
Complex power calculation

Formula used for complex power calculation
S = U L1 I L1* + U L 2 I L 2* + U L 3 I L 3*
EQUATION1697 V1 EN
(Equation 143)
Arone
S = U L1L 2 I L1* - U L 2 L 3 I L 3*
EQUATION1698 V1 EN
(Equation 144)
PosSeq
S = 3 U PosSeq I PosSeq *
EQUATION1699 V1 EN
(Equation 145)
L1L2
S = U L1L 2 ( I L1* - I L 2* )
EQUATION1700 V1 EN
(Equation 146)
L2L3
S = U L 2 L 3 ( I L 2* - I L 3* )
EQUATION1701 V1 EN
(Equation 147)
L3L1
S = U L 3 L1 ( I L 3* - I L1* )
EQUATION1702 V1 EN
(Equation 148)
L1
S = 3 U L1 I L1*
EQUATION1703 V1 EN
(Equation 149)
L2
S = 3 U L 2 I L 2*
EQUATION1704 V1 EN
(Equation 150)
L3
S = 3 U L 3 I L 3*
EQUATION1705 V1 EN
(Equation 151)
The function has two stages that can be set independently. With the parameter OpMode1(2) the function can be set On/Off. The function gives trip if the power component in the direction defined by the setting Angle1(2) is larger than the set pick up power value Power1(2)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operate
Power1(2) Angle1(2) P
en06000440.vsd
IEC06000440 V1 EN
Figure 117:
Overpower mode
The setting Power1(2) gives the power component pick up value in the Angle1(2) direction. The setting is given in p.u. of the generator rated power, see equation 152. Minimum recommended setting is 0.2% of SN when metering class CT inputs into the IED are used.
S N = 3 UBase IBase
EQUATION1708 V1 EN
(Equation 152)
The setting Angle1(2) gives the characteristic angle giving maximum sensitivity of the power protection function. The setting is given in degrees. For active power the set angle should be 0 or 180. 180 should be used for generator reverse power protection.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operate Power 1(2)
Angle1(2 ) = 180 o P
IEC06000557 V2 EN
Figure 118:
For reverse power the set angle should be 180 in the overpower function
TripDelay1(2) is set in seconds to give the time delay for trip of the stage after pick up. Hysteresis1(2) is given in p.u. of generator rated power according to equation 153.
S N = 3 UBase IBase
EQUATION1708 V1 EN
(Equation 153)
The drop out power will be Power1(2) - Hysteresis1(2). The possibility to have low pass filtering of the measured power can be made as shown in the formula:
S = k SOld + (1 - k ) SCalculated
EQUATION1893 V1 EN
(Equation 154)
Where S Sold SCalculated k is a new measured value to be used for the protection function is the measured value given from the function in previous execution cycle is the new calculated value in the present execution cycle is settable parameter
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The value of k=0.92 is recommended in generator applications as the trip delay is normally quite long. The calibration factors for current and voltage measurement errors are set % of rated current/voltage: IAmpComp5, IAmpComp30, IAmpComp100 UAmpComp5, UAmpComp30, UAmpComp100 IAngComp5, IAngComp30, IAngComp100 The angle compensation is given as difference between current and voltage angle errors. The values are given for operating points 5, 30 and 100% of rated current/voltage. The values should be available from instrument transformer test protocols.
3.7.11.3
Table 100:
Name Operation OpMode1 Power1 Angle1 TripDelay1 DropDelay1 OpMode2 Power2 Angle2 TripDelay2 DropDelay2
Setting parameters
GOPPDOP Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Off OverPower 0.0 - 500.0 -180.0 - 180.0 0.010 - 6000.000 0.010 - 6000.000 Off OverPower 0.0 - 500.0 -180.0 - 180.0 0.010 - 6000.000 0.010 - 6000.000 Unit %SB Deg s s %SB Deg s s Step 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.001 Default Off OverPower 120.0 0.0 1.000 0.060 OverPower 120.0 0.0 1.000 0.060 Description Operation Off / On Operation mode 1 Power setting for stage 1 in % of Sbase Angle for stage 1 Trip delay for stage 1 Drop delay for stage 1 Operation mode 2 Power setting for stage 2 in % of Sbase Angle for stage 2 Trip delay for stage 2 Drop delay for stage 2
Table 101:
Name k Hysteresis1 Hysteresis2 IAmpComp5
GOPPDOP Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 0.999 0.2 - 5.0 0.2 - 5.0 -10.000 - 10.000 Unit pu pu % Step 0.001 0.1 0.1 0.001 Default 0.000 0.5 0.5 0.000 Description Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, P and Q Absolute hysteresis of stage 1 in % of Sbase Absolute hysteresis of stage 2 in % of Sbase Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 5% of Ir

Name IAmpComp30 IAmpComp100 UAmpComp5 UAmpComp30 UAmpComp100 IAngComp5 IAngComp30 IAngComp100 Values (Range) -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 Unit % % % % % Deg Deg Deg Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 30% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 100% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 5% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 30% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 100% of Ur Angle calibration for current at 5% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 30% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 100% of Ir
Table 102:
Name IBase UBase Mode
GOPPDOP Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 L1, L2, L3 Arone Pos Seq L1L2 L2L3 L3L1 L1 L2 L3 Unit A kV Step 1 0.05 Default 3000 400.00 Pos Seq Description Base setting for current level Base setting for voltage level Selection of measured current and voltage
3.7.12
Negativ sequence time overcurrent protection for machines NS2PTOC

Function description Negative sequence time overcurrent protection for machines IEC 61850 identification NS2PTOC IEC 60617 identification 2I2> ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 46I2
3.7.12.1
Application
Negative sequence overcurrent protection for machines NS2PTOC is intended primarily for the protection of generators against possible overheating of the rotor caused by negative sequence component in the stator current. The negative sequence currents in a generator may, among others, be caused by:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Unbalanced loads Line to line faults Line to ground faults Broken conductors Malfunction of one or more poles of a circuit breaker or a disconnector
NS2PTOC can also be used as a backup protection, that is, to protect the generator in the event line protections or circuit breakers fail to perform for unbalanced system faults. To provide an effective protection for the generator for external unbalanced conditions, NS2PTOC is able to directly measure the negative sequence current. NS2PTOC also have a time delay characteristic which matches the heating characteristic of the generator I22t = K as defined in standard.
where: I2 t K is negative sequence current expressed in per unit of the rated generator current is operating time in seconds is a constant which depends of the generators size and design
A wide range of I22t settings is available, which provide the sensitivity and capability necessary to detect and trip for negative sequence currents down to the continuous capability of a generator. A separate output is available as an alarm feature to warn the operator of a potentially dangerous situation.
Features
Negative-sequence time overcurrent protection NS2PTOC is designed to provide a reliable protection for generators of all types and sizes against the effect of unbalanced system conditions. The following features are available: Two steps, independently adjustable, with separate tripping outputs. Sensitive protection, capable of detecting and tripping for negative sequence currents down to 3% of rated generator current with high accuracy. Two time delay characteristics for step 1: Definite time delay Inverse time delay
2
The inverse time overcurrent characteristic matches I 2 t = K capability curve of the generators. Wide range of settings for generator capability constant K is provided, from 1 to 99 seconds, as this constant may vary greatly with the type of generator.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Minimum operate time delay for inverse time characteristic, freely settable. This setting assures appropriate coordination with, for example, line protections. Maximum operate time delay for inverse time characteristic, freely settable. Inverse reset characteristic which approximates generator rotor cooling rates and provides reduced operate time if an unbalance reoccurs before the protection resets. Service value that is, measured negative sequence current value, in primary Amperes, is available through the local HMI.
Generator continuous unbalance current capability
During unbalanced loading, negative sequence current flows in the stator winding. Negative sequence current in the stator winding will induce double frequency current in the rotor surface and cause heating in almost all parts of the generator rotor. When the negative sequence current increases beyond the generators continuous unbalance current capability, the rotor temperature will increase. If the generator is not tripped, a rotor failure may occur. Therefore, industry standards has been established that determine generator continuous and short-time unbalanced current
2 capabilities in terms of negative sequence current I2 and rotor heating criteria I 2 t .
Typical short-time capability (referred to as unbalanced fault capability) expressed

2 in terms of rotor heating criterion I 2 t = K is shown below in Table 103.
Table 103:
ANSI requirements for unbalanced faults on synchronous machines

Permissible
Types of Synchronous Machine Salient pole generator Synchronous condenser Cylindrical rotor generators: Indirectly cooled Directly cooled (0 800 MVA) Directly cooled (801 1600 MVA) 40 30 30 10
I 22t = K [ s ]
See Figure 119
Fig 119 shows a graphical representation of the relationship between generator

I 22t capability and generator MVA rating for directly cooled (conductor cooled)
generators. For example, a 500 MVA generator would have K = 10 seconds and a 1600 MVA generator would have K = 5 seconds. Unbalanced short-time negative sequence current I2 is expressed in per unit of rated generator current and time t in seconds.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
en08000358.vsd
IEC08000358 V1 EN
Figure 119:
Short-time unbalanced current capability of direct cooled generators
Continuous I2 - capability of generators is also covered by the standard. Table 104 below (from ANSI standard C50.13) contains the suggested capability:
Table 104:
Type of generator Salient Pole: with damper winding without damper winding Cylindrical Rotor Indirectly cooled Directly cooled to 960 MVA 961 to 1200 MVA 1201 to 1500 MVA 8 6 5 10
Continous I2 capability
Permissible I2 (in percent of rated generator current) 10 5
As it is described in the table above that the continuous negative sequence current capability of the generator is in range of 5% to 10% of the rated generator current. During an open conductor or open generator breaker pole condition, the negative sequence current can be in the range of 10% to 30% of the rated generator current. Other generator or system protections will not usually detect this condition and the only protection is the negative sequence overcurrent protection. Negative sequence currents in a generator may be caused by: Unbalanced loads such as Single phase railroad load Unbalanced system faults such as
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Line to earth faults Double line to earth faults Line to line faults Broken line conductors Malfunction of one pole of a circuit breaker
Open conductors, includes
3.7.12.2
Setting guidelines
When inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the operate time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay. Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is of utmost importance to set the definite time delay for that stage to zero.
Operate time characteristic
Negative sequence time overcurrent protection for machines NS2PTOC provides two operating time delay characteristics for step 1: Definite time delay characteristic Inverse time delay characteristic
The desired operate time delay characteristic is selected by setting CurveType1 as follows: CurveType1 = Definite CurveType1 = Inverse
Step 2 always has a definite time delay characteristic. Definite time delay is independent of the magnitude of the negative sequence current once the start value is exceeded, while inverse time delay characteristic do depend on the magnitude of the negative sequence current. This means that inverse time delay is long for a small overcurrent and becomes progressively shorter as the magnitude of the negative sequence current increases. Inverse time delay characteristic of the NS2PTOC function is represented in the equation I 2 t = K , where the K1 setting is adjustable over the range of 1 99 seconds. A typical inverse time overcurrent curve is shown in Figure 120.
2
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Negative sequence inverse time characteristic

10000
tMax 1000
Time delay
100
10
tMin
1 0.01
0.1
1 I2
10
100
Negative sequence current

IEC08000355 V2 EN
Figure 120:
Inverse Time Delay characteristic
The example in figure 120 indicates that the protection function has a set minimum operating time t1Min of 5 sec. The setting t1Min is freely settable and is used as a security measure. This minimum setting assures appropriate coordination with for example line protections. It is also possible to set the upper time limit, t1Max.
The trip start levels Current I2-1> and I2-2> of NS2PTOC are freely settable over a range of 3 to 500 % of rated generator current IBase. The wide range of start setting is required in order to be able to protect generators of different types and sizes. After start, a certain hysteresis is used before resetting start levels. For both steps the reset ratio is 0.97.
Start sensitivity
Alarm function
The alarm function is operated by START signal and used to warn the operator for an abnormal situation, for example, when generator continuous negative sequence current capability is exceeded, thereby allowing corrective action to be taken before removing the generator from service. A settable time delay tAlarm is provided for the alarm function to avoid false alarms during short-time unbalanced conditions.

3.7.12.3
Table 105:
Name Operation IBase tAlarm OpStep1 I2-1> CurveType1 t1 tResetDef1 K1 t1Min t1Max ResetMultip1 OpStep2 I2-2> CurveType2 t2 tResetDef2 K2 t2Min t2Max ResetMultip2
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
NS2PTOC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.00 - 6000.00 Off On 3 - 500 Definite Inverse 0.00 - 6000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 99.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 - 20.00 Off On 3 - 500 Definite Inverse 0.00 - 6000.00 0.000 - 60.000 1.0 - 99.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.00 - 6000.00 0.01 - 20.00 Unit A s %IB s s s s s %IB s s s s s Step 1 0.01 1 0.01 0.001 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.01 1 0.01 0.001 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.01 Default Off 3000 3.00 On 10 Definite 10.00 0.000 10.0 5.000 1000.00 1.00 On 10 Definite 10.00 0.000 10.0 5.000 1000.00 1.00 Description Operation Off / On Rated generator current in primary Amperes Time delay for Alarm (operated by START signal), in sec Enable execution of step 1 Step 1 Neg. Seq. Current pickup level, in % of IBase Selection of definite or inverse timecharacteri. for step 1 Definite time delay for trip of step 1, in sec Time delay for reset of definite timer of step 1, in sec Neg. seq. capability value of generator for step 1, in sec Minimum trip time for inverse delay of step 1, in sec Maximum trip delay for step 1, in sec Reset multiplier for K1, defines reset time of inverse curve Enable execution of step 2 Step 2 Neg. Seq. Current pickup level, in % of IBase Selection of definite or inverse timecharacteri. for step 2 Definite time delay for trip of step 2, in sec Time delay for reset of definite timer of step 2, in sec Neg. seq. capability value of generator for step 2, in sec Minimum trip time for inverse delay of step 2, in sec Maximum trip delay for step 2, in sec Reset multiplier for K2, defines reset time of inverse curve
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 3 IED application Accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator AEGGAPC
Function description Accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator IEC 61850 identification AEGGAPC IEC 60617 identification U ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 50AE
3.7.13
3.7.13.1
Application
Operating error, breaker head flashovers, control circuit malfunctions or a combination of these causes results in the generator being accidentally energized while offline. Three-phase energizing of a generator that is at standstill or on turning gears causes it to behave and accelerate similarly to an induction motor. The generator, at this point, essentially represent sub-transient reactance to the system and it can draw one to four per unit current depending upon the equivalent system impedance. This high current may thermally damage the generator in a few seconds. Accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator AEGGAPC monitors maximum phase current and maximum phase-to-phase voltage of the generator. In its basis it is voltage supervised over current protection. When generator voltage fails below preset level for longer than preset time delay an overcurrent protection stage is enabled. This overcurrent stage is intended to trip generator in case of an accidental energizing. When the generator voltage is high again this overcurrent stage is automatically disabled.
3.7.13.2
Setting guidelines
I>: Level of current trip level when the function is armed, that is, at generator standstill, given in % of IBase. This setting should be based on evaluation of the largest current that can occur during the accidental energizing: Ienergisation. This current can be calculated as:
I energisation =
EQUATION2282 V2 EN
3 X d ''+ X T + Z network
(Equation 155)
UN
Where UN Xd XT Znetwork is the rated voltage of the generator is the subtransient reactance for the generator () is the reactance of the step-up transformer () is the short circuit source impedance of the connected network recalculated to the generator voltage level ()
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The setting can be chosen:

I > to be less than 0.8 I energisation
EQUATION2283 V2 EN
(Equation 156)
tOC: Time delay for trip in case of high current detection due to accidental energizing of the generator. The default value 0.03s is recommended. ArmU<: Voltage level, given in % of UBase, for activation (arming) of the accidental energizing protection function. This voltage shall be lower than the lowest operation voltage. The default value 50% is recommended. tArm: Time delay of voltage under the level Arm< for activation. The time delay shall be longer than the longest fault time at short circuits or phase-earth faults in the network. The default value 5s is recommended. DisarmU>: Voltage level, given in % of UBase, for deactivation (dearming) of the accidental energizing protection function. This voltage shall be higher than the ArmU< level. This setting level shall also be lower than the lowest operation voltage. The default value 80% is recommended. tDisarm: Time delay of voltage over the level DisarmU> for deactivation. The time delay shall be longer than tOC. The default value 0.5s is recommended.
3.7.13.3
Table 106:
Name Operation IBase UBase I> tOC ArmU< tArm DisarmU> tDisarm
Setting parameters
AEGGAPC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 2 - 900 0.000 - 60.000 2 - 200 0.000 - 60.000 2 - 200 0.000 - 60.000 Unit A kV %IB s %UB s %UB s Step 1 0.05 1 0.001 1 0.001 1 0.001 Default Off 3000 20.00 120 0.030 50 5.000 80 0.500 Description Operation Off / On Base current (primary phase current in A) Base voltage (primary phase-to-phase voltage in kV) Operate phase current level in % of IBase Trip time delay for over current level Under-voltage level to arm protection in % of UBase Time delay to arm protection with U< level Over-voltage level to disarm protection in % of UBase Time delay to disarm protection with U> level
3.8
3.8.1
306
Voltage protection
Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Function description Two step undervoltage protection IEC 61850 identification UV2PTUV IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 27
3U<
SYMBOL-R-2U-GREATER-THAN V2 EN
3.8.1.1
Application
Two-step undervoltage protection function (UV2PTUV) is applicable in all situations, where reliable detection of low phase voltages is necessary. It is used also as a supervision and fault detection function for other protection functions, to increase the security of a complete protection system. UV2PTUV is applied to power system elements, such as generators, transformers, motors and power lines in order to detect low voltage conditions. Low voltage conditions are caused by abnormal operation or fault in the power system. UV2PTUV is used in combination with overcurrent protections, either as restraint or in logic "and gates" of the trip signals issued by the two functions. Other applications are the detection of "no voltage" condition, for example, before the energization of a HV line or for automatic breaker trip in case of a blackout. UV2PTUV is also used to initiate voltage correction measures, like insertion of shunt capacitor banks to compensate for reactive load and thereby increasing the voltage. The function has a high measuring accuracy and setting hysteresis to allow applications to control reactive load. UV2PTUV is used to disconnect apparatuses, like electric motors, which will be damaged when subject to service under low voltage conditions. UV2PTUV deals with low voltage conditions at power system frequency, which can be caused by the following reasons: 1. 2. 3. Malfunctioning of a voltage regulator or wrong settings under manual control (symmetrical voltage decrease). Overload (symmetrical voltage decrease). Short circuits, often as phase-to-earth faults (unsymmetrical voltage decrease).
UV2PTUV prevents sensitive equipment from running under conditions that could cause their overheating and thus shorten their life time expectancy. In many cases, it is a useful function in circuits for local or remote automation processes in the power system.
3.8.1.2
Setting guidelines
All the voltage conditions in the system where UV2PTUV performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage and time characteristic.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
There is a very wide application area where general undervoltage functions are used. All voltage related settings are made as a percentage of the settings base voltage UBase and base current IBase, which normally is set to the primary rated voltage level (phase-to-phase) of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration. The setting for UV2PTUV is normally not critical, since there must be enough time available for the main protection to clear short circuits and earth faults. Some applications and related setting guidelines for the voltage level are described in the following sections.
Equipment protection, such as for motors and generators
The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the lowest acceptable voltage for the equipment.
Disconnected equipment detection
The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the highest occurring voltage, caused by inductive or capacitive coupling, when the equipment is disconnected.
Power supply quality
The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the lowest acceptable voltage, due to regulation, good practice or other agreements.
Voltage instability mitigation
This setting is very much dependent on the power system characteristics, and thorough studies have to be made to find the suitable levels.
Backup protection for power system faults
The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the highest occurring voltage during the fault conditions under consideration.
Settings for Two step undervoltage protection
The following settings can be done for Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV: ConnType: Sets whether the measurement shall be phase-to-earth fundamental value, phase-to-phase fundamental value, phase-to-earth RMS value or phase-tophase RMS value. Operation: Off or On. UBase: Base voltage phase-to-phase in primary kV. This voltage is used as reference for voltage setting. UV2PTUV measures selectively phase-to-earth voltages, or phase-to-phase voltage chosen by the setting ConnType. The function will operate if the voltage gets lower than the set percentage of UBase. When ConnType is set to PhN DFT or PhN RMS then the IED automatically divides set value for UBase by 3. UBase is used when ConnType is set to PhPh DFT or PhPh RMS. Therefore, always set UBase as rated primary phase-to-phase voltage of the protected object. This means operation for phase-to-earth voltage under:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
U < (%) UBase( kV ) 3

EQUATION1447 V1 EN
(Equation 157)
and operation for phase-to-phase voltage under:

U < (%) UBase(kV)
EQUATION1990 V1 EN
(Equation 158)
The below described setting parameters are identical for the two steps (n = 1 or 2). Therefore, the setting parameters are described only once. Characteristicn: This parameter gives the type of time delay to be used. The setting can be Definite time, Inverse Curve A, Inverse Curve B, Prog. inv. curve. The selection is dependent on the protection application. OpModen: This parameter describes how many of the three measured voltages that should be below the set level to give operation for step n. The setting can be 1 out of 3, 2 out of 3 or 3 out of 3. In most applications, it is sufficient that one phase voltage is low to give operation. If UV2PTUV shall be insensitive for single phaseto-earth faults, 2 out of 3 can be chosen. In subtransmission and transmission networks the undervoltage function is mainly a system supervision function and 3 out of 3 is selected. Un<: Set operate undervoltage operation value for step n, given as % of the parameter UBase. The setting is highly dependent of the protection application. It is essential to consider the minimum voltage at non-faulted situations. Normally this voltage is larger than 90% of nominal voltage. tn: time delay of step n, given in s. This setting is dependent of the protection application. In many applications the protection function shall not directly trip when there is a short circuit or earth faults in the system. The time delay must be coordinated to the short circuit protections. tResetn: Reset time for step n if definite time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. tnMin: Minimum operation time for inverse time characteristic for step n, given in s. When using inverse time characteristic for the undervoltage function during very low voltages can give a short operation time. This might lead to unselective trip. By setting t1Min longer than the operation time for other protections such unselective tripping can be avoided. ResetTypeCrvn: This parameter for inverse time characteristic can be set to Instantaneous, Frozen time, Linearly decreased. The default setting isInstantaneous. tIResetn: Reset time for step n if inverse time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
kn: Time multiplier for inverse time characteristic. This parameter is used for coordination between different inverse time delayed undervoltage protections. ACrvn, BCrvn, CCrvn, DCrvn, PCrvn: Parameters to set to create programmable under voltage inverse time characteristic. Description of this can be found in the technical reference manual. CrvSatn: When the denominator in the expression of the programmable curve is equal to zero the time delay will be infinity. There will be an undesired discontinuity. Therefore, a tuning parameter CrvSatn is set to compensate for this phenomenon. In the voltage interval Un< down to Un< (1.0 - CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be: Un< (1.0 - CrvSatn/100). If the programmable curve is used this parameter must be calculated so that:
CrvSatn -C > 0 100

(Equation 159)
EQUATION1448 V1 EN
IntBlkSeln: This parameter can be set to Off, Block of trip, Block all. In case of a low voltage the undervoltage function can be blocked. This function can be used to prevent function when the protected object is switched off. If the parameter is set Block of trip or Block all unwanted trip is prevented. IntBlkStValn: Voltage level under which the blocking is activated set in % of UBase. This setting must be lower than the setting Un<. As switch of shall be detected the setting can be very low, that is, about 10%. tBlkUVn: Time delay to block the undervoltage step n when the voltage level is below IntBlkStValn, given in s. It is important that this delay is shorter than the operate time delay of the undervoltage protection step.
3.8.1.3
Table 107:
Name Operation UBase OperationStep1 Characterist1
Setting parameters
UV2PTUV Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.05 - 2000.00 Off On Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Prog. inv. curve 1 out of 3 2 out of 3 3 out of 3 1 - 100 Unit kV Step 0.05 Default Off 400.00 On Definite time Description Operation Off / On Base voltage Enable execution of step 1 Selection of time delay curve type for step 1
OpMode1
1 out of 3
Number of phases required for op (1 of 3, 2 of 3, 3 of 3) from step 1 Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT) in % of UBase, step 1
U1<
%UB
70
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.00 - 6000.00 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 1.10 Off Block of trip Block all 1 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 0.0 - 100.0 Off On Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Prog. inv. curve 1 out of 3 2 out of 3 3 out of 3 1 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 1.10 Off Block of trip Block all 1 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 0.0 - 100.0 Unit s s Step 0.01 0.001 0.01 Default 5.00 5.000 0.05 Off Description Definitive time delay of step 1 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 1 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 1 Internal (low level) blocking mode, step 1
Name t1 t1Min k1 IntBlkSel1
IntBlkStVal1 tBlkUV1 HystAbs1 OperationStep2 Characterist2
%UB s %UB -
1 0.001 0.1 -
20 0.000 0.5 On Definite time
Voltage setting for internal blocking in % of UBase, step 1 Time delay of internal (low level) blocking for step 1 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 1 Enable execution of step 2 Selection of time delay curve type for step 2
OpMode2
1 out of 3
Number of phases required for op (1 of 3, 2 of 3, 3 of 3) from step 2 Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT) in % of UBase, step 2 Definitive time delay of step 2 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 2 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 2 Internal (low level) blocking mode, step 2
U2< t2 t2Min k2 IntBlkSel2
%UB s s -
1 0.001 0.001 0.01 -
50 5.000 5.000 0.05 Off
IntBlkStVal2 tBlkUV2 HystAbs2
%UB s %UB
1 0.001 0.1
20 0.000 0.5
Voltage setting for internal blocking in % of UBase, step 2 Time delay of internal (low level) blocking for step 2 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 2
Table 108:
Name tReset1 ResetTypeCrv1
UV2PTUV Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 200.000 Unit s Step 0.001 Default 0.025 Instantaneous Description Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 1 Selection of used IDMT reset curve type for step 1 Time delay in IDMT reset (s), step 1 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 1
tIReset1 ACrv1
s -
0.001 0.001
0.025 1.000

Name BCrv1 CCrv1 DCrv1 PCrv1 CrvSat1 tReset2 ResetTypeCrv2 Values (Range) 0.50 - 100.00 0.0 - 1.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 3.000 0 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.50 - 100.00 0.0 - 1.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 3.000 0 - 100 Unit % s Step 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 Default 1.00 0.0 0.000 1.000 0 0.025 Instantaneous Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 1 Tuning param for prog. under voltage IDMT curve, step 1 Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 2 Selection of used IDMT reset curve type for step 2 Time delay in IDMT reset (s), step 2 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 2 Tuning param for prog. under voltage IDMT curve, step 2
tIReset2 ACrv2 BCrv2 CCrv2 DCrv2 PCrv2 CrvSat2
s %
0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 1
0.025 1.000 1.00 0.0 0.000 1.000 0
Table 109:
Name ConnType
UV2PTUV Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) PhN DFT PhPh RMS PhN RMS PhPh DFT Unit Step Default PhN DFT Description Group selector for connection type
3.8.2
Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV

Function description Two step overvoltage protection IEC 61850 identification OV2PTOV IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 59
3U>
SYMBOL-C-2U-SMALLER-THAN V2 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV is applicable in all situations, where reliable detection of high voltage is necessary. OV2PTOV is used for supervision and detection of abnormal conditions, which, in combination with other protection functions, increase the security of a complete protection system. High overvoltage conditions are caused by abnormal situations in the power system. OV2PTOV is applied to power system elements, such as generators, transformers, motors and power lines in order to detect high voltage conditions. OV2PTOV is used in combination with low current signals, to identify a transmission line, open in the remote end. In addition to that, OV2PTOV is also used to initiate voltage correction measures, like insertion of shunt reactors, to compensate for low load, and thereby decreasing the voltage. The function has a high measuring accuracy and hysteresis setting to allow applications to control reactive load. OV2PTOV is used to disconnect apparatuses, like electric motors, which will be damaged when subject to service under high voltage conditions. It deals with high voltage conditions at power system frequency, which can be caused by: 1. Different kinds of faults, where a too high voltage appears in a certain power system, like metallic connection to a higher voltage level (broken conductor falling down to a crossing overhead line, transformer flash over fault from the high voltage winding to the low voltage winding and so on). Malfunctioning of a voltage regulator or wrong settings under manual control (symmetrical voltage decrease). Low load compared to the reactive power generation (symmetrical voltage decrease). Earth-faults in high impedance earthed systems causes, beside the high voltage in the neutral, high voltages in the two non-faulted phases, (unsymmetrical voltage increase).
3.8.2.1
2. 3. 4.
OV2PTOV prevents sensitive equipment from running under conditions that could cause their overheating or stress of insulation material, and, thus, shorten their life time expectancy. In many cases, it is a useful function in circuits for local or remote automation processes in the power system.
3.8.2.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for Two step overvoltage protection (OV2PTOV) are set via the local HMI or PCM600. All the voltage conditions in the system where OV2PTOV performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage and time characteristic. There is a very wide application area where general overvoltage functions are used. All voltage related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base primary
313
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
voltage, which normally is set to the nominal voltage level (phase-to-phase) of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration. The time delay for the OV2PTOV can sometimes be critical and related to the size of the overvoltage - a power system or a high voltage component can withstand smaller overvoltages for some time, but in case of large overvoltages the related equipment should be disconnected more rapidly. Some applications and related setting guidelines for the voltage level are given below:
Equipment protection, such as for motors, generators, reactors and transformers
High voltage will cause overexcitation of the core and deteriorate the winding insulation. The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and well below the highest acceptable voltage for the equipment.
Equipment protection, capacitors
High voltage will deteriorate the dielectricum and the insulation. The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and well below the highest acceptable voltage for the capacitor.
The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and below the highest acceptable voltage, due to regulation, good practice or other agreements.
High impedance earthed systems
In high impedance earthed systems, earth-faults cause a voltage increase in the nonfaulty phases. Two step overvoltage protection (OV2PTOV) is used to detect such faults. The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and below the lowest occurring voltage during faults. A metallic single-phase earth-fault causes the non-faulted phase voltages to increase a factor of 3.
The following settings can be done for the two step overvoltage protection
ConnType: Sets whether the measurement shall be phase-to-earth fundamental value, phase-to-phase fundamental value, phase-to-earth RMS value or phase-tophase RMS value. Operation: Off/On. UBase: Base voltage phase to phase in primary kV. This voltage is used as reference for voltage setting. OV2PTOV measures selectively phase-to-earth voltages, or phase-to-phase voltage chosen by the setting ConnType. The function will operate if the voltage gets lower than the set percentage of UBase. When ConnType is set to PhN DFT or PhN RMS then the IED automatically divides set value for UBase by 3. When ConnType is set to PhPh DFT or PhPh RMS then set value for UBase is used. Therefore, always set UBase as rated primary phase-tophase voltage of the protected object. If phase to neutral (PhN) measurement is
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
selected as setting, the operation of phase-to-earth over voltage is automatically divided by sqrt3. This means operation for phase-to-earth voltage over:
U > (%) UBase(kV ) / 3

and operation for phase-to-phase voltage over:
U > (%) UBase(kV)
EQUATION1993 V1 EN
(Equation 161)
The below described setting parameters are identical for the two steps (n = 1 or 2). Therefore the setting parameters are described only once. Characteristicn: This parameter gives the type of time delay to be used. The setting can be Definite time, Inverse Curve A, Inverse Curve B, Inverse Curve C or I/Prog. inv. curve. The choice is highly dependent of the protection application. OpModen: This parameter describes how many of the three measured voltages that should be above the set level to give operation. The setting can be 1 out of 3, 2 out of 3, 3 out of 3. In most applications it is sufficient that one phase voltage is high to give operation. If the function shall be insensitive for single phase-to-earth faults 1 out of 3 can be chosen, because the voltage will normally rise in the non-faulted phases at single phase-to-earth faults. In subtransmission and transmission networks the UV function is mainly a system supervision function and 3 out of 3 is selected. Un>: Set operate overvoltage operation value for step n, given as % of UBase. The setting is highly dependent of the protection application. Here it is essential to consider the maximum voltage at non-faulted situations. Normally this voltage is less than 110% of nominal voltage. tn: time delay of step n, given in s. The setting is highly dependent of the protection application. In many applications the protection function is used to prevent damages to the protected object. The speed might be important for example in case of protection of transformer that might be overexcited. The time delay must be coordinated with other automated actions in the system. tResetn: Reset time for step n if definite time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. tnMin: Minimum operation time for inverse time characteristic for step n, given in s. For very high voltages the overvoltage function, using inverse time characteristic, can give very short operation time. This might lead to unselective trip. By setting t1Min longer than the operation time for other protections such unselective tripping can be avoided. ResetTypeCrvn: This parameter for inverse time characteristic can be set: Instantaneous, Frozen time, Linearly decreased. The default setting is Instantaneous.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
tIResetn: Reset time for step n if inverse time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. kn: Time multiplier for inverse time characteristic. This parameter is used for coordination between different inverse time delayed undervoltage protections. ACrvn, BCrvn, CCrvn, DCrvn, PCrvn: Parameters to set to create programmable under voltage inverse time characteristic. Description of this can be found in the technical reference manual. CrvSatn: When the denominator in the expression of the programmable curve is equal to zero the time delay will be infinity. There will be an undesired discontinuity. Therefore a tuning parameter CrvSatn is set to compensate for this phenomenon. In the voltage interval Un> up to Un> (1.0 + CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be: Un> (1.0 + CrvSatn/100). If the programmable curve is used, this parameter must be calculated so that:
CrvSatn -C > 0 100

(Equation 162)
EQUATION1448 V1 EN
HystAbsn: Absolute hysteresis set in % of UBase. The setting of this parameter is highly dependent of the application. If the function is used as control for automatic switching of reactive compensation devices the hysteresis must be set smaller than the voltage change after switching of the compensation device.
3.8.2.3
Table 110:
Setting parameters
OV2PTOV Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.05 - 2000.00 Off On Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Inverse curve C Prog. inv. curve 1 out of 3 2 out of 3 3 out of 3 1 - 200 0.00 - 6000.00 0.000 - 60.000 Unit kV Step 0.05 Default Off 400.00 On Definite time Description Operation Off / On Base voltage Enable execution of step 1 Selection of time delay curve type for step 1
OpMode1
1 out of 3
Number of phases required for op (1 of 3, 2 of 3, 3 of 3) from step 1 Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT) in % of UBase, step 1 Definitive time delay of step 1 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 1
U1> t1 t1Min
%UB s s
1 0.01 0.001
120 5.00 5.000
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.05 - 1.10 0.0 - 100.0 Off On Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Inverse curve C Prog. inv. curve 1 out of 3 2 out of 3 3 out of 3 1 - 200 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 1.10 0.0 - 100.0 Unit %UB Step 0.01 0.1 Default 0.05 0.5 On Definite time Description Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 1 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 1 Enable execution of step 2 Selection of time delay curve type for step 2
Name k1 HystAbs1 OperationStep2 Characterist2
OpMode2
1 out of 3
Number of phases required for op (1 of 3, 2 of 3, 3 of 3) from step 2 Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT) in % of UBase, step 2 Definitive time delay of step 2 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 2 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 2 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 2
U2> t2 t2Min k2 HystAbs2
%UB s s %UB
1 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
150 5.000 5.000 0.05 0.5
Table 111:
OV2PTOV Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.50 - 100.00 0.0 - 1.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 3.000 0 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.000 - 60.000 Unit s Step 0.001 Default 0.025 Instantaneous Description Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 1 Selection of used IDMT reset curve type for step 1 Time delay in IDMT reset (s), step 1 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 1 Tuning param for prog. over voltage IDMT curve, step 1 Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 2 Selection of used IDMT reset curve type for step 2 Time delay in IDMT reset (s), step 2
tIReset1 ACrv1 BCrv1 CCrv1 DCrv1 PCrv1 CrvSat1 tReset2 ResetTypeCrv2
s % s -
0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 -
0.025 1.000 1.00 0.0 0.000 1.000 0 0.025 Instantaneous
tIReset2
0.001
0.025

Name ACrv2 BCrv2 CCrv2 DCrv2 PCrv2 CrvSat2 Values (Range) 0.005 - 200.000 0.50 - 100.00 0.0 - 1.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 3.000 0 - 100 Unit % Step 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 1 Default 1.000 1.00 0.0 0.000 1.000 0 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 2 Tuning param for prog. over voltage IDMT curve, step 2
Table 112:
Name ConnType
OV2PTOV Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) PhN DFT PhPh DFT PhN RMS PhPh RMS Unit Step Default PhN DFT Description Group selector for connection type
3.8.3
Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV

Function description Two step residual overvoltage protection IEC 61850 identification ROV2PTOV IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 59N
3U0
TRV V1 EN
3.8.3.1
Application
Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV is primarily used in high impedance earthed distribution networks, mainly as a backup for the primary earthfault protection of the feeders and the transformer. To increase the security for different earth-fault related functions, the residual overvoltage signal can be used as a release signal. The residual voltage can be measured either at the transformer neutral or from a voltage transformer open delta connection. The residual voltage can also be calculated internally, based on measurement of the three-phase voltages. In high impedance earthed systems the residual voltage will increase in case of any fault connected to earth. Depending on the type of fault and fault resistance the residual voltage will reach different values. The highest residual voltage, equal to three times the phase-to-earth voltage, is achieved for a single phase-to-earth fault. The residual voltage increases approximately to the same level in the whole system and does not provide any guidance in finding the faulted component. Therefore,
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ROV2PTOV is often used as a backup protection or as a release signal for the feeder earth-fault protection.
3.8.3.2
Setting guidelines
All the voltage conditions in the system where ROV2PTOV performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage and time characteristic. There is a very wide application area where general single input or residual overvoltage functions are used. All voltage related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base voltage, which can be set to the primary nominal voltage (phase-phase) level of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration. The time delay for ROV2PTOV is seldom critical, since residual voltage is related to earth-faults in a high impedance earthed system, and enough time must normally be given for the primary protection to clear the fault. In some more specific situations, where the single overvoltage protection is used to protect some specific equipment, the time delay is shorter. Some applications and related setting guidelines for the residual voltage level are given below.
Equipment protection, such as for motors, generators, reactors and transformers
High residual voltage indicates earth-fault in the system, perhaps in the component to which Two step residual overvoltage protection (ROV2PTOV) is connected. For selectivity reasons to the primary protection for the faulted device ROV2PTOV must trip the component with some time delay. The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage and below the highest acceptable residual voltage for the equipment
Equipment protection, capacitors
High voltage will deteriorate the dielectric and the insulation. Two step residual overvoltage protection (ROV2PTOV) has to be connected to a neutral or open delta winding. The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage and below the highest acceptable residual voltage for the capacitor.
Stator earth-fault protection based on residual voltage measurement
Accidental contact between the stator winding in the slots and the stator core is the most common electrical fault in generators. The fault is normally initiated by mechanical or thermal damage to the insulating material or the anti-corona paint on a stator coil. Turn-to-turn faults, which normally are difficult to detect, quickly develop into an earth fault and are tripped by the stator earth-fault protection. Common practice in most countries is to earth the generator neutral through a resistor, which limits the maximum earth-fault current to 5-10 A primary. Tuned reactors, which limits the earth-fault current to less than 1 A, are also used. In both cases, the transient voltages in the stator system during intermittent earth-faults are
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
kept within acceptable limits, and earth-faults, which are tripped within a second from fault inception, only cause negligible damage to the laminations of the stator core. A residual overvoltage function used for such protection can be connected to different transformers. 1. 2. 3. voltage (or distribution) transformer connected between the generator neutral point and earth. three-phase-to-earth-connected voltage transformers on the generator HV terminal side (in this case the residual voltage is internally calculated by the IED). broken delta winding of three-phase-to-earth voltage transformers connected on the generator HV terminal side.
These three connection options are shown in Figure 121. Depending on start setting and fault resistance, such function can typically protect 80-95 percent of the stator winding. Thus, the function is normally set to operate for faults located at 5 percent or more from the stator neutral point with a time delay setting of 0.5 seconds. Thus such function protects approximately 95 percent of the stator winding. The function also covers the generator bus, the low-voltage winding of the unit transformer and the high-voltage winding of the auxiliary transformer of the unit. The function can be set so low because the generator-earthing resistor normally limits the neutral voltage transmitted from the high-voltage side of the unit transformer in case of an earth fault on the high-voltage side to a maximum of 2-3 percent. Units with a generator breaker between the transformer and the generator should also have a three-phase voltage transformer connected to the bus between the lowvoltage winding of the unit transformer and the generator circuit breaker (function 3 in Figure 121). The open delta secondary VT winding is connected to a residual overvoltage function, normally set to 20-30 percent, which provides earth-fault protection for the transformer low-voltage winding and the section of the bus connected to it when the generator breaker is open. The two-stage residual overvoltage function ROV2PTOV can be used for all three applications. The residual overvoltage function measures and operates only on the fundamental frequency voltage component. It has an excellent rejection of the third harmonic voltage component commonly present in such generator installations.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
110kV Bus
11
IED #3 59N 3Uo>
0.11 3
kV
Unit Transformer 29MVA 121/11kV YNd5 Unit transformer LV side VT
ROV2 PTOV
Generator Circuit Breaker

11 3 / 0.11 3 kV
#2
59N
3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
Generator terminal VT
Generator 29MVA 11kV 150rpm
11 3
/ 0.11 kV
#1
ROV2 PTOV
1000
59N
Uo>
Earthing resistor and neutral point VT
IEC10000171 V2 EN
Figure 121:
Voltage-based stator earth-fault protection
ROV2PTOV application #1 ROV2PTOV is here connected to a voltage (or distribution) transformer located at generator star point. 1. Due to such connection, ROV2PTOV measures the Uo voltage at the generator star point. Due to such connection, ROV2PTOV measures the Uo voltage at the generator star point. The maximum Uo voltage is present for a single phase-to-earth fault at the generator HV terminal and it has the maximum primary value:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
UoMax =
U Ph Ph 11kV = = 6.35kV 3 3
(Equation 163)
2. 3. 4.
5.
One VT input is to be used in the IED. The VT ratio should be set according to the neutral point transformer ratio. For this application, the correct primary and secondary rating values are 6.35 kV and 110 V respectively. For the base value, a generator-rated phase-to-phase voltage is to be set. Thus for this application UBase=11 kV. ROV2PTOV divides internally the set voltage base value with 3. Thus, the internally used base is equal to the maximum Uo value. Therefore, if wanted start is 5 percent from the neutral point, the ROV2PTOV start value is set to U1>=5%. The definite time delay is set to 0.5 seconds.
ROV2PTOV application #2 ROV2PTOV is here connected to a three-phase voltage transformer set located at generator HV terminal side. 1. Due to such connection, ROV2PTOV function calculates internally the 3Uo voltage (that is, 3Uo=UL1+UL2+UL3) at the HV terminals of the generator. Maximum 3Uo voltage is present for a single phase-to-earth fault at the HV terminal of the generator and it has the maximum primary value 3UoMax:
3UoMax = 3 U Ph Ph = 3 11kV = 19.05kV
(Equation 164)
2. 3. 4.
5.
Three VT inputs are to be used in the IED. The VT ratio should be set according to the VT ratio. For this application, the correct primary and secondary VT rating values are 11 kV and 110 V respectively. For the base value, a generator-rated phase-to-phase voltage is to be set. Thus for this application UBase=11 kV. This base voltage value is not set directly under the function but it is instead selected by the Global Base Value parameter. ROV2PTOV divides internally the set voltage base value with 3. Thus internally used base voltage value is 6.35 kV. This is three times smaller than the maximum 3Uo voltage. Therefore, if the wanted start is 5 percent from the neutral point the ROV2PTOV start value is set to U1>=35%=15%(i.e. three times the desired coverage). The definite time delay is set to 0.5 seconds.
ROV2PTOV application #3 ROV2PTOV is here connected to an open delta winding of the VT located at the HV terminal side of the generator or the LV side of the unit transformer. 1. Due to such connection, ROV2PTOV measures the 3Uo voltage at generator HV terminals. Maximum 3Uo voltage is present for a single phase-to-earth fault at the HV terminal of the generator and it has the primary maximum value 3UoMax:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
3UoMax = 3 U Ph Ph = 3 11kV = 19.05kV

(Equation 165)
2. 3. 4.
5.
One VT input is to be used in the IED. The VT ratio is to be set according to the open delta winding ratio. For this application correct primary and secondary rating values are 19.05 kV and 110 V respectively. For the base value, a generator-rated phase-to-phase voltage is to be set. Thus for this application UBase=11 kV.This base voltage value is not set directly under the function but it is instead selected by the Global Base Value parameter. ROV2PTOV internally divides the set voltage base value with 3. Thus, the internally used base voltage value is 6.35 kV. This is three times smaller than maximum 3Uo voltage. Therefore, if the wanted start is 5 percent from the neutral point the ROV2PTOV start value is set to U1>=35%=15%(that is, three times the desired coverage). The definite time delay is set to 0.5 seconds.
The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage and below the highest acceptable residual voltage, due to regulation, good practice or other agreements.
High impedance earthed systems
In high impedance earthed systems, earth faults cause a neutral voltage in the feeding transformer neutral. Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV is used to trip the transformer, as a backup protection for the feeder earth-fault protection, and as a backup for the transformer primary earth-fault protection. The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage, and below the lowest occurring residual voltage during the faults under consideration. A metallic single-phase earth fault causes a transformer neutral to reach a voltage equal to the nominal phase-to-earth voltage. The voltage transformers measuring the phase-to-earth voltages measure zero voltage in the faulty phase. The two healthy phases will measure full phase-tophase voltage, as the faulty phase will be connected to earth. The residual overvoltage will be three times the phase-to-earth voltage. See figure 122.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IEC07000190 V1 EN
Figure 122:
Earth fault in Non-effectively earthed systems
Direct earthed system
In direct earthed systems, an earth fault on one phase indicates a voltage collapse in that phase. The two healthy phases will have normal phase-to-earth voltages. The residual sum will have the same value as the remaining phase-to-earth voltage. See figure 123.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IEC07000189 V1 EN
Figure 123:
Earth fault in Direct earthed system
Settings for Two step residual overvoltage protection

Operation: Off or On UBase is used as voltage reference for the voltage. The voltage can be fed to the IED in different ways: 1. 2. The IED is fed from a normal voltage transformer group where the residual voltage is calculated internally from the phase-to-earth voltages within the protection. The setting of the analog input is given as UBase=Uph-ph. The IED is fed from a broken delta connection normal voltage transformer group. In an open delta connection the protection is fed by the voltage 3U0 (single input). The Setting chapter in the application manual explains how the analog input needs to be set. The IED is fed from a single voltage transformer connected to the neutral point of a power transformer in the power system. In this connection the protection is fed by the voltage UN=U0 (single input). The Setting chapter in the application manual explains how the analog input needs to be set. ROV2PTOV will measure the residual voltage corresponding nominal phase-toearth voltage for a high impedance earthed system. The measurement will be based on the neutral voltage displacement.
3.
The below described setting parameters are identical for the two steps (n = step 1 and 2). Therefore the setting parameters are described only once.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Characteristicn: Selected inverse time characteristic for step n. This parameter gives the type of time delay to be used. The setting can be, Definite time or Inverse curve A or Inverse curve B or Inverse curve C or Prog. inv. curve. The choice is highly dependent of the protection application. Un>: Set operate overvoltage operation value for step n, given as % of residual voltage corresponding to UBase:
U > ( % ) UBase ( kV )
3
(Equation 166)
The setting is dependent of the required sensitivity of the protection and the system earthing. In non-effectively earthed systems the residual voltage can be maximum the rated phase-to-earth voltage, which should correspond to 100%. In effectively earthed systems this value is dependent of the ratio Z0/Z1. The required setting to detect high resistive earth-faults must be based on network calculations. tn: time delay of step n, given in s. The setting is highly dependent of the protection application. In many applications, the protection function has the task to prevent damages to the protected object. The speed might be important for example in case of protection of transformer that might be overexcited. The time delay must be coordinated with other automated actions in the system. tResetn: Reset time for step n if definite time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. tnMin: Minimum operation time for inverse time characteristic for step n, given in s. For very high voltages the overvoltage function, using inverse time characteristic, can give very short operation time. This might lead to unselective trip. By setting t1Min longer than the operation time for other protections such unselective tripping can be avoided. ResetTypeCrvn: Set reset type curve for step n. This parameter can be set: Instantaneous,Frozen time,Linearly decreased. The default setting is Instantaneous. tIResetn: Reset time for step n if inverse time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. kn: Time multiplier for inverse time characteristic. This parameter is used for coordination between different inverse time delayed undervoltage protections. ACrvn, BCrvn, CCrvn, DCrvn, PCrvn: Parameters for step n, to set to create programmable undervoltage inverse time characteristic. Description of this can be found in the technical reference manual. CrvSatn: Set tuning parameter for step n. When the denominator in the expression of the programmable curve is equal to zero the time delay will be infinity. There will be an undesired discontinuity. Therefore, a tuning parameter CrvSatn is set to compensate for this phenomenon. In the voltage interval U> up to U> (1.0 +
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
CrvSatn/100) the used voltage will be: U> (1.0 + CrvSatn/100). If the programmable curve is used this parameter must be calculated so that:
CrvSatn -C > 0 100

(Equation 167)
EQUATION1448 V1 EN
HystAbsn: Absolute hysteresis for step n, set in % of UBase. The setting of this parameter is highly dependent of the application.
3.8.3.3
Table 113:
Setting parameters
ROV2PTOV Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.05 - 2000.00 Off On Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Inverse curve C Prog. inv. curve 1 - 200 0.00 - 6000.00 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 1.10 0.0 - 100.0 Off On Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Inverse curve C Prog. inv. curve 1 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.05 - 1.10 0.0 - 100.0 Unit kV Step 0.05 Default Off 400.00 On Definite time Description Operation Off / On Base voltage Enable execution of step 1 Selection of time delay curve type for step 1
U1> t1 t1Min k1 HystAbs1 OperationStep2 Characterist2
%UB s s %UB -
1 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.1 -
30 5.00 5.000 0.05 0.5 On Definite time
Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT), step 1 in % of UBase Definitive time delay of step 1 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 1 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 1 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 1 Enable execution of step 2 Selection of time delay curve type for step 2
U2> t2 t2Min k2 HystAbs2
%UB s s %UB
1 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
45 5.000 5.000 0.05 0.5
Voltage setting/start val (DT & IDMT), step 2 in % of UBase Definitive time delay of step 2 Minimum operate time for inverse curves for step 2 Time multiplier for the inverse time delay for step 2 Absolute hysteresis in % of UBase, step 2
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 114:
ROV2PTOV Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.50 - 100.00 0.0 - 1.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 3.000 0 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.000 - 60.000 0.005 - 200.000 0.50 - 100.00 0.0 - 1.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 3.000 0 - 100 Unit s Step 0.001 Default 0.025 Instantaneous Description Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve step 1 Selection of used IDMT reset curve type for step 1 Time delay in IDMT reset (s), step 1 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for step 1 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 1 Tuning param for prog. over voltage IDMT curve, step 1 Time delay in DT reset (s), step 2 Selection of used IDMT reset curve type for step 2 Time delay in IDMT reset (s), step 2 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for step 2 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for step 2 Tuning param for prog. over voltage IDMT curve, step 2
tIReset1 ACrv1 BCrv1 CCrv1 DCrv1 PCrv1 CrvSat1 tReset2 ResetTypeCrv2
s % s -
0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 -
0.025 1.000 1.00 0.0 0.000 1.000 0 0.025 Instantaneous
tIReset2 ACrv2 BCrv2 CCrv2 DCrv2 PCrv2 CrvSat2
s %
0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 1
0.025 1.000 1.00 0.0 0.000 1.000 0
3.8.4
Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH

Function description Overexcitation protection IEC 61850 identification OEXPVPH IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 24
U/f >
SYMBOL-Q V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
When the laminated core of a power transformer is subjected to a magnetic flux density beyond its design limits, stray flux will flow into non-laminated components not designed to carry flux and cause eddy currents to flow. The eddy currents can cause excessive heating and severe damage to insulation and adjacent parts in a relatively short time. Overvoltage, or underfrequency, or a combination of both, will result in an excessive flux density level, which is denominated overfluxing or over-excitation. The greatest risk for overexcitation exists in a thermal power station when the generator-transformer block is disconnected from the rest of the network, or in network islands occuring at disturbance where high voltages and/or low frequencies can occur. Overexcitation can occur during start-up and shut-down of the generator if the field current is not properly adjusted. Loss-of load or loadshedding can also result in overexcitation if the voltage control and frequency governor is not functioning properly. Loss of load or load-shedding at a transformer substation can result in overexcitation if the voltage control function is insufficient or out of order. Low frequency in a system isolated from the main network can result in overexcitation if the voltage regulating system maintains normal voltage. According to the IEC standards, the power transformers shall be capable of delivering rated load current continuously at an applied voltage of 105% of rated value (at rated frequency). For special cases, the purchaser may specify that the transformer shall be capable of operating continuously at an applied voltage 110% of rated value at no load, reduced to 105% at rated secondary load current. According to ANSI/IEEE standards, the transformers shall be capable of delivering rated load current continuously at an output voltage of 105% of rated value (at rated frequency) and operate continuously with output voltage equal to 110% of rated value at no load. The capability of a transformer (or generator) to withstand overexcitation can be illustrated in the form of a thermal capability curve, that is, a diagram which shows the permissible time as a function of the level of over-excitation. When the transformer is loaded, the induced voltage and hence the flux density in the core can not be read off directly from the transformer terminal voltage. Normally, the leakage reactance of each separate winding is not known and the flux density in the transformer core can then not be calculated. In two-winding transformers, the low voltage winding is normally located close to the core and the voltage across this winding reflects the flux density in the core. However, depending on the design, the flux flowing in the yoke may be critical for the ability of the transformer to handle excess flux. The Overexcitation protection (OEXPVPH) has current inputs to allow calculation of the load influence on the induced voltage. This gives a more exact measurement of the magnetizing flow. For power transformers with unidirectional load flow, the voltage to OEXPVPH should therefore be taken from the feeder side.
329
3.8.4.1
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Heat accumulated in critical parts during a period of overexcitation will be reduced gradually when the excitation returns to the normal value. If a new period of overexcitation occurs after a short time interval, the heating will start from a higher level, therefore, OEXPVPH must have thermal memory. A fixed cooling time constant is settable within a wide range. The general experience is that the overexcitation characteristics for a number of power transformers are not in accordance with standard inverse time curves. In order to make optimal settings possible, a transformer adapted characteristic is available in the IED. The operate characteristic of the protection function can be set to correspond quite well with any characteristic by setting the operate time for six different figures of overexcitation in the range from 100% to 180% of rated V/Hz. When configured to a single phase-to-phase voltage input, a corresponding phase-tophase current is calculated which has the same phase angle relative the phase-tophase voltage as the phase currents have relative the phase voltages in a symmetrical system. The function should preferably be configured to use a threephase voltage input if available. It then uses the positive sequence quantities of voltages and currents. Analog measurements shall not be taken from any winding where a load tap changer is located. Some different connection alternatives are shown in figure 124.
24 U/f>
24 U/f>
24 U/f>
en05000208.vsd
IEC05000208 V1 EN
Figure 124:
Alternative connections of an Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH(Volt/Hertz)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting guidelines Recommendations for input and output signals
Recommendations for Input signals Please see the default factory configuration. BLOCK: The input will block the operation of the Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH, for example, the block input can be used to block the operation for a limited time during special service conditions. RESET: OEXPVPH has a thermal memory, which can take a long time to reset. Activation of the RESET input will reset the function instantaneously. Recommendations for Output signals Please see the default factory configuration for examples of configuration. ERROR: The output indicates a measuring error. The reason, for example, can be configuration problems where analogue signals are missing. START: The START output indicates that the level V/Hz>> has been reached. It can be used to initiate time measurement. TRIP: The TRIP output is activated after the operate time for the U/f level has expired. TRIP signal is used to trip the circuit breaker(s). ALARM: The output is activated when the alarm level has been reached and the alarm timer has elapsed. When the system voltage is high this output sends an alarm to the operator.
3.8.4.2
Settings
Operation: The operation of the Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH can be set to On/Off. UBase: The UBase setting is the setting of the base (per unit) voltage on which all percentage settings are based. The setting is normally the system voltage level. IBase: The IBase setting is the setting of the base (per unit) current on which all percentage settings are based. Normally the power transformer rated current is used but alternatively the current transformer rated current can be set. MeasuredU: The phases involved in the measurement are set here. Normally the three phase measurement measuring the positive sequence voltage should be used but when only individual VT's are used a single phase-to-phase can be used. MeasuredI: The phases involved in the measurement are set here. MeasuredI: must be in accordance with MeasuredU. V/Hz>: Operating level for the inverse characteristic, IEEE or tailor made. The operation is based on the relation between rated voltage and rated frequency and
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
set as a percentage factor. Normal setting is around 108-110% depending of the capability curve for the transformer/generator. V/Hz>>: Operating level for the tMin definite time delay used at high overvoltages. The operation is based on the relation between rated voltage and rated frequency and set as a percentage factor. Normal setting is around 110-180% depending of the capability curve of the transformer/generator. Setting should be above the knee-point when the characteristic starts to be straight on the high side. XLeak: The transformer leakage reactance on which the compensation of voltage measurement with load current is based. The setting shall be the transformer leak reactance in primary ohms. If no current compensation is used (mostly the case) the setting is not used. TrPulse: The length of the trip pulse. Normally the final trip pulse is decided by the trip function block. A typical pulse length can be 50 ms. CurveType: Selection of the curve type for the inverse delay. The IEEE curves or tailor made curve can be selected depending of which one matches the capability curve best. kForIEEE: The time constant for the inverse characteristic. Select the one giving the best match to the transformer capability. tCooling: The cooling time constant giving the reset time when voltages drops below the set value. Shall be set above the cooling time constant of the transformer. The default value is recommended to be used if the constant is not known. tMin: The operating times at voltages higher than the set V/Hz>>. The setting shall match capabilities on these high voltages. Typical setting can be 1-10 second. tMax: For overvoltages close to the set value times can be extremely long if a high K time constant is used. A maximum time can then be set to cut the longest times. Typical settings are 1800-3600 seconds (30-60 minutes) AlarmLevel: Setting of the alarm level in percentage of the set trip level. The alarm level is normally set at around 98% of the trip level. tAlarm: Setting of the time to alarm is given from when the alarm level has been reached. Typical setting is 5 seconds.
Service value report
A number of internal parameters are available as service values for use at commissioning and during service. Remaining time to trip (in seconds) TMTOTRIP, flux density VPERHZ, internal thermal content in percentage of trip value THERMSTA. The values are available at local HMI, Substation SAsystem and PCM600.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting example
Sufficient information about the overexcitation capability of the protected object(s) must be available when making the settings. The most complete information is given in an overexcitation capability diagram as shown in figure 125. The settings V/Hz>> and V/Hz> are made in per unit of the rated voltage of the transformer winding at rated frequency. Set the transformer adapted curve for a transformer with overexcitation characteristics in according to figure 125. V/Hz> for the protection is set equal to the permissible continuous overexcitation according to figure 125 = 105%. When the overexcitation is equal to V/Hz>, tripping is obtained after a time equal to the setting of t1. This is the case when UBase is equal to the transformer rated voltages. For other values, the percentage settings need to be adjusted accordingly. When the overexcitation is equal to the set value of V/Hz>>, tripping is obtained after a time equal to the setting of t6. A suitable setting would be V/Hz>> = 140% and t6 = 4 s. The interval between V/Hz>> and V/Hz> is automatically divided up in five equal steps, and the time delays t2 to t5 will be allocated to these values of overexcitation. In this example, each step will be (140-105) /5 = 7%. The setting of time delays t1 to t6 are listed in table 115.
Table 115:
U/f op (%) 105 112 119 126 133 140
Settings
Timer t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 Time set (s) 7200 (max) 600 60 20 8 4
Information on the cooling time constant Tcool should be retrieved from the power transformer manufacturer.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
V/Hz % 150 transformer capability curve relay operate characteristic 140
130
120
110 Continous 100 0.05 t6
0.1 t5
0.2 t4
0.5
1 t3
10 t2
20
50
100 t1
200
Time (minutes)
en01000377.vsd
IEC01000377 V1 EN
Figure 125:
Example on overexcitation capability curve and V/Hz protection settings for power transformer
3.8.4.3
Table 116:
Name Operation IBase UBase V/Hz> V/Hz>> XLeak TrPulse tMin tMax
Setting parameters
OEXPVPH Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 100.0 - 180.0 100.0 - 200.0 0.000 - 200.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.00 - 9000.00 Unit A kV %UB/f %UB/f ohm s s s Step 1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 Default Off 3000 400.00 110.0 140.0 0.000 0.100 7.000 1800.00 Description Operation Off / On Base current (rated phase current) in A Base voltage (main voltage) in kV Operate level of V/Hz at no load and rated freq in % of (Ubase/frated) High level of V/Hz above which tMin is used, in % of (Ubase/frated) Winding leakage reactance in primary ohms Length of the pulse for trip signal (in sec) Minimum trip delay for V/Hz inverse curve, in sec Maximum trip delay for V/Hz inverse curve, in sec
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.10 - 9000.00 IEEE Tailor made 1 - 60 50.0 - 120.0 0.00 - 9000.00 Unit s % s Step 0.01 1 0.1 0.01 Default 1200.00 IEEE 1 100.0 5.00 Description Transformer magnetic core cooling time constant, in sec Inverse time curve selection, IEEE/Tailor made Time multiplier for IEEE inverse type curve Alarm operate level as % of operate level Alarm time delay, in sec
Name tCooling CurveType kForIEEE AlarmLevel tAlarm
Table 117:
Name t1Tailor t2Tailor t3Tailor t4Tailor t5Tailor t6Tailor
OEXPVPH Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.00 - 9000.00 0.00 - 9000.00 0.00 - 9000.00 0.00 - 9000.00 0.00 - 9000.00 0.00 - 9000.00 Unit s s s s s s Step 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Default 7200.00 3600.00 1800.00 900.00 450.00 225.00 Description Time delay t1 (longest) for tailor made curve, in sec Time delay t2 for tailor made curve, in sec Time delay t3 for tailor made curve, in sec Time delay t4 for tailor made curve, in sec Time delay t5 for tailor made curve, in sec Time delay t6 (shortest) for tailor made curve, in sec
Table 118:
Name MeasuredU
OEXPVPH Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) PosSeq L1L2 L2L3 L3L1 L1L2 L2L3 L3L1 PosSeq Unit Step Default L1L2 Description Selection of measured voltage
MeasuredI
L1L2
Selection of measured current
3.8.5
Voltage differential protection VDCPTOV

Function description Voltage differential protection IEC 61850 identification VDCPTOV IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 60
3.8.5.1
Application
The Voltage differential protection VDCPTOV functions can be used in some different applications. Voltage unbalance protection for capacitor banks. The voltage on the bus is supervised with the voltage in the capacitor bank, phase- by phase. Difference indicates a fault, either short-circuited or open element in the capacitor bank. It
335
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
is mainly used on elements with external fuses but can also be used on elements with internal fuses instead of a current unbalance protection measuring the current between the neutrals of two halfs of the capacitor bank. The function requires voltage transformers in all phases of the capacitor bank. Figure 126 shows some different alternative connections of this function.
U1
Ud>L1
Single earthed wye
U2
Ph L3
Ph L2
Ud>L1 U1 U2
Double wye
Ph L3
Ph L2
Ph L3
Ph L2
IEC06000390 V3 EN
Figure 126:
Connection of voltage differential protection VDCPTOV function to detect unbalance in capacitor banks (one phase only is shown)
VDCPTOV function has a block input (BLOCK) where a fuse failure supervision (or MCB tripped) can be connected to prevent problems if one fuse in the capacitor bank voltage transformer set has opened and not the other (capacitor voltage is connected to input U2). It will also ensure that a fuse failure alarm is given instead of a Undervoltage or Differential voltage alarm and/or tripping. Fuse failure supervision (SDDRFUF) function for voltage transformers. In many application the voltages of two fuse groups of the same voltage transformer or fuse groups of two separate voltage transformers measuring the same voltage can be supervised with this function. It will be an alternative for example, generator units where often two voltage transformers are supplied for measurement and excitation equipment.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The application to supervise the voltage on two voltage transformers in the generator circuit is shown in figure 127.
To Protection U1 Ud> U2 To Excitation
Gen
IEC06000389 V1 EN
en06000389.vsd
Figure 127:
Supervision of fuses on generator circuit voltage transformers
3.8.5.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for the voltage differential function are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following settings are done for the voltage differential function. Operation: Off/On UBase: Base voltage level in kV. The base voltage is used as reference for the voltage setting factors. Normally, it is set to the system voltage level. BlkDiffAtULow: The setting is to block the function when the voltages in the phases are low. RFLx: Is the setting of the voltage ratio compensation factor where possible differences between the voltages is compensated for. The differences can be due to different voltage transformer ratios, different voltage levels e.g. the voltage measurement inside the capacitor bank can have a different voltage level but the difference can also e.g. be used by voltage drop in the secondary circuits. The setting is normally done at site by evaluating the differential voltage achieved as a
337
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
service value for each phase. The factor is defined as U2 RFLx and shall be equal to the U1 voltage. Each phase has its own ratio factor. UDTrip: The voltage differential level required for tripping is set with this parameter. For application on capacitor banks the setting will depend of the capacitor bank voltage and the number of elements per phase in series and parallel. Capacitor banks must be tripped before excessive voltage occurs on the healthy capacitor elements. The setting values required are normally given by the capacitor bank supplier. For other applications it has to be decided case by case. For fuse supervision normally only the alarm level is used. tTrip: The time delay for tripping is set by this parameter. Normally, the delay does not need to be so short in capacitor bank applications as there is no fault requiring urgent tripping. tReset: The time delay for reset of tripping level element is set by this parameter. Normally, it can be set to a short delay as faults are permanent when they occur. For the advanced users following parameters are also available for setting. Default values are here expected to be acceptable. U1Low: The setting of the undervoltage level for the first voltage input is decided by this parameter. The proposed default setting is 70%. U2Low: The setting of the undervoltage level for the second voltage input is decided by this parameter. The proposed default setting is 70%. tBlock: The time delay for blocking of the function at detected undervoltages is set by this parameter. UDAlarm: The voltage differential level required for alarm is set with this parameter. For application on capacitor banks the setting will depend of the capacitor bank voltage and the number of elements per phase in series and parallel. Normally values required are given by capacitor bank supplier. For fuse supervision normally only this alarm level is used and a suitable voltage level is 3-5% if the ratio correction factor has been properly evaluated during commissioning. For other applications it has to be decided case by case. tAlarm: The time delay for alarm is set by this parameter. Normally, few seconds delay can be used on capacitor banks alarm. For fuse failure supervision (SDDRFUF) the alarm delay can be set to zero.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting parameters
3.8.5.3
Table 119:
Name Operation UBase BlkDiffAtULow UDTrip tTrip tReset U1Low U2Low tBlock UDAlarm tAlarm
VDCPTOV Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 0.50 - 2000.00 No Yes 0.0 - 100.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.0 - 100.0 0.0 - 100.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.0 - 100.0 0.000 - 60.000 Unit kV %UB s s %UB %UB s %UB s Step 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.001 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.1 0.001 Default Off 400.00 Yes 5.0 1.000 0.000 70.0 70.0 0.000 2.0 2.000 Description Operation Off/On Base Voltage Block operation at low voltage Operate level, in % of UBase Time delay for voltage differential operate, in milliseconds Time delay for voltage differential reset, in seconds Input 1 undervoltage level, in % of UBase Input 2 undervoltage level, in % of UBase Reset time for undervoltage block Alarm level, in % of UBase Time delay for voltage differential alarm, in seconds
Table 120:
Name RFL1 RFL2 RFL3
VDCPTOV Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 3.000 0.000 - 3.000 0.000 - 3.000 Unit Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 1.000 1.000 1.000 Description Ratio compensation factor phase L1 U2L1*RFL1=U1L1 Ratio compensation factor phase L2 U2L2*RFL2=U1L2 Ratio compensation factor phase L3 U2L3*RFL3=U1L3
3.8.6
100% Stator earth fault protection, 3rd harmonic based STEFPHIZ

Function description 100% Stator earth fault protection, 3rd harmonic based IEC 61850 identification STEFPHIZ IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 59THD
3.8.6.1
Application
The stator earth-fault protection of medium and large generators connected to their power transformers should preferably be able of detecting small earth current leakages (with equivalent resistances of the order of several k) occurring even in the vicinity of the generator neutral. A high resistance earth fault close to the
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
neutral is not critical itself, but must anyway be detected in order to prevent a double earth fault when another earthing fault occurs, for example near the generator terminals. Such a double fault can be disastrous. Short-circuit between the stator winding in the slots and stator core is the most common type of electrical fault in generators. Medium and large generators normally have high impedance earth, that is, earthing via a neutral point resistor. This resistor is dimensioned to give an earth fault current in the range 3 15 A at a solid earth-fault directly at the generator high voltage terminal. The relatively small earth fault currents (of just one earth fault) give much less thermal and mechanical stress on the generator, compared, for example to short circuit between phases. Anyhow, the earth faults in the generator have to be detected and the generator has to be tripped, even if longer fault time, compared to short circuits, can be allowed. The relation between the amplitude of the generator earth fault current and the fault time, with defined consequence, is shown in figure 128.
Ne g lig ible burning are a
en06000316.vsd
IEC06000316 V1 EN
Figure 128:
Relation between the amplitude of the generator earth fault current and the fault time
As mentioned earlier, for medium and large generators, the common practice is to have high impedance earthing of generating units. The most common earthing system is to use a neutral point resistor, giving an earth fault current in the range 3
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
15 A at a non-resistive earth-fault at the high voltage side of the generator. One version of this kind of earthing is a single-phase distribution transformer, the high voltage side of which is connected between the neutral point and earth, and with an equivalent resistor on the low voltage side of the transformer. Other types of system earthing of generator units, such as direct earthing and isolated neutral, are used but are quite rare. In normal non-faulted operation of the generating unit the neutral point voltage is close to zero, and there is no zero sequence current flow in the generator. When a phase-to-earth fault occurs the fundamental frequency neutral point voltage will increase and there will be a fundamental frequency current flow through the neutral point resistor. To detect an earth-fault on the windings of a generating unit one may use a neutral point overvoltage protection, a neutral point overcurrent protection, a zero sequence overvoltage protection or a residual differential protection. These protection schemes are simple and have served well during many years. However, at best these schemes protect only 95% of the stator winding. They leave 5% at the neutral end unprotected. Under unfavorable conditions the blind zone may extend to 20% from the neutral. Some different earth fault protection solutions are shown in figure 129 and figure 130.
Generator unit transformer
3U0 +
IEC06000317 V2 EN
Figure 129:
Broken delta voltage transformer measurement of 3U0 voltage
Alternatively zero sequence current can be measured as shown in fig 131
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
- U0
IEC06000318 V2 EN
Figure 130:
Neutral point voltage transformer measurement of neutral point voltage (that is U0 voltage)
In some applications the neutral point resistor is connected to the low voltage side of a single-phase distribution transformer, connected to the generator neutral point. In such a case the voltage measurement can be made directly across the secondary resistor.
3I 0
IEC06000319 V2 EN
Figure 131:
Neutral point current measurement
In some power plants the connection of the neutral point resistor is made to the generator unit transformer neutral point. This is often done if several generators are connected to the same bus. The detection of earth-fault can be made by current measurement as shown in figure 132.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Other generator Generator unit transformer
IN = IL1 + IL2 + IL3
IEC06000320 V3 EN
Figure 132:
Residual current measurement
One difficulty with this solution is that the current transformer ratio is normally so large so that the secondary residual current will be very small. The false residual current, due to difference between the three phase current transformers, can be in the same range as the secondary earth fault current. Thus if physically possible, cable CT is recommended for such applications in order to measure 3I0 correct. As indicated above, there will be very small neutral voltage or residual current if the stator earth fault is situated close to the generator neutral. The probability for this fault is quite small but not zero. For small generators the risk of not detecting the stator earth fault, close to the neutral, can be accepted. For medium and large generator it is however often a requirement that also theses faults have to be detected. Therefore, a special neutral end earth fault protection STEFPHIZ is required. STEFPHIZ can be realized in different ways. The two main principles are: 3rd harmonic voltage detection Neutral point voltage injection
The 3rd harmonic voltage detection is based on the fact that the generator generates some degree of 3rd harmonic voltages. These voltages have the same phase angle in the three phases. This means that there will be a harmonic voltage in the generator neutral during normal operation. This component is used for detection of earth faults in the generator, close to the neutral. If the 3rd harmonic voltage generated in the generator, is less than 0.8 V RMS secondary, the 3rd harmonic based protection cannot be used.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In this protection function, a 3rd harmonic voltage differential principle is used.
3.8.6.2
Setting guidelines
The 100% Stator earth fault protection, 3rd harmonic based (STEFPHIZ)protection is using the 3rd harmonic voltage generated by the generator itself. To assure reliable function of the protection it is necessary that the 3rd harmonic voltage generation is at least 1% of the generator rated voltage. Adaptive frequency tracking must be properly configured and set for the Signal Matrix for analog inputs (SMAI) preprocessing blocks in order to ensure proper operation of the generator differential protection function during varying frequency conditions. Operation: The parameter Operation is used to set the function On/Off. Common base IED values for primary current (setting IBase), primary voltage (setting UBase) and primary power (setting SBase) are set in a Global base values for settings function GBASVAL. Setting GlobalBaseSel is used to select a GBASVAL function for reference of base values. The setting UBase is set to the rated phase to phase voltage in kV of the generator. TVoltType: STEFPHIZ function is fed from a voltage transformer in the generator neutral. TVoltType defines how the protection function is fed from voltage transformers at the high voltage side of the generator. The setting alternatives are: NoVoltage is used when no voltage transformers are connected to the generator terminals. In this case the protection will operate as a 3rd harmonic undervoltage protection. ResidualVoltage 3U0 is used if the protection is fed from an open delta connected three-phase group of voltage transformers connected to the generator terminals. This is the recommended alternative. AllThreePhases is used when the protection is fed from the three phase voltage transformers. The third harmonic residual voltage is derived internally from the phase voltages. PhaseL1, PhaseL2, PhaseL3, are used when there is only one phase voltage transformer available at the generator terminals.
The setting Beta gives the proportion of the 3rd harmonic voltage in the neutral point of the generator to be used as restrain quantity. Beta must be set so that there is no risk of trip during normal, non-faulted, operation of the generator. On the other hand, if Beta is set high, this will limit the portion of the stator winding covered by the protection. The default setting 3.0 will in most cases give acceptable sensitivity for earth fault near to the neutral point of the stator winding. One possibility to assure best performance is to make measurements during normal operation of the generator. The protective function itself makes the required information available:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
UT3, the 3rd harmonic voltage at the generator terminal side UN3, the 3rd harmonic voltage at the generator neutral side E3, the induced harmonic voltage ANGLE, the phase angle between voltage phasors UT3 and UN3 DU3, the differential voltage between UT3 and UN3; (|UT3 + UN3|) BU3, the bias voltage (Beta x UN3)
For different operation points (P and Q) of the generator the differential voltage DU3 can be compared to the bias BU3, and a suitable factor beta can be chosen to assure security. CBexists: CBexists is set to Yes if there is a generator breaker (between the generator and the block transformer). FactorCBopen: The setting FactorCBopen gives a constant to be multiplied to beta if the generator circuit breaker is open, input CBCLOSED is not active and CBexists is set to Yes . UN3rdH<: The setting UN3rdH< gives the undervoltage operation level if TVoltType is set to NoVoltage. In all other connection alternatives this setting is not active and operation is instead based on comparison of the differential voltage DU3 with the bias voltage BU3. The setting is given as % of the rated phase-to-earth voltage. The setting should be based on neutral point 3rd harmonic voltage measurement at normal operation. UNFund>: UNFund> gives the operation level for the fundamental frequency residual voltage stator earth fault protection. The setting is given as % of the rated phase-to-earth voltage. A normal setting is in the range 5 10%. UT3BlkLevel:UT3BlkLevel gives a voltage level for the 3rd harmonic voltage level at the terminal side. If this level is lower than the setting the function is blocked. The setting is given as % of the rated phase-to-earth voltage. The setting is typically 1 %. t3rdH: t3rdH gives the trip delay of the 3rd harmonic stator earth fault protection. The setting is given in seconds. Normally, a relatively long delay (about 10 s) is acceptable as the earth fault current is small. tUNFund: tUNFund gives the trip delay of the fundamental frequency residual voltage stator earth fault protection. The setting is given in s. A delay in the range 0.5 2 seconds is acceptable.

3.8.6.3
Table 121:
Name Operation Beta CBexists FactorCBopen UN3rdH< UT3BlkLevel UNFund> t3rdH tUNFund
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
STEFPHIZ Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.50 - 10.00 No Yes 1.00 - 10.00 0.5 - 10.0 0.1 - 10.0 1.0 - 50.0 0.020 - 60.000 0.020 - 60.000 Unit % % % s s Step 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.001 Default Off 3.00 No 1.00 2.0 1.0 5.0 1.000 0.500 Description Operation Off / On Portion of voltN3rdHarmonic used as bias Defines if generator CB exists (between Gen & Transformer) Beta is multiplied by this factor when CB is open Pickup 3rd Harm U< protection (when activated) % of UB/1,732 If UT3 is below limit 3rdH Diff is blocked, in % of UB/1,732 Pickup fundamental UN> protection (95% SEF), % of UB/1,732 Operation delay of 3rd harm-based protection (100% SEF) in s Operation delay of fundamental UN> protection (95% SEF) in s
Table 122:
Name GenRatedVolt TVoltType
STEFPHIZ Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1.0 - 100.0 NoVoltage ResidualVoltage AllThreePhases PhaseL1 PhaseL2 PhaseL3 Unit kV Step 0.1 Default 10.0 ResidualVoltage Description Generator rated (nominal) phase-tophase voltage in kV Used connection type for gen. terminal voltage transformer
3.9
3.9.1
Frequency protection
Underfrequency protection SAPTUF
Function description Underfrequency protection IEC 61850 identification SAPTUF IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 81
f<
SYMBOL-P V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
Underfrequency protection SAPTUF is applicable in all situations, where reliable detection of low fundamental power system frequency is needed. The power system frequency, and the rate of change of frequency, is a measure of the unbalance between the actual generation and the load demand. Low fundamental frequency in a power system indicates that the available generation is too low to fully supply the power demanded by the load connected to the power grid. SAPTUF detects such situations and provides an output signal, suitable for load shedding, generator boosting, HVDC-set-point change, gas turbine start up and so on. Sometimes shunt reactors are automatically switched in due to low frequency, in order to reduce the power system voltage and hence also reduce the voltage dependent part of the load. SAPTUF is very sensitive and accurate and is used to alert operators that frequency has slightly deviated from the set-point, and that manual actions might be enough. The underfrequency signal is also used for overexcitation detection. This is especially important for generator step-up transformers, which might be connected to the generator but disconnected from the grid, during a roll-out sequence. If the generator is still energized, the system will experience overexcitation, due to the low frequency.
3.9.1.1
3.9.1.2
Setting guidelines
All the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where SAPTUF performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its frequency and time characteristic. There are especially two specific application areas for SAPTUF: 1. 2. to protect equipment against damage due to low frequency, such as generators, transformers, and motors. Overexcitation is also related to low frequency to protect a power system, or a part of a power system, against breakdown, by shedding load, in generation deficit situations.
The underfrequency START value is set in Hz. All voltage magnitude related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base voltage, which normally is set to the nominal primary voltage level (phase-phase) of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration. Some applications and related setting guidelines for the frequency level are given below:

The setting has to be well below the lowest occurring "normal" frequency and well above the lowest acceptable frequency for the equipment.

Power system protection, by load shedding
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The setting has to be below the lowest occurring "normal" frequency and well above the lowest acceptable frequency for power stations, or sensitive loads. The setting level, the number of levels and the distance between two levels (in time and/ or in frequency) depends very much on the characteristics of the power system under consideration. The size of the "largest loss of production" compared to "the size of the power system" is a critical parameter. In large systems, the load shedding can be set at a fairly high frequency level, and the time delay is normally not critical. In smaller systems the frequency START level has to be set at a lower value, and the time delay must be rather short. The voltage related time delay is used for load shedding. The settings of SAPTUF could be the same all over the power system. The load shedding is then performed firstly in areas with low voltage magnitude, which normally are the most problematic areas, where the load shedding also is most efficient.
The setting has to be well below the lowest occurring "normal" frequency and well above the lowest acceptable frequency for the equipment.
Power system protection, by load shedding
The setting has to be well below the lowest occurring "normal" frequency and well above the lowest acceptable frequency for power stations, or sensitive loads. The setting level, the number of levels and the distance between two levels (in time and/ or in frequency) depends very much on the characteristics of the power system under consideration. The size of the "largest loss of production" compared to "the size of the power system" is a critical parameter. In large systems, the load shedding can be set at a fairly high frequency level, and the time delay is normally not critical. In smaller systems the frequency start level has to be set at a lower value, and the time delay must be rather short. The voltage related time delay is used for load shedding. The settings of the underfrequency function could be the same all over the power system. The load shedding is then performed firstly in areas with low voltage magnitude, which normally are the most problematic areas, where the load shedding also is most efficient.
3.9.1.3
Table 123:
Name Operation UBase StartFrequency IntBlockLevel
Setting parameters
SAPTUF Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.05 - 2000.00 35.00 - 75.00 0 - 100 Unit kV Hz %UB Step 0.05 0.01 1 Default Off 400.00 48.80 50 Description Operation Off / On Base voltage Frequency setting/start value. Internal blocking level in % of UBase.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 45.00 - 65.00 Definite timer Volt based timer 50 - 150 50 - 150 0.0 - 5.0 0.010 - 60.000 0.010 - 60.000 Unit s s s Hz %UB %UB s s Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 1 1 0.1 0.001 0.001 Default 0.200 0.000 0.000 50.10 Definite timer 100 90 1.0 1.000 1.000 Description Operate time delay in over/underfrequency mode. Time delay for reset. Restore time delay. Restore frequency if frequency is above frequency value. Setting for choosing timer mode. Nominal voltage in % of UBase for voltage based timer. Lower operation limit in % of UBase for voltage based timer. For calculation of the curve form for voltage based timer. Maximum time operation limit for voltage based timer. Minimum time operation limit for voltage based timer.
Name TimeDlyOperate TimeDlyReset TimeDlyRestore RestoreFreq TimerOperation UNom UMin Exponent tMax tMin
3.9.2
Overfrequency protection SAPTOF

Function description Overfrequency protection IEC 61850 identification SAPTOF IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 81
f>
SYMBOL-O V1 EN
3.9.2.1
Application
Overfrequency protection function SAPTOF is applicable in all situations, where reliable detection of high fundamental power system frequency is needed. The power system frequency, and rate of change of frequency, is a measure of the unbalance between the actual generation and the load demand. High fundamental frequency in a power system indicates that the available generation is too large compared to the power demanded by the load connected to the power grid. SAPTOF detects such situations and provides an output signal, suitable for generator shedding, HVDC-set-point change and so on. SAPTOF is very sensitive and accurate and can also be used to alert operators that frequency has slightly deviated from the set-point, and that manual actions might be enough.

1MRK 502 030-UEN B
All the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where SAPTOF performs its functions must be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its frequency and time characteristic. There are especially two application areas for SAPTOF: 1. 2. to protect equipment against damage due to high frequency, such as generators, and motors to protect a power system, or a part of a power system, against breakdown, by shedding generation, in over production situations.
The overfrequency START value is set in Hz. All voltage magnitude related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base voltage, which normally is set to the nominal voltage level (phase-to-phase) of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration. Some applications and related setting guidelines for the frequency level are given below:

The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" frequency and well below the highest acceptable frequency for the equipment.
Power system protection, by generator shedding

The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" frequency and below the highest acceptable frequency for power stations, or sensitive loads. The setting level, the number of levels and the distance between two levels (in time and/or in frequency) depend very much on the characteristics of the power system under consideration. The size of the "largest loss of load" compared to "the size of the power system" is a critical parameter. In large systems, the generator shedding can be set at a fairly low frequency level, and the time delay is normally not critical. In smaller systems the frequency START level has to be set at a higher value, and the time delay must be rather short.
The setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" frequency and well below the highest acceptable frequency for the equipment.
Power system protection, by generator shedding
The setting level, the number of levels and the distance between two levels (in time and/or in frequency) depend very much on the characteristics of the power system under consideration. The size of the "largest loss of load" compared to "the size of the power system" is a critical parameter. In large systems, the generator shedding can be set at a fairly low frequency level, and the time delay is normally not critical. In smaller systems the frequency start level has to be set at a higher value, and the time delay must be rather short.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting parameters
3.9.2.3
Table 124:
Name Operation UBase StartFrequency IntBlockLevel TimeDlyOperate TimeDlyReset
SAPTOF Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 0.05 - 2000.00 35.00 - 75.00 0 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Unit kV Hz %UB s s Step 0.05 0.01 1 0.001 0.001 Default Off 400.00 51.20 50 0.000 0.000 Description Operation Off / On Base voltage Frequency setting/start value. Internal blocking level in % of UBase. Operate time delay in over/underfrequency mode. Time delay for reset.
3.9.3
Rate-of-change frequency protection SAPFRC

Function description Rate-of-change frequency protection IEC 61850 identification SAPFRC IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 81
df/dt > <

SYMBOL-N V1 EN
3.9.3.1
Application
Rate-of-change frequency protection (SAPFRC), is applicable in all situations, where reliable detection of change of the fundamental power system voltage frequency is needed. SAPFRC can be used both for increasing frequency and for decreasing frequency. SAPFRC provides an output signal, suitable for load shedding or generator shedding, generator boosting, HVDC-set-point change, gas turbine start up and so on. Very often SAPFRC is used in combination with a low frequency signal, especially in smaller power systems, where loss of a fairly large generator will require quick remedial actions to secure the power system integrity. In such situations load shedding actions are required at a rather high frequency level, but in combination with a large negative rate-of-change of frequency the underfrequency protection can be used at a rather high setting.
3.9.3.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for Rate-of-change frequency protection SAPFRC are set via the local HMI or PCM600. All the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where SAPFRC performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its frequency and time characteristic.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
There are especially two application areas for SAPFRC: 1. 2. to protect equipment against damage due to high or too low frequency, such as generators, transformers, and motors to protect a power system, or a part of a power system, against breakdown by shedding load or generation, in situations where load and generation are not in balance.
SAPFRC is normally used together with an overfrequency or underfrequency function, in small power systems, where a single event can cause a large imbalance between load and generation. In such situations load or generation shedding has to take place very quickly, and there might not be enough time to wait until the frequency signal has reached an abnormal value. Actions are therefore taken at a frequency level closer to the primary nominal level, if the rate-of-change frequency is large (with respect to sign). SAPFRCSTART value is set in Hz/s. All voltage magnitude related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base voltage, which normally is set to the primary nominal voltage level (phase-phase) of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration. SAPFRC is not instantaneous, since the function needs some time to supply a stable value. It is recommended to have a time delay long enough to take care of signal noise. However, the time, rate-of-change frequency and frequency steps between different actions might be critical, and sometimes a rather short operation time is required, for example, down to 70 ms. Smaller industrial systems might experience rate-of-change frequency as large as 5 Hz/s, due to a single event. Even large power systems may form small islands with a large imbalance between load and generation, when severe faults (or combinations of faults) are cleared - up to 3 Hz/s has been experienced when a small island was isolated from a large system. For more "normal" severe disturbances in large power systems, rate-of-change of frequency is much less, most often just a fraction of 1.0 Hz/s.
3.9.3.3
Table 125:
Name Operation UBase StartFreqGrad IntBlockLevel tTrip
Setting parameters
SAPFRC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.05 - 2000.00 -10.00 - 10.00 0 - 100 0.000 - 60.000 Unit kV Hz/s %UB s Step 0.05 0.01 1 0.001 Default Off 400.00 0.50 50 0.200 Description Operation Off / On Base setting for the phase-phase voltage in kV Frequency gradient start value. Sign defines direction. Internal blocking level in % of UBase. Operate time delay in pos./neg. frequency gradient mode.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 45.00 - 65.00 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Unit Hz s s Step 0.01 0.001 0.001 Default 49.90 0.000 0.000 Description Restore frequency if frequency is above frequency value (Hz) Restore time delay. Time delay for reset.
Name RestoreFreq tRestore tReset
3.10
3.10.1
Multipurpose protection
General current and voltage protection CVGAPC
Function description General current and voltage protection IEC 61850 identification CVGAPC IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.10.1.1
Application
A breakdown of the insulation between phase conductors or a phase conductor and earth results in a short circuit or an earth fault. Such faults can result in large fault currents and may cause severe damage to the power system primary equipment. Depending on the magnitude and type of the fault different overcurrent protections, based on measurement of phase, earth or sequence current components can be used to clear these faults. Additionally it is sometimes required that these overcurrent protections shall be directional and/or voltage controlled/restrained. The over/under voltage protection is applied on power system elements, such as generators, transformers, motors and power lines in order to detect abnormal voltage conditions. Depending on the type of voltage deviation and type of power system abnormal condition different over/under voltage protections based on measurement of phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase, residual- or sequence- voltage components can be used to detect and operate for such incident. The IED can be provided with multiple General current and voltage protection (CVGAPC) protection modules. The function is always connected to three-phase current and three-phase voltage input in the configuration tool, but it will always measure only one current and one voltage quantity selected by the end user in the setting tool. Each CVGAPC function module has got four independent protection elements built into it. 1. Two overcurrent steps with the following built-in features:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Definite time delay or Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT delay for both steps Second harmonic supervision is available in order to only allow operation of the overcurrent stage(s) if the content of the second harmonic in the measured current is lower than pre-set level Directional supervision is available in order to only allow operation of the overcurrent stage(s) if the fault location is in the pre-set direction (Forward or Reverse). Its behavior during low-level polarizing voltage is settable (Non-Directional,Block,Memory) Voltage restrained/controlled feature is available in order to modify the pick-up level of the overcurrent stage(s) in proportion to the magnitude of the measured voltage Current restrained feature is available in order to only allow operation of the overcurrent stage(s) if the measured current quantity is bigger than the set percentage of the current restrain quantity. Definite time delay for both steps Definite time delay or Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT delay for both steps Definite time delay or Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT delay for both steps
2. 3.
Two undercurrent steps with the following built-in features: Two overvoltage steps with the following built-in features
4.
Two undervoltage steps with the following built-in features
All these four protection elements within one general protection function works independently from each other and they can be individually enabled or disabled. However it shall be once more noted that all these four protection elements measure one selected current quantity and one selected voltage quantity (see table 126 and table 127). It is possible to simultaneously use all four-protection elements and their individual stages. Sometimes in order to obtain desired application functionality it is necessary to provide interaction between two or more protection elements/stages within one CVGAPC function by appropriate IED configuration (for example, dead machine protection for generators).
Current and voltage selection for CVGAPC function
CVGAPC function is always connected to three-phase current and three-phase voltage input in the configuration tool, but it will always measure only the single current and the single voltage quantity selected by the end user in the setting tool (selected current quantity and selected voltage quantity). The user can select, by a setting parameter CurrentInput, to measure one of the following current quantities shown in table 126.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 126:
Available selection for current quantity within CVGAPC function

Comment CVGAPC function will measure the phase L1 current phasor CVGAPC function will measure the phase L2 current phasor CVGAPC function will measure the phase L3 current phasor CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated positive sequence current phasor CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated negative sequence current phasor CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated zero sequence current phasor multiplied by factor 3 CVGAPC function will measure current phasor of the phase with maximum magnitude CVGAPC function will measure current phasor of the phase with minimum magnitude CVGAPC function will measure magnitude of unbalance current, which is internally calculated as the algebraic magnitude difference between the current phasor of the phase with maximum magnitude and current phasor of the phase with minimum magnitude. Phase angle will be set to 0 all the time CVGAPC function will measure the current phasor internally calculated as the vector difference between the phase L1 current phasor and phase L2 current phasor (IL1-IL2) CVGAPC function will measure the current phasor internally calculated as the vector difference between the phase L2 current phasor and phase L3 current phasor (IL2-IL3) CVGAPC function will measure the current phasor internally calculated as the vector difference between the phase L3 current phasor and phase L1 current phasor ( IL3-IL1) CVGAPC function will measure ph-ph current phasor with the maximum magnitude CVGAPC function will measure ph-ph current phasor with the minimum magnitude CVGAPC function will measure magnitude of unbalance current, which is internally calculated as the algebraic magnitude difference between the ph-ph current phasor with maximum magnitude and ph-ph current phasor with minimum magnitude. Phase angle will be set to 0 all the time
Set value for parameter "CurrentInput 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
phase1 phase2 phase3 PosSeq NegSeq 3 ZeroSeq MaxPh MinPh UnbalancePh
10
phase1-phase2
11
phase2-phase3
12
phase3-phase1
13 14 15
MaxPh-Ph MinPh-Ph UnbalancePh-Ph
The user can select, by a setting parameter VoltageInput, to measure one of the following voltage quantities shown in table 127.
Table 127: Available selection for voltage quantity within CVGAPC function
Comment CVGAPC function will measure the phase L1 voltage phasor CVGAPC function will measure the phase L2 voltage phasor CVGAPC function will measure the phase L3 voltage phasor
Set value for parameter "VoltageInput" 1 2 3
phase1 phase2 phase3

Set value for parameter "VoltageInput" 4 5 Comment
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
PosSeq -NegSeq
CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated positive sequence voltage phasor CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated negative sequence voltage phasor. This voltage phasor will be intentionally rotated for 180 in order to enable easier settings for the directional feature when used. CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated zero sequence voltage phasor multiplied by factor 3. This voltage phasor will be intentionally rotated for 180 in order to enable easier settings for the directional feature when used. CVGAPC function will measure voltage phasor of the phase with maximum magnitude CVGAPC function will measure voltage phasor of the phase with minimum magnitude CVGAPC function will measure magnitude of unbalance voltage, which is internally calculated as the algebraic magnitude difference between the voltage phasor of the phase with maximum magnitude and voltage phasor of the phase with minimum magnitude. Phase angle will be set to 0 all the time CVGAPC function will measure the voltage phasor internally calculated as the vector difference between the phase L1 voltage phasor and phase L2 voltage phasor (UL1-UL2) CVGAPC function will measure the voltage phasor internally calculated as the vector difference between the phase L2 voltage phasor and phase L3 voltage phasor (UL2-UL3) CVGAPC function will measure the voltage phasor internally calculated as the vector difference between the phase L3 voltage phasor and phase L1 voltage phasor (UL3-UL1) CVGAPC function will measure ph-ph voltage phasor with the maximum magnitude CVGAPC function will measure ph-ph voltage phasor with the minimum magnitude CVGAPC function will measure magnitude of unbalance voltage, which is internally calculated as the algebraic magnitude difference between the ph-ph voltage phasor with maximum magnitude and ph-ph voltage phasor with minimum magnitude. Phase angle will be set to 0 all the time
-3*ZeroSeq
7 8 9
MaxPh MinPh UnbalancePh
10
phase1-phase2
11
phase2-phase3
12
phase3-phase1
13 14 15
MaxPh-Ph MinPh-Ph UnbalancePh-Ph
It is important to notice that the voltage selection from table 127 is always applicable regardless the actual external VT connections. The three-phase VT inputs can be connected to IED as either three phase-to-earth voltages UL1, UL2 & UL3 or three phase-to-phase voltages UL1L2, UL2L3 & UL3L1VAB, VBC and VCA. This information about actual VT connection is entered as a setting parameter for the pre-processing block, which will then take automatically care about it.
Base quantities for CVGAPC function
The parameter settings for the base quantities, which represent the base (100%) for pickup levels of all measuring stages shall be entered as setting parameters for every CVGAPC function.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Base current shall be entered as: 1. 2. rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes, when the measured Current Quantity is selected from 1 to 9, as shown in table 126. rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes multiplied by 3 (1.732 x Iphase), when the measured Current Quantity is selected from 10 to 15, as shown in table 126.
Base voltage shall be entered as: 1. 2. rated phase-to-earth voltage of the protected object in primary kV, when the measured Voltage Quantity is selected from 1 to 9, as shown in table 127. rated phase-to-phase voltage of the protected object in primary kV, when the measured Voltage Quantity is selected from 10 to 15, as shown in table 127.
Application possibilities
Due to its flexibility the general current and voltage protection (CVGAPC) function can be used, with appropriate settings and configuration in many different applications. Some of possible examples are given below: 1. Transformer and line applications: 2.
Application manual
Underimpedance protection (circular, non-directional characteristic) Underimpedance protection (circular mho characteristic) Voltage Controlled/Restrained Overcurrent protection Phase or Negative/Positive/Zero Sequence (Non-Directional or Directional) Overcurrent protection Phase or phase-to-phase or Negative/Positive/Zero Sequence over/under voltage protection Special thermal overload protection Open Phase protection Unbalance protection 80-95% Stator earth fault protection (measured or calculated 3Uo) Rotor earth fault protection (with external COMBIFLEX RXTTE4 injection unit) Underimpedance protection Voltage Controlled/Restrained Overcurrent protection Turn-to-Turn & Differential Backup protection (directional Negative Sequence. Overcurrent protection connected to generator HV terminal CTs looking into generator) Stator Overload protection Rotor Overload protection Loss of Excitation protection (directional pos. seq. OC protection) Reverse power/Low forward power protection (directional pos. seq. OC protection, 2% sensitivity) Dead-Machine/Inadvertent-Energizing protection Breaker head flashover protection Improper synchronizing detection
357
Generator protection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Sensitive negative sequence generator over current protection and alarm Phase or phase-to-phase or Negative/Positive/Zero Sequence over/under voltage protection Generator out-of-step detection (based on directional pos. seq. OC) Inadvertent generator energizing
Inadvertent generator energization
When the generator is taken out of service, and non-rotating, there is a risk that the generator circuit breaker is closed by mistake. Three-phase energizing of a generator, which is at standstill or on turning gear, causes it to behave and accelerate similarly to an induction motor. The machine, at this point, essentially represents the subtransient reactance to the system and it can be expected to draw from one to four per unit current, depending on the equivalent system impedance. Machine terminal voltage can range from 20% to 70% of rated voltage, again, depending on the system equivalent impedance (including the block transformer). Higher quantities of machine current and voltage (3 to 4 per unit current and 50% to 70% rated voltage) can be expected if the generator is connected to a strong system. Lower current and voltage values (1 to 2 per unit current and 20% to 40% rated voltage) are representative of weaker systems. Since a generator behaves similarly to an induction motor, high currents will develop in the rotor during the period it is accelerating. Although the rotor may be thermally damaged from excessive high currents, the time to damage will be on the order of a few seconds. Of more critical concern, however, is the bearing, which can be damaged in a fraction of a second due to low oil pressure. Therefore, it is essential that high speed tripping is provided. This tripping should be almost instantaneous (< 100 ms). There is a risk that the current into the generator at inadvertent energization will be limited so that the normal overcurrent or underimpedance protection will not detect the dangerous situation. The delay of these protection functions might be too long. The reverse power protection might detect the situation but the operation time of this protection is normally too long. For big and important machines, fast protection against inadvertent energizing should, therefore, be included in the protective scheme. The protection against inadvertent energization can be made by a combination of undervoltage, overvoltage and overcurrent protection functions. The undervoltage function will, with a delay for example 10 s, detect the situation when the generator is not connected to the grid (standstill) and activate the overcurrent function. The overvoltage function will detect the situation when the generator is taken into operation and will disable the overcurrent function. The overcurrent function will have a pick-up value about 50% of the rated current of the generator. The trip delay will be about 50 ms.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting guidelines
When inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the operate time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay. Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is of utmost importance to set the definite time delay for that stage to zero. The parameters for the general current and voltage protection function (CVGAPC) are set via the local HMI or Protection and Control Manager (PCM600). The overcurrent steps has a IMinx (x=1 or 2 depending on step) setting to set the minimum operate current. Set IMinx below StartCurr_OCx for every step to achieve ANSI reset characteristic according to standard. If IMinx is set above StartCurr_OCx for any step the ANSI reset works as if current is zero when current drops below IMinx.
3.10.1.2
Directional negative sequence overcurrent protection
Directional negative sequence overcurrent protection is typically used as sensitive earth-fault protection of power lines were incorrect zero sequence polarization may result from mutual induction between two or more parallel lines. Additionally, it can be used in applications on underground cables where zero-sequence impedance depends on the fault current return paths, but the cable negative-sequence impedance is practically constant. It shall be noted that directional negative sequence OC element offers protection against all unbalance faults (phase-to-phase faults as well). Care shall be taken that the minimum pickup of such protection function shall be set above natural system unbalance level. An example will be given, how sensitive-earth-fault protection for power lines can be achieved by using negative-sequence directional overcurrent protection elements within a CVGAPC function. This functionality can be achieved by using one CVGAPC function. The following shall be done to ensure proper operation of the function: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Connect three-phase power line currents and three-phase power line voltages to one CVGAPC instance (for example, GF04) Set CurrentInput to NegSeq (please note that CVGAPC function measures I2 current and NOT 3I2 current; this is essential for proper OC pickup level setting) Set VoltageInput to -NegSeq (please note that the negative sequence voltage phasor is intentionally inverted in order to simplify directionality Set base current IBase value equal to the rated primary current of power line CTs Set base voltage UBase value equal to the rated power line phase-to-phase voltage in kV Set RCADir to value +65 degrees (NegSeq current typically lags the inverted NegSeq voltage for this angle during the fault)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Set ROADir to value 90 degree Set LowVolt_VM to value 2% (NegSeq voltage level above which the directional element will be enabled) Enable one overcurrent stage (for example, OC1) By parameter CurveType_OC1 select appropriate TOC/IDMT or definite time delayed curve in accordance with your network protection philosophy Set StartCurr_OC1 to value between 3-10% (typical values) Set tDef_OC1 or parameter k when TOC/IDMT curves are used to insure proper time coordination with other earth-fault protections installed in the vicinity of this power line Set DirMode_OC1 to Forward Set DirPrinc_OC1 to IcosPhi&U Set ActLowVolt1_VM to Block In order to insure proper restraining of this element for CT saturations during three-phase faults it is possible to use current restraint feature and enable this element to operate only when NegSeq current is bigger than a certain percentage (10% is typical value) of measured PosSeq current in the power line. To do this the following settings within the same function shall be done:
16. Set EnRestrainCurr to On 17. Set RestrCurrInput to PosSeq 18. Set RestrCurrCoeff to value 0.10 If required, this CVGAPC function can be used in directional comparison protection scheme for the power line protection if communication channels to the remote end of this power line are available. In that case typically two NegSeq overcurrent steps are required. One for forward and one for reverse direction. As explained before the OC1 stage can be used to detect faults in forward direction. The built-in OC2 stage can be used to detect faults in reverse direction. However the following shall be noted for such application: the set values for RCADir and ROADir settings will be as well applicable for OC2 stage setting DirMode_OC2 shall be set to Reverse setting parameter StartCurr_OC2 shall be made more sensitive than pickup value of forward OC1 element (that is, typically 60% of OC1 set pickup level) in order to insure proper operation of the directional comparison scheme during current reversal situations start signals from OC1 and OC2 elements shall be used to send forward and reverse signals to the remote end of the power line the available scheme communications function block within IED shall be used between multipurpose protection function and the communication equipment in order to insure proper conditioning of the above two start signals
Furthermore the other built-in UC, OV and UV protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Negative sequence overcurrent protection
Example will be given how to use one CVGAPC function to provide negative sequence inverse time overcurrent protection for a generator with capability constant of 20s, and maximum continuous negative sequence rating of 7% of the generator rated current. The capability curve for a generator negative sequence overcurrent protection, often used world-wide, is defined by the ANSI standard in accordance with the following formula:
top =
k I NS Ir
2
EQUATION1372 V1 EN
(Equation 168)
where: top k INS Ir is the operating time in seconds of the negative sequence overcurrent IED is the generator capability constant in seconds is the measured negative sequence current is the generator rated current
By defining parameter x equal to maximum continuous negative sequence rating of the generator in accordance with the following formula
x = 7% = 0, 07 pu
EQUATION1373 V1 EN
(Equation 169)
Equation 168 can be re-written in the following way without changing the value for the operate time of the negative sequence inverse overcurrent IED:
1 2 x top = 2 I NS x Ir k
EQUATION1374 V1 EN
(Equation 170)
In order to achieve such protection functionality with one CVGAPC functions the following must be done:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Connect three-phase generator currents to one CVGAPC instance (for example, GF01) Set parameter CurrentInput to value NegSeq Set base current value to the rated generator current in primary amperes Enable one overcurrent step (for example, OC1) Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value Programmable
A + B top = k P M -C
EQUATION1375 V1 EN
(Equation 171)
where: top k M is the operating time in seconds of the Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT algorithm is time multiplier (parameter setting) is ratio between measured current magnitude and set pickup current level
A, B, C and P are user settable coefficients which determine the curve used for Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT calculation
When the equation 168 is compared with the equation 170 for the inverse time characteristic of the OC1 it is obvious that if the following rules are followed: 1. 2. 3. 4. set k equal to the generator negative sequence capability value set A_OC1 equal to the value 1/x2 set B_OC1 = 0.0, C_OC1=0.0 and P_OC1=2.0 set StartCurr_OC1 equal to the value x
then the OC1 step of the CVGAPC function can be used for generator negative sequence inverse overcurrent protection. For this particular example the following settings shall be entered to insure proper function operation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. select negative sequence current as measuring quantity for this CVGAPC function make sure that the base current value for the CVGAPC function is equal to the generator rated current set k_OC1 = 20 set A_OC1= 1/0.072 = 204.0816 set B_OC1 = 0.0, C_OC1 = 0.0 and P_OC1 = 2.0 set StartCurr_OC1 = 7%
Proper timing of the CVGAPC function made in this way can easily be verified by secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. If required delayed time reset for OC1 step can be set in order to ensure proper function operation in case of repetitive unbalance conditions.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Furthermore the other built-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes (for example, use OC2 for negative sequence overcurrent alarm and OV1 for negative sequence overvoltage alarm).
Generator stator overload protection in accordance with IEC or ANSI standards

Example will be given how to use one CVGAPC function to provide generator stator overload protection in accordance with IEC or ANSI standard if minimumoperating current shall be set to 116% of generator rating. The generator stator overload protection is defined by IEC or ANSI standard for turbo generators in accordance with the following formula:
top =
k Im -1 Ir
(Equation 172)
2
EQUATION1376 V1 EN
where: top k Im Ir is the operating time of the generator stator overload IED is the generator capability constant in accordance with the relevant standard (k = 37.5 for the IEC standard or k = 41.4 for the ANSI standard) is the magnitude of the measured current is the generator rated current
This formula is applicable only when measured current (for example, positive sequence current) exceeds a pre-set value (typically in the range from 105 to 125% of the generator rated current). By defining parameter x equal to the per unit value for the desired pickup for the overload IED in accordance with the following formula:
x = 116% = 1.16 pu
EQUATION1377 V2 EN
(Equation 173)
formula 3.5can be re-written in the following way without changing the value for the operate time of the generator stator overload IED:
1 x2 top = 2 Im 1 - 2 x Ir x k
EQUATION1378 V1 EN
(Equation 174)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
In order to achieve such protection functionality with one CVGAPC functions the following must be done: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connect three-phase generator currents to one CVGAPC instance (for example, GF01) Set parameter CurrentInput to value PosSeq Set base current value to the rated generator current in primary amperes Enable one overcurrent step (for example OC1) Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value Programmable
A + B top = k P M -C
EQUATION1375 V1 EN
(Equation 175)
where: top k M is the operating time in seconds of the Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT algorithm is time multiplier (parameter setting) is ratio between measured current magnitude and set pickup current level
A, B, C and P are user settable coefficients which determine the curve used for Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT calculation
When the equation 174 is compared with the equation 175 for the inverse time characteristic of the OC1 step in it is obvious that if the following rules are followed: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. set k equal to the IEC or ANSI standard generator capability value set parameter A_OC1 equal to the value 1/x2 set parameter C_OC1 equal to the value 1/x2 set parameters B_OC1 = 0.0 and P_OC1=2.0 set StartCurr_OC1 equal to the value x
then the OC1 step of the CVGAPC function can be used for generator negative sequence inverse overcurrent protection. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. select positive sequence current as measuring quantity for this CVGAPC function make sure that the base current value for CVGAPC function is equal to the generator rated current set k = 37.5 for the IEC standard or k = 41.4 for the ANSI standard set A_OC1= 1/1.162 = 0.7432 set C_OC1= 1/1.162 = 0.7432 set B_OC1 = 0.0 and P_OC1 = 2.0 set StartCurr_OC1 = 116%
Proper timing of CVGAPC function made in this way can easily be verified by secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. If required
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
delayed time reset for OC1 step can be set in order to insure proper function operation in case of repetitive overload conditions. Furthermore the other built-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes. In the similar way rotor overload protection in accordance with ANSI standard can be achieved.
Open phase protection for transformer, lines or generators and circuit breaker head flashover protection for generators
Example will be given how to use one CVGAPC function to provide open phase protection. This can be achieved by using one CVGAPC function by comparing the unbalance current with a pre-set level. In order to make such a function more secure it is possible to restrain it by requiring that at the same time the measured unbalance current must be bigger than 97% of the maximum phase current. By doing this it will be insured that function can only pickup if one of the phases is open circuited. Such an arrangement is easy to obtain in CVGAPC function by enabling the current restraint feature. The following shall be done in order to insure proper operation of the function: Connect three-phase currents from the protected object to one CVGAPC instance (for example, GF03) 2. Set CurrentInput to value UnbalancePh 3. Set EnRestrainCurr to On 4. Set RestrCurrInput to MaxPh 5. Set RestrCurrCoeff to value 0.97 6. Set base current value to the rated current of the protected object in primary amperes 7. Enable one overcurrent step (for example, OC1) 8. Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value IEC Def. Time 9. Set parameter StartCurr_OC1 to value 5% 10. Set parameter tDef_OC1 to desired time delay (for example, 2.0s) Proper operation of CVGAPC function made in this way can easily be verified by secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. However it shall be noted that set values for restrain current and its coefficient will as well be applicable for OC2 step as soon as it is enabled. Furthermore the other built-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes. For example, in case of generator application by enabling OC2 step with set pickup to 200% and time delay to 0.1s simple but effective protection against circuit breaker head flashover protection is achieved. 1.
Voltage restrained overcurrent protection for generator and step-up transformer

Example will be given how to use one CVGAPC function to provide voltage restrained overcurrent protection for a generator. Let us assume that the time coordination study gives the following required settings:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Inverse Time Over Current TOC/IDMT curve: ANSI very inverse Pickup current of 185% of generator rated current at rated generator voltage Pickup current 25% of the original pickup current value for generator voltages below 25% of rated voltage
This functionality can be achieved by using one CVGAPC function. The following shall be done in order to insure proper operation of the function: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Connect three-phase generator currents and voltages to one CVGAPC instance (for example, GF05) Set CurrentInput to value MaxPh Set VoltageInput to value MinPh-Ph (it is assumed that minimum phase-tophase voltage shall be used for restraining. Alternatively, positive sequence voltage can be used for restraining by selecting PosSeq for this setting parameter) Set base current value to the rated generator current primary amperes Set base voltage value to the rated generator phase-to-phase voltage in kV Enable one overcurrent step (for example, OC1) Select CurveType_OC1 to value ANSI Very inv If required set minimum operating time for this curve by using parameter tMin_OC1 (default value 0.05s) Set StartCurr_OC1 to value 185% Set VCntrlMode_OC1 to On Set VDepMode_OC1 to Slope Set VDepFact_OC1 to value 0.25 Set UHighLimit_OC1 to value 100% Set ULowLimit_OC1 to value 25%
Proper operation of the CVGAPC function made in this way can easily be verified by secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. Furthermore the other built-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes.
Loss of excitation protection for a generator
Example will be given how by using positive sequence directional overcurrent protection element within a CVGAPC function, loss of excitation protection for a generator can be achieved. Let us assume that from rated generator data the following values are calculated: Maximum generator capability to contentiously absorb reactive power at zero active loading 38% of the generator MVA rating Generator pull-out angle 84 degrees
This functionality can be achieved by using one CVGAPC function. The following shall be done in order to insure proper operation of the function: 1. 2. 3.
Connect three-phase generator currents and three-phase generator voltages to one CVGAPC instance (for example, GF02) Set parameter CurrentInput to PosSeq Set parameter VoltageInput to PosSeq
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Set base current value to the rated generator current primary amperes Set base voltage value to the rated generator phase-to-phase voltage in kV Set parameter RCADir to value -84 degree (that is, current lead voltage for this angle) Set parameter ROADir to value 90 degree Set parameter LowVolt_VM to value 5% Enable one overcurrent step (for example, OC1) Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value IEC Def. Time Set parameter StartCurr_OC1 to value 38% Set parameter tDef_OC1 to value 2.0s (typical setting) Set parameter DirMode_OC1 to Forward Set parameter DirPrinc_OC1 to IcosPhi&U Set parameter ActLowVolt1_VM to Block
Proper operation of the CVGAPC function made in this way can easily be verified by secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. However it shall be noted that set values for RCA & ROA angles will be applicable for OC2 step if directional feature is enabled for this step as well. Figure 133 shows overall protection characteristic Furthermore the other build-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes.
Q [pu]
A 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 -rca 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 C -0.4 -0.6 -0.8
IEC05000535 V2 EN
Operating region
ILowSet B
IPS
rca
1.2
1.4
P [pu]
-0.2
UPS
ILowSet
Operating Region
en05000535.vsd
Figure 133:
Loss of excitation
Inadvertent generator energization
When the generator is taken out of service, and non-rotating, there is a risk that the generator circuit breaker is closed by mistake. Three-phase energizing of a generator, which is at standstill or on turning gear, causes it to behave and accelerate similarly to an induction motor. The machine, at this point, essentially represents the subtransient reactance to the system and it can
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
be expected to draw from one to four per unit current, depending on the equivalent system impedance. Machine terminal voltage can range from 20% to 70% of rated voltage, again, depending on the system equivalent impedance (including the block transformer). Higher quantities of machine current and voltage (3 to 4 per unit current and 50% to 70% rated voltage) can be expected if the generator is connected to a strong system. Lower current and voltage values (1 to 2 per unit current and 20% to 40% rated voltage) are representative of weaker systems. Since a generator behaves similarly to an induction motor, high currents will develop in the rotor during the period it is accelerating. Although the rotor may be thermally damaged from excessive high currents, the time to damage will be on the order of a few seconds. Of more critical concern, however, is the bearing, which can be damaged in a fraction of a second due to low oil pressure. Therefore, it is essential that high speed tripping is provided. This tripping should be almost instantaneous (< 100 ms). There is a risk that the current into the generator at inadvertent energization will be limited so that the normal overcurrent or underimpedance protection will not detect the dangerous situation. The delay of these protection functions might be too long. The reverse power protection might detect the situation but the operation time of this protection is normally too long. For big and important machines, fast protection against inadvertent energizing should, therefore, be included in the protective scheme. The protection against inadvertent energization can be made by a combination of undervoltage, overvoltage and overcurrent protection functions. The undervoltage function will, with a delay for example 10 s, detect the situation when the generator is not connected to the grid (standstill) and activate the overcurrent function. The overvoltage function will detect the situation when the generator is taken into operation and will disable the overcurrent function. The overcurrent function will have a pick-up value about 50% of the rated current of the generator. The trip delay will be about 50 ms. The inadvertent energization function is realized by means of the general current and voltage protection function (CVGAPC). The function is configured as shown in figure 134.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
CVGAPC 3IP 3UP TROC1
TROV1 TRUV1 BLKOC1
S R
Q Q
en08000288.vsd
IEC08000288 V1 EN
Figure 134:
Configuration of the inadvertent energization function
The setting of the function in the inadvertent energization application is done as described below. It is assumed that the instance is used only for the inadvertent energization application. It is however possible to extent the use of the instance by using OC2, UC1, UC2, OV2, UV2 for other protection applications.
General settings of the instance
Operation: With the parameter Operation the function can be set On/Off. CurrentInput: The current used for the inadvertent energization application is set by the parameter CurrentInput. Here the setting MaxPh is chosen. IBase: The parameter IBase is set to the generator rated current according to equation 176.
IBase =
EQUATION1816 V1 EN
SN 3 U N
(Equation 176)
VoltageInput: The Voltage used for the inadvertent energization application is set by the parameter VoltageInput. Here the setting MaxPh-Ph is chosen.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
UBase: The parameter UBase is set to the generator rated Voltage (phase-phase) in kV. OperHarmRestr: No 2nd harmonic restrain is used in this application: OperHarmRestr is set Off. It can be set On if the instance is used also for other protection functions. EnRestrainCurr: The restrain current function is not used in this application: EnRestrainCurr is set Off. It can be set On if the instance is used also for other protection functions.
Settings for OC1
Operation_OC1: The parameter Operation_OC1 is set On to activate this function. StartCurr_OC1: The operate current level for OC1 is set by the parameter StartCurr_OC1. The setting is made in % of IBase. The setting should be made so that the protection picks up at all situations when the generator is switched on to the grid at stand still situations. The generator current in such situations is dependent of the short circuit capacity of the external grid. It is however assumed that a setting of 50% of the generator rated current will detect all situations of inadvertent energization of the generator. CurveType_OC1: The time delay of OC1 should be of type definite time and this is set in the parameter CurveType_OC1 where ANSI Def. Time is chosen. tDef_OC1: The time delay is set in the parameter tDef_OC1 and is set to a short time. 0.05 s is recommended. VCntrlMode_OC1: Voltage control mode for OC1: VCntrlMode_OC1 is set Off. HarmRestr_OC1: Harmonic restrain for OC1: HarmRestr_OC1 is set Off. DirMode_OC1: Direction mode for OC1: DirMode_OC1 is set Off. Operation_OC2: Operation_OC2 is set Off if the function is not used for other protection function. Operation_UC1: Operation_UC1 is set Off if the function is not used for other protection function. Operation_UC2: Operation_UC2 is set Off if the function is not used for other protection function.
Setting for OC2
Setting for UC1
Setting for UC2
Settings for OV1
Operation_OV1: The parameter Operation_OV1 is set On to activate this function. StartVolt_OV1: The operate voltage level for OV1 is set by the parameter StartVolt_OV1. The setting is made in % of UBase. The setting should be made so
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
that the protection blocks the function at all situation of normal operation. The setting is done as the lowest operate voltage level of the generator with an added margin. The setting 85% can be used in most cases. CurveType_OV1:The time delay of OV1 should be of type definite time and this is set in the parameter CurveType_OV1 where Definite time is chosen. ResCrvType_OV1: The reset time delay of OV1 should be instantaneous and this is set in the parameter ResCrvType_OV1 where Instantaneous chosen. tDef_OV1: The time delay is set in the parameter tDef_OV1 and is set so that the inadvertent energizing function is active a short time after energizing the generator. 1.0 s is recommended. Operation_OV2:Operation_OV2 is set Off if the function is not used for other protection function.
Setting for OV2
Settings for UV1
Operation_UV1: The parameter Operation_UV1 is set On to activate this function. StartVolt_UV1: The operate voltage level for UV1 is set by the parameter StartVolt_UV1. The setting is made in % of UBase. The setting shall be done so that all situations with disconnected generator are detected. The setting 70% can be used in most cases. CurveType_UV1: The time delay of UV1 should be of type definite time and this is set in the parameter CurveType_UV1 where Definite time is chosen. ResCrvType_UV1: The reset time delay of UV1 should be delayed a short time so that the function is not blocked before operation of OC1 in case of inadvertent energizing of the generator. The parameter ResCrvType_UV1 is set to Frozen timer. tDef_UV1: The time delay is set in the parameter tDef_UV1 and is set so that the inadvertent energizing function is activated after some time when the generator is disconnected from the grid. 10.0 s is recommended. tResetDef_UV1: The reset time of UV1 is set by the parameter tResetDef_UV1. The setting 1.0 s is recommended. Operation_UV2: Operation_UV2 is set Off if the function is not used for other protection function.
Setting for UV2

3.10.1.3
Table 128:
Name Operation CurrentInput
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
CVGAPC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On phase1 phase2 phase3 PosSeq NegSeq 3*ZeroSeq MaxPh MinPh UnbalancePh phase1-phase2 phase2-phase3 phase3-phase1 MaxPh-Ph MinPh-Ph UnbalancePh-Ph 1 - 99999 phase1 phase2 phase3 PosSeq -NegSeq -3*ZeroSeq MaxPh MinPh UnbalancePh phase1-phase2 phase2-phase3 phase3-phase1 MaxPh-Ph MinPh-Ph UnbalancePh-Ph 0.05 - 2000.00 Off On 10.0 - 50.0 Off On PosSeq NegSeq 3*ZeroSeq Max 0.00 - 5.00 -180 - 180 1 - 90 0.0 - 5.0 Off On Unit Step Default Off MaxPh Description Operation Off / On Select current signal which will be measured inside function
IBase VoltageInput
A -
1 -
3000 MaxPh
Base Current Select voltage signal which will be measured inside function
UBase OperHarmRestr l_2nd/l_fund EnRestrainCurr RestrCurrInput
kV % -
0.05 1.0 -
400.00 Off 20.0 Off PosSeq
Base Voltage Operation of 2nd harmonic restrain Off / On Ratio of second to fundamental current harmonic in % Enable current restrain function On / Off Select current signal which will be used for curr restrain
RestrCurrCoeff RCADir ROADir LowVolt_VM Operation_OC1
Deg Deg %UB -
0.01 1 1 0.1 -
0.00 -75 75 0.5 Off
Restraining current coefficient Relay Characteristic Angle Relay Operate Angle Below this level in % of Ubase setting ActLowVolt takes over Operation OC1 Off / On
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 2.0 - 5000.0 ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Programmable RI type RD type 0.00 - 6000.00 0.05 - 999.00 1 - 10000 0.00 - 6000.00 Voltage control Input control Volt/Input control Off Step Slope 0.02 - 5.00 1.0 - 200.0 1.0 - 200.0 Off On Non-directional Forward Reverse I&U IcosPhi&U Non-directional Block Memory Off On 2.0 - 5000.0 Unit %IB Step 1.0 Default 120.0 ANSI Def. Time Description Operate current level for OC1 in % of Ibase Selection of time delay curve type for OC1
Name StartCurr_OC1 CurveType_OC1
tDef_OC1 k_OC1 IMin1 tMin_OC1 VCntrlMode_OC1
s %IB s -
0.01 0.01 1 0.01 -
0.50 0.30 100 0.05 Off
Independent (definitive) time delay of OC1 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for OC1 Minimum operate current for step1 in % of IBase Minimum operate time for IEC IDMT curves for OC1 Control mode for voltage controlled OC1 function
VDepMode_OC1 VDepFact_OC1 ULowLimit_OC1 UHighLimit_OC1 HarmRestr_OC1 DirMode_OC1
%UB %UB -
0.01 0.1 0.1 -
Step 1.00 50.0 100.0 Off Non-directional
Voltage dependent mode OC1 (step, slope) Multiplying factor for I pickup when OC1 is U dependent Voltage low limit setting OC1 in % of Ubase Voltage high limit setting OC1 in % of Ubase Enable block of OC1 by 2nd harmonic restrain Directional mode of OC1 (nondir, forward,reverse) Measuring on IandU or IcosPhiandU for OC1 Low voltage level action for Dir_OC1 (Nodir, Blk, Mem) Operation OC2 Off / On Operate current level for OC2 in % of Ibase
DirPrinc_OC1 ActLowVolt1_VM
I&U Non-directional
Operation_OC2 StartCurr_OC2
%IB
1.0
Off 120.0

Name CurveType_OC2 Values (Range) ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Programmable RI type RD type 0.00 - 6000.00 0.05 - 999.00 1 - 10000 0.00 - 6000.00 Voltage control Input control Volt/Input control Off Step Slope 0.02 - 5.00 1.0 - 200.0 1.0 - 200.0 Off On Non-directional Forward Reverse I&U IcosPhi&U Non-directional Block Memory Off On Off On 0 - 150 Unit Step Default ANSI Def. Time Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Selection of time delay curve type for OC2
tDef_OC2 k_OC2 IMin2 tMin_OC2 VCntrlMode_OC2
s %IB s -
0.01 0.01 1 0.01 -
0.50 0.30 50 0.05 Off
Independent (definitive) time delay of OC2 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for OC2 Minimum operate current for step2 in % of IBase Minimum operate time for IEC IDMT curves for OC2 Control mode for voltage controlled OC2 function
VDepMode_OC2 VDepFact_OC2 ULowLimit_OC2 UHighLimit_OC2 HarmRestr_OC2 DirMode_OC2
%UB %UB -
0.01 0.1 0.1 -
Step 1.00 50.0 100.0 Off Non-directional
Voltage dependent mode OC2 (step, slope) Multiplying factor for I pickup when OC2 is U dependent Voltage low limit setting OC2 in % of Ubase Voltage high limit setting OC2 in % of Ubase Enable block of OC2 by 2nd harmonic restrain Directional mode of OC2 (nondir, forward,reverse) Measuring on IandU or IcosPhiandU for OC2 Low voltage level action for Dir_OC2 (Nodir, Blk, Mem) Operation UC1 Off / On Enable internal low current level blocking for UC1 Internal low current blocking level for UC1 in % of Ibase
DirPrinc_OC2 ActLowVolt2_VM
I&U Non-directional
Operation_UC1 EnBlkLowI_UC1 BlkLowCurr_UC1
%IB
Off Off 20
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 2.0 - 150.0 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 Off On Off On Off On 0 - 150 2.0 - 150.0 0.00 - 6000.00 Off On Off On 2.0 - 200.0 Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Inverse curve C Prog. inv. curve 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 0.05 - 999.00 Off On 2.0 - 200.0 Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Inverse curve C Prog. inv. curve 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 0.05 - 999.00 Off On Unit %IB s s %IB %IB s %UB Step 1.0 0.01 0.01 1 1.0 0.01 0.1 Default 70.0 0.50 0.00 Off Off Off 20 70.0 0.50 Off Off 150.0 Definite time Description Operate undercurrent level for UC1 in % of Ibase Independent (definitive) time delay of UC1 Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve UC1 Enable block of UC1 by 2nd harmonic restrain Operation UC2 Off / On Enable internal low current level blocking for UC2 Internal low current blocking level for UC2 in % of Ibase Operate undercurrent level for UC2 in % of Ibase Independent (definitive) time delay of UC2 Enable block of UC2 by 2nd harmonic restrain Operation OV1 Off / On Operate voltage level for OV1 in % of Ubase Selection of time delay curve type for OV1
Name StartCurr_UC1 tDef_UC1 tResetDef_UC1 HarmRestr_UC1 Operation_UC2 EnBlkLowI_UC2 BlkLowCurr_UC2 StartCurr_UC2 tDef_UC2 HarmRestr_UC2 Operation_OV1 StartVolt_OV1 CurveType_OV1
tDef_OV1 tMin_OV1 k_OV1 Operation_OV2 StartVolt_OV2 CurveType_OV2
s s %UB -
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 -
1.00 0.05 0.30 Off 150.0 Definite time
Operate time delay in sec for definite time use of OV1 Minimum operate time for IDMT curves for OV1 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for OV1 Operation OV2 Off / On Operate voltage level for OV2 in % of Ubase Selection of time delay curve type for OV2
tDef_OV2 tMin_OV2 k_OV2 Operation_UV1
s s -
0.01 0.01 0.01 -
1.00 0.05 0.30 Off
Operate time delay in sec for definite time use of OV2 Minimum operate time for IDMT curves for OV2 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for OV2 Operation UV1 Off / On

Name StartVolt_UV1 CurveType_UV1 Values (Range) 2.0 - 150.0 Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Prog. inv. curve 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 0.05 - 999.00 Off On 0.0 - 5.0 Off On 2.0 - 150.0 Definite time Inverse curve A Inverse curve B Prog. inv. curve 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 0.05 - 999.00 Off On 0.0 - 5.0 Unit %UB Step 0.1 Default 50.0 Definite time Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operate undervoltage level for UV1 in % of Ubase Selection of time delay curve type for UV1
tDef_UV1 tMin_UV1 k_UV1 EnBlkLowV_UV1 BlkLowVolt_UV1 Operation_UV2 StartVolt_UV2 CurveType_UV2
s s %UB %UB -
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 -
1.00 0.05 0.30 On 0.5 Off 50.0 Definite time
Operate time delay in sec for definite time use of UV1 Minimum operate time for IDMT curves for UV1 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for UV1 Enable internal low voltage level blocking for UV1 Internal low voltage blocking level for UV1 in % of Ubase Operation UV2 Off / On Operate undervoltage level for UV2 in % of Ubase Selection of time delay curve type for UV2
tDef_UV2 tMin_UV2 k_UV2 EnBlkLowV_UV2 BlkLowVolt_UV2
s s %UB
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1
1.00 0.05 0.30 On 0.5
Operate time delay in sec for definite time use of UV2 Minimum operate time for IDMT curves for UV2 Time multiplier for the dependent time delay for UV2 Enable internal low voltage level blocking for UV2 Internal low voltage blocking level for UV2 in % of Ubase
Table 129:
Name CurrMult_OC1
CVGAPC Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.00 - 6000.00 0.001 - 10.000 0.000 - 999.000 Unit Step 0.1 Default 2.0 Instantaneous Description Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for OC1 Selection of reset curve type for OC1
ResCrvType_OC1
tResetDef_OC1 P_OC1 A_OC1
s -
0.01 0.001 0.001
0.00 0.020 0.140
Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve OC1 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for OC1 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for OC1
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.000 - 99.000 0.000 - 1.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 600.000 0.1 - 10.0 1.0 - 10.0 Instantaneous IEC Reset ANSI reset 0.00 - 6000.00 0.001 - 10.000 0.000 - 999.000 0.000 - 99.000 0.000 - 1.000 0.005 - 3.000 0.005 - 600.000 0.1 - 10.0 0.00 - 6000.00 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 0.005 - 999.000 0.500 - 99.000 0.000 - 1.000 0.000 - 10.000 0.001 - 10.000 Unit Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.1 0.1 Default 0.000 1.000 0.500 13.500 1.0 2.0 Instantaneous Description Parameter B for customer programmable curve for OC1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for OC1 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for OC1 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for OC1 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for OC1 Multiplier for scaling the current setting value for OC2 Selection of reset curve type for OC2
Name B_OC1 C_OC1 PR_OC1 TR_OC1 CR_OC1 CurrMult_OC2 ResCrvType_OC2
tResetDef_OC2 P_OC2 A_OC2 B_OC2 C_OC2 PR_OC2 TR_OC2 CR_OC2 tResetDef_UC2 ResCrvType_OV1
s s -
0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.1 0.01 -
0.00 0.020 0.140 0.000 1.000 0.500 13.500 1.0 0.00 Instantaneous
Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve OC2 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for OC2 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for OC2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for OC2 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for OC2 Parameter PR for customer programmable curve for OC2 Parameter TR for customer programmable curve for OC2 Parameter CR for customer programmable curve for OC2 Reset time delay used in IEC Definite Time curve UC2 Selection of reset curve type for OV1
tResetDef_OV1 tResetIDMT_OV1 A_OV1 B_OV1 C_OV1 D_OV1 P_OV1
s s -
0.01 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
0.00 0.00 0.140 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.020
Reset time delay in sec for definite time use of OV1 Reset time delay in sec for IDMT curves for OV1 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for OV1 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for OV1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for OV1 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for OV1 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for OV1

Name ResCrvType_OV2 Values (Range) Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 0.005 - 999.000 0.500 - 99.000 0.000 - 1.000 0.000 - 10.000 0.001 - 10.000 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 0.005 - 999.000 0.500 - 99.000 0.000 - 1.000 0.000 - 10.000 0.001 - 10.000 Instantaneous Frozen timer Linearly decreased 0.00 - 6000.00 0.00 - 6000.00 0.005 - 999.000 0.500 - 99.000 Unit Step Default Instantaneous Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Selection of reset curve type for OV2
tResetDef_OV2 tResetIDMT_OV2 A_OV2 B_OV2 C_OV2 D_OV2 P_OV2 ResCrvType_UV1
s s -
0.01 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 -
0.00 0.00 0.140 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.020 Instantaneous
Reset time delay in sec for definite time use of OV2 Reset time delay in sec for IDMT curves for OV2 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for OV2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for OV2 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for OV2 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for OV2 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for OV2 Selection of reset curve type for UV1
tResetDef_UV1 tResetIDMT_UV1 A_UV1 B_UV1 C_UV1 D_UV1 P_UV1 ResCrvType_UV2
s s -
0.01 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 -
0.00 0.00 0.140 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.020 Instantaneous
Reset time delay in sec for definite time use of UV1 Reset time delay in sec for IDMT curves for UV1 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for UV1 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for UV1 Parameter C for customer programmable curve for UV1 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for UV1 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for UV1 Selection of reset curve type for UV2
tResetDef_UV2 tResetIDMT_UV2 A_UV2 B_UV2
s s -
0.01 0.01 0.001 0.001
0.00 0.00 0.140 1.000
Reset time delay in sec for definite time use of UV2 Reset time delay in sec for IDMT curves for UV2 Parameter A for customer programmable curve for UV2 Parameter B for customer programmable curve for UV2
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.000 - 1.000 0.000 - 10.000 0.001 - 10.000 Unit Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 1.000 0.000 0.020 Description Parameter C for customer programmable curve for UV2 Parameter D for customer programmable curve for UV2 Parameter P for customer programmable curve for UV2
Name C_UV2 D_UV2 P_UV2
3.10.2
Rotor earth fault protection

The field winding, including the rotor winding and the non-rotating excitation equipment, is always insulated from the metallic parts of the rotor. The insulation resistance is high if the rotor is cooled by air or by hydrogen. The insulation resistance is much lower if the rotor winding is cooled by water. This is true even if the insulation is intact. A fault in the insulation of the field circuit will result in a conducting path from the field winding to earth. This means that the fault has caused a field earth fault. The field circuit of a synchronous generator is normally unearthed. Therefore, a single earth fault on the field winding will cause only a very small fault current. Thus the earth fault does not produce any damage in the generator. Furthermore, it will not affect the operation of a generating unit in any way. However, the existence of a single earth fault increases the electric stress at other points in the field circuit. This means that the risk for a second earth fault at another point on the field winding has increased considerably. A second earth fault will cause a field shortcircuit with severe consequences. The rotor earth fault protection is based on injection of an AC voltage to the isolated field circuit. In non-faulted conditions there will be no current flow associated to this injected voltage. If a rotor earth fault occurs, this condition will be detected by the rotor earth fault protection. Depending on the generator owner philosophy this operational state will be alarmed and/or the generator will be tripped. An injection unit is required for rotor earth fault protection (RXTTE4) and a protective resistor on plate for correct operation. Rotor earth fault protection can be integrated in the IED among all other protection functions typically required for generator protection. How this is achieved by using COMBIFLEX injection unit RXTTE4 is described in Instruction 1MRG001910.
3.11
3.11.1
Secondary system supervision

Current circuit supervision CCSRDIF

Function description Current circuit supervision IEC 61850 identification CCSRDIF IEC 60617 identification -
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 87
3.11.1.1
Application
Open or short circuited current transformer cores can cause unwanted operation of many protection functions such as differential, earth-fault current and negativesequence current functions. When currents from two independent three-phase sets of CTs, or CT cores, measuring the same primary currents are available, reliable current circuit supervision can be arranged by comparing the currents from the two sets. If an error in any CT circuit is detected, the protection functions concerned can be blocked and an alarm given. In case of large currents, unequal transient saturation of CT cores with different remanence or different saturation factor may result in differences in the secondary currents from the two CT sets. Unwanted blocking of protection functions during the transient stage must then be avoided. Current circuit supervision CCSRDIF must be sensitive and have short operate time in order to prevent unwanted tripping from fast-acting, sensitive numerical protections in case of faulty CT secondary circuits. Open CT circuits creates extremely high voltages in the circuits which is extremely dangerous for the personell. It can also damage the insulation and cause new problems. The application shall, thus, be done with this in consideration, especially if the protection functions are blocked.
3.11.1.2
Setting guidelines
Current circuit supervision CCSRDIF compares the residual current from a threephase set of current transformer cores with the neutral point current on a separate input taken from another set of cores on the same current transformer. The minimum operate current, IMinOp, must be set as a minimum to twice the residual current in the supervised CT circuits under normal service conditions and rated primary current. The parameter Ip>Block is normally set at 150% to block the function during transient conditions. The FAIL output is connected to the blocking input of the protection function to be blocked at faulty CT secondary circuits.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting parameters
3.11.1.3
Table 130:
Name Operation IBase IMinOp
CCSRDIF Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 5 - 200 Unit A %IB Step 1 1 Default Off 3000 20 Description Operation Off / On IBase value for current level detectors Minimum operate current differential level in % of IBase
Table 131:
Name Ip>Block
CCSRDIF Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 5 - 500 Unit %IB Step 1 Default 150 Description Block of the function at high phase current, in % of IBase
3.11.2
Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF

Function description Fuse failure supervision IEC 61850 identification SDDRFUF IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.11.2.1
Application
Different protection functions within the protection IED, operates on the basis of the measured voltage in the relay point. Examples are: distance protection function undervoltage function energizing check function and voltage check for the weak infeed logic
These functions can operate unintentionally if a fault occurs in the secondary circuits between the voltage instrument transformers and the IED. It is possible to use different measures to prevent such unwanted operations. Miniature circuit breakers in the voltage measuring circuits, located as close as possible to the voltage instrument transformers, are one of them. Separate fusefailure monitoring IEDs or elements within the protection and monitoring devices are another possibilities. These solutions are combined to get the best possible effect in the fuse failure supervision function (SDDRFUF). SDDRFUF function built into the IED products can operate on the basis of external binary signals from the miniature circuit breaker or from the line disconnector. The first case influences the operation of all voltage-dependent functions while the second one does not affect the impedance measuring functions.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The negative sequence detection algorithm, based on the negative-sequence measuring quantities, a high value of voltage 3U2 without the presence of the negative-sequence current 3I2, is recommended for use in isolated or highimpedance earthed networks. The zero sequence detection algorithm, based on the zero sequence measuring quantities, a high value of voltage 3U0 without the presence of the residual current 3I0, is recommended for use in directly or low impedance earthed networks. In cases where the line can have a weak-infeed of zero sequence current this function shall be avoided. A criterion based on delta current and delta voltage measurements can be added to the fuse failure supervision function in order to detect a three phase fuse failure. This is beneficial for example during three phase transformer switching.
3.11.2.2
Setting guidelines General

The negative and zero sequence voltages and currents always exist due to different non-symmetries in the primary system and differences in the current and voltage instrument transformers. The minimum value for the operation of the current and voltage measuring elements must always be set with a safety margin of 10 to 20%, depending on the system operating conditions. Pay special attention to the dissymmetry of the measuring quantities when the function is used on longer untransposed lines, on multicircuit lines and so on. The settings of negative sequence, zero sequence and delta algorithm are in percent of the base voltage and base current for the function, UBase and IBase respectively. Set UBase to the primary rated phase-phase voltage of the potential voltage transformer and IBase to the primary rated current of the current transformer.
Setting of common parameters
Set the operation mode selector Operation to On to release the fuse failure function. The voltage threshold USealIn< is used to identify low voltage condition in the system. Set USealIn< below the minimum operating voltage that might occur during emergency conditions. We propose a setting of approximately 70% of UBase. The drop off time of 200 ms for dead phase detection makes it recommended to always set SealIn to On since this will secure a fuse failure indication at persistent fuse fail when closing the local breaker when the line is already energized from the other end. When the remote breaker closes the voltage will return except in the phase that has a persistent fuse fail. Since the local breaker is open there is no current and the dead phase indication will persist in the phase with the blown fuse. When the local breaker closes the current will start to flow and the function detects the fuse failure situation. But due to the 200 ms drop off timer the output BLKZ
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
will not be activated until after 200 ms. This means that distance functions are not blocked and due to the no voltage but current situation might issue a trip. The operation mode selector OpMode has been introduced for better adaptation to system requirements. The mode selector makes it possible to select interactions between the negative sequence and zero sequence algorithm. In normal applications the OpMode is set to either UNsINs for selecting negative sequence algorithm or UZsIZs for zero sequence based algorithm. If system studies or field experiences shows that there is a risk that the fuse failure function will not be activated due to the system conditions, the dependability of the fuse failure function can be increased if the OpMode is set to UZsIZs OR UNsINs or OptimZsNs. In modeUZsIZs OR UNsINs both the negative and zero sequence based algorithm is activated and working in an OR-condition. Also in mode OptimZsNs both the negative and zero sequence algorithm are activated and the one that has the highest magnitude of measured negative or zero sequence current will operate. If there is a requirement to increase the security of the fuse failure function OpMode can be selected to UZsIZs AND UNsINs which gives that both negative and zero sequence algorithm is activated working in an AND-condition, that is, both algorithm must give condition for block in order to activate the output signals BLKU or BLKZ.
Negative sequence based
The relay setting value 3U2> is given in percentage of the base voltage UBase and should not be set lower than according to equation 177.
3U 2 >= 3U 2 UBase 100
(Equation 177)
EQUATION1519 V2 EN
where: 3U2 is the maximal negative sequence voltage during normal operation conditions, plus a margin of 10...20%
UBase is the setting of base voltage for the function
The setting of the current limit 3I2< is in percentage of parameter IBase. The setting of 3I2< must be higher than the normal unbalance current that might exist in the system and can be calculated according to equation 178.
3I 2 <= 3I 2 100 IBase
(Equation 178)
EQUATION1520 V3 EN
where: 3I2 is the maximal negative sequence current during normal operating conditions, plus a margin of 10...20% is the setting of base current for the function
IBase

Zero sequence based
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The IED setting value 3U0> is given in percentage of the base voltage UBase, where UBase is the primary base voltage, normally the rated voltage of the primary potential voltage transformer winding. The setting of 3U0> should not be set lower than according to equation 179.
3U 0 >= 3U 0 UBase 100
(Equation 179)
EQUATION1521 V2 EN
where: 3U0 is the maximal zero sequence voltage during normal operation conditions, plus a margin of 10...20%
UBase is the setting of base voltage for the function
The setting of the current limit 3I0> is done in percentage of IBase. The setting of 3I0> must be higher than the normal unbalance current that might exist in the system. The setting can be calculated according to equation 180.
3 I 0 <= 3I 0 100 IBase
(Equation 180)
EQUATION2293 V2 EN
where:
3I0< IBase
is the maximal zero sequence current during normal operating conditions, plus a margin of 10...20% is the setting of base current for the function
Delta U and delta I
Set the operation mode selector OpDUDI to On if the delta function shall be in operation. The setting of DU> should be set high (approximately 60% of UBase) and the current threshold DI< low (approximately 10% of IBase) to avoid unwanted operation due to normal switching conditions in the network. The delta current and delta voltage function shall always be used together with either the negative or zero sequence algorithm. If USetprim is the primary voltage for operation of dU/dt and ISetprim the primary current for operation of dI/dt, the setting of DU> and DI< will be given according to equation 181 and equation 182.
DU > = USetprim 100 UBase
(Equation 181)
EQUATION1523 V1 EN
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
DI <=
ISetprim 100 IBase

(Equation 182)
EQUATION1524 V2 EN
The voltage thresholds UPh> is used to identify low voltage condition in the system. Set UPh> below the minimum operating voltage that might occur during emergency conditions. A setting of approximately 70% of UBase is recommended. The current threshold IPh> shall be set lower than the IMinOp for the distance protection function. A 5...10% lower value is recommended.
Dead line detection
The condition for operation of the dead line detection is set by the parameters IDLD< for the current threshold and UDLD< for the voltage threshold. Set the IDLD< with a sufficient margin below the minimum expected load current. A safety margin of at least 15-20% is recommended. The operate value must however exceed the maximum charging current of an overhead line, when only one phase is disconnected (mutual coupling to the other phases). Set the UDLD< with a sufficient margin below the minimum expected operating voltage. A safety margin of at least 15% is recommended.
3.11.2.3
Table 132:
Name Operation IBase UBase OpMode
Setting parameters
SDDRFUF Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 Off UNsINs UZsIZs UZsIZs OR UNsINs UZsIZs AND UNsINs OptimZsNs 1 - 100 1 - 100 1 - 100 1 - 100 Off On 1 - 100 Unit A kV Step 1 0.05 Default On 3000 400.00 UZsIZs Description Operation Off / On Base current Base voltage Operating mode selection
3U0> 3I0< 3U2> 3I2< OpDUDI DU>
%UB %IB %UB %IB %UB
1 1 1 1 1
30 10 30 10 Off 60
Operate level of residual overvoltage element in % of UBase Operate level of residual undercurrent element in % of IBase Operate level of neg seq overvoltage element in % of UBase Operate level of neg seq undercurrent element in % of IBase Operation of change based function Off/ On Operate level of change in phase voltage in % of UBase

Name DI< UPh> IPh> SealIn USealln< IDLD< UDLD< Values (Range) 1 - 100 1 - 100 1 - 100 Off On 1 - 100 1 - 100 1 - 100 Unit %IB %UB %IB %UB %IB %UB Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default 15 70 10 On 70 5 60 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operate level of change in phase current in % of IBase Operate level of phase voltage in % of UBase Operate level of phase current in % of IBase Seal in functionality Off/On Operate level of seal-in phase voltage in % of UBase Operate level for open phase current detection in % of IBase Operate level for open phase voltage detection in % of UBase
3.12
3.12.1
Control
Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing SESRSYN
Function description Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing IEC 61850 identification SESRSYN IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 25
sc/vc
SYMBOL-M V1 EN
3.12.1.1
Application Synchronizing
To allow closing of breakers between asynchronous networks a synchronizing function is provided. The breaker close command is issued at the optimum time when conditions across the breaker are satisfied in order to avoid stress on the network and its components. The systems are defined to be asynchronous when the frequency difference between bus and line is larger than an adjustable parameter. If the frequency difference is less than this threshold value the system is defined to have a parallel circuit and the synchrocheck function is used. The synchronizing function measures the difference between the U-Line and the UBus. It operates and enables a closing command to the circuit breaker when the
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
calculated closing angle is equal to the measured phase angle and the following conditions are simultaneously fulfilled: The voltages U-Line and U-Bus are higher than the set values for UHighBusSynch and UHighLineSynch of the base voltages UBaseBus and UBaseLine. The difference in the voltage is smaller than the set value of UDiffSynch. The difference in frequency is less than the set value of FreqDiffMax and larger than the set value of FreqDiffMin. If the frequency is less than FreqDiffMin the synchrocheck is used and the value of FreqDiffMin must thus be identical to the value FreqDiffM resp FreqDiffA for synchrocheck function. The bus and line frequencies must also be within a range of +/- 5 Hz from the rated frequency. When the synchronizing option is included also for autoreclose there is no reason to have different frequency setting for the manual and automatic reclosing and the frequency difference values for synchronism check should be kept low. The frequency rate of change is less than set value for both U-Bus and U-Line. The closing angle is decided by the calculation of slip frequency and required pre-closing time.
The synchronizing function compensates for measured slip frequency as well as the circuit breaker closing delay. The phase advance is calculated continuously. Closing angle is the change in angle during the set breaker closing operate time tBreaker. The reference voltage can be phase-neutral L1, L2, L3 or phase-phase L1-L2, L2L3, L3-L1 or positive sequence. The bus voltage must then be connected to the same phase or phases as are chosen for the line or a compensation angle set to compensate for the difference.
Synchrocheck
The main purpose of the synchrocheck function is to provide control over the closing of circuit breakers in power networks in order to prevent closing if conditions for synchronism are not detected. It is also used to prevent the reconnection of two systems, which are divided after islanding and after a three pole reclosing. Single pole auto-reclosing does not require any synchrocheck since the system is tied together by two phases. SESRSYN function block includes both the synchronism check function and the energizing function to allow closing when one side of the breaker is dead. SESRSYN function also includes a built in voltage selection scheme which allows simple application in busbar arrangements.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
~
IEC04000179 V1 EN
~
en04000179.vsd
Figure 135:
Two interconnected power systems
Figure 135 shows two interconnected power systems. The cloud means that the interconnection can be further away, that is, a weak connection through other stations. The need for a check of synchronization increases as the meshed system decreases since the risk of the two networks being out of synchronization at manual or automatic closing is greater. The synchrocheck function measures the conditions across the circuit breaker and compares them to set limits. Output is generated only when all measured conditions are within their set limits simultaneously. The check consists of: Live line and live bus. Voltage level difference. Frequency difference (slip). The bus and line frequency must also be within a range of 5 Hz from rated frequency. Phase angle difference.
A time delay is available to ensure that the conditions are fulfilled for a minimum period of time. In very stable power systems the frequency difference is insignificant or zero for manually initiated closing or closing by automatic restoration. In steady conditions a bigger phase angle difference can be allowed as this is sometimes the case in a long and loaded parallel power line. For this application we accept a synchrocheck with a long operation time and high sensitivity regarding the frequency difference. The phase angle difference setting can be set for steady state conditions. Another example, is when the operation of the power net is disturbed and highspeed auto-reclosing after fault clearance takes place. This can cause a power swing in the net and the phase angle difference may begin to oscillate. Generally, the frequency difference is the time derivative of the phase angle difference and will, typically oscillate between positive and negative values. When the circuit breaker needs to be closed by auto-reclosing after fault-clearance some frequency difference should be tolerated, to a greater extent than in the steady condition mentioned in the case above. But if a big phase angle difference is allowed at the same time, there is some risk that auto-reclosing will take place when the phase angle difference is big and increasing. In this case it should be safer to close when the phase angle difference is smaller.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
To fulfill the above requirements the synchrocheck function is provided with duplicate settings, one for steady (Manual) conditions and one for operation under disturbed conditions (Auto).
SynchroCheck UHighBusSC > 50 - 120 % of UBaseBus UHighLineSC > 50 - 120 % of UBaseLine UDiffSC < 0.02 0.50 p.u. PhaseDiffM < 5 - 90 degrees PhaseDiffA < 5 - 90 degrees FreqDiffM < 3 - 1000 mHz FreqDiffA < 3 - 1000 mHz
Bus voltage Fuse fail Line voltage Fuse fail Line reference voltage
IEC10000079 V1 EN
Figure 136:
Principle for the synchrocheck function
Energizing check
The main purpose of the energizing check function is to facilitate the controlled reconnection of disconnected lines and buses to energized lines and buses. The energizing check function measures the bus and line voltages and compares them to both high and low threshold values. The output is given only when the actual measured conditions match the set conditions. Figure 137 shows two substations, where one (1) is energized and the other (2) is not energized. Power system 2 is energized (DLLB) from substation 1 via the circuit breaker A.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
2 A B
Bus voltage
Line voltage
EnergizingCheck
UHighBusEnerg > 50 - 120 % of UBaseBus UHighLineEnerg > 50 - 120 % of UBaseLine ULowBusEnerg < 10 - 80 % of UBaseBus ULowLineEnerg < 10 - 80 % of UBaseLine UMaxEnerg < 50 - 180 % of UBaseBus and/or UBaseLine
IEC10000078 V2 EN
Figure 137:
Principle for the energizing check function
The energizing operation can operate in the dead line live bus (DLLB) direction, dead bus live line (DBLL) direction, or in both directions over the circuit breaker. Energizing from different directions can be different for automatic reclosing and manual closing of the circuit breaker. For manual closing it is also possible to allow closing when both sides of the breaker are dead, Dead Bus Dead Line (DBDL). The equipment is considered energized (Live) if the voltage is above set value of UHighBusEnerg or UHighLineEnerg of the base voltage, and non-energized (Dead) if it is below set value of ULowBusEnerg or ULowLineEnerg of the base voltage. A disconnected line can have a considerable potential because of factors such as induction from a line running in parallel, or feeding via extinguishing capacitors in the circuit breakers. This voltage can be as high as 50% or more of the base voltage of the line. Normally, for breakers with single breaking elements (<330 kV) the level is well below 30%. When the energizing direction corresponds to the settings, the situation has to remain constant for a certain period of time before the close signal is permitted. The purpose of the delayed operate time is to ensure that the dead side remains deenergized and that the condition is not due to temporary interference.
Voltage selection
The voltage selection function is used for the connection of appropriate voltages to the synchrocheck and energizing check functions. For example, when the IED is used in a double bus arrangement, the voltage that should be selected depends on the status of the breakers and/or disconnectors. By checking the status of the disconnectors auxiliary contacts, the right voltages for the synchronizing, synchrocheck and energizing check functions can be selected. Available voltage selection types are for single circuit breaker with double busbars and the 1 circuit breaker arrangement. A double circuit breaker arrangement and single circuit breaker with a single busbar do not need any voltage selection
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
function. Neither does a single circuit breaker with double busbars using external voltage selection need any internal voltage selection. The voltages from busbars and lines must be physically connected to the voltage inputs in the IED and connected, using the control software, to each of the maximum two SESRSYN functions available in the IED.
External fuse failure
External fuse-failure signals or signals from a tripped fuse switch/MCB are connected to binary inputs that are configured to inputs of SESRSYN function in the IED. The internal fuse failure supervision function can also be used, for at least the line voltage supply. The signal BLKU, from the internal fuse failure supervision function, is then used and connected to the blocking input of the energizing check function block. In case of a fuse failure, the SESRSYN function is blocked. The UB1OK/UB2OK and UB1FF/UB2FF inputs are related to the busbar voltage and the ULN1OK/ULN2OK and ULN1FF/ULN2FF inputs are related to the line voltage. External selection of energizing direction The energizing can be selected by use of the available logic function blocks. Below is an example where the choice of mode is done from a symbol on the local HMI through selector switch function block, but alternatively there can for example, be a physical selector switch on the front of the panel which is connected to a binary to integer function block (B16I). If the PSTO input is used, connected to the Local-Remote switch on the local HMI, the choice can also be from the station HMI system, typically ABB Microscada through IEC 6185081 communication. The connection example for selection of the manual energizing mode is shown in figure 138. Selected names are just examples but note that the symbol on the local HMI can only show three signs.
SLGGIO INTONE OFF DL DB DLB PSTO NAME1 NAME2 NAME3 NAME4 SWPOSN MENMODE SESRSYN
IEC07000118 V2 EN
Figure 138:
Selection of the energizing direction from a local HMI symbol through a selector switch function block.

3.12.1.2 Application examples
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The synchronizing function block can also be used in some switchyard arrangements, but with different parameter settings. Below are some examples of how different arrangements are connected to the IED analogue inputs and to the function block SESRSYN. One function block is used per circuit breaker. The input used below in example are typical and can be changed by use of configuration and signal matrix tools.
The SESRSYN and connected SMAI function block instances must have the same cycle time in the application configuration.
Single circuit breaker with single busbar

GRP_OFF SESRSYN U3PBB1* SYNOK U3PBB2* AUTOSYOK U3PLN1* AUTOENOK U3PLN2* MANSYOK BLOCK MANENOK BLKSYNCH TSTSYNOK BLKSC TSTAUTSY BLKENERG TSTMANSY B1QOPEN TSTENOK B1QCLD USELFAIL B2QOPEN B1SEL B2QCLD B2SEL LN1QOPEN LN1SEL LN1QCLD LN2SEL LN2QOPEN SYNPROGR LN2QCLD SYNFAIL UB1OK UOKSYN UB1FF UDIFFSYN UB2OK FRDIFSYN UB2FF FRDIFFOK ULN1OK FRDERIVA ULN1FF UOKSC ULN2OK UDIFFSC ULN2FF FRDIFFA STARTSYN PHDIFFA TSTSYNCH FRDIFFM TSTSC PHDIFFM TSTENERG INADVCLS AENMODE UDIFFME MENMODE FRDIFFME PHDIFFME UBUS ULINE MODEAEN MODEMEN
Bus 1
QB1
Fuse VT
UBus
QA1
SMAI
ULine
Fuse VT
SMAI
Line
IEC10000093 V2 EN
Figure 139:
Connection of SESRSYN function block in a single busbar arrangement
Figure 139 illustrates connection principles. For the SESRSYN function there is one voltage transformer on each side of the circuit breaker. The voltage transformer circuit connections are straightforward; no special voltage selection is necessary. The voltage from busbar VT is connected to U3PBB1 and the voltage from the line VT is connected to U3PLN1. The positions of the VT fuses shall also be connected as shown above. The voltage selection parameter CBConfig is set to No voltage sel.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Single circuit breaker with double busbar, external voltage selection
Bus 1 Bus 2
Fuse VT
Fuse VT
QB1
UBus
QB2
SMAI
QA1
ULine
Fuse VT
SMAI
Line
IEC10000094 V2 EN
Figure 140:
Connection of SESRSYN function block in a single breaker, double busbar arrangement with external voltage selection
In this type of arrangement no internal voltage selection is required. The voltage selection is made by external relays typically connected according to figure 140. Suitable voltage and VT fuse failure supervision from the two busbars are selected based on the position of the busbar disconnectors. This means that the connections to the function block will be the same as for the single busbar arrangement. The voltage selection parameter CBConfig is set to No voltage sel.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Single circuit breaker with double busbar, internal voltage selection

SESRSYN U3PBB1* SYNOK U3PBB2* AUTOSYOK U3PLN1* AUTOENOK U3PLN2* MANSYOK BLOCK MANENOK BLKSYNCH TSTSYNOK BLKSC TSTAUTSY BLKENERG TSTMANSY B1QOPEN TSTENOK B1QCLD USELFAIL B2QOPEN B1SEL B2QCLD B2SEL LN1QOPEN LN1SEL LN1QCLD LN2SEL LN2QOPEN SYNPROGR LN2QCLD SYNFAIL UB1OK UOKSYN UB1FF UDIFFSYN UB2OK FRDIFSYN UB2FF FRDIFFOK ULN1OK FRDERIVA ULN1FF UOKSC ULN2OK UDIFFSC ULN2FF FRDIFFA STARTSYN PHDIFFA TSTSYNCH FRDIFFM TSTSC PHDIFFM TSTENERG INADVCLS AENMODE UDIFFME MENMODE FRDIFFME PHDIFFME UBUS ULINE MODEAEN MODEMEN IEC10000095-2-en.vsd
Bus 1 Bus 2
SMAI
GRP_OFF
Fuse VT
Fuse VT
UBus1
QB1 QB2
UBus2
SMAI
QA1
SMAI
ULine
Fuse VT
Line
IEC10000095 V2 EN
Figure 141:
Connection of the SESRSYN function block in a single breaker, double busbar arrangement with internal voltage selection
When internal voltage selection is needed, the voltage transformer circuit connections are made according to figure 141. The voltage from the busbar 1 VT is connected to U3PBB1 and the voltage from busbar 2 is connected to U3PBB2. The voltage from the line VT is connected to U3PLN1. The positions of the disconnectors and VT fuses shall be connected as shown in figure 141. The voltage selection parameter CBConfig is set to Double bus.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Double circuit breaker
QA1
Bus 1 Bus 2
UBus1
SMAI
GRP_OFF SESRSYN U3PBB1* SYNOK U3PBB2* AUTOSYOK U3PLN1* AUTOENOK U3PLN2* MANSYOK BLOCK MANENOK BLKSYNCH TSTSYNOK BLKSC TSTAUTSY BLKENERG TSTMANSY B1QOPEN TSTENOK B1QCLD USELFAIL B2QOPEN B1SEL B2QCLD B2SEL LN1QOPEN LN1SEL LN1QCLD LN2SEL LN2QOPEN SYNPROGR LN2QCLD SYNFAIL UB1OK UOKSYN UB1FF UDIFFSYN UB2OK FRDIFSYN UB2FF FRDIFFOK ULN1OK FRDERIVA ULN1FF UOKSC ULN2OK UDIFFSC ULN2FF FRDIFFA STARTSYN PHDIFFA TSTSYNCH FRDIFFM TSTSC PHDIFFM TSTENERG INADVCLS AENMODE UDIFFME MENMODE FRDIFFME PHDIFFME UBUS ULINE MODEAEN MODEMEN IEC10000096-2-en.vsd
QA2
Fuse VT
Fuse VT
UBus2
QA1 QA2
SMAI
ULine1
Fuse VT
SMAI
Line
IEC10000096 V2 EN
Figure 142:
Connections of the SESRSYN function block in a double breaker arrangement
A double breaker arrangement requires two function blocks, SESRSYN1 for breaker QA1 and SESRSYN2 for breaker QA2. No voltage selection is necessary, because the voltage from busbar 1 VT is connected to U3PBB1 on SESRSYN1 and the voltage from busbar 2 VT is connected to U3PBB1 on SESRSYN2. The voltage from the line VT is connected to U3PLN1 on both SESRSYN1 and
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
SESRSYN2. The condition of VT fuses shall also be connected as shown in figure 141. The voltage selection parameter CBConfig is set to No voltage sel. for both SESRSYN1 and SESRSYN2.
1 1/2 circuit breaker
The line one IED in a 1 breaker arrangement handles voltage selection for busbar 1 CB and for the tie CB.The IED requires two function blocks, SESRSYN1 for busbar 1 CB and SESRSYN2 for tie CB. The voltage from busbar 1 VT is connected to U3PBB1 on both function blocks and the voltage from busbar 2 VT is connected to U3PBB2 on both function blocks. The voltage from line1 VT is connected to U3PLN1 on both function blocks and the voltage from line2 VT is connected to U3PLN2 on both function blocks. The positions of the disconnectors and VT fuses shall be connected as shown in figure 143.
Bus 1 CB
SESRSYN U3 PBB1* SYNOK U3 PBB2* AUTOSYOK U3 PLN1* AUTOENOK U3 PLN2* MANSYOK BLOCK MANENOK BLKSYNCH TSTSYNOK BLKSC TSTAUTSY BLKENERG TSTMANSY B1 QOPEN TSTENOK B1 QCLD USELFAIL B2 QOPEN B1SEL B2 QCLD B2SEL LN1 QOPEN LN1SEL LN1 QCLD LN2SEL LN2 QOPEN SYNPROGR LN2 QCLD SYNFAIL UB1OK UOKSYN UB1FF UDIFFSYN UB2OK FRDIFSYN UB2FF FRDIFFOK ULN1OK FRDERIVA ULN1FF UOKSC ULN2OK UDIFFSC ULN2FF FRDIFFA STARTSYN PHDIFFA TSTSYNCH FRDIFFM TSTSC PHDIFFM TSTENERG INADVCLS AENMODE UDIFFME MENMODE FRDIFFME PHDIFFME UBUS ULINE MODEAEN MODEMEN
UBus1
Bus1 Bus2
QB1 QA1 Fuse VT Fuse QB2 VT QB1 QA1 QB2
SMAI
UBus2
SMAI
QA1 QB61 QB9 QB62 QB9 Fuse VT
SMAI
ULine1
Fuse VT
ULine2
SMAI
SESRSYN U3PBB1* SYNOK U3PBB2* AUTOSYOK U3PLN1* AUTOENOK U3PLN2* MANSYOK BLOCK MANENOK BLKSYNCH TSTSYNOK BLKSC TSTAUTSY BLKENERG TSTMANSY B1 QOPEN TSTENOK B1 QCLD USELFAIL B2 QOPEN B1SEL B2 QCLD B2SEL LN1 QOPEN LN1SEL LN1 QCLD LN2SEL LN2 QOPEN SYNPROGR LN2 QCLD SYNFAIL UB1OK UOKSYN UB1FF UDIFFSYN UB2OK FRDIFSYN UB2FF FRDIFFOK ULN1OK FRDERIVA ULN1FF UOKSC ULN2OK UDIFFSC ULN2FF FRDIFFA STARTSYN PHDIFFA TSTSYNCH FRDIFFM TSTSC PHDIFFM TSTENERG INADVCLS AENMODE UDIFFME MENMODE FRDIFFME PHDIFFME UBUS ULINE MODEAEN MODEMEN
Line1
Line2 Tie CB
IEC 10000097 -2-en.vsd
IEC10000097 V2 EN
Figure 143:
Connections of the SESRSYN function block in a 1 breaker arrangement with internal voltage selection for the line 1 IED
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Bus 2 CB
SESRSYN U3PBB1* U3PBB2* U3PLN1* U3PLN2* BLOCK BLKSYNCH BLKSC BLKENERG B1QOPEN B1QCLD B2QOPEN B2QCLD LN1QOPEN LN1QCLD LN2QOPEN LN2QCLD UB1OK UB1FF UB2OK UB2FF ULN1OK ULN1FF ULN2OK ULN2FF STARTSYN TSTSYNCH TSTSC TSTENERG AENMODE MENMODE SYNOK AUTOSYOK AUTOENOK MANSYOK MANENOK TSTSYNOK TSTAUTSY TSTMANSY TSTENOK USELFAIL B1SEL B2SEL LN1SEL LN2SEL SYNPROGR SYNFAIL UOKSYN UDIFFSYN FRDIFSYN FRDIFFOK FRDERIVA UOKSC UDIFFSC FRDIFFA PHDIFFA FRDIFFM PHDIFFM INADVCLS UDIFFME FRDIFFME PHDIFFME UBUS ULINE MODEAEN MODEMEN
UBus1
Bus 1 Bus 2
QB1 QA1 Fuse VT Fuse QB2 VT QB1 QA1 QB2
SMAI
UBus2
SMAI
QA1 QB61 QB9 QB62 QB9 Fuse VT
SMAI
ULine1
Fuse VT
ULine2
SMAI
SESRSYN U3PBB1* SYNOK U3PBB2* AUTOSYOK U3PLN1* AUTOENOK U3PLN2* MANSYOK BLOCK MANENOK BLKSYNCH TSTSYNOK BLKSC TSTAUTSY BLKENERG TSTMANSY B1QOPEN TSTENOK B1QCLD USELFAIL B2QOPEN B1SEL B2QCLD B2SEL LN1QOPEN LN1SEL LN1QCLD LN2SEL LN2QOPEN SYNPROGR LN2QCLD SYNFAIL UB1OK UOKSYN UB1FF UDIFFSYN UB2OK FRDIFSYN UB2FF FRDIFFOK ULN1OK FRDERIVA ULN1FF UOKSC ULN2OK UDIFFSC ULN2FF FRDIFFA STARTSYN PHDIFFA TSTSYNCH FRDIFFM TSTSC PHDIFFM TSTENERG INADVCLS AENMODE UDIFFME MENMODE FRDIFFME PHDIFFME UBUS ULINE MODEAEN MODEMEN
Line 1
Line 2 Tie CB
IEC10000098 V2 EN
IEC10000098 V2 EN
Figure 144:
Connections of the SESRSYN function block in a 1 breaker arrangement with internal voltage selection for the line 2 IED
The example shows the use of the SESRSYN function for the Tie Circuit breaker in both Line IEDs. This depends on the arrangement of Auto-reclose and manual closing and might often not be required. The connections are similar in both IEDs, apart from the live voltages and bus voltages, which are crossed. The line two IED in a 1 breaker arrangement handles voltage selection for busbar2 CB and for the tie CB. The IED requires two function blocks, SESRSYN1 for busbar2 CB and SESRSYN2 for the tie CB. The voltage from busbar1 VT is connected to U3PBB2 on both function blocks and the voltage from busbar2 VT is connected to U3PBB1 on both function blocks. The voltage from line1 VT is connected to U3PLN2 on both function blocks and the voltage from line2 VT is connected to U3PLN1 on both function blocks. Also, crossed positions of the disconnectors and VT fuses shall be connected as shown in
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
figure 144. The physical analog connections of voltages and the connection to the IED and SESRSYN function blocks must be carefully checked in PCM600. In both IEDs the connections and configurations must abide by the following rules: Normally apparatus position is connected with contacts showing both open (b-type) and closed positions (a-type). Bus CB: B1QOPEN/CLD = Position of the tie CB and disconnectors B2QOPEN/CLD = Position of opposite bus CB and disconnectors LN1QOPEN/CLD = Position of own line disconnector LN2QOPEN/CLD = Position of opposite line disconnector UB1OK/FF = Supervision of bus VT fuse connected to own bus CB UB2OK/FF = Supervision of bus VT fuse connected to opposite bus CB ULN1OK/FF = Supervision of line VT fuse connected to own line ULN2OK/FF = Supervision of line VT fuse connected to opposite line Setting CBConfig = 1 1/2 Bus CB
Tie CB: B1QOPEN/CLD = Position of own bus CB and disconnectors B2QOPEN/CLD = Position of opposite bus CB and disconnectors LN1QOPEN/CLD = Position of own line disconnector LN2QOPEN/CLD = Position of opposite line disconnector UB1OK/FF = Supervision of bus VT fuse connected to own bus CB UB2OK/FF = Supervision of bus VT fuse connected to opposite bus CB ULN1OK/FF = Supervision of line VT fuse connected to own line ULN2OK/FF = Supervision of line VT fuse connected to opposite line Setting CBConfig = Tie CB
If three SESRSYN functions are provided in the same IED, or if preferred for other reason, the system can be set-up without mirroring by setting CBConfig to 1 bus alt. CB on the SESRSYN function for the second busbar CB. Above standard is used because normally two SESRSYN functions with the same configuration and settings are provided in a station for each bay.
3.12.1.3
Setting guidelines
The setting parameters for the Synchronizing, synchrocheck and energizing check function SESRSYN are set via the local HMI (LHMI) or PCM600. This setting guidelines describes the settings of the SESRSYN function via the LHMI. The SESRSYN function has the following four configuration parameters, which on the LHMI are found under Settings/General Settings/Control/ Synchronizing(RSYN,25)/SESRSYN:X. SelPhaseBus1 and SelPhaseBus2
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Configuration parameters for selecting the measuring phase of the voltage for busbar 1 and 2 respectively, which can be a single-phase (phase-neutral), twophase (phase-phase) or a positive sequence voltage. SelPhaseLine1 and SelPhaseLine2 Configuration parameters for selecting the measuring phase of the voltage for line 1 and 2 respectively, which can be a single-phase (phase-neutral), two-phase (phasephase) or a positive sequence voltage. The same voltages must be used for both Bus and Line or, alternatively, a compensation of angle difference can be set. See setting PhaseShift below under General Settings. The SESRSYN function has one setting for the bus reference voltage (UBaseBus) and one setting for the line reference voltage (UBaseLine), which can be set as a reference of base values independently of each other. This means that the reference voltage of bus and line can be set to different values, which is necessary, for example, when synchronizing via a transformer. The settings for the SESRSYN function are found under Settings/Setting group N/ Control/Synchronizing(RSYN,25)/SESRSYN:X on the LHMI and are divided into four different groups: General, Synchronizing, Synchrocheck and Energizingcheck.
General settings
Operation: The operation mode can be set On or Off from PST. The setting Off disables the whole SESRSYN function. CBConfig This configuration setting is used to define type of voltage selection. Type of voltage selection can be selected as: no voltage selection single circuit breaker with double bus 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 1 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 2 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to line 1 and 2 (tie breaker)
UBaseBus and UBaseLine These are the configuration settings for the base voltages. URatio The URatio is defined as URatio = bus voltage/line voltage. This setting scales up the line voltage to an equal level with the bus voltage.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
PhaseShift This setting is used to compensate for a phase shift caused by a transformer between the two measurement points for bus voltage and line voltage, or by a use of different voltages as a reference for the bus and line voltages. The set value is added to the measured line phase angle. The bus voltage is the reference voltage.
Synchronizing settings
OperationSynch The setting Off disables the Synchronizing function. With the setting On, the function is in the service mode and the output signal depends on the input conditions. UHighBusSynch and UHighLineSynch The voltage level settings shall be chosen in relation to the bus/line network voltage. The threshold voltages UHighBusSynch and UHighLineSynch have to be set smaller than the value where the network is expected to be synchronized. A typical value is 80% of the rated voltage. UDiffSynch Setting of the voltage difference between the line voltage and the bus voltage. The difference is set depending on the network configuration and expected voltages in the two networks running asynchronously. A normal setting is 0.10-0.15 p.u. FreqDiffMin The setting FreqDiffMin is the minimum frequency difference where the systems are defined to be asynchronous. For frequency differences lower than this value, the systems are considered to be in parallel. A typical value for FreqDiffMin is 10 mHz. Generally, the value should be low if both synchronizing and synchrocheck functions are provided, and it is better to let the synchronizing function close, as it will close at exactly the right instance if the networks run with a frequency difference. FreqDiffMin must be set to the same value as FreqDiffM, respective FreqDiffA for SESRSYN depending on whether the functions are used for manual operation, autoreclosing, or both. FreqDiffMax The setting FreqDiffMax is the maximum slip frequency at which synchronizing is accepted. 1/FreqDiffMax shows the time for the vector to move 360 degrees, one turn on the synchronoscope, and is called Beat time. A typical value for FreqDiffMax is 200-250 mHz, which gives beat times on 4-5 seconds. Higher values should be avoided as the two networks normally are regulated to nominal frequency independent of each other, so the frequency difference shall be small. FreqRateChange
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The maximum allowed rate of change for the frequency. tBreaker The setting tBreaker shall be set to match the closing time for the circuit breaker and must also include the possible auxiliary relays in the closing circuit. A typical setting is 80-150 ms, depending on the breaker closing time. It is important to check that no slow logic components are used in the configuration of the IED, as this may cause variations in the closing time. tClosePulse The setting for the duration of the breaker close pulse. tMaxSynch The setting tMaxSynch is set to reset the operation of the synchronizing function if the operation does not take place within this time. The setting must allow for the setting of FreqDiffMin, which will decide how long it will take maximum to reach phase equality. At the setting of 10 ms, the beat time is 100 seconds and the setting would thus need to be at least tMinSynch plus 100 seconds. If the network frequencies are expected to be outside the limits from the start, a margin needs to be added. A typical setting is 600 seconds. tMinSynch The setting tMinSynch is set to limit the minimum time at which the synchronizing closing attempt is given. The synchronizing function will not give a closing command within this time, from when the synchronizing is started, even if a synchronizing condition is fulfilled. A typical setting is 200 ms.
Synchrocheck settings
OperationSC The OperationSC setting Off disables the synchrocheck function and sets the outputs AUTOSYOK, MANSYOK, TSTAUTSY and TSTMANSY to low. With the setting On, the function is in the service mode and the output signal depends on the input conditions. UHighBusSC and UHighLineSC The voltage level settings must be chosen in relation to the bus or line network voltage. The threshold voltages UHighBusSC and UHighLineSC have to be set lower than the value at which the breaker is expected to close with the synchronism check. A typical value can be 80% of the base voltages. UDiffSC
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The setting for voltage difference between line and bus in p.u, defined as (U-Bus/ UBaseBus) - (U-Line/UBaseLine). FreqDiffM and FreqDiffA The frequency difference level settings, FreqDiffM and FreqDiffA, are chosen depending on network conditions. At steady conditions, a low frequency difference setting is needed, where the FreqDiffM setting is used. For autoreclosing, a bigger frequency difference setting is preferable, where the FreqDiffA setting is used. A typical value for FreqDiffM can be10 mHz, and a typical value for FreqDiffA can be 100-200 mHz. PhaseDiffM and PhaseDiffA The phase angle difference level settings, PhaseDiffM and PhaseDiffA, are also chosen depending on conditions in the network. The phase angle setting must be chosen to allow closing under maximum load. A typical maximum value in heavyloaded networks can be 45 degrees, whereas in most networks the maximum occurring angle is below 25 degrees. The PhaseDiffM setting will be a limitation also for PhaseDiffA as it is expected that, due to the fluctuations, which can occur at high speed autoreclosing, the PhaseDiffA is limited in setting. tSCM and tSCA The purpose of the timer delay settings, tSCM andtSCA, is to ensure that the synchrocheck conditions remain constant and that the situation is not due to a temporary interference. If the conditions do not persist for the specified time, the delay timer is reset and the procedure is restarted when the conditions are fulfilled again. Circuit breaker closing is thus not permitted until the synchrocheck situation has remained constant throughout the set delay setting time. Under stable conditions, a longer operation time delay setting is needed, where the tSCM setting is used. During auto-reclosing, a shorter operation time delay setting is preferable, where the tSCA setting is used. A typical value for tSCM can be 1 second and a typical value for tSCA can be 0.1 seconds.
Energizingcheck settings
AutoEnerg and ManEnerg Two different settings can be used for automatic and manual closing of the circuit breaker. The settings for each of them are: Off, the energizing function is disabled. DLLB, Dead Line Live Bus, the line voltage is below set value of ULowLineEnerg and the bus voltage is above set value of UHighBusEnerg. DBLL, Dead Bus Live Line, the bus voltage is below set value of ULowBusEnerg and the line voltage is above set value of UHighLineEnerg. Both, energizing can be done in both directions, DLLB or DBLL.
ManEnergDBDL
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
If the parameter is set to On, manual closing is enabled when both line voltage and bus voltage are below ULowLineEnerg and ULowBusEnerg respectively, and ManEnerg is set to DLLB, DBLL or Both. UHighBusEnerg and UHighLineEnerg The voltage level settings must be chosen in relation to the bus or line network voltage. The threshold voltages UHighBusEnerg and UHighLineEnerg have to be set lower than the value at which the network is considered to be energized. A typical value can be 80% of the base voltages. ULowBusEnerg and ULowLineEnerg The threshold voltages ULowBusEnerg and ULowLineEnerg, have to be set to a value greater than the value where the network is considered not to be energized. A typical value can be 40% of the base voltages. A disconnected line can have a considerable potential due to, for instance, induction from a line running in parallel, or by being fed via the extinguishing capacitors in the circuit breakers. This voltage can be as high as 30% or more of the base line voltage. Because the setting ranges of the threshold voltages UHighBusEnerg/ UHighLineEnerg and ULowBusEnerg/ULowLineEnerg partly overlap each other, the setting conditions may be such that the setting of the non-energized threshold value is higher than that of the energized threshold value. The parameters must therefore be set carefully to avoid the setting conditions mentioned above. UMaxEnerg This setting is used to block the closing when the voltage on the live side is above the set value of UMaxEnerg. tAutoEnerg and tManEnerg The purpose of the timer delay settings, tAutoEnerg and tManEnerg, is to ensure that the dead side remains de-energized and that the condition is not due to a temporary interference. If the conditions do not persist for the specified time, the delay timer is reset and the procedure is restarted when the conditions are fulfilled again. Circuit breaker closing is thus not permitted until the energizing condition has remained constant throughout the set delay setting time.

3.12.1.4
Table 133:
Name Operation CBConfig
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
SESRSYN Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On No voltage sel. Double bus 1 1/2 bus CB 1 1/2 bus alt. CB Tie CB 0.001 - 9999.999 0.001 - 9999.999 -180 - 180 0.040 - 25.000 Off On 50.0 - 120.0 50.0 - 120.0 0.02 - 0.50 0.003 - 0.250 0.050 - 0.250 0.000 - 0.500 0.000 - 60.000 0.050 - 60.000 0.00 - 6000.00 0.000 - 60.000 Off On 50.0 - 120.0 50.0 - 120.0 0.02 - 0.50 0.003 - 1.000 0.003 - 1.000 5.0 - 90.0 Unit Step Default Off No voltage sel. Description Operation Off / On Select CB configuration
UBaseBus UBaseLine PhaseShift URatio OperationSynch UHighBusSynch UHighLineSynch UDiffSynch FreqDiffMin FreqDiffMax FreqRateChange tBreaker tClosePulse tMaxSynch tMinSynch OperationSC UHighBusSC UHighLineSC UDiffSC FreqDiffA FreqDiffM PhaseDiffA
kV kV Deg %UBB %UBL pu Hz Hz Hz/s s s s s %UBB %UBL pu Hz Hz Deg
0.001 0.001 5 0.001 1.0 1.0 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.001 1.0 1.0 0.01 0.001 0.001 1.0
400.000 400.000 0 1.000 Off 80.0 80.0 0.10 0.010 0.200 0.300 0.080 0.200 600.00 2.000 On 80.0 80.0 0.15 0.010 0.010 25.0
Base value for busbar voltage settings Base value for line voltage settings Phase shift Voltage ratio Operation for synchronizing function Off/ On Voltage high limit bus for synchronizing in % of UBaseBus Voltage high limit line for synchronizing in % of UBaseLine Voltage difference limit for synchronizing in p.u Minimum frequency difference limit for synchronizing Maximum frequency difference limit for synchronizing Maximum allowed frequency rate of change Closing time of the breaker Breaker closing pulse duration Resets synch if no close has been made before set time Minimum time to accept synchronizing conditions Operation for synchronism check function Off/On Voltage high limit bus for synchrocheck in % of UBaseBus Voltage high limit line for synchrocheck in % of UBaseLine Voltage difference limit in p.u Frequency difference limit between bus and line Auto Frequency difference limit between bus and line Manual Phase angle difference limit between bus and line Auto
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 5.0 - 90.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Off DLLB DBLL Both Off DLLB DBLL Both Off On 50.0 - 120.0 50.0 - 120.0 10.0 - 80.0 10.0 - 80.0 50.0 - 180.0 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Unit Deg s s Step 1.0 0.001 0.001 Default 25.0 0.100 0.100 DBLL Description Phase angle difference limit between bus and line Manual Time delay output for synchrocheck Auto Time delay output for synchrocheck Manual Automatic energizing check mode
Name PhaseDiffM tSCA tSCM AutoEnerg
ManEnerg
Both
Manual energizing check mode
ManEnergDBDL UHighBusEnerg UHighLineEnerg ULowBusEnerg ULowLineEnerg UMaxEnerg tAutoEnerg tManEnerg
%UBB %UBL %UBB %UBL %UB s s
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.001 0.001
Off 80.0 80.0 40.0 40.0 115.0 0.100 0.100
Manual dead bus, dead line energizing Voltage high limit bus for energizing check in % of UBaseBus Voltage high limit line for energizing check in % of UBaseLine Voltage low limit bus for energizing check in % of UBaseBus Voltage low limit line for energizing check in % of UBaseLine Maximum voltage for energizing in % of UBase, Line and/or Bus Time delay for automatic energizing check Time delay for manual energizing check
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 134:
Name SelPhaseBus1
SESRSYN Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Phase L1 for busbar1 Phase L2 for busbar1 Phase L3 for busbar1 Phase L1L2 for busbar1 Phase L2L3 for busbar1 Phase L3L1 for busbar1 Pos. sequence for busbar1 Phase L1 for busbar2 Phase L2 for busbar2 Phase L3 for busbar2 Phase L1L2 for busbar2 Phase L2L3 for busbar2 Phase L3L1 for busbar2 Pos. sequence for busbar2 Phase L1 for line1 Phase L2 for line1 Phase L3 for line1 Phase L1L2 for line1 Phase L2L3 for line1 Phase L3L1 for line1 Pos. sequence for line1 Phase L1 for line2 Phase L2 for line2 Phase L3 for line2 Phase L1L2 for line2 Phase L2L3 for line2 Phase L3L1 for line2 Pos. sequence for line2 Unit Step Default Phase L1 for busbar1 Description Select phase for busbar1
SelPhaseBus2
Phase L1 for busbar2
Select phase for busbar2
SelPhaseLine1
Phase L1 for line1
Select phase for line1
SelPhaseLine2
Phase L1 for line2
Select phase for line2
3.12.2
Apparatus control APC
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Application
The apparatus control is a function for control and supervising of circuit breakers, disconnectors, and earthing switches within a bay. Permission to operate is given after evaluation of conditions from other functions such as interlocking, synchrocheck, operator place selection and external or internal blockings. Figure 145 gives an overview from what places the apparatus control function receive commands. Commands to an apparatus can be initiated from the Control Centre (CC), the station HMI or the local HMI on the IED front.
3.12.2.1
cc
Station HMI
GW
Station bus Local HMI IED Apparatus Control I/O IED Apparatus Control I/O Local HMI IED Apparatus Control I/O Local HMI
breakers disconnectors earthing switches

IEC08000227.vsd
IEC08000227 V1 EN
Figure 145:
Overview of the apparatus control functions
Features in the apparatus control function: Operation of primary apparatuses Select-Execute principle to give high security Selection and reservation function to prevent simultaneous operation Selection and supervision of operator place Command supervision Block/deblock of operation Block/deblock of updating of position indications Substitution of position indications Overriding of interlocking functions Overriding of synchrocheck
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Pole discordance supervision Operation counter Suppression of Mid position
The apparatus control function is realized by means of a number of function blocks designated: Switch controller SCSWI Circuit breaker SXCBR Circuit switch SXSWI Bay control QCBAY Position evaluation POS_EVAL Bay reserve QCRSV Reservation input RESIN Local remote LOCREM Local remote control LOCREMCTRL
SCSWI, SXCBR, SXSWI and CBAY are logical nodes according to IEC 61850. The signal flow between these function blocks appears in figure 146. To realize the reservation function, the function blocks Reservation input (RESIN) and Bay reserve (QCRSV) also are included in the apparatus control function. The application description for all these functions can be found below. The function SCILO in the figure below is the logical node for interlocking. Control operation can be performed from the local IED HMI. If the administrator has defined users with the UMT tool, then the local/remote switch is under authority control. If not, the default (factory) user is the SuperUser that can perform control operations from the local IED HMI without LogOn. The default position of the local/remote switch is on remote.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IEC 61850
QCBAY
SCSWI
SXCBR SXCBR SXCBR
-QB1 -QA1
SCILO
SCSWI
SXSWI
-QB9
SCILO
en05000116.vsd
IEC05000116 V1 EN
Figure 146:
Signal flow between apparatus control function blocks
The IEC 61850 communication has always priority over binary inputs, e.g. a block command on binary inputs will not prevent commands over IEC 61850.
Bay control (QCBAY)
The Bay control (QCBAY) is used to handle the selection of the operator place per bay. The function gives permission to operate from two types of locations either from Remote (for example, control centre or station HMI) or from Local (local HMI on the IED) or from all (Local and Remote). The Local/Remote switch position can also be set to Off, which means no operator place selected that is, operation is not possible neither from local nor from remote. QCBAY also provides blocking functions that can be distributed to different apparatuses within the bay. There are two different blocking alternatives: Blocking of update of positions Blocking of commands
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The function does not have a corresponding functionality defined in the IEC 61850 standard, which means that this function is included as a vendor specific logical node.
Switch controller (SCSWI)
SCSWI may handle and operate on one three-phase device or three one-phase switching devices. After the selection of an apparatus and before the execution, the switch controller performs the following checks and actions: A request initiates to reserve other bays to prevent simultaneous operation. Actual position inputs for interlocking information are read and evaluated if the operation is permitted. The synchrocheck/synchronizing conditions are read and checked, and performs operation upon positive response. The blocking conditions are evaluated The position indications are evaluated according to given command and its requested direction (open or closed).
The command sequence is supervised regarding the time between: Select and execute. Select and until the reservation is granted. Execute and the final end position of the apparatus. Execute and valid close conditions from the synchrocheck.
At error the command sequence is cancelled. In the case when there are three one-phase switches (SXCBR) connected to the switch controller function, the switch controller will "merge" the position of the three switches to the resulting three-phase position. In case of a pole discordance situation, that is, the positions of the one-phase switches are not equal for a time longer than a settable time; an error signal will be given. The switch controller is not dependent on the type of switching device SXCBR or SXSWI. The switch controller represents the content of the SCSWI logical node (according to IEC 61850) with mandatory functionality.
Switch (SXCBR/SXSWI)
The Switch is a function used to close and interrupt an ac power circuit under normal conditions, or to interrupt the circuit under fault, or emergency conditions. The intention with this function is to represent the lowest level of a powerswitching device with or without short circuit breaking capability, for example, circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches etc. The purpose of this function is to provide the actual status of positions and to perform the control operations, that is, pass all the commands to the primary apparatus via output boards and to supervise the switching operation and position. The Switch has this functionality:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Local/Remote switch intended for the switchyard Block/deblock for open/close command respectively Update block/deblock of position indication Substitution of position indication Supervision timer that the primary device starts moving after a command Supervision of allowed time for intermediate position Definition of pulse duration for open/close command respectively
The realization of this function is performed with SXCBR representing a circuit breaker and with SXSWI representing a circuit switch that is, a disconnector or an earthing switch. The Circuit breaker (SXCBR) can be realized either as three one-phase switches or as one three-phase switch. The content of this function is represented by the IEC 61850 definitions for the logical nodes Circuit breaker (SXCBR) and Circuit switch (SXSWI) with mandatory functionality.
Reservation function (QCRSV/RESIN)
The purpose of the reservation function is primarily to transfer interlocking information between IEDs in a safe way and to prevent double operation in a bay, switchyard part, or complete substation. For interlocking evaluation in a substation, the position information from switching devices, such as circuit breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches can be required from the same bay or from several other bays. When information is needed from other bays, it is exchanged over the serial station bus between the distributed IEDs. The problem that arises, even at a high speed of communication, is a space of time during which the information about the position of the switching devices are uncertain. The interlocking function uses this information for evaluation, which means that also the interlocking conditions will be uncertain. To ensure that the interlocking information is correct at the time of operation, a unique reservation method is available in the IEDs. With this reservation method the operation will temporarily be blocked for all switching devices in other bays, which switching states are used for evaluation of permission to operate. Actual position indications from these bays are then transferred over the serial bus for evaluation in the IED. After the evaluation the operation can be executed with high security. This functionality is realized over the station bus by means of the function blocks QCRSV and RESIN. The application principle appears from figure 147. The function block QCRSV handles the reservation. It sends out either the reservation request to other bays or the acknowledgement if the bay has received a request from another bay. The other function block RESIN receives the reservation information from other bays. The number of instances is the same as the number of involved bays (up to
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
60 instances are available). The received signals are either the request for reservation from another bay or the acknowledgment from each bay respectively, which have received a request from this bay. Also the information of valid transmission over the station bus must be received.
IED IED
SCSWI RES_GRT RES_RQ
RESIN EXCH_IN EXCH_OUT ... From other SCSWI in the bay
QCRSV RES_RQ1 . . RES_RQ8 RES_GRT1 . . RES_GRT8 RES_DATA 2 To other SCSWI in the bay
...
RESIN EXCH_IN 3 ... Station bus EXCH_OUT
en05000117.vsd
IEC05000117 V2 EN
Figure 147:
Application principles for reservation over the station bus
The reservation can also be realized with external wiring according to the application example in figure 148. This solution is realized with external auxiliary relays and extra binary inputs and outputs in each IED, but without use of function blocks QCRSV and RESIN.
IED IED
SCSWI RES_EXT SELECTED
Other SCSWI in the bay BI BO BI
OR
BO
+
en05000118.vsd
IEC05000118 V2 EN
Figure 148:
Application principles for reservation with external wiring
The solution in figure 148 can also be realized over the station bus according to the application example in figure 149. The solutions in figure 148 and figure 149 do
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
not have the same high security compared to the solution in figure 147, but have instead a higher availability. This because no acknowledgment is required.
IED IED
IntlReceive
RESGRANT
SCSWI
RES_EXT SELECTED
. . .
. . .
IntlReceive
RESGRANT
Other SCWI in the bay
OR
SPGGIO
IN
... Station bus
en05000178.vsd
IEC05000178 V2 EN
Figure 149:
Application principle for an alternative reservation solution
3.12.2.2
Interaction between modules

A typical bay with apparatus control function consists of a combination of logical nodes or functions that are described here: The Switch controller (SCSWI) initializes all operations for one apparatus and performs the actual switching and is more or less the interface to the drive of one apparatus. It includes the position handling as well as the control of the position. The Circuit breaker (SXCBR) is the process interface to the circuit breaker for the apparatus control function. The Circuit switch (SXSWI) is the process interface to the disconnector or the earthing switch for the apparatus control function. The Bay control (QCBAY) fulfils the bay-level functions for the apparatuses, such as operator place selection and blockings for the complete bay. The Reservation (QCRSV) deals with the reservation function. The Four step residual overcurrent protection (EF4PTOC) trips the breaker in case of Distance protection zones (ZMQPDIS). The Protection trip logic (SMPPTRC) connects the "trip" outputs of one or more protection functions to a common "trip" to be transmitted to SXCBR. The Autorecloser (SMBRREC) consists of the facilities to automatically close a tripped breaker with respect to a number of configurable conditions. The logical node Interlocking (SCILO) provides the information to SCSWI whether it is permitted to operate due to the switchyard topology. The interlocking conditions are evaluated with separate logic and connected to SCILO . The Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing (SESRSYN) calculates and compares the voltage phasor difference from both sides of an
413
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
open breaker with predefined switching conditions (synchrocheck). Also the case that one side is dead (energizing-check) is included. The logical node Generic Automatic Process Control, GAPC, is an automatic function that reduces the interaction between the operator and the system. With one command, the operator can start a sequence that will end with a connection of a process object (for example a line) to one of the possible busbars.
The overview of the interaction between these functions is shown in figure 150 below.
ZMQPDIS (Distance) SMPPTRC (Trip logic) SECRSYN (Synchrocheck) Trip Synchrocheck OK QCBAY (Bay control) Operator place selection Res. req. QCRSV (Reservation) Res. granted Res. req. Close CB SCSWI (Switching control)
Start AR
Open cmd Close cmd SXCBR (Circuit breaker)
Enable open
(Autoreclosure)
Enable close
SMBRREC
Position I/O
SCILO (Interlocking)
Pos. from other bays
Interlocking function block (Not a LN)
Open rel. Close rel. Open rel. Close rel. Position
SCILO (Interlocking) Enable open Enable close
GAPC (Generic Automatic Process Control)
Res. granted Open/Close Open/Close SCSWI (Switching control)
Open cmd Close cmd SXSWI (Disconnector)
Position
I/O
en05000120.vsd
IEC05000120 V1 EN
Figure 150:
Example overview of the interactions between functions in a typical bay
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting guidelines
The setting parameters for the apparatus control function are set via the local HMI or PCM600. If the parameter AllPSTOValid is set to No priority, all originators from local and remote are accepted without any priority.
3.12.2.3
Bay control (QCBAY)
Switch controller (SCSWI)
The parameter CtlModel specifies the type of control model according to IEC 61850. For normal control of circuit breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches the control model is set to SBO Enh (Select-Before-Operate) with enhanced security. When the operation shall be performed in one step, the model direct control with normal security is used. At control with enhanced security there is an additional supervision of the status value by the control object, which means that each command sequence must be terminated by a termination command. The parameter PosDependent gives permission to operate depending on the position indication, that is, at Always permitted it is always permitted to operate independent of the value of the position. At Not perm at 00/11 it is not permitted to operate if the position is in bad or intermediate state. tSelect is the maximum time between the select and the execute command signal, that is, the time the operator has to perform the command execution after the selection of the object to operate. When the time has expired, the selected output signal is set to false and a cause-code is given over IEC 61850. The time parameter tResResponse is the allowed time from reservation request to the feedback reservation granted from all bays involved in the reservation function. When the time has expired, the control function is reset. tSynchrocheck is the allowed time for the synchrocheck function to fulfill the close conditions. When the time has expired, the control function is reset. The timer tSynchronizing supervises that the signal synchronizing in progress is obtained in SCSWI after start of the synchronizing function. The start signal for the synchronizing is obtained if the synchrocheck conditions are not fulfilled. When the time has expired, the control function is reset. If no synchronizing function is included, the time is set to 0, which means no start of the synchronizing function. tExecutionFB is the maximum time between the execute command signal and the command termination. When the time has expired, the control function is reset. tPoleDiscord is the allowed time to have discrepancy between the poles at control of three one-phase breakers. At discrepancy an output signal is activated to be used for trip or alarm.

Switch (SXCBR/SXSWI)
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
tStartMove is the supervision time for the apparatus to start moving after a command execution. When the time has expired, the switch function is reset. During the tIntermediate time the position indication is allowed to be in an intermediate (00) state. When the time has expired, the switch function is reset. The indication of the mid-position at SCSWI is suppressed during this time period when the position changes from open to close or vice-versa. If the parameter AdaptivePulse is set to Adaptive the command output pulse resets when a new correct end position is reached. If the parameter is set to Not adaptive the command output pulse remains active until the timer tOpenPulsetClosePulse has elapsed. tOpenPulse is the output pulse length for an open command. The default length is set to 200 ms for a circuit breaker (SXCBR) and 500 ms for a disconnector (SXSWI). tClosePulse is the output pulse length for a close command. The default length is set to 200 ms for a circuit breaker (SXCBR) and 500 ms for a disconnector (SXSWI). SuppressMidPos when On will suppress the mid-position during the time tIntermediate. The timer tCancelRes defines the supervision time for canceling the reservation, when this cannot be done by requesting bay due to for example communication failure. When the parameter ParamRequestx (x=1-8) is set to Only own bay res. individually for each apparatus (x) in the bay, only the own bay is reserved, that is, the output for reservation request of other bays (RES_BAYS) will not be activated at selection of apparatus x. With the FutureUse parameter set to Bay future use the function can handle bays not yet installed in the SA system.
Bay Reserve (QCRSV)
Reservation input (RESIN)
3.12.2.4
Table 135:
Name AllPSTOValid
Setting parameters
QCBAY Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Priority No priority Unit Step Default Priority Description Priority of originators
Table 136:
Name ControlMode
LOCREM Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Internal LR-switch External LR-switch Unit Step Default Internal LR-switch Description Control mode for internal/external LRswitch
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 137:
Name CtlModel PosDependent tSelect tResResponse tSynchrocheck tSynchronizing tExecutionFB tPoleDiscord
SCSWI Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Dir Norm SBO Enh Always permitted Not perm at 00/11 0.00 - 600.00 0.000 - 60.000 0.00 - 600.00 0.00 - 600.00 0.00 - 600.00 0.000 - 60.000 Unit s s s s s s Step 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.001 Default SBO Enh Always permitted 30.00 5.000 10.00 0.00 30.00 2.000 Description Specifies control model type Permission to operate depending on the position Maximum time between select and execute signals Allowed time from reservation request to reservation granted Allowed time for synchrocheck to fulfil close conditions Supervision time to get the signal synchronizing in progress Maximum time from command execution to termination Allowed time to have discrepancy between the poles
Table 138:
Name tStartMove tIntermediate AdaptivePulse tOpenPulse tClosePulse SuppressMidPos
SXCBR Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Not adaptive Adaptive 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Off On Unit s s s s Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 0.100 0.150 Not adaptive 0.200 0.200 On Description Supervision time for the apparatus to move after a command Allowed time for intermediate position Output resets when a new correct end position is reached Output pulse length for open command Output pulse length for close command Mid-position is suppressed during the time tIntermediate
Table 139:
Name tStartMove tIntermediate AdaptivePulse tOpenPulse tClosePulse SwitchType
SXSWI Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Not adaptive Adaptive 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Load Break Disconnector Earthing Switch HS Earthing Switch Off On Unit s s s s Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 3.000 15.000 Not adaptive 0.200 0.200 Disconnector Description Supervision time for the apparatus to move after a command Allowed time for intermediate position Output resets when a new correct end position is reached Output pulse length for open command Output pulse length for close command 1=LoadBreak,2=Disconnector, 3=EarthSw,4=HighSpeedEarthSw
SuppressMidPos
On
Mid-position is suppressed during the time tIntermediate
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 140:
Name tCancelRes ParamRequest1 ParamRequest2 ParamRequest3 ParamRequest4 ParamRequest5 ParamRequest6 ParamRequest7 ParamRequest8
QCRSV Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 Other bays res. Only own bay res. Other bays res. Only own bay res. Other bays res. Only own bay res. Other bays res. Only own bay res. Other bays res. Only own bay res. Other bays res. Only own bay res. Other bays res. Only own bay res. Other bays res. Only own bay res. Unit s Step 0.001 Default 10.000 Only own bay res. Only own bay res. Only own bay res. Only own bay res. Only own bay res. Only own bay res. Only own bay res. Only own bay res. Description Supervision time for canceling the reservation Reservation of the own bay only, at selection of apparatus 1 Reservation of the own bay only, at selection of apparatus 2 Reservation of the own bay only, at selection of apparatus 3 Reservation of the own bay only, at selection of apparatus 4 Reservation of the own bay only, at selection of apparatus 5 Reservation of the own bay only, at selection of apparatus 6 Reservation of the own bay only, at selection of apparatus 7 Reservation of the own bay only, at selection of apparatus 8
Table 141:
Name FutureUse
RESIN1 Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Bay in use Bay future use Unit Step Default Bay in use Description The bay for this ResIn block is for future use
Table 142:
Name FutureUse
RESIN2 Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Bay in use Bay future use Unit Step Default Bay in use Description The bay for this ResIn block is for future use
3.12.3
Interlocking
The main purpose of switchgear interlocking is: To avoid the dangerous or damaging operation of switchgear To enforce restrictions on the operation of the substation for other reasons for example, load configuration. Examples of the latter are to limit the number of parallel transformers to a maximum of two or to ensure that energizing is always from one side, for example, the high voltage side of a transformer.
This section only deals with the first point, and only with restrictions caused by switching devices other than the one to be controlled. This means that switch interlock, because of device alarms, is not included in this section.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Disconnectors and earthing switches have a limited switching capacity. Disconnectors may therefore only operate: With basically zero current. The circuit is open on one side and has a small extension. The capacitive current is small (for example, < 5A) and power transformers with inrush current are not allowed. To connect or disconnect a parallel circuit carrying load current. The switching voltage across the open contacts is thus virtually zero, thanks to the parallel circuit (for example, < 1% of rated voltage). Paralleling of power transformers is not allowed.
Earthing switches are allowed to connect and disconnect earthing of isolated points. Due to capacitive or inductive coupling there may be some voltage (for example < 40% of rated voltage) before earthing and some current (for example < 100A) after earthing of a line. Circuit breakers are usually not interlocked. Closing is only interlocked against running disconnectors in the same bay, and the bus-coupler opening is interlocked during a busbar transfer. The positions of all switching devices in a bay and from some other bays determine the conditions for operational interlocking. Conditions from other stations are usually not available. Therefore, a line earthing switch is usually not fully interlocked. The operator must be convinced that the line is not energized from the other side before closing the earthing switch. As an option, a voltage indication can be used for interlocking. Take care to avoid a dangerous enable condition at the loss of a VT secondary voltage, for example, because of a blown fuse. The switch positions used by the operational interlocking logic are obtained from auxiliary contacts or position sensors. For each end position (open or closed) a true indication is needed - thus forming a double indication. The apparatus control function continuously checks its consistency. If neither condition is high (1 or TRUE), the switch may be in an intermediate position, for example, moving. This dynamic state may continue for some time, which in the case of disconnectors may be up to 10 seconds. Should both indications stay low for a longer period, the position indication will be interpreted as unknown. If both indications stay high, something is wrong, and the state is again treated as unknown. In both cases an alarm is sent to the operator. Indications from position sensors shall be self-checked and system faults indicated by a fault signal. In the interlocking logic, the signals are used to avoid dangerous enable or release conditions. When the switching state of a switching device cannot be determined operation is not permitted. For switches with an individual operation gear per phase, the evaluation must consider possible phase discrepancies. This is done with the aid of an ANDfunction for all three phases in each apparatus for both open and close indications. Phase discrepancies will result in an unknown double indication state.

3.12.3.1 Configuration guidelines
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The following sections describe how the interlocking for a certain switchgear configuration can be realized in the IED by using standard interlocking modules and their interconnections. They also describe the configuration settings. The inputs for delivery specific conditions (Qx_EXy) are set to 1=TRUE if they are not used, except in the following cases: QB9_EX2 and QB9_EX4 in modules BH_LINE_A and BH_LINE_B QA1_EX3 in module AB_TRAFO
when they are set to 0=FALSE.
3.12.3.2
Interlocking for line bay ABC_LINE Application
The interlocking for line bay (ABC_LINE) function is used for a line connected to a double busbar arrangement with a transfer busbar according to figure 151. The function can also be used for a double busbar arrangement without transfer busbar or a single busbar arrangement with/without transfer busbar.
WA1 (A) WA2 (B) WA7 (C) QB1 QB2 QC1 QA1 QC2 QB9 QC9 QB7
en04000478.vsd
IEC04000478 V1 EN
Figure 151:
Switchyard layout ABC_LINE
The signals from other bays connected to the module ABC_LINE are described below.
Signals from bypass busbar

To derive the signals:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Signal BB7_D_OP VP_BB7_D EXDU_BPB All line disconnectors on bypass WA7 except in the own bay are open. The switch status of disconnectors on bypass busbar WA7 are valid. No transmission error from any bay containing disconnectors on bypass busbar WA7
These signals from each line bay (ABC_LINE) except that of the own bay are needed:
Signal QB7OPTR VPQB7TR EXDU_BPB Q7 is open The switch status for QB7 is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
For bay n, these conditions are valid:

QB7OPTR (bay 1) QB7OPTR (bay 2) . . . . . . QB7OPTR (bay n-1) VPQB7TR (bay 1) VPQB7TR (bay 2) . . . . . . VPQB7TR (bay n-1) EXDU_BPB (bay 1) EXDU_BPB (bay 2) . . . . . . EXDU_BPB (bay n-1)
IEC04000477 V1 EN
&
BB7_D_OP
&
VP_BB7_D
&
EXDU_BPB
en04000477.vsd
Figure 152:
Signals from bypass busbar in line bay n
Signals from bus-coupler
If the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors into bus sections, the busbarbusbar connection could exist via the bus-section disconnector and bus-coupler within the other bus section.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
(WA1)A1 (WA2)B1 (WA7)C
Section 1
Section 2
A2 B2 C
ABC_LINE
IEC04000479 V1 EN
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) ABC_BC ABC_LINE
ABC_BC
en04000479.vsd
Figure 153:
Busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers)

Signal BC_12_CL BC_17_OP BC_17_CL BC_27_OP BC_27_CL VP_BC_12 VP_BC_17 VP_BC_27 EXDU_BC A bus-coupler connection exists between busbar WA1 and WA2. No bus-coupler connection between busbar WA1 and WA7. A bus-coupler connection exists between busbar WA1and WA7. No bus-coupler connection between busbar WA2 and WA7. A bus-coupler connection exists between busbar WA2 and WA7. The switch status of BC_12 is valid. The switch status of BC_17 is valid. The switch status of BC_27 is valid. No transmission error from any bus-coupler bay (BC).
These signals from each bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) are needed:

Signal BC12CLTR BC17OPTR BC17CLTR BC27OPTR BC27CLTR VPBC12TR VPBC17TR VPBC27TR EXDU_BC A bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler exists between busbar WA1 and WA2. No bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler between busbar WA1 and WA7. A bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler exists between busbar WA1 and WA7. No bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler between busbar WA2 and WA7. A bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler exists between busbar WA2 and WA7. The switch status of BC_12 is valid. The switch status of BC_17 is valid. The switch status of BC_27 is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
These signals from each bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) are also needed. For B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC.
Signal DCOPTR DCCLTR VPDCTR EXDU_DC The bus-section disconnector is open. The bus-section disconnector is closed. The switch status of bus-section disconnector DC is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bussection coupler bay (A1A2_BS), rather than the bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) must be used. For B1B2_BS, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of module (A1A2_BS) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section circuit breakers A1A2_BS and B1B2_BS.
Signal S1S2OPTR S1S2CLTR VPS1S2TR EXDU_BS No bus-section coupler connection between bus-sections 1 and 2. A bus-section coupler connection exists between bus-sections 1 and 2. The switch status of bus-section coupler BS is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
For a line bay in section 1, these conditions are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
BC12CLTR (sect.1) DCCLTR (A1A2) DCCLTR (B1B2) BC12CLTR (sect.2) VPBC12TR (sect.1) VPDCTR (A1A2) VPDCTR (B1B2) VPBC12TR (sect.2) BC17OPTR (sect.1) DCOPTR (A1A2) BC17OPTR (sect.2) BC17CLTR (sect.1) DCCLTR (A1A2) BC17CLTR (sect.2) VPBC17TR (sect.1) VPDCTR (A1A2) VPBC17TR (sect.2) & >1 >1 & & >1
BC_12_CL
&
VP_BC_12
BC_17_OP
BC_17_CL
&
VP_BC_17
BC27OPTR (sect.1) DCOPTR (B1B2) BC27OPTR (sect.2) BC27CLTR (sect.1) DCCLTR (B1B2) BC27CLTR (sect.2) VPBC27TR (sect.1) VPDCTR (B1B2) VPBC27TR (sect.2) EXDU_BC (sect.1) EXDU_DC (A1A2) EXDU_DC (B1B2) EXDU_BC (sect.2) & >1 >1 &
BC_27_OP
BC_27_CL
&
VP_BC_27
&
EXDU_BC
en04000480.vsd
IEC04000480 V1 EN
Figure 154:
Signals to a line bay in section 1 from the bus-coupler bays in each section
For a line bay in section 2, the same conditions as above are valid by changing section 1 to section 2 and vice versa.
Configuration setting
If there is no bypass busbar and therefore no QB7 disconnector, then the interlocking for QB7 is not used. The states for QB7, QC71, BB7_D, BC_17, BC_27 are set to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
QB7_OP = 1 QB7_CL = 0 QC71_OP = 1 QC71_CL = 0 BB7_D_OP = 1 BC_17_OP = 1 BC_17_CL = 0 BC_27_OP = 1 BC_27_CL = 0 EXDU_BPB = 1 VP_BB7_D = 1 VP_BC_17 = 1 VP_BC_27 = 1
If there is no second busbar WA2 and therefore no QB2 disconnector, then the interlocking for QB2 is not used. The state for QB2, QC21, BC_12, BC_27 are set to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: QB2_OP = 1 QB2_CL = 0 QC21_OP = 1 QC21_CL = 0 BC_12_CL = 0 BC_27_OP = 1 BC_27_CL = 0 VP_BC_12 = 1
3.12.3.3
Interlocking for bus-coupler bay ABC_BC Application
The interlocking for bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) function is used for a bus-coupler bay connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 155. The function can also be used for a single busbar arrangement with transfer busbar or double busbar arrangement without transfer busbar.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
WA1 (A) WA2 (B) WA7 (C) QB1 QB2 QC1 QA1 QB20 QB7
QC2
en04000514.vsd
IEC04000514 V1 EN
Figure 155:
Switchyard layout ABC_BC
Configuration
The signals from the other bays connected to the bus-coupler module ABC_BC are described below.
Signals from all feeders

Signal BBTR_OP VP_BBTR EXDU_12 No busbar transfer is in progress concerning this bus-coupler. The switch status is valid for all apparatuses involved in the busbar transfer. No transmission error from any bay connected to the WA1/WA2 busbars.
These signals from each line bay (ABC_LINE), each transformer bay (AB_TRAFO), and bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC), except the own bus-coupler bay are needed:
Signal QQB12OPTR VPQB12TR EXDU_12 QB1 or QB2 or both are open. The switch status of QB1 and QB2 are valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
For bus-coupler bay n, these conditions are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
QB12OPTR (bay 1) QB12OPTR (bay 2) . . . . . . QB12OPTR (bay n-1) VPQB12TR (bay 1) VPQB12TR (bay 2) . . . . . . VPQB12TR (bay n-1) EXDU_12 (bay 1) EXDU_12 (bay 2) . . . . . . EXDU_12 (bay n-1)
IEC04000481 V1 EN
&
BBTR_OP
&
VP_BBTR
&
EXDU_12
en04000481.vsd
Figure 156:
Signals from any bays in bus-coupler bay n
If the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors into bus-sections, the signals BBTR are connected in parallel - if both bus-section disconnectors are closed. So for the basic project-specific logic for BBTR above, add this logic:
(WA1)A1 (WA2)B1 (WA7)C Section 1 Section 2 A2 B2 C
ABC_LINE
IEC04000482 V1 EN
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) ABC_BC ABC_LINE
ABC_BC AB_TRAFO
en04000482.vsd
Figure 157:
The following signals from each bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) are needed. For B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bussection disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC.
Signal DCOPTR VPDCTR EXDU_DC The bus-section disconnector is open. The switch status of bus-section disconnector DC is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bussection coupler bay (A1A2_BS), rather than the bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC), have to be used. For B1B2_BS, corresponding signals from busbar B
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
are used. The same type of module (A1A2_BS) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section circuit breakers A1A2_BS and B1B2_BS.
Signal S1S2OPTR VPS1S2TR EXDU_BS No bus-section coupler connection between bus-sections 1 and 2. The switch status of bus-section coupler BS is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
For a bus-coupler bay in section 1, these conditions are valid:

BBTR_OP (sect.1) DCOPTR (A1A2) DCOPTR (B1B2) BBTR_OP (sect.2) VP_BBTR (sect.1) VPDCTR (A1A2) VPDCTR (B1B2) VP_BBTR (sect.2) EXDU_12 (sect.1) EXDU_DC (A1A2) EXDU_DC (B1B2) EXDU_12 (sect.2)
IEC04000483 V1 EN
BBTR_OP >1 &
&
VP_BBTR
&
EXDU_12
en04000483.vsd
Figure 158:
Signals to a bus-coupler bay in section 1 from any bays in each section
For a bus-coupler bay in section 2, the same conditions as above are valid by changing section 1 to section 2 and vice versa.
If the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors into bus-sections, the signals BC_12 from the busbar coupler of the other busbar section must be transmitted to the own busbar coupler if both disconnectors are closed.
ABC_BC
IEC04000484 V1 EN
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS)
ABC_BC
en04000484.vsd
Figure 159:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Signal BC_12_CL VP_BC_12 EXDU_BC Another bus-coupler connection exists between busbar WA1 and WA2. The switch status of BC_12 is valid. No transmission error from any bus-coupler bay (BC).
These signals from each bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC), except the own bay, are needed:
Signal BC12CLTR VPBC12TR EXDU_BC A bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler exists between busbar WA1 and WA2. The switch status of BC_12 is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
These signals from each bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) are also needed. For B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC.
Signal DCCLTR VPDCTR EXDU_DC The bus-section disconnector is closed. The switch status of bus-section disconnector DC is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bussection coupler bay (A1A2_BS), rather than the bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC), must be used. For B1B2_BS, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of module (A1A2_BS) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section circuit breakers A1A2_BS and B1B2_BS.
Signal S1S2CLTR VPS1S2TR EXDU_BS A bus-section coupler connection exists between bus sections 1 and 2. The switch status of bus-section coupler BS is valid. No transmission error from the bay containing the above information.
For a bus-coupler bay in section 1, these conditions are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
DCCLTR (A1A2) DCCLTR (B1B2) BC12CLTR (sect.2) VPDCTR (A1A2) VPDCTR (B1B2) VPBC12TR (sect.2) EXDU_DC (A1A2) EXDU_DC (B1B2) EXDU_BC (sect.2)
IEC04000485 V1 EN
&
BC_12_CL
&
VP_BC_12
&
EXDU_BC
en04000485.vsd
Figure 160:
Signals to a bus-coupler bay in section 1 from a bus-coupler bay in another section
For a bus-coupler bay in section 2, the same conditions as above are valid by changing section 1 to section 2 and vice versa.
If there is no bypass busbar and therefore no QB2 and QB7 disconnectors, then the interlocking for QB2 and QB7 is not used. The states for QB2, QB7, QC71 are set to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: QB2_OP = 1 QB2_CL = 0 QB7_OP = 1 QB7_CL = 0 QC71_OP = 1 QC71_CL = 0
If there is no second busbar B and therefore no QB2 and QB20 disconnectors, then the interlocking for QB2 and QB20 are not used. The states for QB2, QB20, QC21, BC_12, BBTR are set to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: QB2_OP = 1 QB2_CL = 0 QB20_OP = 1 QB20_CL = 0 QC21_OP = 1 QC21_CL = 0
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
BC_12_CL = 0 VP_BC_12 = 1 BBTR_OP = 1 VP_BBTR = 1
3.12.3.4
Interlocking for transformer bay AB_TRAFO Application
The interlocking for transformer bay (AB_TRAFO) function is used for a transformer bay connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 161. The function is used when there is no disconnector between circuit breaker and transformer. Otherwise, the interlocking for line bay (ABC_LINE) function can be used. This function can also be used in single busbar arrangements.
WA1 (A) WA2 (B) QB1 QB2 QC1 QA1 AB_TRAFO QC2
T QC3 QA2 QC4 QB3 QB4

QA2 and QC4 are not used in this interlocking
en04000515.vsd
IEC04000515 V1 EN
Figure 161:
Switchyard layout AB_TRAFO
The signals from other bays connected to the module AB_TRAFO are described below.
If the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors into bus-sections, the busbarbusbar connection could exist via the bus-section disconnector and bus-coupler within the other bus-section.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 1
Section 2
A2 B2 C
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) AB_TRAFO ABC_BC AB_TRAFO ABC_BC

en04000487.vsd
IEC04000487 V1 EN
Figure 162:
The project-specific logic for input signals concerning bus-coupler are the same as the specific logic for the line bay (ABC_LINE):
Signal BC_12_CL VP_BC_12 EXDU_BC A bus-coupler connection exists between busbar WA1 and WA2. The switch status of BC_12 is valid. No transmission error from bus-coupler bay (BC).
The logic is identical to the double busbar configuration Signals from bus-coupler.
If there are no second busbar B and therefore no QB2 disconnector, then the interlocking for QB2 is not used. The state for QB2, QC21, BC_12 are set to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: QB2_OP = 1 QB2QB2_CL = 0 QC21_OP = 1 QC21_CL = 0 BC_12_CL = 0 VP_BC_12 = 1
If there is no second busbar B at the other side of the transformer and therefore no QB4 disconnector, then the state for QB4 is set to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows: QB4_OP = 1 QB4_CL = 0
3.12.3.5
Interlocking for bus-section breaker A1A2_BS
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Signals from all feeders
If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers into bus-sections and both circuit breakers are closed, the opening of the circuit breaker must be blocked if a bus-coupler connection exists between busbars on one bus-section side and if on the other bus-section side a busbar transfer is in progress:
ABC_LINE
IEC04000489 V1 EN
A1A2_BS ABC_BC B1B2_BS AB_TRAFO ABC_LINE
ABC_BC AB_TRAFO
en04000489.vsd
Figure 163:
Busbars divided by bus-section circuit breakers

Signal BBTR_OP VP_BBTR EXDU_12 No busbar transfer is in progress concerning this bus-section. The switch status of BBTR is valid. No transmission error from any bay connected to busbar 1(A) and 2(B).
These signals from each line bay (ABC_LINE), each transformer bay (AB_TRAFO), and bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) are needed:
Signal QB12OPTR VPQB12TR EXDU_12 QB1 or QB2 or both are open. The switch status of QB1 and QB2 are valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
These signals from each bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) are needed:

Signal BC12OPTR VPBC12TR EXDU_BC No bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler between busbar WA1 and WA2. The switch status of BC_12 is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
These signals from the bus-section circuit breaker bay (A1A2_BS, B1B2_BS) are needed.

Signal S1S2OPTR VPS1S2TR EXDU_BS
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
No bus-section coupler connection between bus-sections 1 and 2. The switch status of bus-section coupler BS is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
For a bus-section circuit breaker between A1 and A2 section busbars, these conditions are valid:
S1S2OPTR (B1B2) BC12OPTR (sect.1) QB12OPTR (bay 1/sect.2) ... ... QB12OPTR (bay n/sect.2) S1S2OPTR (B1B2) BC12OPTR (sect.2) QB12OPTR (bay 1/sect.1) ... ... QB12OPTR (bay n /sect.1) VPS1S2TR (B1B2) VPBC12TR (sect.1) VPQB12TR (bay 1/sect.2) ... ... VPQB12TR (bay n/sect.1) VPBC12TR (sect.2) VPQB12TR (bay 1/sect.1) ... ... VPQB12TR (bay n/sect.1) EXDU_BS (B1B2) EXDU_BC (sect.1) EXDU_12 (bay 1/sect.2) ... ... EXDU_12 (bay n /sect.2) EXDU_BC (sect.2) EXDU_12(bay 1/sect.1) ... ... EXDU_12 (bay n /sect.1)
en04000490.vsd
IEC04000490 V1 EN
>1 & & BBTR_OP
>1 &
&
VP_BBTR
&
EXDU_12
Figure 164:
Signals from any bays for a bus-section circuit breaker between sections A1 and A2
For a bus-section circuit breaker between B1 and B2 section busbars, these conditions are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
S1S2OPTR (A1A2) BC12OPTR (sect.1) QB12OPTR (bay 1/sect.2) ... ... QB12OPTR (bay n/sect.2) S1S2OPTR (A1A2) BC12OPTR (sect.2) QB12OPTR (bay 1/sect.1) ... ... QB12OPTR (bay n /sect.1) VPS1S2TR (A1A2) VPBC12TR (sect.1) VPQB12TR (bay 1/sect.2) ... ... VPQB12TR (bay n/sect.1) VPBC12TR (sect.2) VPQB12TR (bay 1/sect.1) ... ... VPQB12TR (bay n/sect.1) EXDU_BS (A1A2) EXDU_BC (sect.1) EXDU_12(bay 1/sect.2) ... ... EXDU_12 (bay n /sect.2) EXDU_BC (sect.2) EXDU_12 (bay 1/sect.1) ... ... EXDU_12 (bay n /sect.1)
en04000491.vsd
IEC04000491 V1 EN
>1 & & BBTR_OP
>1 &
&
VP_BBTR
&
EXDU_12
Figure 165:
Signals from any bays for a bus-section circuit breaker between sections B1 and B2
If there is no other busbar via the busbar loops that are possible, then either the interlocking for the QA1 open circuit breaker is not used or the state for BBTR is set to open. That is, no busbar transfer is in progress in this bus-section: BBTR_OP = 1 VP_BBTR = 1
3.12.3.6
Interlocking for bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC

Application
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The interlocking for bus-section disconnector (A1A2_DC) function is used for one bus-section disconnector between section 1 and 2 according to figure 166. A1A2_DC function can be used for different busbars, which includes a bus-section disconnector.
QB WA1 (A1) WA2 (A2)
QC1
QC2
A1A2_DC
IEC04000492 V1 EN
en04000492.vsd
Figure 166:
Switchyard layout A1A2_DC
The signals from other bays connected to the module A1A2_DC are described below.
Signals in single breaker arrangement
If the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors, the condition no other disconnector connected to the bus-section must be made by a project-specific logic. The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC. But for B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used.
(WA1)A1 (WA2)B1 (WA7)C Section 1 Section 2 A2 B2 A3 B3 C
ABC_LINE
IEC04000493 V1 EN
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) AB_TRAFO ABC_LINE
ABC_BC AB_TRAFO
en04000493.vsd
Figure 167:

Signal S1DC_OP S2DC_OP VPS1_DC VPS2_DC EXDU_BB All disconnectors on bus-section 1 are open. All disconnectors on bus-section 2 are open. The switch status of disconnectors on bus-section 1 is valid. The switch status of disconnectors on bus-section 2 is valid. No transmission error from any bay that contains the above information.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
These signals from each line bay (ABC_LINE), each transformer bay (AB_TRAFO), and each bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) are needed:
Signal QB1OPTR QB2OPTR QB220OTR VPQB1TR VPQB2TR VQB220TR EXDU_BB QB1 is open. QB2 is open (AB_TRAFO, ABC_LINE). QB2 and QB20 are open (ABC_BC). The switch status of QB1 is valid. The switch status of QB2 is valid. The switch status of QB2 and QB20 are valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
If there is an additional bus-section disconnector, the signal from the bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) must be used:
If there is an additional bus-section circuit breaker rather than an additional bussection disconnector the signals from the bus-section, circuit-breaker bay (A1A2_BS) rather than the bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) must be used:
Signal QB1OPTR QB2OPTR VPQB1TR VPQB2TR EXDU_BS QB1 is open. QB2 is open. The switch status of QB1 is valid. The switch status of QB2 is valid. No transmission error from the bay BS (bus-section coupler bay) that contains the above information.
For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the A1 busbar section are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
QB1OPTR (bay 1/sect.A1) ... ... ... QB1OPTR (bay n/sect.A1) VPQB1TR (bay 1/sect.A1) ... ... ... VPQB1TR (bay n/sect.A1) EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.A1) ... ... ... EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.A1)
IEC04000494 V1 EN
&
S1DC_OP
&
VPS1_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000494.vsd
Figure 168:
Signals from any bays in section A1 to a bus-section disconnector
QB1OPTR (bay 1/sect.A2) ... ... ... QB1OPTR (bay n/sect.A2) DCOPTR (A2/A3) VPQB1TR (bay 1/sect.A2) ... ... ... VPQB1TR (bay n/sect.A2) VPDCTR (A2/A3) EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.A2) ... ... ... EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.A2) EXDU_DC (A2/A3)
IEC04000495 V1 EN
&
S2DC_OP
&
VPS2_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000495.vsd
Figure 169:
Signals from any bays in section A2 to a bus-section disconnector
For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the B1 busbar section are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
QB2OPTR (QB220OTR)(bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... ... QB2OPTR (QB220OTR)(bay n/sect.B1) VPQB2TR (VQB220TR)(bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... ... VPQB2TR (VQB220TR)(bay n/sect.B1) EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... ... EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.B1)
IEC04000496 V1 EN
&
S1DC_OP
&
VPS1_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000496.vsd
Figure 170:
Signals from any bays in section B1 to a bus-section disconnector
QB2OPTR (QB220OTR)(bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... QB2OPTR (QB220OTR)(bay n/sect.B2) DCOPTR (B2/B3) VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) (bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) (bay n/sect.B2) VPDCTR (B2/B3) EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.B2) EXDU_DC (B2/B3)
IEC04000497 V1 EN
&
S2DC_OP
&
VPS2_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000497.vsd
Figure 171:
Signals from any bays in section B2 to a bus-section disconnector
If the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors, the condition for the busbar disconnector bay no other disconnector connected to the bus-section must be made by a project-specific logic. The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC. But for B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used.
Signals in double-breaker arrangement
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
(WA1)A1 (WA2)B1
Section 1
Section 2
A2 B2
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) DB_BUS DB_BUS DB_BUS DB_BUS

en04000498.vsd
IEC04000498 V1 EN
Figure 172:

Signal S1DC_OP S2DC_OP VPS1_DC VPS2_DC EXDU_BB All disconnectors on bus-section 1 are open. All disconnectors on bus-section 2 are open. The switch status of all disconnectors on bus-section 1 is valid. The switch status of all disconnectors on bus-section 2 is valid. No transmission error from double-breaker bay (DB) that contains the above information.
These signals from each double-breaker bay (DB_BUS) are needed:

Signal QB1OPTR QB2OPTR VPQB1TR VPQB2TR EXDU_DB QB1 is open. QB2 is open. The switch status of QB1 is valid. The switch status of QB2 is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
The logic is identical to the double busbar configuration Signals in single breaker arrangement. For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the A1 busbar section are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
QB1OPTR (bay 1/sect.A1) ... ... ... QB1OPTR (bay n/sect.A1) VPQB1TR (bay 1/sect.A1) ... ... ... VPQB1TR (bay n/sect.A1) EXDU_DB (bay 1/sect.A1) ... ... ... EXDU_DB (bay n/sect.A1)
IEC04000499 V1 EN
&
S1DC_OP
&
VPS1_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000499.vsd
Figure 173:
Signals from double-breaker bays in section A1 to a bus-section disconnector
QB1OPTR (bay 1/sect.A2) ... ... ... QB1OPTR (bay n/sect.A2) VPQB1TR (bay 1/sect.A2) ... ... ... VPQB1TR (bay n/sect.A2) EXDU_DB (bay 1/sect.A2) ... ... ... EXDU_DB (bay n/sect.A2)
IEC04000500 V1 EN
&
S2DC_OP
&
VPS2_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000500.vsd
Figure 174:
Signals from double-breaker bays in section A2 to a bus-section disconnector
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
QB2OPTR (bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... ... QB2OPTR (bay n/sect.B1) VPQB2TR (bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... ... VPQB2TR (bay n/sect.B1) EXDU_DB (bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... ... EXDU_DB (bay n/sect.B1)
IEC04000501 V1 EN
&
S1DC_OP
&
VPS1_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000501.vsd
Figure 175:
Signals from double-breaker bays in section B1 to a bus-section disconnector
QB2OPTR (bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... QB2OPTR (bay n/sect.B2) VPQB2TR (bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... VPQB2TR (bay n/sect.B2) EXDU_DB (bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... EXDU_DB (bay n/sect.B2)
IEC04000502 V1 EN
&
S2DC_OP
&
VPS2_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000502.vsd
Figure 176:
Signals from double-breaker bays in section B2 to a bus-section disconnector
If the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors, the condition for the busbar disconnector bay no other disconnector connected to the bus-section must be made by a project-specific logic. The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC. But for B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used.
Signals in 1 1/2 breaker arrangement
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
(WA1)A1 (WA2)B1
Section 1
Section 2
A2 B2
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) BH_LINE BH_LINE

IEC04000503 V1 EN
BH_LINE BH_LINE
en04000503.vsd
Figure 177:
The project-specific logic is the same as for the logic for the double-breaker configuration.
Signal S1DC_OP S2DC_OP VPS1_DC VPS2_DC EXDU_BB All disconnectors on bus-section 1 are open. All disconnectors on bus-section 2 are open. The switch status of disconnectors on bus-section 1 is valid. The switch status of disconnectors on bus-section 2 is valid. No transmission error from breaker and a half (BH) that contains the above information.
3.12.3.7
Interlocking for busbar earthing switch BB_ES Application
The interlocking for busbar earthing switch (BB_ES) function is used for one busbar earthing switch on any busbar parts according to figure 178.
QC
en04000504.vsd
IEC04000504 V1 EN
Figure 178:
Switchyard layout BB_ES
The signals from other bays connected to the module BB_ES are described below.
Signals in single breaker arrangement
The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bussection are open.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 1
Section 2
BB_ES ABC_LINE
IEC04000505 V1 EN
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) ABC_BC BB_ES AB_TRAFO ABC_LINE
A2 B2 C
en04000505.vsd
Figure 179:

Signal BB_DC_OP VP_BB_DC EXDU_BB All disconnectors on this part of the busbar are open. The switch status of all disconnector on this part of the busbar is valid. No transmission error from any bay containing the above information.
These signals from each line bay (ABC_LINE), each transformer bay (AB_TRAFO), and each bus-coupler bay (ABC_BC) are needed:
Signal QB1OPTR QB2OPTR QB220OTR QB7OPTR VPQB1TR VPQB2TR VQB220TR VPQB7TR EXDU_BB QB1 is open. QB2 is open (AB_TRAFO, ABC_LINE) QB2 and QB20 are open (ABC_BC) QB7 is open. The switch status of QB1 is valid. The switch status of QB2 is valid. The switch status of QB2and QB20 is valid. The switch status of QB7 is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
These signals from each bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) are also needed. For B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnectors A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC.
If no bus-section disconnector exists, the signal DCOPTR, VPDCTR and EXDU_DC are set to 1 (TRUE).
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bussection coupler bay (A1A2_BS) rather than the bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) must be used. For B1B2_BS, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of module (A1A2_BS) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section circuit breakers A1A2_BS and B1B2_BS.
Signal QB1OPTR QB2OPTR VPQB1TR VPQB2TR EXDU_BS QB1 is open. QB2 is open. The switch status of QB1 is valid. The switch status of QB2 is valid. No transmission error from the bay BS (bus-section coupler bay) that contains the above information.
For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the A1 busbar section are valid:
IEC04000506 V1 EN
&
BB_DC_OP
&
VP_BB_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000506.vsd
Figure 180:
Signals from any bays in section A1 to a busbar earthing switch in the same section
For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the A2 busbar section are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
IEC04000507 V1 EN
&
BB_DC_OP
&
VP_BB_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000507.vsd
Figure 181:
Signals from any bays in section A2 to a busbar earthing switch in the same section
For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the B1 busbar section are valid:
QB2OPTR(QB220OTR)(bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... ... QB2OPTR (QB220OTR)(bay n/sect.B1) DCOPTR (B1/B2) VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) . . .(bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) (bay n/sect.B1) VPDCTR (B1/B2) EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.B1) ... ... ... EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.B1) EXDU_DC (B1/B2)
IEC04000508 V1 EN
&
BB_DC_OP
&
VP_BB_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000508.vsd
Figure 182:
Signals from any bays in section B1 to a busbar earthing switch in the same section
For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the B2 busbar section are valid:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
QB2OPTR(QB220OTR) (bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... QB2OPTR(QB220OTR) (bay n/sect.B2) DCOPTR (B1/B2) VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) (bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... VPQB2TR(VQB220TR) (bay n/sect.B2) VPDCTR (B1/B2) EXDU_BB (bay 1/sect.B2) ... ... ... EXDU_BB (bay n/sect.B2) EXDU_DC (B1/B2)
IEC04000509 V1 EN
&
BB_DC_OP
&
VP_BB_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000509.vsd
Figure 183:
Signals from any bays in section B2 to a busbar earthing switch in the same section
For a busbar earthing switch on bypass busbar C, these conditions are valid:
QB7OPTR (bay 1) ... ... ... QB7OPTR (bay n) VPQB7TR (bay 1) ... ... ... VPQB7TR (bay n) EXDU_BB (bay 1) ... ... ... EXDU_BB (bay n)
IEC04000510 V1 EN
&
BB_DC_OP
&
VP_BB_DC
&
EXDU_BB
en04000510.vsd
Figure 184:
Signals from bypass busbar to busbar earthing switch
Signals in double-breaker arrangement
The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus section are open.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
(WA1)A1 (WA2)B1
Section 1
Section 2
A2 B2
BB_ES DB_BUS
IEC04000511 V1 EN
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) DB_BUS
BB_ES
en04000511.vsd
Figure 185:

Signal BB_DC_OP VP_BB_DC EXDU_BB All disconnectors of this part of the busbar are open. The switch status of all disconnectors on this part of the busbar are valid. No transmission error from any bay that contains the above information.
These signals from each double-breaker bay (DB_BUS) are needed:

Signal QB1OPTR QB2OPTR VPQB1TR VPQB2TR EXDU_DB QB1 is open. QB2 is open. The switch status of QB1 is valid. The switch status of QB2 is valid. No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information.
These signals from each bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC) are also needed. For B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnectors A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC.
The logic is identical to the double busbar configuration described in section Signals in single breaker arrangement.
Signals in 1 1/2 breaker arrangement
The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bussection are open.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
(WA1)A1 (WA2)B1
Section 1
Section 2
A2 B2
BB_ES
IEC04000512 V1 EN
A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) BH_LINE BH_LINE
BB_ES
en04000512.vsd
Figure 186:
The project-specific logic are the same as for the logic for the double busbar configuration described in section Signals in single breaker arrangement.
Signal BB_DC_OP VP_BB_DC EXDU_BB All disconnectors on this part of the busbar are open. The switch status of all disconnectors on this part of the busbar is valid. No transmission error from any bay that contains the above information.
3.12.3.8
Interlocking for double CB bay DB Application
The interlocking for a double busbar double circuit breaker bay including DB_BUS_A, DB_BUS_B and DB_LINE functions are used for a line connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 187.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
WA1 (A) WA2 (B) QB1 QC1 QA1 DB_BUS_A QC2 QB61 QB62 QC3 QB9 QC9 QC5 QA2 DB_BUS_B QB2 QC4
DB_LINE
en04000518.vsd
IEC04000518 V1 EN
Figure 187:
Switchyard layout double circuit breaker
Three types of interlocking modules per double circuit breaker bay are defined. DB_LINE is the connection from the line to the circuit breaker parts that are connected to the busbars. DB_BUS_A and DB_BUS_B are the connections from the line to the busbars. For a double circuit-breaker bay, the modules DB_BUS_A, DB_LINE and DB_BUS_B must be used.
For application without QB9 and QC9, just set the appropriate inputs to open state and disregard the outputs. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: QB9_OP = 1 QB9_CL = 0 QC9_OP = 1 QC9_CL = 0
If, in this case, line voltage supervision is added, then rather than setting QB9 to open state, specify the state of the voltage supervision: QB9_OP = VOLT_OFF QB9_CL = VOLT_ON
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
If there is no voltage supervision, then set the corresponding inputs as follows: VOLT_OFF = 1 VOLT_ON = 0
3.12.3.9
Interlocking for 1 1/2 CB BH Application
The interlocking for 1 1/2 breaker diameter (BH_CONN, BH_LINE_A, BH_LINE_B) functions are used for lines connected to a 1 1/2 breaker diameter according to figure 188.
WA1 (A) WA2 (B) QB1 QC1 QA1 QC2 QB6 BH_LINE_A QC3 QB6 QC3 BH_LINE_B QA1 QC2 QB2 QC1
QB61
QA1
QB62
QB9 QC1 QC9 QC2
QB9 QC9
BH_CONN en04000513.vsd
IEC04000513 V1 EN
Figure 188:
Switchyard layout 1 1/2 breaker
Three types of interlocking modules per diameter are defined. BH_LINE_A and BH_LINE_B are the connections from a line to a busbar. BH_CONN is the connection between the two lines of the diameter in the 1 1/2 breaker switchyard layout. For a 1 1/2 breaker arrangement, the modules BH_LINE_A, BH_CONN and BH_LINE_B must be used.

1MRK 502 030-UEN B
For application without QB9 and QC9, just set the appropriate inputs to open state and disregard the outputs. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: QB9_OP = 1 QB9_CL = 0 QC9_OP = 1 QC9_CL = 0
If, in this case, line voltage supervision is added, then rather than setting QB9 to open state, specify the state of the voltage supervision: QB9_OP = VOLT_OFF QB9_CL = VOLT_ON
If there is no voltage supervision, then set the corresponding inputs as follows: VOLT_OFF = 1 VOLT_ON = 0
3.12.3.10
Table 143:
Name Operation
Horizontal communication via GOOSE for interlocking GOOSEINTLKRCV

GOOSEINTLKRCV Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Unit Step Default Off Description Operation Off/On
3.12.4
Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation SLGGIO
Function description Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation IEC 61850 identification SLGGIO IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.12.4.1
Application
The logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation function (SLGGIO) (or the selector switch function block, as it is also known) is used to get a selector switch functionality similar with the one provided by a hardware multiposition selector switch. Hardware selector switches are used extensively by
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
utilities, in order to have different functions operating on pre-set values. Hardware switches are however sources for maintenance issues, lower system reliability and extended purchase portfolio. The virtual selector switches eliminate all these problems. SLGGIO function block has two operating inputs (UP and DOWN), one blocking input (BLOCK) and one operator position input (PSTO). SLGGIO can be activated both from the local HMI and from external sources (switches), via the IED binary inputs. It also allows the operation from remote (like the station computer). SWPOSN is an integer value output, giving the actual output number. Since the number of positions of the switch can be established by settings (see below), one must be careful in coordinating the settings with the configuration (if one sets the number of positions to x in settings for example, there will be only the first x outputs available from the block in the configuration). Also the frequency of the (UP or DOWN) pulses should be lower than the setting tPulse. From the local HMI, there are two modes of operating the switch: from the menu and from the Single-line diagram (SLD).
3.12.4.2
Setting guidelines
The following settings are available for the Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation (SLGGIO) function: Operation: Sets the operation of the function On or Off. NrPos: Sets the number of positions in the switch (max. 32). This setting influence the behavior of the switch when changes from the last to the first position. OutType: Steady or Pulsed. tPulse: In case of a pulsed output, it gives the length of the pulse (in seconds). tDelay: The delay between the UP or DOWN activation signal positive front and the output activation. StopAtExtremes: Sets the behavior of the switch at the end positions if set to Disabled, when pressing UP while on first position, the switch will jump to the last position; when pressing DOWN at the last position, the switch will jump to the first position; when set to Enabled, no jump will be allowed.

3.12.4.3
Table 144:
Name Operation NrPos OutType tPulse tDelay StopAtExtremes
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Setting parameters
SLGGIO Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 2 - 32 Pulsed Steady 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60000.000 Disabled Enabled Unit s s Step 1 0.001 0.010 Default Off 32 Steady 0.200 0.000 Disabled Description Operation Off/On Number of positions in the switch Output type, steady or pulse Operate pulse duration, in [s] Time delay on the output, in [s] Stop when min or max position is reached
3.12.5
Selector mini switch VSGGIO

Function description Selector mini switch IEC 61850 identification VSGGIO IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.12.5.1
Application
Selector mini switch (VSGGIO) function is a multipurpose function used in the configuration tool in PCM600 for a variety of applications, as a general purpose switch. VSGGIO can be used for both acquiring an external switch position (through the IPOS1 and the IPOS2 inputs) and represent it through the single line diagram symbols (or use it in the configuration through the outputs POS1 and POS2) as well as, a command function (controlled by the PSTO input), giving switching commands through the CMDPOS12 and CMDPOS21 outputs. The output POSITION is an integer output, showing the actual position as an integer number 0 3. An example where VSGGIO is configured to switch Autorecloser onoff from a button symbol on the local HMI is shown in figure 189. The I and O buttons on the local HMI are normally used for onoff operations of the circuit breaker.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
VSGGIO INTONE PSTO IPOS1 IPOS2 NAM_POS1 NAM_POS2 CMDPOS12 CMDPOS21 ON OFF
INVERTER OUT INPUT
OFF ON
SMBRREC SETON
IEC07000112 V2 EN
Figure 189:
Control of Autorecloser from local HMI through Selector mini switch
VSGGIO is also provided with IEC 61850 communication so it can be controlled from SA system as well.
3.12.5.2
Setting guidelines
Selector mini switch (VSGGIO) function can generate pulsed or steady commands (by setting the Mode parameter). When pulsed commands are generated, the length of the pulse can be set using the tPulse parameter. Also, being accessible on the single line diagram (SLD), this function block has two control modes (settable through CtlModel): Dir Norm and SBO Enh.
3.12.5.3
Table 145:
Name Operation CtlModel Mode tSelect tPulse
Setting parameters
VSGGIO Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Dir Norm SBO Enh Steady Pulsed 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Unit s s Step 0.001 0.001 Default Off Dir Norm Pulsed 30.000 0.200 Description Operation Off / On Specifies the type for control model according to IEC 61850 Operation mode Max time between select and execute signals Command pulse lenght
3.12.6
IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions DPGGIO

Function description IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions IEC 61850 identification DPGGIO IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -

3.12.6.1 Application
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions (DPGGIO) function block is used to send three logical outputs to other systems or equipment in the substation. The three inputs are named OPEN, CLOSE and VALID, since this function block is intended to be used as a position indicator block in interlocking and reservation station-wide logics.
3.12.6.2
Setting guidelines
3.12.7
Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GGIO

Function description Single point generic control 8 signals IEC 61850 identification SPC8GGIO IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.12.7.1
Application
The Single point generic control 8 signals (SPC8GGIO) function block is a collection of 8 single point commands, designed to bring in commands from REMOTE (SCADA) to those parts of the logic configuration that do not need complicated function blocks that have the capability to receive commands (for example SCSWI). In this way, simple commands can be sent directly to the IED outputs, without confirmation. Confirmation (status) of the result of the commands is supposed to be achieved by other means, such as binary inputs and SPGGIO function blocks. PSTO is the universal operator place selector for all control functions. Even if PSTO can be configured to allow LOCAL or ALL operator positions, the only functional position usable with the SPC8GGIO function block is REMOTE.
3.12.7.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for the single point generic control 8 signals (SPC8GGIO) function are set via the local HMI or PCM600. Operation: turning the function operation On/Off. There are two settings for every command output (totally 8): Latchedx: decides if the command signal for output x is Latched (steady) or Pulsed.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
tPulsex: if Latchedx is set to Pulsed, then tPulsex will set the length of the pulse (in seconds).
3.12.7.3
Table 146:
Name Operation Latched1 tPulse1 Latched2 tPulse2 Latched3 tPulse3 Latched4 tPulse4 Latched5 tPulse5 Latched6 tPulse6 Latched7 tPulse7 Latched8 tPulse8
Setting parameters
SPC8GGIO Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Pulsed Latched 0.01 - 6000.00 Pulsed Latched 0.01 - 6000.00 Pulsed Latched 0.01 - 6000.00 Pulsed Latched 0.01 - 6000.00 Pulsed Latched 0.01 - 6000.00 Pulsed Latched 0.01 - 6000.00 Pulsed Latched 0.01 - 6000.00 Pulsed Latched 0.01 - 6000.00 Unit s s s s s s s s Step 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Default Off Pulsed 0.10 Pulsed 0.10 Pulsed 0.10 Pulsed 0.10 Pulsed 0.10 Pulsed 0.10 Pulsed 0.10 Pulsed 0.10 Description Operation Off/On Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output 1 Output1 Pulse Time Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output 2 Output2 Pulse Time Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output 3 Output3 Pulse Time Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output 4 Output4 Pulse Time Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output 5 Output5 Pulse Time Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output 6 Output6 Pulse Time Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output 7 Output7 Pulse Time Setting for pulsed/latched mode for output 8 Output8 pulse time
3.12.8
AutomationBits, command function for DNP3.0 AUTOBITS

Function description AutomationBits, command function for DNP3 IEC 61850 identification AUTOBITS IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.12.8.1
Application
Automation bits, command function for DNP3 (AUTOBITS) is used within PCM600 in order to get into the configuration the commands coming through the
457
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
DNP3.0 protocol.The AUTOBITS function plays the same role as functions GOOSEBINRCV (for IEC 61850) and MULTICMDRCV (for LON).AUTOBITS function block have 32 individual outputs which each can be mapped as a Binary Output point in DNP3. The output is operated by a "Object 12" in DNP3. This object contains parameters for control-code, count, on-time and off-time. To operate an AUTOBITS output point, send a control-code of latch-On, latch-Off, pulse-On, pulse-Off, Trip or Close. The remaining parameters are regarded as appropriate. For example, pulse-On, on-time=100, off-time=300, count=5 would give 5 positive 100 ms pulses, 300 ms apart. For description of the DNP3 protocol implementation, refer to the Communication manual.
3.12.8.2
Setting guidelines
AUTOBITS function block has one setting, (Operation: On/Off) enabling or disabling the function. These names will be seen in the DNP3 communication management tool in PCM600.
3.12.8.3
Table 147:
Name Operation
Setting parameters
DNPGEN Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Unit Step Default Off Description Operation mode Off / On
Table 148:
Name Operation BaudRate
CHSERRS485 Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off Serial-Mode 300 Bd 600 Bd 1200 Bd 2400 Bd 4800 Bd 9600 Bd 19200 Bd Four-wire Two-wire Unit Step Default Off 9600 Bd Description Operation mode Baud-rate for serial port
WireMode
Two-wire
RS485 wire mode
Table 149:
Name DLinkConfirm
CHSERRS485 Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) Never Sometimes Always 0.000 - 60.000 0 - 255 Unit Step Default Never Description Data-link confirm
tDLinkTimeout DLinkRetries
s -
0.001 1
2.000 3
Data-link confirm timeout in s Data-link maximum retries
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.000 - 60.000 20 - 2048 20 - 2048 1-2 No Even Odd 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Unit s Step 0.001 1 1 1 Default 0.000 2048 2048 1 Even Description Rx to Tx minimum delay in s Application layer maximum Rx fragment size Application layer maximum Tx fragment size Stop bits Parity
Name tRxToTxMinDel ApLayMaxRxSize ApLayMaxTxSize StopBits Parity
tRTSWarmUp tRTSWarmDown tBackOffDelay tMaxRndDelBkOf
s s s s
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000 0.050 0.100
RTS warm-up in s RTS warm-down in s RS485 back-off delay in s RS485 maximum back-off random delay in s
Table 150:
Name Operation
CH2TCP Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off TCP/IP UDP-Only 1 - 65535 1 - 65535 1 - 65535 0 - 65535 Unit Step Default Off Description Operation mode
TCPIPLisPort UDPPortAccData UDPPortInitNUL UDPPortCliMast
1 1 1 1
20000 20000 20000 0
TCP/IP listen port UDP port to accept UDP datagrams from master UDP port for initial NULL response UDP port to remote client/master
Table 151:
Name ApLayMaxRxSize ApLayMaxTxSize
CH2TCP Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 20 - 2048 20 - 2048 Unit Step 1 1 Default 2048 2048 Description Application layer maximum Rx fragment size Application layer maximum Tx fragment size
Table 152:
Name Operation

1 1 1 1
20000 20000 20000 0
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 153:

Table 154:
Name Operation

1 1 1 1
20000 20000 20000 0
Table 155:

Table 156:
Name Operation

1 1 1 1
20000 20000 20000 0
Table 157:

1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 158:
Name Operation SlaveAddress MasterAddres Obj1DefVar Obj2DefVar
MSTRS485 Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 0 - 65519 0 - 65519 1:BISingleBit 2:BIWithStatus 1:BIChWithoutTim e 2:BIChWithTime 3:BIChWithRelTim e 1:DIChWithoutTim e 2:DIChWithTime 3:DIChWithRelTim e 1:BO 2:BOStatus 1:BinCnt32 2:BinCnt16 5:BinCnt32WoutF 6:BinCnt16WoutF 1:BinCnt32EvWout T 2:BinCnt16EvWout T 5:BinCnt32EvWith T 6:BinCnt16EvWith T 1:AI32Int 2:AI16Int 3:AI32IntWithoutF 4:AI16IntWithoutF 5:AI32FltWithF 6:AI64FltWithF 1:AI32IntEvWoutF 2:AI16IntEvWoutF 3:AI32IntEvWithFT 4:AI16IntEvWithFT 5:AI32FltEvWithF 6:AI64FltEvWithF 7:AI32FltEvWithFT 8:AI64FltEvWithFT Unit Step 1 1 Default Off 1 1 1:BISingleBit 3:BIChWithRelTim e Description Operation Off / On Slave address Master address Object 1, default variation Object 2, default variation
Obj4DefVar
3:DIChWithRelTim e
Object 4, default variation
Obj10DefVar Obj20DefVar
2:BOStatus 5:BinCnt32WoutF
Object 10, default variation Object 20, default variation
Obj22DefVar
1:BinCnt32EvWou tT
Obj30DefVar
3:AI32IntWithoutF
Obj32DefVar
1:AI32IntEvWoutF
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 159:
Name ValMasterAddr AddrQueryEnbl tApplConfTout ApplMultFrgRes ConfMultFrag UREnable URSendOnline UREvClassMask
MSTRS485 Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) No Yes No Yes 0.00 - 300.00 No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Off Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 and 2 Class 3 Class 1 and 3 Class 2 and 3 Class 1, 2 and 3 0 - 10 0.00 - 60.00 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 No Yes 30 - 3600 No Yes No Yes Unit s Step 0.01 Default Yes Yes 10.00 Yes Yes Yes No Off Description Validate source (master) address Address query enable Application layer confim timeout Enable application for multiple fragment response Confirm each multiple fragment Unsolicited response enabled Unsolicited response sends when on-line Unsolicited response, event class mask
UROfflineRetry tURRetryDelay tUROfflRtryDel UREvCntThold1 tUREvBufTout1 UREvCntThold2 tUREvBufTout2 UREvCntThold3 tUREvBufTout3 DelOldBufFull tSynchTimeout TSyncReqAfTout DNPToSetTime
s s s s s s -
1 0.01 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 -
5 5.00 30.00 5 5.00 5 5.00 5 5.00 No 1800 No Yes
Unsolicited response retries before offline retry mode Unsolicited response retry delay in s Unsolicited response off-line retry delay in s Unsolicited response class 1 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 1 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 2 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 2 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 3 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 3 event buffer timeout Delete oldest event when buffer is full Time synch timeout before error status is generated Time synchronization request after timeout Allow DNP to set time in IED
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) No Yes No Yes 1.0 - 60.0 Unit s Step 0.1 Default No Yes 30.0 Description Use average of 3 time requests Enable paired point Select timeout
Name Averag3TimeReq PairedPoint tSelectTimeout
Table 160:
Name Operation SlaveAddress MasterAddres ValMasterAddr MasterIP-Addr MasterIPNetMsk Obj1DefVar Obj2DefVar
MST1TCP Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 0 - 65519 0 - 65519 No Yes 0 - 18 0 - 18 1:BISingleBit 2:BIWithStatus 1:BIChWithoutTim e 2:BIChWithTime 3:BIChWithRelTim e 1:DIWithoutFlag 2:DIWithFlag 1:DIChWithoutTim e 2:DIChWithTime 3:DIChWithRelTim e 1:BO 2:BOStatus 1:BinCnt32 2:BinCnt16 5:BinCnt32WoutF 6:BinCnt16WoutF Unit IP Address IP Address Step 1 1 1 1 Default Off 1 1 Yes 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 1:BISingleBit 3:BIChWithRelTim e Description Operation Off / On Slave address Master address Validate source (master) address Master IP-address Master IP net mask Object 1, default variation Object 2, default variation
1:DIWithoutFlag 3:DIChWithRelTim e

Name Obj22DefVar Values (Range) 1:BinCnt32EvWout T 2:BinCnt16EvWout T 5:BinCnt32EvWith T 6:BinCnt16EvWith T 1:AI32Int 2:AI16Int 3:AI32IntWithoutF 4:AI16IntWithoutF 5:AI32FltWithF 6:AI64FltWithF 1:AI32IntEvWoutF 2:AI16IntEvWoutF 3:AI32IntEvWithFT 4:AI16IntEvWithFT 5:AI32FltEvWithF 6:AI64FltEvWithF 7:AI32FltEvWithFT 8:AI64FltEvWithFT Unit Step Default 1:BinCnt32EvWou tT Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Obj30DefVar
3:AI32IntWithoutF
Obj32DefVar
1:AI32IntEvWoutF
Table 161:
Name AddrQueryEnbl tApplConfTout ApplMultFrgRes ConfMultFrag UREnable UREvClassMask
MST1TCP Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) No Yes 0.00 - 300.00 No Yes No Yes No Yes Off Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 and 2 Class 3 Class 1 and 3 Class 2 and 3 Class 1, 2 and 3 0 - 10 0.00 - 60.00 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 Unit s Step 0.01 Default Yes 10.00 Yes Yes Yes Off Description Address query enable Application layer confim timeout Enable application for multiple fragment response Confirm each multiple fragment Unsolicited response enabled Unsolicited response, event class mask
UROfflineRetry tURRetryDelay tUROfflRtryDel UREvCntThold1 tUREvBufTout1 UREvCntThold2
s s s -
1 0.01 0.01 1 0.01 1
5 5.00 30.00 5 5.00 5
Unsolicited response retries before offline retry mode Unsolicited response retry delay in s Unsolicited response off-line retry delay in s Unsolicited response class 1 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 1 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 2 event count report treshold
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 No Yes LocalTime UTC No Yes 30 - 3600 No Yes No Yes No Yes 1.0 - 60.0 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 Unit s s s s s s Step 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.1 1 1 Default 5.00 5 5.00 No UTC No 1800 No No Yes 30.0 0 10 Description Unsolicited response class 2 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 3 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 3 event buffer timeout Delete oldest event when buffer is full External time format Allow DNP to set time in IED Time synch timeout before error status is generated Time synchronization request after timeout Use average of 3 time requests Enable paired point Select timeout Broken connection timeout Keep-Alive timer
Name tUREvBufTout2 UREvCntThold3 tUREvBufTout3 DelOldBufFull ExtTimeFormat DNPToSetTime tSynchTimeout TSyncReqAfTout Averag3TimeReq PairedPoint tSelectTimeout tBrokenConTout tKeepAliveT
Table 162:

Values (Range) Off On 0 - 65519 0 - 65519 No Yes 0 - 18 0 - 18 1:BISingleBit 2:BIWithStatus 1:BIChWithoutTim e 2:BIChWithTime 3:BIChWithRelTim e 1:DIWithoutFlag 2:DIWithFlag Unit IP Address IP Address Step 1 1 1 1 Default Off 1 1 Yes 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 1:BISingleBit 3:BIChWithRelTim e Description Operation Off / On Slave address Master address Validate source (master) address Master IP-address Master IP net mask Object 1, default variation Object 2, default variation
Obj3DefVar
1:DIWithoutFlag

Name Obj4DefVar Values (Range) 1:DIChWithoutTim e 2:DIChWithTime 3:DIChWithRelTim e 1:BO 2:BOStatus 1:BinCnt32 2:BinCnt16 5:BinCnt32WoutF 6:BinCnt16WoutF 1:BinCnt32EvWout T 2:BinCnt16EvWout T 5:BinCnt32EvWith T 6:BinCnt16EvWith T 1:AI32Int 2:AI16Int 3:AI32IntWithoutF 4:AI16IntWithoutF 5:AI32FltWithF 6:AI64FltWithF 1:AI32IntEvWoutF 2:AI16IntEvWoutF 3:AI32IntEvWithFT 4:AI16IntEvWithFT 5:AI32FltEvWithF 6:AI64FltEvWithF 7:AI32FltEvWithFT 8:AI64FltEvWithFT Unit Step Default 3:DIChWithRelTim e Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Obj22DefVar
1:BinCnt32EvWou tT
Obj30DefVar
3:AI32IntWithoutF
Obj32DefVar
1:AI32IntEvWoutF
Table 163:

Values (Range) No Yes 0.00 - 300.00 No Yes No Yes No Yes Off Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 and 2 Class 3 Class 1 and 3 Class 2 and 3 Class 1, 2 and 3 Unit s Step 0.01 Default Yes 10.00 Yes Yes Yes Off Description Address query enable Application layer confim timeout Enable application for multiple fragment response Confirm each multiple fragment Unsolicited response enabled Unsolicited response, event class mask
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0 - 10 0.00 - 60.00 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 No Yes LocalTime UTC No Yes 30 - 3600 No Yes No Yes No Yes 1.0 - 60.0 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 Unit s s s s s s s s s Step 1 0.01 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.1 1 1 Default 5 5.00 30.00 5 5.00 5 5.00 5 5.00 No UTC No 1800 No No Yes 30.0 0 10 Description Unsolicited response retries before offline retry mode Unsolicited response retry delay in s Unsolicited response off-line retry delay in s Unsolicited response class 1 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 1 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 2 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 2 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 3 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 3 event buffer timeout Delete oldest event when buffer is full External time format Allow DNP to set time in IED Time synch timeout before error status is generated Time synchronization request after timeout Use average of 3 time requests Enable paired point Select timeout Broken connection timeout Keep-Alive timer
Name UROfflineRetry tURRetryDelay tUROfflRtryDel UREvCntThold1 tUREvBufTout1 UREvCntThold2 tUREvBufTout2 UREvCntThold3 tUREvBufTout3 DelOldBufFull ExtTimeFormat DNPToSetTime tSynchTimeout TSyncReqAfTout Averag3TimeReq PairedPoint tSelectTimeout tBrokenConTout tKeepAliveT
Table 164:
Name Operation SlaveAddress MasterAddres ValMasterAddr MasterIP-Addr

Values (Range) Off On 0 - 65519 0 - 65519 No Yes 0 - 18 Unit IP Address Step 1 1 1 Default Off 1 1 Yes 0.0.0.0 Description Operation Off / On Slave address Master address Validate source (master) address Master IP-address

Name MasterIPNetMsk Obj1DefVar Obj2DefVar Values (Range) 0 - 18 1:BISingleBit 2:BIWithStatus 1:BIChWithoutTim e 2:BIChWithTime 3:BIChWithRelTim e 1:DIWithoutFlag 2:DIWithFlag 1:DIChWithoutTim e 2:DIChWithTime 3:DIChWithRelTim e 1:BO 2:BOStatus 1:BinCnt32 2:BinCnt16 5:BinCnt32WoutF 6:BinCnt16WoutF 1:BinCnt32EvWout T 2:BinCnt16EvWout T 5:BinCnt32EvWith T 6:BinCnt16EvWith T 1:AI32Int 2:AI16Int 3:AI32IntWithoutF 4:AI16IntWithoutF 5:AI32FltWithF 6:AI64FltWithF 1:AI32IntEvWoutF 2:AI16IntEvWoutF 3:AI32IntEvWithFT 4:AI16IntEvWithFT 5:AI32FltEvWithF 6:AI64FltEvWithF 7:AI32FltEvWithFT 8:AI64FltEvWithFT Unit IP Address Step 1 Default 255.255.255.255 1:BISingleBit 3:BIChWithRelTim e Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Master IP net mask Object 1, default variation Object 2, default variation
Obj22DefVar
1:BinCnt32EvWou tT
Obj30DefVar
3:AI32IntWithoutF
Obj32DefVar
1:AI32IntEvWoutF
Table 165:
Name AddrQueryEnbl tApplConfTout ApplMultFrgRes

Values (Range) No Yes 0.00 - 300.00 No Yes Unit s Step 0.01 Default Yes 10.00 Yes Description Address query enable Application layer confim timeout Enable application for multiple fragment response
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) No Yes No Yes Off Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 and 2 Class 3 Class 1 and 3 Class 2 and 3 Class 1, 2 and 3 0 - 10 0.00 - 60.00 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 No Yes LocalTime UTC No Yes 30 - 3600 No Yes No Yes No Yes 1.0 - 60.0 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 Unit Step Default Yes Yes Off Description Confirm each multiple fragment Unsolicited response enabled Unsolicited response, event class mask
Name ConfMultFrag UREnable UREvClassMask
UROfflineRetry tURRetryDelay tUROfflRtryDel UREvCntThold1 tUREvBufTout1 UREvCntThold2 tUREvBufTout2 UREvCntThold3 tUREvBufTout3 DelOldBufFull ExtTimeFormat DNPToSetTime tSynchTimeout TSyncReqAfTout Averag3TimeReq PairedPoint tSelectTimeout tBrokenConTout tKeepAliveT
s s s s s s s s s
1 0.01 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.1 1 1
5 5.00 30.00 5 5.00 5 5.00 5 5.00 No UTC No 1800 No No Yes 30.0 0 10
Unsolicited response retries before offline retry mode Unsolicited response retry delay in s Unsolicited response off-line retry delay in s Unsolicited response class 1 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 1 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 2 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 2 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 3 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 3 event buffer timeout Delete oldest event when buffer is full External time format Allow DNP to set time in IED Time synch timeout before error status is generated Time synchronization request after timeout Use average of 3 time requests Enable paired point Select timeout Broken connection timeout Keep-Alive timer
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 166:

Values (Range) Off On 0 - 65519 0 - 65519 No Yes 0 - 18 0 - 18 1:BISingleBit 2:BIWithStatus 1:BIChWithoutTim e 2:BIChWithTime 3:BIChWithRelTim e 1:DIWithoutFlag 2:DIWithFlag 1:DIChWithoutTim e 2:DIChWithTime 3:DIChWithRelTim e 1:BO 2:BOStatus 1:BinCnt32 2:BinCnt16 5:BinCnt32WoutF 6:BinCnt16WoutF 1:BinCnt32EvWout T 2:BinCnt16EvWout T 5:BinCnt32EvWith T 6:BinCnt16EvWith T 1:AI32Int 2:AI16Int 3:AI32IntWithoutF 4:AI16IntWithoutF 5:AI32FltWithF 6:AI64FltWithF 1:AI32IntEvWoutF 2:AI16IntEvWoutF 3:AI32IntEvWithFT 4:AI16IntEvWithFT 5:AI32FltEvWithF 6:AI64FltEvWithF 7:AI32FltEvWithFT 8:AI64FltEvWithFT Unit IP Address IP Address Step 1 1 1 1 Default Off 1 1 Yes 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 1:BISingleBit 3:BIChWithRelTim e Description Operation Off / On Slave address Master address Validate source (master) address Master IP-address Master IP net mask Object 1, default variation Object 2, default variation
Obj22DefVar
1:BinCnt32EvWou tT
Obj30DefVar
3:AI32IntWithoutF
Obj32DefVar
1:AI32IntEvWoutF
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 167:

Values (Range) No Yes 0.00 - 300.00 No Yes No Yes No Yes Off Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 and 2 Class 3 Class 1 and 3 Class 2 and 3 Class 1, 2 and 3 0 - 10 0.00 - 60.00 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 1 - 100 0.00 - 60.00 No Yes LocalTime UTC No Yes 30 - 3600 No Yes No Yes No Yes Unit s Step 0.01 Default Yes 10.00 Yes Yes Yes Off Description Address query enable Application layer confim timeout Enable application for multiple fragment response Confirm each multiple fragment Unsolicited response enabled Unsolicited response, event class mask
UROfflineRetry tURRetryDelay tUROfflRtryDel UREvCntThold1 tUREvBufTout1 UREvCntThold2 tUREvBufTout2 UREvCntThold3 tUREvBufTout3 DelOldBufFull ExtTimeFormat DNPToSetTime tSynchTimeout TSyncReqAfTout Averag3TimeReq PairedPoint
s s s s s s -
1 0.01 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 -
5 5.00 30.00 5 5.00 5 5.00 5 5.00 No UTC No 1800 No No Yes
Unsolicited response retries before offline retry mode Unsolicited response retry delay in s Unsolicited response off-line retry delay in s Unsolicited response class 1 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 1 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 2 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 2 event buffer timeout Unsolicited response class 3 event count report treshold Unsolicited response class 3 event buffer timeout Delete oldest event when buffer is full External time format Allow DNP to set time in IED Time synch timeout before error status is generated Time synchronization request after timeout Use average of 3 time requests Enable paired point

Name tSelectTimeout tBrokenConTout tKeepAliveT Values (Range) 1.0 - 60.0 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 Unit s s s Step 0.1 1 1 Default 30.0 0 10 Description Select timeout
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Broken connection timeout Keep-Alive timer
3.12.9
Single command, 16 signals SINGLECMD

Function description Single command, 16 signals IEC 61850 identification SINGLECMD IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.12.9.1
Application
Single command, 16 signals (SINGLECMD) is a common function and always included in the IED. The IEDs may be provided with a function to receive commands either from a substation automation system or from the local HMI. That receiving function block has outputs that can be used, for example, to control high voltage apparatuses in switchyards. For local control functions, the local HMI can also be used. Together with the configuration logic circuits, the user can govern pulses or steady output signals for control purposes within the IED or via binary outputs. Figure 190 shows an application example of how the user can connect SINGLECMD via configuration logic circuit to control a high-voltage apparatus. This type of command control is normally carried out by sending a pulse to the binary outputs of the IED. Figure 190 shows a close operation. An open breaker operation is performed in a similar way but without the synchro-check condition.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Single command function

SINGLECMD
Configuration logic circuits
Close CB1
CMDOUTy
OUTy
Userdefined conditions Synchrocheck
&
en04000206.vsd
IEC04000206 V2 EN
Figure 190:
Application example showing a logic diagram for control of a circuit breaker via configuration logic circuits
Figure 191 and figure 192 show other ways to control functions, which require steady On/Off signals. Here, the output is used to control built-in functions or external devices.

SINGLECMD
Function n
Function n
CMDOUTy
OUTy
en04000207.vsd
IEC04000207 V2 EN
Figure 191:
Application example showing a logic diagram for control of built-in functions
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

SINGLESMD
Configuration logic circuits
Device 1
CMDOUTy
OUTy
Userdefined conditions
&
en04000208.vsd
IEC04000208 V2 EN
Figure 192:
Application example showing a logic diagram for control of external devices via configuration logic circuits
3.12.9.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for Single command, 16 signals (SINGLECMD) are set via the local HMI or PCM600. Parameters to be set are MODE, common for the whole block, and CMDOUTy which includes the user defined name for each output signal. The MODE input sets the outputs to be one of the types Off, Steady, or Pulse. Off, sets all outputs to 0, independent of the values sent from the station level, that is, the operator station or remote-control gateway. Steady, sets the outputs to a steady signal 0 or 1, depending on the values sent from the station level. Pulse, gives a pulse with 100 ms duration, if a value sent from the station level is changed from 0 to 1. That means the configured logic connected to the command function block may not have a cycle time longer than the cycle time for the command function block.
3.12.9.3
Table 168:
Name Mode
Setting parameters
SINGLECMD Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off Steady Pulsed Unit Step Default Off Description Operation mode
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
3.13
3.13.1
Logic
Tripping logic SMPPTRC
Function description Tripping logic IEC 61850 identification SMPPTRC IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 94
I->O
SYMBOL-K V1 EN
3.13.1.1
Application
All trip signals from the different protection functions shall be routed through the trip logic. In its simplest alternative the logic will only link the TRIP signal and make sure that it is long enough. Tripping logic SMPPTRC offers three different operating modes: Three-phase tripping for all fault types (3ph operating mode) Single-phase tripping for single-phase faults and three-phase tripping for multiphase and evolving faults (1ph/3ph operating mode). The logic also issues a three-phase tripping command when phase selection within the operating protection functions is not possible, or when external conditions request threephase tripping. Two-phase tripping for two-phase faults.
The three-phase trip for all faults offers a simple solution and is often sufficient in well meshed transmission systems and in sub-transmission systems. Since most faults, especially at the highest voltage levels, are single phase-to-earth faults, singlephase tripping can be of great value. If only the faulty phase is tripped, power can still be transferred on the line during the dead time that arises before reclosing. Singlephase tripping during single-phase faults must be combined with single pole reclosing. To meet the different double, 1 breaker and other multiple circuit breaker arrangements, two identical SMPPTRC function blocks may be provided within the IED. One SMPPTRC function block should be used for each breaker, if the line is connected to the substation via more than one breaker. Assume that single-phase tripping and autoreclosing is used on the line. Both breakers are then normally set up for 1/3-phase tripping and 1/3-phase autoreclosing. As an alternative, the breaker chosen as master can have single-phase tripping, while the slave breaker could have three-phase tripping and autoreclosing. In the case of a permanent fault, only one of the breakers has to be operated when the fault is energized a second
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
time. In the event of a transient fault the slave breaker performs a three-phase reclosing onto the non-faulted line. The same philosophy can be used for two-phase tripping and autoreclosing. To prevent closing of a circuit breaker after a trip the function can block the closing. The two instances of the SMPPTRC function are identical except, for the name of the function block (SMPPTRC1 and SMPPTRC2). References will therefore only be made to SMPPTRC1 in the following description, but they also apply to SMPPTRC2.
Three-phase tripping
A simple application with three-phase tripping from the logic block utilizes part of the function block. Connect the inputs from the protection function blocks to the input TRIN. If necessary (normally the case) use a logic OR block to combine the different function outputs to this input. Connect the output TRIP to the digital Output/ s on the IO board. This signal can also be used for other purposes internally in the IED. An example could be the starting of Breaker failure protection. The three outputs TRL1, TRL2, TRL3 will always be activated at every trip and can be utilized on individual trip outputs if single-phase operating devices are available on the circuit breaker even when a three-phase tripping scheme is selected. Set the function block to Program = 3Ph and set the required length of the trip pulse to for example, tTripMin = 150ms. For special applications such as Lock-out refer to the separate section below. The typical connection is shown below in figure 193. Signals that are not used are dimmed.
SMPPTRC BLOCK Impedance protection zone 1 TRIP Impedance protection zone 3 TRIP Impedance protection zone 2 TRIP EF4PTOC TRIP BLKLKOUT TRIP TRL1 TRL2 TRL3 TR1P TR2P TR3P CLLKOUT
TRIN TRINL1 TRINL2 TRINL3 PSL1 PSL2 PSL3 1PTRZ 1PTREF P3PTR SETLKOUT RSTLKOUT
en05000544.vsd
IEC05000544 V2 EN
Figure 193:
Tripping logic SMPPTRC is used for a simple three-phase tripping application
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Single- and/or three-phase tripping
The single-/three-phase tripping will give single-phase tripping for single-phase faults and three-phase tripping for multi-phase fault. The operating mode is always used together with a single-phase autoreclosing scheme. The single-phase tripping can include different options and the use of the different inputs in the function block. The inputs 1PTRZ and 1PTREF are used for single-phase tripping for distance protection and directional earth fault protection as required. The inputs are combined with the phase selection logic and the start signals from the phase selector must be connected to the inputs PSL1, PSL2 and PSL3 to achieve the tripping on the respective single-phase trip outputs TRL1, TRL2 and TRL3. The Output TRIP is a general trip and activated independent of which phase is involved. Depending on which phases are involved the outputs TR1P, TR2P and TR3P will be activated as well. When single-phase tripping schemes are used a single-phase autoreclosing attempt is expected to follow. For cases where the autoreclosing is not in service or will not follow for some reason, the input Prepare Three-phase Trip P3PTR must be activated. This is normally connected to the respective output on the Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing function SESRSYN but can also be connected to other signals, for example an external logic signal. If two breakers are involved, one TR block instance and one SESRSYN instance is used for each breaker. This will ensure correct operation and behavior of each breaker. The output Trip 3 Phase TR3P must be connected to the respective input in SESRSYN to switch SESRSYN to three-phase reclosing. If this signal is not activated SESRSYN will use single-phase reclosing dead time. Note also that if a second line protection is utilizing the same SESRSYN the three-phase trip signal must be generated, for example by using the three-trip relays contacts in series and connecting them in parallel to the TR3P output from the trip block. The trip logic also has inputs TRINL1, TRINL2 and TRINL3 where phase-selected trip signals can be connected. Examples can be individual phase inter-trips from remote end or internal/external phase selected trip signals, which are routed through the IED to achieve, for example SESRSYN, Breaker failure, and so on. Other back-up functions are connected to the input TRIN as described above. A typical connection for a single-phase tripping scheme is shown in figure 194.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Distance protection zone 2 TRIP Distance protection zone 3 TRIP Overcurrent protection TRIP
1
BLOCK BLKLKOUT TRIN
SMPPTRC TRIP TRL1 TRL2 TRL3 TR1P TR2P TR3P CLLKOUT
Distance protection zone 1 TRIP
TRINL1 TRINL2
Phase Selection PSL1 PSL2 PSL3 TR3P
TRINL3 PSL1 PSL2 PSL3 1PTRZ
SMBRREC PREP3P
1PTREF P3PTR SETLKOUT
TR3P
RSTLKOUT
IEC05000545 V3 EN
Figure 194:
The trip logic function SMPPTRC used for single-phase tripping application
The single-/two-/three-phase tripping mode provides single-phase tripping for singlephase faults, two-phase tripping for two-phase faults and three-phase tripping for multi-phase faults. The operating mode is always used together with an autoreclosing scheme with setting Program = 1/2/3Ph or Program = 1/3Ph attempt. The functionality is very similar to the single-phase scheme described above. However SESRSYN must in addition to the connections for single phase above be informed that the trip is two phase by connecting the trip logic output TR2P to the respective input in SESRSYN.
Single-, two- or three-phase tripping
Lock-out
This function block is provided with possibilities to initiate lock-out. The lock-out can be set to only activate the block closing output CLLKOUT or initiate the block closing output and also maintain the trip signal (latched trip). The lock-out can then be manually reset after checking the primary fault by activating the input reset Lock-Out RSTLKOUT. If external conditions are required to initiate Lock-out but not initiate trip this can be achieved by activating input SETLKOUT. The setting AutoLock = Off means that the internal trip will not activate lock-out so only initiation of the input SETLKOUT will result in lock-out. This is normally the case for overhead line protection where most faults are transient. Unsuccessful autoreclose and back-up zone tripping can in such cases be connected to initiate Lock-out by activating the input SETLKOUT.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Blocking of the function block
The function block can be blocked in two different ways. Its use is dependent on the application. Blocking can be initiated internally by logic, or by the operator using a communication channel. Total blockage of the trip function is done by activating the input BLOCK and can be used to block the output of the trip logic in the event of internal failures. Blockage of lock-out output by activating input BLKLKOUT is used for operator control of the lock-out function.
3.13.1.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for Tripping logic SMPPTRC are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following trip parameters can be set to regulate tripping. Operation: Sets the mode of operation. Off switches the tripping off. The normal selection is On. Program: Sets the required tripping scheme. Normally 3Ph or 1/2Ph are used. TripLockout: Sets the scheme for lock-out. Off only activates the lock-out output. On activates the lock-out output and latches the output TRIP. The normal selection is Off. AutoLock: Sets the scheme for lock-out. Off only activates lock-out through the input SETLKOUT. On additonally allows activation through the trip function itself. The normal selection is Off. tTripMin: Sets the required minimum duration of the trip pulse. It should be set to ensure that the breaker is tripped correctly. Normal setting is 0.150s. tWaitForPHS: Sets a duration after any of the inputs 1PTRZ or 1PTREF has been activated during which a phase selection must occur to get a single phase trip. If no phase selection has been achieved a three-phase trip will be issued after the time has elapsed.
3.13.1.3
Table 169:
Name Operation Program
Setting parameters
SMPPTRC Group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 3 phase 1ph/3ph 1ph/2ph/3ph 0.000 - 60.000 0.020 - 0.500 Unit Step Default On 1ph/3ph Description Operation Off / On Three ph; single or three ph; single, two or three ph trip Minimum duration of trip output signal Secures 3-pole trip when phase selection failed
tTripMin tWaitForPHS
s s
0.001 0.001
0.150 0.050
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Table 170:
Name TripLockout AutoLock
SMPPTRC Group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) Off On Off On Unit Step Default Off Off Description On: activate output (CLLKOUT) and trip latch, Off: only outp On: lockout from input (SETLKOUT) and trip, Off: only inp
3.13.2
Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO

Function description Trip matrix logic IEC 61850 identification TMAGGIO IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.13.2.1
Application
Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO function is used to route trip signals and other logical output signals to different output contacts on the IED. TMAGGIO output signals and the physical outputs allows the user to adapt the signals to the physical tripping outputs according to the specific application needs.
3.13.2.2
Setting guidelines
Operation: Operation of function On/Off. PulseTime: Defines the pulse time delay. When used for direct tripping of circuit breaker(s) the pulse time delay shall be set to approximately 0.150 seconds in order to obtain satisfactory minimum duration of the trip pulse to the circuit breaker trip coils. OnDelay: Used to prevent output signals to be given for spurious inputs. Normally set to 0 or a low value. OffDelay: Defines a minimum on time for the outputs. When used for direct tripping of circuit breaker(s) the off delay time shall be set to approximately 0.150 seconds in order to obtain a satisfactory minimum duration of the trip pulse to the circuit breaker trip coils. ModeOutputx: Defines if output signal OUTPUTx (where x=1-3) is Steady or Pulsed.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Setting parameters
3.13.2.3
Table 171:
Name Operation PulseTime OnDelay OffDelay ModeOutput1 ModeOutput2 ModeOutput3
TMAGGIO Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 0.050 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 Steady Pulsed Steady Pulsed Steady Pulsed Unit s s s Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default On 0.150 0.000 0.000 Steady Steady Steady Description Operation Off / On Output pulse time Output on delay time Output off delay time Mode for output ,1 steady or pulsed Mode for output 2, steady or pulsed Mode for output 3, steady or pulsed
3.13.3
3.13.3.1
Configurable logic blocks

Application
A set of standard logic blocks, like AND, OR etc, and timers are available for adapting the IED configuration to the specific application needs. There are no settings for AND gates, OR gates, inverters or XOR gates. For normal On/Off delay and pulse timers the time delays and pulse lengths are set from the local HMI or via the PST tool. Both timers in the same logic block (the one delayed on pick-up and the one delayed on drop-out) always have a common setting value. For controllable gates, settable timers and SR flip-flops with memory, the setting parameters are accessible via the local HMI or via the PST tool.
Configuration
Logic is configured using the ACT configuration tool in PCM600. Execution of functions as defined by the configurable logic blocks runs according to a fixed sequence with different cycle times. For each cycle time, the function block is given an serial execution number. This is shown when using the ACT configuration tool with the designation of the function block and the cycle time, see example below.
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IEC09000695 V2 EN
Figure 195:
Example designation, serial execution number and cycle time for logic function
The execution of different function blocks within the same cycle is determined by the order of their serial execution numbers. Always remember this when connecting two or more logical function blocks in series. Always be careful when connecting function blocks with a fast cycle time to function blocks with a slow cycle time. Remember to design the logic circuits carefully and always check the execution sequence for different functions. In other cases, additional time delays must be introduced into the logic schemes to prevent errors, for example, race between functions.
3.13.3.2
Table 172:
Name T
Setting parameters
TIMER Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) 0.000 - 90000.000 Unit s Step 0.001 Default 0.000 Description Time delay of function
Table 173:
Name T
PULSETIMER Non group settings (basic)

Table 174:
Name Memory
SRMEMORY Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On Unit Step Default On Description Operating mode of the memory function
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Table 175:
Name Memory
RSMEMORY Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On Unit Step Default On Description Operating mode of the memory function
Table 176:
Name Operation
GATE Group settings (basic)

Table 177:
Name Operation t
TIMERSET Group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 0.000 - 90000.000 Unit s Step 0.001 Default Off 0.000 Description Operation Off/On Delay for settable timer n
3.13.4
Fixed signal function block FXDSIGN

Function description Fixed signals IEC 61850 identification FXDSIGN IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.13.4.1
Application
The Fixed signals function (FXDSIGN) generates a number of pre-set (fixed) signals that can be used in the configuration of an IED, either for forcing the unused inputs in other function blocks to a certain level/value, or for creating certain logic.
Example for use of GRP_OFF signal in FXDSIGN

The Restricted earth fault function REFPDIF can be used both for autotransformers and normal transformers. When used for auto-transformers, information from both windings parts, together with the neutral point current, needs to be available to the function. This means that three inputs are needed.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
REFPDIF I3PW1CT1 I3PW2CT1 I3P

IEC09000619 V3 EN
Figure 196:
REFPDIF function inputs for autotransformer application
For normal transformers only one winding and the neutral point is available. This means that only two inputs are used. Since all group connections are mandatory to be connected, the third input needs to be connected to something, which is the GRP_OFF signal in FXDSIGN function block.
REFPDIF I3PW1CT1 I3PW2CT1 I3P
FXDSIGN GRP_OFF
IEC09000620 V3 EN
Figure 197:
REFPDIF function inputs for normal transformer application
3.13.4.2
Setting parameters
The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM 600)
3.13.5
Boolean 16 to Integer conversion B16I

Function description Boolean 16 to integer conversion IEC 61850 identification B16I IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.13.5.1
Application
Boolean 16 to integer conversion function B16I is used to transform a set of 16 binary (logical) signals into an integer. It can be used for example, to connect logical output signals from a function (like distance protection) to integer inputs
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
from another function (like line differential protection). B16I does not have a logical node mapping.
3.13.5.2
Setting guidelines
The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM600).
3.13.6
Boolean 16 to Integer conversion with logic node representation B16IFCVI

Function description Boolean 16 to integer conversion with logic node representation IEC 61850 identification B16IFCVI IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.13.6.1
Application
Boolean 16 to integer conversion with logic node representation function B16IFCVI is used to transform a set of 16 binary (logical) signals into an integer. B16IFCVI can receive an integer from a station computer for example, over IEC 6185081. These functions are very useful when you want to generate logical commands (for selector switches or voltage controllers) by inputting an integer number. B16IFCVI has a logical node mapping in IEC 61850.
3.13.6.2
Setting guidelines
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM600).
3.13.7
Integer to Boolean 16 conversion IB16

Function description Integer to boolean 16 conversion IEC 61850 identification IB16 IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.13.7.1
Application
Integer to boolean 16 conversion function (IB16) is used to transform an integer into a set of 16 binary (logical) signals. It can be used for example, to connect integer output signals from one function to binary (logical) inputs to another function. IB16 function does not have a logical node mapping.

3.13.7.2 Setting parameters
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The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM600).
3.13.8
Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation IB16FCVB

Function description Integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation IEC 61850 identification IB16FCVB IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.13.8.1
Application
Integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation function (IB16FCVB) is used to transform an integer into a set of 16 binary (logical) signals. IB16FCVB function can receive an integer from a station computer for example, over IEC 6185081. These functions are very useful when the user wants to generate logical commands (for selector switches or voltage controllers) by inputting an integer number. IB16FCVB function has a logical node mapping in IEC 61850.
3.13.8.2
Setting parameters
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM600)
3.14
3.14.1
Monitoring
Measurement
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Function description Measurements IEC 61850 identification CVMMXN
P, Q, S, I, U, f
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
SYMBOL-RR V1 EN
Phase current measurement
CMMXU
I
SYMBOL-SS V1 EN
Phase-phase voltage measurement
VMMXU
U
SYMBOL-UU V1 EN
Current sequence component measurement
CMSQI
I1, I2, I0
SYMBOL-VV V1 EN
Voltage sequence measurement
VMSQI
U1, U2, U0
SYMBOL-TT V1 EN
Phase-neutral voltage measurement
VNMMXU
U
SYMBOL-UU V1 EN
3.14.1.1
Application
Measurement functions is used for power system measurement, supervision and reporting to the local HMI, monitoring tool within PCM600 or to station level for example, via IEC 61850. The possibility to continuously monitor measured values of active power, reactive power, currents, voltages, frequency, power factor etc. is vital for efficient production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. It provides to the system operator fast and easy overview of the present status of the power system. Additionally, it can be used during testing and commissioning of protection and control IEDs in order to verify proper operation and connection of instrument transformers (CTs and VTs). During normal service by periodic comparison of the measured value from the IED with other independent meters the proper operation of the IED analog measurement chain can be verified. Finally, it can be used to verify proper direction orientation for distance or directional overcurrent protection function. The available measured values of an IED are depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.
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All measured values can be supervised with four settable limits that is, low-low limit, low limit, high limit and high-high limit. A zero clamping reduction is also supported, that is, the measured value below a settable limit is forced to zero which reduces the impact of noise in the inputs. Dead-band supervision can be used to report measured signal value to station level when change in measured value is above set threshold limit or time integral of all changes since the last time value updating exceeds the threshold limit. Measure value can also be based on periodic reporting. The measurement function, CVMMXN, provides the following power system quantities: P, Q and S: three phase active, reactive and apparent power PF: power factor U: phase-to-phase voltage amplitude I: phase current amplitude F: power system frequency
Main menu/Measurement/Monitoring/Service values/CVMMXN The measuring functions CMMXU, VNMMXU and VMMXU provide physical quantities: I: phase currents (amplitude and angle) (CMMXU) U: voltages (phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase voltage, amplitude and angle) (VMMXU, VNMMXU)
It is possible to calibrate the measuring function above to get better then class 0.5 presentation. This is accomplished by angle and amplitude compensation at 5, 30 and 100% of rated current and at 100% of rated voltage. The power system quantities provided, depends on the actual hardware, (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600. The measuring functions CMSQI and VMSQI provide sequence component quantities: I: sequence currents (positive, zero, negative sequence, amplitude and angle) U: sequence voltages (positive, zero and negative sequence, amplitude and angle).
The CVMMXN function calculates three-phase power quantities by using fundamental frequency phasors (DFT values) of the measured current respectively voltage signals. The measured power quantities are available either, as instantaneously calculated quantities or, averaged values over a period of time (low pass filtered) depending on the selected settings.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Zero clamping
The measuring functions, CMMXU, VMMXU, VNMMXU and CVMMXN have no interconnections regarding any setting or parameter. Zero clampings are also entirely handled by the ZeroDb for each and every signal separately for each of the functions. For example, the zero clamping of U12 is handled by UL12ZeroDb in VMMXU, zero clamping of I1 is handled by IL1ZeroDb in CMMXU ETC. Example how CVMMXN is operating: The following outputs can be observed on the local HMI under Monitoring/ Servicevalues/SRV1
S P Q PF ILAG ILEAD U I F Apparent three-phase power Active three-phase power Reactive three-phase power Power factor I lagging U I leading U System mean voltage, calculated according to selected mode System mean current, calculated according to selected mode Frequency
3.14.1.2
The settings for this function is found under Setting/General setting/Monitoring/ Service values/SRV1 It can be seen that: When system voltage falls below UGenZeroDB, the shown value for S, P, Q, PF, ILAG, ILEAD, U and F on the local HMI is forced to zero When system current falls below IGenZeroDB, the shown value for S, P, Q, PF, ILAG, ILEAD, U and F on the local HMI is forced to zero When the value of a single signal falls below the set dead band for that specific signal, the value shown on the local HMI is forced to zero. For example, if apparent three-phase power falls below SZeroDb the value for S on the local HMI is forced to zero.
3.14.1.3
Setting guidelines
The available setting parameters of the measurement function CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU, CMSQI, VMSQI, VNMMXU are depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600. The parameters for the Measurement functions CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU, CMSQI, VMSQI, VNMMXU are set via the local HMI or PCM600.
489
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Operation: Off/On. Every function instance (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU, CMSQI, VMSQI, VNMMXU) can be taken in operation (On) or out of operation (Off). The following general settings can be set for the Measurement function (CVMMXN). PowAmpFact: Amplitude factor to scale power calculations. PowAngComp: Angle compensation for phase shift between measured I & U. Mode: Selection of measured current and voltage. There are 9 different ways of calculating monitored three-phase values depending on the available VT inputs connected to the IED. See parameter group setting table. k: Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, U and I. UGenZeroDb: Minimum level of voltage in % of UBase used as indication of zero voltage (zero point clamping). If measured value is below UGenZeroDb calculated S, P, Q and PF will be zero. IGenZeroDb: Minimum level of current in % of IBase used as indication of zero current (zero point clamping). If measured value is below IGenZeroDb calculated S, P, Q and PF will be zero. UBase: Base voltage in primary kV. This voltage is used as reference for voltage setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary voltage supervised object. IBase: Base current in primary A. This current is used as reference for current setting. It can be suitable to set this parameter to the rated primary current of the supervised object. SBase: Base setting for power values in MVA. UAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate voltage measurements at Y% of Ur, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. IAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at Y% of Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. IAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. Parameters IBase, Ubase and SBase have been implemented as a settings instead of a parameters, which means that if the values of the parameters are changed there will be no restart of the application. As restart is required to activate new parameters values, the IED must be restarted in some way. Either manually or by changing some other parameter at the same time.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The following general settings can be set for the Phase-phase current measurement (CMMXU). IAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at Y% of Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. IAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The following general settings can be set for the Phase-phase voltage measurement (VMMXU). UAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate voltage measurements at Y% of Ur, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. UAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ur, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The following general settings can be set for all monitored quantities included in the functions (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU, CMSQI, VMSQI, VNMMXU) X in setting names below equals S, P, Q, PF, U, I, F, IL1-3, UL1-3UL12-31, I1, I2, 3I0, U1, U2 or 3U0. Xmin: Minimum value for analog signal X set directly in applicable measuring unit. Xmax: Maximum value for analog signal X. XZeroDb: Zero point clamping. A signal value less than XZeroDb is forced to zero. Observe the related zero point clamping settings in Setting group N for CVMMXN (UGenZeroDb and IGenZeroDb). If measured value is below UGenZeroDb and/or IGenZeroDb calculated S, P, Q and PF will be zero and these settings will override XZeroDb. XRepTyp: Reporting type. Cyclic (Cyclic), amplitude deadband (Dead band) or integral deadband (Int deadband). The reporting interval is controlled by the parameter XDbRepInt. XDbRepInt: Reporting deadband setting. Cyclic reporting is the setting value and is reporting interval in seconds. Amplitude deadband is the setting value in % of measuring range. Integral deadband setting is the integral area, that is, measured value in % of measuring range multiplied by the time between two measured values. XHiHiLim: High-high limit. Set in applicable measuring unit. XHiLim: High limit. XLowLim: Low limit. XLowLowLim: Low-low limit. XLimHyst: Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits.
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All phase angles are presented in relation to defined reference channel. The parameter PhaseAngleRef defines the reference.
Calibration curves
It is possible to calibrate the functions (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VNMMXU and VMMXU) to get class 0.5 presentations of currents, voltages and powers. This is accomplished by amplitude and angle compensation at 5, 30 and 100% of rated current and voltage. The compensation curve will have the characteristic for amplitude and angle compensation of currents as shown in figure 198 (example). The first phase will be used as reference channel and compared with the curve for calculation of factors. The factors will then be used for all related channels.
IEC05000652 V2 EN
Figure 198:
Calibration curves
Setting examples
Three setting examples, in connection to Measurement function (CVMMXN), are provided: Measurement function (CVMMXN) application for a 400 kV OHL Measurement function (CVMMXN) application on the secondary side of a transformer Measurement function (CVMMXN) application for a generator
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
For each of them detail explanation and final list of selected setting parameters values will be provided. The available measured values of an IED are depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.
Measurement function application for a 400 kV OHL Single line diagram for this application is given in figure 199:
400kV Busbar
800/1 A
400 0,1 / kV 3 3
IED
Q
400kV OHL
IEC09000039-1-EN V1 EN
Figure 199:
Single line diagram for 400 kV OHL application
In order to monitor, supervise and calibrate the active and reactive power as indicated in figure 199 it is necessary to do the following: 1. 2. 3. Set correctly CT and VT data and phase angle reference channel PhaseAngleRef using PCM600 for analog input channels Connect, in PCM600, measurement function to three-phase CT and VT inputs Set under General settings parameters for the Measurement function: general settings as shown in table 178. level supervision of active power as shown in table 179. calibration parameters as shown in table 180.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 178:
Setting Operation PowAmpFact
General settings parameters for the Measurement function

Short Description Operation Off/On Amplitude factor to scale power calculations Selected value On 1.000 Comments Function must be On It can be used during commissioning to achieve higher measurement accuracy. Typically no scaling is required It can be used during commissioning to achieve higher measurement accuracy. Typically no angle compensation is required. As well here required direction of P & Q measurement is towards protected object (as per IED internal default direction) All three phase-to-earth VT inputs are available Typically no additional filtering is required Set minimum voltage level to 25%. Voltage below 25% will force S, P and Q to zero. Set minimum current level to 3%. Current below 3% will force S, P and Q to zero. Set rated OHL phase-to-phase voltage Set rated primary CT current used for OHL
PowAngComp
Angle compensation for phase shift between measured I & U
0.0
Mode k UGenZeroDb
Selection of measured current and voltage Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, U and I Zero point clamping in % of Ubase Zero point clamping in % of Ibase
L1, L2, L3 0.00 25
IGenZeroDb
UBase IBase
Base setting for voltage level in kV Base setting for current level in A
400.00 800
Table 179:
Setting
Settings parameters for level supervision

Short Description Minimum value Minimum value Zero point clamping in 0.001% of range Reporting type Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits) Selected value -750 750 3000 db 2 Comments Minimum expected load Maximum expected load Set zero point clamping to 45 MW that is, 3% of 1500 MW Select amplitude deadband supervision Set db=30 MW that is, 2% (larger changes than 30 MW will be reported) High alarm limit that is, extreme overload alarm High warning limit that is, overload warning Low warning limit. Not active Low alarm limit. Not active Set Hysteresis MW that is, 2%
PMin PMax PZeroDb PRepTyp PDbRepInt
PHiHiLim PHiLim PLowLim PLowLowlLim PLimHyst
600 500 -800 -800 2
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Table 180:
Setting
Settings for calibration parameters

Short Description Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 5% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 30% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 100% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 5% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 30% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 100% of Ur Angle calibration for current at 5% of Ir Angle pre-calibration for current at 30% of Ir Angle pre-calibration for current at 100% of Ir Selected value 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Comments
IAmpComp5 IAmpComp30 IAmpComp100 UAmpComp5 UAmpComp30 UAmpComp100 IAngComp5 IAngComp30 IAngComp100
Measurement function application for a power transformer Single line diagram for this application is given in figure 200.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
110kV Busbar
200/1
31,5 MVA 110/36,75/(10,5) kV Yy0(d5)
IED
P 500/5
UL1L2 35 / 0,1kV
35kV Busbar
IEC09000040-1-EN V1 EN
Figure 200:
Single line diagram for transformer application
In order to measure the active and reactive power as indicated in figure 200, it is necessary to do the following: 1. 2. 3. Set correctly all CT and VT and phase angle reference channel PhaseAngleRef data using PCM600 for analog input channels Connect, in PCM600, measurement function to LV side CT & VT inputs Set the setting parameters for relevant Measurement function as shown in the following table 181:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 181:
Setting

Short description Operation Off/On Amplitude factor to scale power calculations Angle compensation for phase shift between measured I & U Selected value Comment Function must be On Typically no scaling is required Typically no angle compensation is required. However here the required direction of P & Q measurement is towards busbar (Not per IED internal default direction). Therefore angle compensation have to be used in order to get measurements in aliment with the required direction. Only UL1L2 phase-to-phase voltage is available Typically no additional filtering is required Set minimum voltage level to 25% Set minimum current level to 3% Set LV side rated phase-tophase voltage Set transformer LV winding rated current
Operation PowAmpFact PowAngComp
On
1.000 180.0
Mode
k UGenZeroDb IGenZeroDb UBase IBase
Selection of measured current and voltage Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, U and I Zero point clamping in % of Ubase Zero point clamping in % of Ibase Base setting for voltage level in kV Base setting for current level in A
L1L2 0.00 25 3 35.00 495
Measurement function application for a generator Single line diagram for this application is given in figure 201.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
220kV Busbar
300/1
100 MVA 242/15,65 kV Yd5
15 / 0,1kV
IED
UL1L2 , UL2L3
P 100MVA 15,65kV 4000/5
IEC09000041-1-EN V1 EN
Figure 201:
Single line diagram for generator application
In order to measure the active and reactive power as indicated in figure 201, it is necessary to do the following: 1. 2. 3. Set correctly all CT and VT data and phase angle reference channel PhaseAngleRef using PCM600 for analog input channels Connect, in PCM600, measurement function to the generator CT & VT inputs Set the setting parameters for relevant Measurement function as shown in the following table:
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 182:
Setting Operation PowAmpFact PowAngComp

Short description Operation Off/On Amplitude factor to scale power calculations Angle compensation for phase shift between measured I & U Selected value On 1.000 0.0 Comment Function must be On Typically no scaling is required Typically no angle compensation is required. As well here required direction of P & Q measurement is towards protected object (as per IED internal default direction) Generator VTs are connected between phases (V-connected) Typically no additional filtering is required Set minimum voltage level to 25% Set minimum current level to 3% Set generator rated phase-tophase voltage Set generator rated current
Mode k UGenZeroDb IGenZeroDb UBase IBase
Selection of measured current and voltage Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, U and I Zero point clamping in % of Ubase Zero point clamping in % of Ibase Base setting for voltage level in kV Base setting for current level in A
Arone 0.00 25% 3 15,65 3690
3.14.1.4
Setting parameters
The available setting parameters of the measurement function (MMXU, MSQI) are depending on the actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.
Table 183:
Name SLowLim SLowLowLim SMin SMax SRepTyp
CVMMXN Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.0 - 2000.0 0.0 - 2000.0 0.0 - 2000.0 0.0 - 2000.0 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband -2000.0 - 2000.0 -2000.0 - 2000.0 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband -2000.0 - 2000.0 -2000.0 - 2000.0 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband Unit %SB %SB %SB %SB Step 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Default 80.0 60.0 50.0 200.0 Cyclic Description Low limit in % of SBase Low Low limit in % of SBase Minimum value in % of SBase Maximum value in % of SBase Reporting type
PMin PMax PRepTyp
%SB %SB -
0.1 0.1 -
-200.0 200.0 Cyclic
Minimum value in % of SBase Maximum value in % of SBase Reporting type
QMin QMax QRepTyp
%SB %SB -
0.1 0.1 -
-200.0 200.0 Cyclic
Minimum value in % of SBase Maximum value in % of SBase Reporting type

Name PFMin PFMax PFRepTyp Values (Range) -1.000 - 1.000 -1.000 - 1.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.0 - 200.0 0.0 - 200.0 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.0 - 500.0 0.0 - 500.0 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 0.000 - 100.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband Off On 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 - 200000.00 L1, L2, L3 Arone Pos Seq L1L2 L2L3 L3L1 L1 L2 L3 0.000 - 6.000 -180.0 - 180.0 0.000 - 1.000 Unit Step 0.001 0.001 Default -1.000 1.000 Cyclic Description Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
UMin UMax URepTyp
%UB %UB -
0.1 0.1 -
50.0 200.0 Cyclic
Minimum value in % of UBase Maximum value in % of UBase Reporting type
IMin IMax IRepTyp
%IB %IB -
0.1 0.1 -
50.0 200.0 Cyclic
Minimum value in % of IBase Maximum value in % of IBase Reporting type
FrMin FrMax FrRepTyp
Hz Hz -
0.001 0.001 -
0.000 70.000 Cyclic
Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
Operation IBase UBase SBase Mode
A kV MVA -
1 0.05 0.05 -
Off 3000 400.00 2080.00 L1, L2, L3
Operation Off / On Base setting for current values in A Base setting for voltage value in kV Base setting for power values in MVA Selection of measured current and voltage
PowAmpFact PowAngComp k
Deg -
0.001 0.1 0.001
1.000 0.0 0.000
Amplitude factor to scale power calculations Angle compensation for phase shift between measured I & U Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, U and I
Table 184:
Name SDbRepInt SZeroDb SHiHiLim
CVMMXN Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 1 - 300 0 - 100000 0.0 - 2000.0 Unit Type m% %SB Step 1 1 0.1 Default 10 500 150.0 Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit in % of SBase
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0.0 - 2000.0 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 0 - 100000 -2000.0 - 2000.0 -2000.0 - 2000.0 -2000.0 - 2000.0 -2000.0 - 2000.0 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 0 - 100000 -2000.0 - 2000.0 -2000.0 - 2000.0 -2000.0 - 2000.0 -2000.0 - 2000.0 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 0 - 100000 -1.000 - 1.000 -1.000 - 1.000 -1.000 - 1.000 -1.000 - 1.000 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 0 - 100000 0.0 - 200.0 0.0 - 200.0 0.0 - 200.0 0.0 - 200.0 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 0 - 100000 0.0 - 500.0 Unit %SB % Type m% %SB %SB %SB %SB % Type m% %SB %SB %SB %SB % Type m% % Type m% %UB %UB %UB %UB % Type m% %IB Step 0.1 0.001 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 1 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 1 1 0.1 Default 120.0 5.000 10 500 150.0 120.0 -120.0 -150.0 5.000 10 500 150.0 120.0 -120.0 -150.0 5.000 10 500 1.000 0.800 -0.800 -1.000 5.000 10 500 150.0 120.0 80.0 60.0 5.000 10 500 150.0 Description High limit in % of SBase Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits) Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit in % of SBase High limit in % of SBase Low limit in % of SBase Low Low limit in % of SBase Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits) Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit in % of SBase High limit in % of SBase Low limit in % of SBase Low Low limit in % of SBase Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits) Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits) Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit in % of UBase High limit in % of UBase Low limit in % of UBase Low Low limit in % of UBase Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits) Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit in % of IBase
Name SHiLim SLimHyst PDbRepInt PZeroDb PHiHiLim PHiLim PLowLim PLowLowLim PLimHyst QDbRepInt QZeroDb QHiHiLim QHiLim QLowLim QLowLowLim QLimHyst PFDbRepInt PFZeroDb PFHiHiLim PFHiLim PFLowLim PFLowLowLim PFLimHyst UDbRepInt UZeroDb UHiHiLim UHiLim ULowLim ULowLowLim ULimHyst IDbRepInt IZeroDb IHiHiLim

Name IHiLim ILowLim ILowLowLim ILimHyst FrDbRepInt FrZeroDb FrHiHiLim FrHiLim FrLowLim FrLowLowLim FrLimHyst UGenZeroDb IGenZeroDb UAmpComp5 UAmpComp30 UAmpComp100 IAmpComp5 IAmpComp30 IAmpComp100 IAngComp5 IAngComp30 IAngComp100 Values (Range) 0.0 - 500.0 0.0 - 500.0 0.0 - 500.0 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 0 - 100000 0.000 - 100.000 0.000 - 100.000 0.000 - 100.000 0.000 - 100.000 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 100 1 - 100 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 Unit %IB %IB %IB % Type m% Hz Hz Hz Hz % %UB %IB % % % % % % Deg Deg Deg Step 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 1 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 120.0 80.0 60.0 5.000 10 500 65.000 63.000 47.000 45.000 5.000 5 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
High limit in % of IBase Low limit in % of IBase Low Low limit in % of IBase Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits) Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits) Zero point clamping in % of Ubase Zero point clamping in % of Ibase Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 5% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 30% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 100% of Ur Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 5% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 30% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 100% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 5% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 30% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 100% of Ir
Table 185:
Name IL1DbRepInt Operation IBase IL1Max IL1RepTyp
CMMXU Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 300 Off On 1 - 99999 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband Unit Type A A Step 1 1 0.001 Default 10 Off 3000 1000.000 Cyclic Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Operation Mode On / Off Base setting for current level in A Maximum value Reporting type
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 1 - 300 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 Unit Type Type A Step 1 1 0.001 Default 10 10 1000.000 Cyclic Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Maximum value Reporting type
Name IL1AngDbRepInt IL2DbRepInt IL2Max IL2RepTyp
IL2AngDbRepInt IL3DbRepInt IL3Max IL3RepTyp
Type Type A -
1 1 0.001 -
10 10 1000.000 Cyclic
Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Maximum value Reporting type
IL3AngDbRepInt
Type
10
Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s
Table 186:
Name IL1ZeroDb IL1HiHiLim IL1HiLim IAmpComp5 IAmpComp30 IL1LowLim IL1LowLowLim IAmpComp100 IAngComp5 IL1Min IAngComp30 IAngComp100 IL1LimHys IL2ZeroDb
CMMXU Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 0.000 10000000000.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 0.000 - 100.000 0 - 100000 Unit m% A A % % A A % Deg A Deg Deg % m% Step 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 Default 0 900.000 800.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.000 0 Description Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 5% of Ir Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 30% of Ir Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Amplitude factor to calibrate current at 100% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 5% of Ir Minimum value Angle calibration for current at 30% of Ir Angle calibration for current at 100% of Ir Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range

Name IL2HiHiLim IL2HiLim IL2LowLim IL2LowLowLim IL2Min IL2LimHys IL3ZeroDb IL3HiHiLim IL3HiLim IL3LowLim IL3LowLowLim IL3Min IL3LimHys Values (Range) 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 - 100.000 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 - 100.000 Unit A A A A A % m% A A A A A % Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 900.000 800.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.000 0 900.000 800.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.000 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Minimum value Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Minimum value Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits
Table 187:
Name UL1DbRepInt Operation UBase UL1Max UL1RepTyp
VNMMXU Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 300 Off On 0.05 - 2000.00 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 Unit Type kV V Step 1 0.05 0.001 Default 10 Off 400.00 300000.000 Cyclic Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Operation Mode On / Off Base setting for voltage level in kV Maximum value Reporting type
UL1LimHys UL1AnDbRepInt UL2DbRepInt UL2Max
% Type Type V
0.001 1 1 0.001
5.000 10 10 300000.000
Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Maximum value
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 Unit Step Default Cyclic Description Reporting type
Name UL2RepTyp
UL2LimHys UL2AnDbRepInt UL3DbRepInt UL3Max UL3RepTyp
% Type Type V -
0.001 1 1 0.001 -
5.000 10 10 300000.000 Cyclic
Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Maximum value Reporting type
UL3LimHys UL3AnDbRepInt
% Type
0.001 1
5.000 10
Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s
Table 188:
Name UL1ZeroDb UL1HiHiLim UL1HiLim UL1LowLim UL1LowLowLim UAmpComp100 UL1Min UL2ZeroDb UL2HiHiLim UL2HiLim UL2LowLim UL2LowLowLim UL2Min UL3ZeroDb
VNMMXU Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 -10.000 - 10.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0 - 100000 Unit m% V V V V % V m% V V V V V m% Step 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 Default 0 260000.000 240000.000 220000.000 200000.000 0.000 0.000 0 260000.000 240000.000 220000.000 200000.000 0.000 0 Description Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 100% of Ur Minimum value Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Minimum value Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range

Name UL3HiHiLim UL3HiLim UL3LowLim UL3LowLowLim UL3Min Values (Range) 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 Unit V V V V V Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 260000.000 240000.000 220000.000 200000.000 0.000 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Minimum value
Table 189:
Name UL12DbRepInt Operation UBase UL12Max UL12RepTyp
VMMXU Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 300 Off On 0.05 - 2000.00 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 Unit Type kV V Step 1 0.05 0.001 Default 10 Off 400.00 500000.000 Cyclic Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Operation Mode On / Off Base setting for voltage level in kV Maximum value Reporting type
UL12AnDbRepInt UL23DbRepInt UL23Max UL23RepTyp
Type Type V -
1 1 0.001 -
10 10 500000.000 Cyclic
UL23AnDbRepInt UL31DbRepInt UL31Max UL31RepTyp
Type Type V -
1 1 0.001 -
10 10 500000.000 Cyclic
UL31AnDbRepInt
Type
10
Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 190:
Name UL12ZeroDb UL12HiHiLim UL12HiLim UL12LowLim UL12LowLowLim UAmpComp100 UL12Min UL12LimHys UL23ZeroDb UL23HiHiLim UL23HiLim UL23LowLim UL23LowLowLim UL23Min UL23LimHys UL31ZeroDb UL31HiHiLim UL31HiLim UL31LowLim UL31LowLowLim UL31Min UL31LimHys
VMMXU Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 -10.000 - 10.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 - 100.000 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 - 100.000 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 - 100.000 Unit m% V V V V % V % m% V V V V V % m% V V V V V % Step 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 0 450000.000 420000.000 380000.000 350000.000 0.000 0.000 5.000 0 450000.000 420000.000 380000.000 350000.000 0.000 5.000 0 450000.000 420000.000 380000.000 350000.000 0.000 5.000 Description Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Amplitude factor to calibrate voltage at 100% of Ur Minimum value Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Minimum value Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Minimum value Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 191:
Name 3I0DbRepInt 3I0Min 3I0Max 3I0RepTyp
CMSQI Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 Off On -180.000 - 180.000 -180.000 - 180.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 -180.000 - 180.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 Unit Type A A Step 1 0.001 0.001 Default 10 0.000 1000.000 Cyclic Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
3I0LimHys 3I0AngDbRepInt Operation 3I0AngMin 3I0AngMax 3I0AngRepTyp
% Type Deg Deg -
0.001 1 0.001 0.001 -
5.000 10 Off -180.000 180.000 Cyclic
Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Operation Mode On / Off Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
I1DbRepInt I1Min I1Max I1RepTyp
Type A A -
1 0.001 0.001 -
10 0.000 1000.000 Cyclic
Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
I1AngDbRepInt I1AngMax I1AngRepTyp
Type Deg -
1 0.001 -
10 180.000 Cyclic
Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Maximum value Reporting type
I2DbRepInt I2Min I2Max I2RepTyp
Type A A -
1 0.001 0.001 -
10 0.000 1000.000 Cyclic
I2LimHys
0.001
5.000
Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 1 - 300 -180.000 - 180.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband Unit Type Deg Step 1 0.001 Default 10 -180.000 Cyclic Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Minimum value Reporting type
Name I2AngDbRepInt I2AngMin I2AngRepTyp
Table 192:
Name 3I0ZeroDb 3I0HiHiLim 3I0HiLim 3I0LowLim 3I0LowLowLim 3I0AngZeroDb I1ZeroDb I1HiHiLim I1HiLim I1LowLim I1LowLowLim I1LimHys I1AngZeroDb I1AngMin I2ZeroDb I2HiHiLim I2HiLim I2LowLim I2LowLowLim I2AngZeroDb I2AngMax
CMSQI Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0 - 100000 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 - 100.000 0 - 100000 -180.000 - 180.000 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0 - 100000 -180.000 - 180.000 Unit m% A A A A m% m% A A A A % m% Deg m% A A A A m% Deg Step 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 Default 0 900.000 800.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 900.000 800.000 0.000 0.000 5.000 0 -180.000 0 900.000 800.000 0.000 0.000 0 180.000 Description Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range Minimum value Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range Maximum value
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 193:
Name 3U0DbRepInt 3U0Min 3U0Max 3U0RepTyp
VMSQI Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 Off On 0 - 100000 -180.000 - 180.000 -180.000 - 180.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 1 - 300 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 1 - 300 -180.000 - 180.000 Unit Type V V Step 1 0.001 0.001 Default 10 0.000 300000.000 Cyclic Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
3U0LimHys 3U0AngDbRepInt Operation 3U0AngZeroDb 3U0AngMin 3U0AngMax 3U0AngRepTyp
% Type m% Deg Deg -
0.001 1 1 0.001 0.001 -
5.000 10 Off 0 -180.000 180.000 Cyclic
Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Operation Mode On / Off Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
U1DbRepInt U1Min U1Max U1RepTyp
Type V V -
1 0.001 0.001 -
10 0.000 300000.000 Cyclic
U1LimHys U1AngDbRepInt U2DbRepInt U2Min U2Max U2RepTyp
% Type Type V V -
0.001 1 1 0.001 0.001 -
5.000 10 10 0.000 300000.000 Cyclic
Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
U2LimHys U2AngDbRepInt U2AngMin
% Type Deg
0.001 1 0.001
5.000 10 -180.000
Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Minimum value
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) -180.000 - 180.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 -10.000 - 10.000 Unit Deg Step 0.001 Default 180.000 Cyclic Description Maximum value Reporting type
Name U2AngMax U2AngRepTyp
UAmpPreComp5 UAmpPreComp30 UAmpPreComp100
% % %
0.001 0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000 0.000
Amplitude factor to pre-calibrate voltage at 5% of Ir Amplitude factor to pre-calibrate voltage at 30% of Ir Amplitude factor to pre-calibrate voltage at 100% of Ir
Table 194:
Name 3U0ZeroDb 3U0HiHiLim 3U0HiLim 3U0LowLim 3U0LowLowLim U1ZeroDb U1HiHiLim U1HiLim U1LowLim U1LowLowLim U1AngZeroDb U1AngMin U1AngMax U1AngRepTyp
VMSQI Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0 - 100000 -180.000 - 180.000 -180.000 - 180.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0 - 100000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0.000 10000000000.000 0 - 100000 Unit m% V V V V m% V V V V m% Deg Deg Step 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 0.001 Default 0 260000.000 240000.000 220000.000 200000.000 0 260000.000 240000.000 220000.000 200000.000 0 -180.000 180.000 Cyclic Description Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
U2ZeroDb U2HiHiLim U2HiLim U2LowLim U2LowLowLim U2AngZeroDb
m% V V V V m%
1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1
0 260000.000 240000.000 220000.000 200000.000 0
Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit (physical value) High limit (physical value) Low limit (physical value) Low Low limit (physical value) Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range

3.14.2.1
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Event counter CNTGGIO

Identification
Function description Event counter IEC 61850 identification CNTGGIO
S00946 V1 EN
3.14.2.2
Application
Event counter (CNTGGIO) has six counters which are used for storing the number of times each counter has been activated. CNTGGIO can be used to count how many times a specific function, for example the tripping logic, has issued a trip signal. All six counters have a common blocking and resetting feature.
3.14.2.3
Setting parameters
The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or Protection and Control IED Manager (PCM600)
3.14.3
Event function EVENT

Function description Event function IEC 61850 identification EVENT
S00946 V1 EN
3.14.3.1
Introduction
When using a Substation Automation system with LON or SPA communication, time-tagged events can be sent at change or cyclically from the IED to the station level. These events are created from any available signal in the IED that is connected to the Event function (EVENT). The event function block is used for LON and SPA communication. Analog and double indication values are also transferred through EVENT function.
3.14.3.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters for the Event (EVENT) function are set via the local HMI or PCM600.
EventMask (Ch_1 - 16) The inputs can be set individually as:

1MRK 502 030-UEN B
NoEvents OnSet, at pick-up of the signal OnReset, at drop-out of the signal OnChange, at both pick-up and drop-out of the signal AutoDetect
LONChannelMask or SPAChannelMask Definition of which part of the event function block that shall generate events:
Off Channel 1-8 Channel 9-16 Channel 1-16
MinRepIntVal (1 - 16) A time interval between cyclic events can be set individually for each input channel. This can be set between 0.0 s to 1000.0 s in steps of 0.1 s. It should normally be set to 0, that is, no cyclic communication.
It is important to set the time interval for cyclic events in an optimized way to minimize the load on the station bus.
3.14.3.3
Table 195:
Name SPAChannelMask
Setting parameters
EVENT Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off Channel 1-8 Channel 9-16 Channel 1-16 Off Channel 1-8 Channel 9-16 Channel 1-16 NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect Unit Step Default Off Description SPA channel mask
LONChannelMask
Off
LON channel mask
EventMask1
AutoDetect
Reporting criteria for input 1
EventMask2
AutoDetect
EventMask3
AutoDetect

Name EventMask4 Values (Range) NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect Unit Step Default AutoDetect Description
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EventMask5
AutoDetect
EventMask6
AutoDetect
EventMask7
AutoDetect
EventMask8
AutoDetect
EventMask9
AutoDetect
EventMask10
AutoDetect
EventMask11
AutoDetect
EventMask12
AutoDetect
EventMask13
AutoDetect
EventMask14
AutoDetect
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Values (Range) NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect NoEvents OnSet OnReset OnChange AutoDetect 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 0 - 3600 Unit Step Default AutoDetect Description Reporting criteria for input 15
Name EventMask15
EventMask16
AutoDetect
MinRepIntVal1 MinRepIntVal2 MinRepIntVal3 MinRepIntVal4 MinRepIntVal5 MinRepIntVal6 MinRepIntVal7 MinRepIntVal8 MinRepIntVal9 MinRepIntVal10 MinRepIntVal11 MinRepIntVal12 MinRepIntVal13 MinRepIntVal14 MinRepIntVal15 MinRepIntVal16
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Minimum reporting interval input 1 Minimum reporting interval input 2 Minimum reporting interval input 3 Minimum reporting interval input 4 Minimum reporting interval input 5 Minimum reporting interval input 6 Minimum reporting interval input 7 Minimum reporting interval input 8 Minimum reporting interval input 9 Minimum reporting interval input 10 Minimum reporting interval input 11 Minimum reporting interval input 12 Minimum reporting interval input 13 Minimum reporting interval input 14 Minimum reporting interval input 15 Minimum reporting interval input 16
3.14.4
Logical signal status report BINSTATREP

Function description Logical signal status report IEC 61850 identification BINSTATREP IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.14.4.1
Application
The Logical signal status report (BINSTATREP) function makes it possible for a SPA master to poll signals from various other function blocks. BINSTATREP has 16 inputs and 16 outputs. The output status follows the inputs and can be read from the local HMI or via SPA communication. When an input is set, the respective output is set for a user defined time. If the input signal remains set for a longer period, the output will remain set until the input signal resets.
515
Application manual
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INPUTn OUTPUTn t t
IEC09000732 V1 EN
Figure 202:
BINSTATREP logical diagram
3.14.4.2
Setting guidelines
The pulse time t is the only setting for the Logical signal status report (BINSTATREP). Each output can be set or reset individually, but the pulse time will be the same for all outputs in the entire BINSTATREP function.
3.14.4.3
Table 196:
Name t
Setting parameters
BINSTATREP Non group settings (basic)
3.14.5
Measured value expander block RANGE_XP

Function description Measured value expander block IEC 61850 identification RANGE_XP IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.14.5.1
Application
The current and voltage measurements functions (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU and VNMMXU), current and voltage sequence measurement functions (CMSQI and VMSQI) and IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions (MVGGIO) are provided with measurement supervision functionality. All measured values can be supervised with four settable limits, that is low-low limit, low limit, high limit and high-high limit. The measure value expander block ( RANGE_XP) has been introduced to be able to translate the integer output signal from the measuring functions to 5 binary signals, that is below low-low limit, below low limit, normal, above high-high limit or above high limit. The output signals can be used as conditions in the configurable logic.
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Setting guidelines
There are no settable parameters for the measured value expander block function.
3.14.5.2
3.14.6
Disturbance report DRPRDRE

Function description Analog input signals Disturbance report Disturbance report Disturbance report Disturbance report IEC 61850 identification A41RADR DRPRDRE A1RADR A4RADR B1RBDR IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
3.14.6.1
Application
To get fast, complete and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/ or in the secondary system it is very important to gather information on fault currents, voltages and events. It is also important having a continuous eventlogging to be able to monitor in an overview perspective. These tasks are accomplished by the disturbance report function DRPRDRE and facilitate a better understanding of the power system behavior and related primary and secondary equipment during and after a disturbance. An analysis of the recorded data provides valuable information that can be used to explain a disturbance, basis for change of IED setting plan, improve existing equipment, and so on. This information can also be used in a longer perspective when planning for and designing new installations, that is, a disturbance recording could be a part of Functional Analysis (FA). Disturbance report DRPRDRE, always included in the IED, acquires sampled data of all selected analog and binary signals connected to the function blocks that is, maximum 30 external analog signals, 10 internal derived analog signals, and 96 binary signals.
Disturbance report function is a common name for several functions that is, Indications (IND), Event recorder (ER), Event list (EL), Trip value recorder (TVR), Disturbance recorder (DR). Disturbance report function is characterized by great flexibility as far as configuration, starting conditions, recording times, and large storage capacity are concerned. Thus, disturbance report is not dependent on the operation of protective functions, and it can record disturbances that were not discovered by protective functions for one reason or another. Disturbance report can be used as an advanced stand-alone disturbance recorder.
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Every disturbance report recording is saved in the IED. The same applies to all events, which are continuously saved in a ring-buffer. Local HMI can be used to get information about the recordings, and the disturbance report files may be uploaded in the PCM600 using the Disturbance handling tool, for report reading or further analysis (using WaveWin, that can be found on the PCM600 installation CD). The user can also upload disturbance report files using FTP or MMS (over 6185081) clients. If the IED is connected to a station bus (IEC 61850-8-1), the disturbance recorder (record made and fault number) and the fault locator information are available as GOOSE or Report Control data. The same information is obtainable if IEC60870-5-103 is used.
3.14.6.2
Setting guidelines
The setting parameters for the Disturbance report function DRPRDRE are set via the local HMI or PCM600. It is possible to handle up to 40 analog and 96 binary signals, either internal signals or signals coming from external inputs. The binary signals are identical in all functions that is, Disturbance recorder (DR), Event recorder (ER), Indication (IND), Trip value recorder (TVR) and Event list (EL) function. User-defined names of binary and analog input signals is set using PCM600. The analog and binary signals appear with their user-defined names. The name is used in all related functions (Disturbance recorder (DR), Event recorder (ER), Indication (IND), Trip value recorder (TVR) and Event list (EL)). Figure 203 shows the relations between Disturbance report, included functions and function blocks. Event list (EL), Event recorder (ER) and Indication (IND) uses information from the binary input function blocks (BxRBDR). Trip value recorder (TVR) uses analog information from the analog input function blocks (AxRADR),. Disturbance report function acquires information from both AxRADR and BxRBDR.
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A1-4RADR
Disturbance Report
A4RADR Analog signals
DRPRDRE Trip value rec
B1-6RBDR
Disturbance recorder
Binary signals
B6RBDR Event list Event recorder Indications
IEC09000337 V2 EN
Figure 203:
Disturbance report functions and related function blocks
For Disturbance report function there are a number of settings which also influences the sub-functions. Three LED indications placed above the LCD screen makes it possible to get quick status information about the IED.
Green LED: Steady light Flashing light Dark Yellow LED: Steady light Flashing light Red LED: Steady light Triggered on binary signal N with SetLEDN = On A Disturbance Report is triggered The IED is in test mode In Service Internal failure No power supply
Operation The operation of Disturbance report function DRPRDRE has to be set On or Off. If Off is selected, note that no disturbance report is registered, and none sub-function will operate (the only general parameter that influences Event list (EL)).
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Operation = Off: Disturbance reports are not stored. LED information (yellow - start, red - trip) is not stored or changed.
Operation = On: Disturbance reports are stored, disturbance data can be read from the local HMI and from a PC using PCM600. LED information (yellow - start, red - trip) is stored.
Every recording will get a number (0 to 999) which is used as identifier (local HMI, disturbance handling tool and IEC 61850). An alternative recording identification is date, time and sequence number. The sequence number is automatically increased by one for each new recording and is reset to zero at midnight. The maximum number of recordings stored in the IED is 100. The oldest recording will be overwritten when a new recording arrives (FIFO). To be able to delete disturbance records, Operation parameter has to be On.
The maximum number of recordings depend on each recordings total recording time. Long recording time will reduce the number of recordings to less than 100.
The IED flash disk should NOT be used to store any user files. This might cause disturbance recordings to be deleted due to lack of disk space.
Recording times
The different recording times for Disturbance report are set (the pre-fault time, postfault time, and limit time). These recording times affect all sub-functions more or less but not the Event list (EL) function. Prefault recording time (PreFaultRecT) is the recording time before the starting point of the disturbance. The setting should be at least 0.1 s to ensure enough samples for the estimation of pre-fault values in the Trip value recorder (TVR) function. Postfault recording time (PostFaultRecT) is the maximum recording time after the disappearance of the trig-signal (does not influence the Trip value recorder (TVR) function).
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Recording time limit (TimeLimit) is the maximum recording time after trig. The parameter limits the recording time if some trigging condition (fault-time) is very long or permanently set (does not influence the Trip value recorder (TVR) function). Post retrigger (PostRetrig) can be set to On or Off. Makes it possible to choose performance of Disturbance report function if a new trig signal appears in the postfault window. PostRetrig = Off The function is insensitive for new trig signals during post fault time. PostRetrig = On The function completes current report and starts a new complete report that is, the latter will include: new pre-fault- and fault-time (which will overlap previous report) events and indications might be saved in the previous report too, due to overlap new trip value calculations if installed, in operation and started
Operation in test mode If the IED is in test mode and OpModeTest = Off. Disturbance report function does not save any recordings and no LED information is displayed. If the IED is in test mode and OpModeTest = On. Disturbance report function works in normal mode and the status is indicated in the saved recording.
Binary input signals
Up to 96 binary signals can be selected among internal logical and binary input signals. The configuration tool is used to configure the signals. For each of the 96 signals, it is also possible to select if the signal is to be used as a trigger for the start of the Disturbance report and if the trigger should be activated on positive (1) or negative (0) slope. OperationN: Disturbance report may trig for binary input N (On) or not (Off). TrigLevelN: Trig on positive (Trig on 1) or negative (Trig on 0) slope for binary input N. Func103N: Function type number (0-255) for binary input N according to IEC-60870-5-103, that is, 128: Distance protection, 160: overcurrent protection, 176: transformer differential protection and 192: line differential protection. Info103N: Information number (0-255) for binary input N according to IEC-60870-5-103, that is, 69-71: Trip L1-L3, 78-83: Zone 1-6. See also description in the chapter IEC 60870-5-103.

Analog input signals
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Up to 40 analog signals can be selected among internal analog and analog input signals. PCM600 is used to configure the signals. For retrieving remote data from LDCM module, the Disturbance report function should not be connected to a 3 ms SMAI function block if this is the only intended use for the remote data. The analog trigger of Disturbance report is not affected if analog input M is to be included in the disturbance recording or not (OperationM = On/Off). If OperationM = Off, no waveform (samples) will be recorded and reported in graph. However, Trip value, pre-fault and fault value will be recorded and reported. The input channel can still be used to trig the disturbance recorder. If OperationM = On, waveform (samples) will also be recorded and reported in graph. NomValueM: Nominal value for input M. OverTrigOpM, UnderTrigOpM: Over or Under trig operation, Disturbance report may trig for high/low level of analog input M (On) or not (Off). OverTrigLeM, UnderTrigLeM: Over or under trig level, Trig high/low level relative nominal value for analog input M in percent of nominal value.
Sub-function parameters
All functions are in operation as long as Disturbance report is in operation. Indications IndicationMaN: Indication mask for binary input N. If set (Show), a status change of that particular input, will be fetched and shown in the disturbance summary on local HMI. If not set (Hide), status change will not be indicated. SetLEDN: Set red LED on local HMI in front of the IED if binary input N changes status. Disturbance recorder OperationM: Analog channel M is to be recorded by the disturbance recorder (On) or not (Off). If OperationM = Off, no waveform (samples) will be recorded and reported in graph. However, Trip value, pre-fault and fault value will be recorded and reported. The input channel can still be used to trig the disturbance recorder. If OperationM = On, waveform (samples) will also be recorded and reported in graph. Event recorder Event recorder (ER) function has no dedicated parameters.
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Trip value recorder ZeroAngleRef: The parameter defines which analog signal that will be used as phase angle reference for all other analog input signals. This signal will also be used for frequency measurement and the measured frequency is used when calculating trip values. It is suggested to point out a sampled voltage input signal, for example, a line or busbar phase voltage (channel 1-30). Event list Event list (EL) (SOE) function has no dedicated parameters.
Consideration
The density of recording equipment in power systems is increasing, since the number of modern IEDs, where recorders are included, is increasing. This leads to a vast number of recordings at every single disturbance and a lot of information has to be handled if the recording functions do not have proper settings. The goal is to optimize the settings in each IED to be able to capture just valuable disturbances and to maximize the number that is possible to save in the IED. The recording time should not be longer than necessary (PostFaultrecT and TimeLimit). Should the function record faults only for the protected object or cover more? How long is the longest expected fault clearing time? Is it necessary to include reclosure in the recording or should a persistent fault generate a second recording (PostRetrig)?
Minimize the number of recordings: Binary signals: Use only relevant signals to start the recording that is, protection trip, carrier receive and/or start signals. Analog signals: The level triggering should be used with great care, since unfortunate settings will cause enormously number of recordings. If nevertheless analog input triggering is used, chose settings by a sufficient margin from normal operation values. Phase voltages are not recommended for trigging.
Remember that values of parameters set elsewhere are linked to the information on a report. Such parameters are, for example, station and object identifiers, CT and VT ratios.
3.14.6.3
Table 197:
Name Operation PreFaultRecT PostFaultRecT
Setting parameters
DRPRDRE Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0.05 - 9.90 0.1 - 10.0 Unit s s Step 0.01 0.1 Default Off 0.10 0.5 Description Operation Off/On Pre-fault recording time Post-fault recording time

Name TimeLimit PostRetrig ZeroAngleRef OpModeTest Values (Range) 0.5 - 10.0 Off On 1 - 30 Off On Unit s Ch Step 0.1 1 Default 1.0 Off 1 Off Description
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Fault recording time limit Post-fault retrig enabled (On) or not (Off) Reference channel (voltage), phasors, frequency measurement Operation mode during test mode
Table 198:
Name Operation01 NomValue01 UnderTrigOp01 UnderTrigLe01 OverTrigOp01 OverTrigLe01 Operation02 NomValue02 UnderTrigOp02 UnderTrigLe02 OverTrigOp02 OverTrigLe02 Operation03 NomValue03 UnderTrigOp03 UnderTrigLe03 OverTrigOp03 OverTrigLe03 Operation04 NomValue04
A1RADR Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Unit % % % % % % Step 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 Default Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Description Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 1 Use under level trig for analogue cha 1 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 1 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 1 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 1 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 2 Use under level trig for analogue cha 2 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 2 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 2 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 2 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 3 Use under level trig for analogue cha 3 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 3 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 3 (on) or not (off) Overtrigger level for analogue cha 3 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 4
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Values (Range) Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Unit % % % % % % % % % Step 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 Default Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Description Use under level trig for analogue cha 4 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 4 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 4 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 4 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 5 Use under level trig for analogue cha 5 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 5 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 5 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 5 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 6 Use under level trig for analogue cha 6 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 6 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 6 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 6 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 7 Use under level trig for analogue cha 7 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 7 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 7 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 7 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 8 Use under level trig for analogue cha 8 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 8 in % of signal
Name UnderTrigOp04 UnderTrigLe04 OverTrigOp04 OverTrigLe04 Operation05 NomValue05 UnderTrigOp05 UnderTrigLe05 OverTrigOp05 OverTrigLe05 Operation06 NomValue06 UnderTrigOp06 UnderTrigLe06 OverTrigOp06 OverTrigLe06 Operation07 NomValue07 UnderTrigOp07 UnderTrigLe07 OverTrigOp07 OverTrigLe07 Operation08 NomValue08 UnderTrigOp08 UnderTrigLe08

Name OverTrigOp08 OverTrigLe08 Operation09 NomValue09 UnderTrigOp09 UnderTrigLe09 OverTrigOp09 OverTrigLe09 Operation10 NomValue10 UnderTrigOp10 UnderTrigLe10 OverTrigOp10 OverTrigLe10 Values (Range) Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Unit % % % % % Step 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 Default Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Description
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Use over level trig for analogue cha 8 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 8 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 9 Use under level trig for analogue cha 9 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 9 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 9 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 9 in % of signal Operation On/Off Nominal value for analogue channel 10 Use under level trig for analogue cha 10 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 10 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 10 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 10 in % of signal
Table 199:
Name Operation31 NomValue31 UnderTrigOp31 UnderTrigLe31 OverTrigOp31 OverTrigLe31 Operation32 NomValue32 UnderTrigOp32 UnderTrigLe32
A4RADR Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Unit % % % Step 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 Default Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Description Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 31 Use under level trig for analogue cha 31 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 31 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 31 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 31 in % of signal Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 32 Use under level trig for analogue cha 32 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 32 in % of signal
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Values (Range) Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Unit % % % % % % % % % Step 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 Default Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Description Use over level trig for analogue cha 32 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 32 in % of signal Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 33 Use under level trig for analogue cha 33 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 33 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 33 (on) or not (off) Overtrigger level for analogue cha 33 in % of signal Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 34 Use under level trig for analogue cha 34 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 34 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 34 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 34 in % of signal Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 35 Use under level trig for analogue cha 35 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 35 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 35 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 35 in % of signal Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 36 Use under level trig for analogue cha 36 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 36 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 36 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 36 in % of signal
Name OverTrigOp32 OverTrigLe32 Operation33 NomValue33 UnderTrigOp33 UnderTrigLe33 OverTrigOp33 OverTrigLe33 Operation34 NomValue34 UnderTrigOp34 UnderTrigLe34 OverTrigOp34 OverTrigLe34 Operation35 NomValue35 UnderTrigOp35 UnderTrigLe35 OverTrigOp35 OverTrigLe35 Operation36 NomValue36 UnderTrigOp36 UnderTrigLe36 OverTrigOp36 OverTrigLe36

Name Operation37 NomValue37 UnderTrigOp37 UnderTrigLe37 OverTrigOp37 OverTrigLe37 Operation38 NomValue38 UnderTrigOp38 UnderTrigLe38 OverTrigOp38 OverTrigLe38 Operation39 NomValue39 UnderTrigOp39 UnderTrigLe39 OverTrigOp39 OverTrigLe39 Operation40 NomValue40 UnderTrigOp40 UnderTrigLe40 OverTrigOp40 OverTrigLe40 Values (Range) Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Off On 0.0 - 999999.9 Off On 0 - 200 Off On 0 - 5000 Unit % % % % % % % % Step 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 1 Default Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Off 0.0 Off 50 Off 200 Description Operation On/off
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Nominal value for analogue channel 37 Use under level trig for analogue cha 37 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 37 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 37 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 37 in % of signal Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 38 Use under level trig for analogue cha 38 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 38 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 38 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 38 in % of signal Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 39 Use under level trig for analogue cha 39 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 39 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 39 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 39 in % of signal Operation On/off Nominal value for analogue channel 40 Use under level trig for analogue cha 40 (on) or not (off) Under trigger level for analogue cha 40 in % of signal Use over level trig for analogue cha 40 (on) or not (off) Over trigger level for analogue cha 40 in % of signal
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Table 200:
Name Operation01 TrigLevel01 IndicationMa01 SetLED01 Operation02 TrigLevel02 IndicationMa02 SetLED02 Operation03 TrigLevel03 IndicationMa03 SetLED03 Operation04 TrigLevel04 IndicationMa04 SetLED04 Operation05 TrigLevel05 IndicationMa05 SetLED05 Operation06 TrigLevel06 IndicationMa06 SetLED06
B1RBDR Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Unit Step Default Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Description Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 1 Indication mask for binary channel 1 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 1 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 2 Indication mask for binary channel 2 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 2 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 3 Indication mask for binary channel 3 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 3 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 4 Indication mask for binary channel 4 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 4 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 5 Indication mask for binary channel 5 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 5 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 6 Indication mask for binary channel 6 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 6

Name Operation07 TrigLevel07 IndicationMa07 SetLED07 Operation08 TrigLevel08 IndicationMa08 SetLED08 Operation09 TrigLevel09 IndicationMa09 SetLED09 Operation10 TrigLevel10 IndicationMa10 SetLED10 Operation11 TrigLevel11 IndicationMa11 SetLED11 Operation12 TrigLevel12 IndicationMa12 SetLED12 Values (Range) Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Unit Step Default Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Description
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Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 7 Indication mask for binary channel 7 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 7 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 8 Indication mask for binary channel 8 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 8 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 9 Indication mask for binary channel 9 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 9 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 10 Indication mask for binary channel 10 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 10 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 11 Indication mask for binary channel 11 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 11 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 12 Indication mask for binary channel 12 Set red-LED on HMI for binary input 12
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Values (Range) Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On Off On Trig on 0 Trig on 1 Hide Show Off On 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 Unit FunT FunT FunT FunT FunT FunT FunT FunT Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off Off Trig on 1 Hide Off 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Description Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 13 Indication mask for binary channel 13 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 13 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 14 Indication mask for binary channel 14 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 14 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 15 Indication mask for binary channel 15 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 15 Trigger operation On/Off Trig on positiv (1) or negative (0) slope for binary inp 16 Indication mask for binary channel 16 Set red-LED on HMI for binary channel 16 Function type for binary channel 1 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 2 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 3 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 4 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 5 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 6 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 7 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 8 (IEC -60870-5-103)
Name Operation13 TrigLevel13 IndicationMa13 SetLED13 Operation14 TrigLevel14 IndicationMa14 SetLED14 Operation15 TrigLevel15 IndicationMa15 SetLED15 Operation16 TrigLevel16 IndicationMa16 SetLED16 FUNT1 FUNT2 FUNT3 FUNT4 FUNT5 FUNT6 FUNT7 FUNT8

Name FUNT9 FUNT10 FUNT11 FUNT12 FUNT13 FUNT14 FUNT15 FUNT16 INFNO1 INFNO2 INFNO3 INFNO4 INFNO5 INFNO6 INFNO7 INFNO8 INFNO9 INFNO10 INFNO11 INFNO12 INFNO13 INFNO14 INFNO15 INFNO16 Values (Range) 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 255 Unit FunT FunT FunT FunT FunT FunT FunT FunT InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Description
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Function type for binary channel 9 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 10 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 11 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 12 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 13 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 14 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 15 (IEC -60870-5-103) Function type for binary channel 16 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 1 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 2 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 3 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 4 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 5 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 6 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 7 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 8 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 9 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 10 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 11 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 12 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 13 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 14 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 15 (IEC -60870-5-103) Information number for binary channel 16 (IEC -60870-5-103)
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Section 3 IED application Event list

Application
From an overview perspective, continuous event-logging is a useful system monitoring instrument and is a complement to specific disturbance recorder functions. The event list (EL), always included in the IED, logs all selected binary input signals connected to the Disturbance report function. The list may contain of up to 1000 time-tagged events stored in a ring-buffer where, if the buffer is full, the oldest event is overwritten when a new event is logged. The difference between the event list (EL) and the event recorder (ER) function is that the list function continuously updates the log with time tagged events while the recorder function is an extract of events during the disturbance report time window. The event list information is available in the IED via the local HMI or PCM600.
3.14.7
3.14.7.1
3.14.7.2
Setting guidelines
The setting parameters for the Event list function (EL) are a part of the Disturbance report settings. It is possible to event handle up to 96 binary signals, either internal signals or signals from binary input channels. These signals are identical with the binary signals recorded by the disturbance recorder. There is no dedicated setting for the EL function.
3.14.8
3.14.8.1
Indications
Application
Fast, condensed and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/or in the secondary system is important. Binary signals that have changed status during a disturbance are an example of this. This information is used primarily in the short term (for example, immediate disturbance analysis, corrective actions) to get information via the local HMI in a straightforward way without any knowledge of how to handle the IED. There are three LEDs on the local HMI (green, yellow and red), which will display status information about the IED (in service, internal failure, and so on) and the Disturbance report function (trigged). The Indication function (IND), always included in the IED, shows all selected binary input signals connected to the Disturbance Report function that have been activated during a disturbance. The status changes are logged during the entire
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recording time, which depends on the set of recording times (pre-, post-fault and limit time) and the actual fault time. The indications are not time-tagged. The indication information is available for each of the recorded disturbances in the IED and the user may use the local HMI to view the information.
3.14.8.2
Setting guidelines
The setting parameters for LEDs and the Indication function (IND) are a part of the disturbance report settings. Available signals are identical with the binary signals recorded by the disturbance report. It is possible to use all binary input signals for the Indication function on the local HMI, but it is not recommended since the general view will be lost. The intention is to point out some important signals, not to many, to be shown. If a more thorough analysis is to be done information from the event recorder should be used. To be able to control the red LED in the local HMI: SetLEDn: Set red LED on LMHI in front of the IED if binary input N changes status. For the IND function there are a number dedicated settings: IndicationMaN: Indication mask for binary input N. If set (Show), a status change of that particular input, will be fetched and shown on the local HMI. If not set (Hide), status change will not be indicated.
3.14.9
3.14.9.1
Event recorder
Application
Quick, complete and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/or in the secondary system is vital, for example, time tagged events logged during disturbances. This information is used for different purposes in the short term, for example, disturbance analysis, corrective actions and in the long term, for example, disturbance analysis, statistics and maintenance, that is Functional Analysis). The event recorder, always included in the IED, logs all selected binary input signals connected to the disturbance report function DRPRDRE. Each recording can contain up to 150 time-tagged events. The events are logged during the total recording time, which depends on the set of recording times (pre-, post-fault and limit time) and the actual fault time. During this time, the first 150 events for all 96 binary signals are logged and time-tagged. The event recorder information is available for each of the recorded disturbances in the IED and the user may use the local HMI to get the information. The information is included in the disturbance recorder file, which may be uploaded to PCM600 and further analyzed using the Disturbance Handling tool.
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The event recording information is an integrated part of the disturbance record (Comtrade file).
3.14.9.2
Setting guidelines
The setting parameters for the Event Recorder (ER) function are a part of the Disturbance Report settings. It is possible to event handle up to 96 binary signals, either internal signals or signals from binary input channels. These signals are identical to the binary signals recorded by the disturbance report. For the ER function there is no dedicated setting.
3.14.10
3.14.10.1
Trip value recorder

Application
Fast, complete and reliable information about disturbances such as fault currents and voltage faults in the power system is vital. This information is used for different purposes in the short perspective (for example, fault location, disturbance analysis, corrective actions) and the long term (for example, disturbance analysis, statistics and maintenance, that is Functional Analysis). The trip value recorder (TVR), always included in the IED, calculates the values of all selected external analog input signals (channel 1-30) connected to the Disturbance Report function. The estimation is performed immediately after finalizing each recording and available in the disturbance report. The result is magnitude and phase angle before and during the fault for each analog input signal. The information is used as input to the fault location function (FL), if included in the IED and in operation. The trip value recorder (TVR) information is available for each of the recorded disturbances in the IED and the user may use the local HMI to get the information. The information is included in the disturbance recorder file, which can be uploaded to PCM600 and further analyzed using the Disturbance Handling tool.
3.14.10.2
Setting guidelines
The trip value recorder (TVR) setting parameters are a part of the disturbance report settings. For the trip value recorder (TVR) there is one dedicated setting: ZeroAngleRef: The parameter defines which analog signal to use as phase-angle reference for all other input signals. It is suggested to point out a sampled voltage input signal, for example a line or busbar phase voltage (channel 1-30).

3.14.11.1
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Disturbance recorder
Application
The maximum number of recordings depend on each recordings total recording time. Long recording time will reduce the number of recordings to less than 100.
The IED flash disk should NOT be used to store any user files. This might cause disturbance recordings to be deleted due to lack of disk space. To get fast, complete and reliable information about fault current, voltage, binary signal and other disturbances in the power system is very important. This is accomplished by the Disturbance Recorder function and facilitates a better understanding of the behavior of the power system and related primary and secondary equipment during and after a disturbance. An analysis of the recorded data provides valuable information that can be used to explain a disturbance, basis for change of IED setting plan, improvement of existing equipment, and so on. This information can also be used in a longer perspective when planning for and designing new installations, that is a disturbance recording could be a part of Functional Analysis (FA). The Disturbance Recorder (DR), always included in the IED, acquires sampled data from all selected analog input and binary signals connected to the function blocks, that is maximum 30 external analog, 10 internal (derived) analog and 96 binary signals. The function is characterized by great flexibility as far as configuration, starting conditions, recording times, and large storage capacity are concerned. Thus, the disturbance recorder is not dependent on the operation of protective functions, and it can record disturbances that were not discovered by protective functions. The disturbance recorder information is saved for each of the recorded disturbances in the IED and the user may use the local HMI to get some general information about the recordings. The disturbance recording information is included in the disturbance recorder files, which may be uploaded to PCM600 for further analysis using the Disturbance Handling tool. The information is also available on a station bus according to IEC 61850 and according to IEC 60870-5-103.
3.14.11.2
Setting guidelines
The setting parameters for the Disturbance Recorder function (DR) is a part of the Disturbance Report settings. It is possible to handle up to 40 analog and 96 binary signals, either internal signals or signals coming from external inputs. The binary signals are identical with the
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signals recorded by the other functions in the Disturbance Report function, that is Event recorder (ER), Indication (IND) and Trip value recorder (TVR) function. For the DR function there is one dedicated setting: OperationM: Analog channel M is to be recorded by the disturbance recorder (On) or not (Off). Other disturbance report settings, such as Operation and TrigLevel for binary signals, will also influence the disturbance recorder.
3.15
3.15.1
Metering
Pulse-counter logic PCGGIO
Function description Pulse-counter logic IEC 61850 identification PCGGIO IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
S00947 V1 EN
3.15.1.1
Application
Pulse counter logic function counts externally generated binary pulses, for instance pulses coming from an external energy meter, for calculation of energy consumption values. The pulses are captured by the binary input module (BIM), and read by the pulse counter function. The number of pulses in the counter is then reported via the station bus to the substation automation system or read via the station monitoring system as a service value. When using IEC 6185081, a scaled service value is available over the station bus. The normal use for this function is the counting of energy pulses from external energy meters. An optional number of inputs from an arbitrary input module in IED can be used for this purpose with a frequency of up to 40 Hz. The pulse counter can also be used as a general purpose counter.
3.15.1.2
Setting guidelines
From PCM600, these parameters can be set individually for each pulse counter: Operation: Off/On tReporting: 0-3600s EventMask: NoEvents/ReportEvents
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The configuration of the inputs and outputs of the Pulse counter function block is made with PCM600. On the Binary Input Module, the debounce filter time is fixed set to 5 ms, that is, the counter suppresses pulses with a pulse length less than 5 ms. The input oscillation blocking frequency is preset to 40 Hz. That means that the counter finds the input oscillating if the input frequency is greater than 40 Hz. The oscillation suppression is released at 30 Hz. The values for blocking/release of the oscillation can be changed in the local HMI and PCM600 under Main menu/Settings/ General settings/I/O-modules The setting is common for all input channels on a Binary Input Module, that is, if changes of the limits are made for inputs not connected to the pulse counter, the setting also influences the inputs on the same board used for pulse counting.
3.15.1.3
Table 201:
Name Operation EventMask CountCriteria
Setting parameters
PCGGIO Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On NoEvents ReportEvents Off RisingEdge Falling edge OnChange 1.000 - 90000.000 Count ActivePower ApparentPower ReactivePower ActiveEnergy ApparentEnergy ReactiveEnergy 0 - 3600 Unit Step Default Off NoEvents RisingEdge Description Operation Off/On Report mask for analog events from pulse counter Pulse counter criteria
Scale Quantity
0.001 -
1.000 Count
Scaling value for SCAL_VAL output to unit per counted value Measured quantity for SCAL_VAL output
tReporting
60
Cycle time for reporting of counter value
3.15.2
Function for energy calculation and demand handling ETPMMTR

Function description Energy calculation and demand handling IEC 61850 identification ETPMMTR IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
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Application
Energy calculation and demand handling function ETPMMTR is intended for statistics of the forward and reverse active and reactive energy. It has a high accuracy basically given by the measurements function (CVMMXN). This function has a site calibration possibility to further increase the total accuracy. The function is connected to the instantaneous outputs of (CVMMXN) as shown in figure 204.
CVMMXN
P_INST Q_INST P Q
3.15.2.1
ETPMMTR
TRUE FALSE FALSE
STACC RSTACC RSTDMD
IEC09000106.vsd
IEC09000106 V1 EN
Figure 204:
Connection of energy calculation and demand handling function ETPMMTR to the measurements function (CVMMXN)
The energy values can be read through communication in MWh and MVarh in monitoring tool of PCM600 and/or alternatively the values can be presented on the local HMI. The local HMI graphical display is configured with PCM600 Graphical display editor tool (GDE) with a measuring value which is selected to the active and reactive component as preferred. All four values can also be presented. Maximum demand values are presented in MWh or MVarh in the same way. Alternatively, the values can be presented with use of the pulse counters function (PCGGIO). The output values are scaled with the pulse output setting values EAFAccPlsQty, EARAccPlsQty, ERFAccPlsQty and ERVAccPlsQty of the energy metering function and then the pulse counter can be set-up to present the correct values by scaling in this function. Pulse counter values can then be presented on the local HMI in the same way and/or sent to the SA system through communication where the total energy then is calculated by summation of the energy pulses. This principle is good for very high values of energy as the saturation of numbers else will limit energy integration to about one year with 50 kV and 3000 A. After that the accumulation will start on zero again.
3.15.2.2
Setting guidelines
The parameters are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following settings can be done for the energy calculation and demand handling function ETPMMTR: Operation: Off/On
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tEnergy: Time interval when energy is measured. StartAcc: Off/On is used to switch the accumulation of energy on and off. The input signal STACC is used to start accumulation. Input signal STACC cannot be used to halt accumulation. The energy content is reset every time STACC is activated. STACC can for example, be used when an external clock is used to switch two active energy measuring function blocks on and off to have indication of two tariffs. tEnergyOnPls: gives the pulse length ON time of the pulse. It should be at least 100 ms when connected to the Pulse counter function block. Typical value can be 100 ms. tEnergyOffPls: gives the OFF time between pulses. Typical value can be 100 ms. EAFAccPlsQty and EARAccPlsQty: gives the MWh value in each pulse. It should be selected together with the setting of the Pulse counter (PCGGIO) settings to give the correct total pulse value. ERFAccPlsQty and ERVAccPlsQty : gives the MVarh value in each pulse. It should be selected together with the setting of the Pulse counter (PCGGIO) settings to give the correct total pulse value. For the advanced user there are a number of settings for direction, zero clamping, max limit, and so on. Normally, the default values are suitable for these parameters.
3.15.2.3
Table 202:
Name Operation StartAcc tEnergy
Setting parameters
ETPMMTR Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Off On 1 Minute 5 Minutes 10 Minutes 15 Minutes 30 Minutes 60 Minutes 180 Minutes 0.000 - 60.000 0.000 - 60.000 0.001 - 10000.000 Unit Step Default Off Off 1 Minute Description Operation Off/On Activate the accumulation of energy values Time interval for energy calculation
tEnergyOnPls tEnergyOffPls EAFAccPlsQty
s s MWh
0.001 0.001 0.001
1.000 0.500 100.000
Energy accumulated pulse ON time in secs Energy accumulated pulse OFF time in secs Pulse quantity for active forward accumulated energy value
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Values (Range) 0.001 - 10000.000 0.001 - 10000.000 0.001 - 10000.000 Unit MWh MVArh MVArh Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 100.000 100.000 100.000 Description Pulse quantity for active reverse accumulated energy value Pulse quantity for reactive forward accumulated energy value Pulse quantity for reactive reverse accumulated energy value
Name EARAccPlsQty ERFAccPlsQty ERVAccPlsQty
Table 203:
Name EALim ERLim DirEnergyAct DirEnergyReac EnZeroClamp LevZeroClampP LevZeroClampQ EAFPrestVal EARPrestVal ERFPresetVal ERVPresetVal
ETPMMTR Non group settings (advanced)

Values (Range) 0.001 10000000000.000 0.001 10000000000.000 Forward Reverse Forward Reverse Off On 0.001 - 10000.000 0.001 - 10000.000 0.000 - 10000.000 0.000 - 10000.000 0.000 - 10000.000 0.000 - 10000.000 Unit MWh MVArh MW MVAr MWh MWh MVArh MVArh Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 1000000.000 1000.000 Forward Forward On 10.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Description Active energy limit Reactive energy limit Direction of active energy flow Forward/ Reverse Direction of reactive energy flow Forward/ Reverse Enable of zero point clamping detection function Zero point clamping level at active Power Zero point clamping level at reactive Power Preset Initial value for forward active energy Preset Initial value for reverse active energy Preset Initial value for forward reactive energy Preset Initial value for reverse reactive energy
542
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Section 4 Station communication
Section 4
Station communication
About this chapter

This chapter describes the communication possibilities in a SA-system.
4.1
Overview
Each IED is provided with a communication interface, enabling it to connect to one or many substation level systems or equipment, either on the Substation Automation (SA) bus or Substation Monitoring (SM) bus. Following communication protocols are available: IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol LON communication protocol SPA or IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol DNP3.0 communication protocol
Theoretically, several protocols can be combined in the same IED.
4.2
4.2.1
IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol

Application IEC 61850-8-1
IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol allows vertical communication to HSI clients and allows horizontal communication between two or more intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) from one or several vendors to exchange information and to use it in the performance of their functions and for correct co-operation. GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), which is a part of IEC 61850 81 standard, allows the IEDs to communicate state and control information amongst themselves, using a publish-subscribe mechanism. That is, upon detecting an event, the IED(s) use a multi-cast transmission to notify those devices that have registered to receive the data. An IED can, by publishing a GOOSE message, report its status. It can also request a control action to be directed at any device in the network. Figure 205 shows the topology of an IEC 6185081 configuration. IEC 618508 1 specifies only the interface to the substation LAN. The LAN itself is left to the system integrator.
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Engineering Workstation SMS
Station HSI Base System
Gateway CC
Printer
IED 1
KIOSK 1
IED 2
IED 3
IED 1
KIOSK 2
IED 2
IED 3
IED 1
KIOSK 3
IED 2
IED 3
IEC09000135_en.v sd
IEC09000135 V1 EN
Figure 205:
SA system with IEC 6185081
Figure 206 shows the GOOSE peer-to-peer communication.

Station HSI MicroSCADA
Gateway
GOOSE
IED A Control
IEC05000734 V1 EN
IED A Protection
IED A Control and protection
IED A Control
IED A Protection en05000734.vsd
Figure 206:
Example of a broadcasted GOOSE message
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Section 4 Station communication Setting guidelines

There are two settings related to the IEC 6185081 protocol: Operation User can set IEC 61850 communication to On or Off. GOOSE has to be set to the Ethernet link where GOOSE traffic shall be send and received.
4.2.2
4.2.3
Table 204:
Name Operation GOOSE
Setting parameters
IEC61850-8-1 Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Front OEM311_AB OEM311_CD Unit Step Default Off OEM311_AB Description Operation Off/On Port for GOOSE communication
Table 205:
Name Operation
GOOSEBINRCV Non group settings (basic)

4.2.4
IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions SPGGIO, SP16GGIO

Application
IEC 6185081 generic communication I/O functions (SPGGIO) function is used to send one single logical output to other systems or equipment in the substation. It has one visible input, that should be connected in ACT tool.
4.2.4.1
4.2.4.2
Setting guidelines
There are no settings available for the user for SPGGIO. However, PCM600 must be used to get the signals sent by SPGGIO.
4.2.4.3
Setting parameters
4.2.5
IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions MVGGIO

545
Application manual

4.2.5.1 Application
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IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions (MVGGIO) function is used to send the instantaneous value of an analog signal to other systems or equipment in the substation. It can also be used inside the same IED, to attach a RANGE aspect to an analog value and to permit measurement supervision on that value.
4.2.5.2
Setting guidelines
The settings available for IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions (MVGGIO) function allows the user to choose a deadband and a zero deadband for the monitored signal. Values within the zero deadband are considered as zero. The high and low limit settings provides limits for the high-high-, high, normal, low and low-low ranges of the measured value. The actual range of the measured value is shown on the range output of MVGGIO function block. When a Measured value expander block (RANGE_XP) is connected to the range output, the logical outputs of the RANGE_XP are changed accordingly.
4.2.5.3
Table 206:
Name MV db MV zeroDb MV hhLim MV hLim MV lLim MV llLim MV min MV max MV dbType
Setting parameters
MVGGIO Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) 1 - 300 0 - 100000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 -10000000000.000 - 10000000000.000 Cyclic Dead band Int deadband 0.000 - 100.000 Unit Type m% Step 1 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 10 500 90.000 80.000 -80.000 -90.000 -100.000 100.000 Dead band Description Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In % of range, Int Db: In %s Zero point clamping in 0,001% of range High High limit High limit Low limit Low Low limit Minimum value Maximum value Reporting type
MV limHys
0.001
5.000
Hysteresis value in % of range (common for all limits)
4.2.6
IEC 61850-8-1 redundant station bus communication
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Function description Parallel Redundancy Protocol Status Duo driver configuration IEC 61850 identification PRPSTATUS DUODRV IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
4.2.6.1
Application
Parallel redundancy protocol status (PRPSTATUS) together with Duo driver configuration (DUODRV) are used to supervise and assure redundant Ethernet communication over two channels. This will secure data transfer even though one communication channel might not be available for some reason. Together PRPSTATUS and DUODRV provide redundant communication over station bus running IEC 61850-8-1 protocol. The redundant communication use both port AB and CD on OEM module.
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Station Control System Redundancy Supervision Duo
Data
Data
Switch A 1 2
Switch B 1 2
Data
Data
AB Configuration
CD
IED
OEM
DUODRV
PRPSTATUS
IEC09000758 V2 EN
Figure 207:
Redundant station bus
4.2.6.2
Setting guidelines
Redundant communication (DUODRV) is configured in the local HMI under Main menu/Settings/General settings/Communication/Ethernet configuration/Rear OEM - Redundant PRP
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The settings can then be viewed, but not set, in the Parameter Setting tool in PCM600 under Main menu/IED Configuration/Communication/Ethernet configuration/DUODRV: Operation: The redundant communication will be activated when this parameter is set to On.After confirmation the IED will restart and the setting alternatives Rear OEM - Port AB and CD will not be further displayed in the local HMI. The ETHLANAB and ETHLANCD in the Parameter Setting Tool are irrelevant when the redundant communication is activated, only DUODRV IPAdress and IPMask are valid.
IEC10000057 V1 EN
Figure 208:
PST screen: DUODRV Operation is set to On, which affect Rear OEM - Port AB and CD which are both set to Duo

4.2.6.3
Table 207:
Name Operation IPAddress IPMask
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Setting parameters
DUODRV Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On 0 - 18 0 - 18 Unit IP Address IP Address Step 1 1 Default Off 192.168.7.10 255.255.255.0 Description Operation Off / On IP-Address IP-Mask
4.3
4.3.1
LON communication protocol

Application
Station HSI MicroSCADA Control Center
Gateway
Star coupler RER 111
IED
IED
IED
IEC05000663 V2 EN
Figure 209:
Example of LON communication structure for a substation automation system
An optical network can be used within the substation automation system. This enables communication with the IEDs in the 670 series through the LON bus from the operators workplace, from the control center and also from other IEDs via bayto-bay horizontal communication. The fibre optic LON bus is implemented using either glass core or plastic core fibre optic cables.
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Table 208:
Cable connector Cable diameter Max. cable length Wavelength
Specification of the fibre optic connectors

Glass fibre ST-connector 62.5/125 m 1000 m 820-900 nm -13 dBm (HFBR-1414) -24 dBm (HFBR-2412) Plastic fibre snap-in connector 1 mm 10 m 660 nm -13 dBm (HFBR-1521) -20 dBm (HFBR-2521)
Transmitted power Receiver sensitivity
The LON Protocol
The LON protocol is specified in the LonTalkProtocol Specification Version 3 from Echelon Corporation. This protocol is designed for communication in control networks and is a peer-to-peer protocol where all the devices connected to the network can communicate with each other directly. For more information of the bayto-bay communication, refer to the section Multiple command function.
Hardware and software modules
The hardware needed for applying LON communication depends on the application, but one very central unit needed is the LON Star Coupler and optical fibres connecting the star coupler to the IEDs. To interface the IEDs from MicroSCADA, the application library LIB670 is required. The HV Control 670 software module is included in the LIB520 high-voltage process package, which is a part of the Application Software Library within MicroSCADA applications. The HV Control 670 software module is used for control functions in IEDs in the 670 series. This module contains the process picture, dialogues and a tool to generate the process database for the control application in MicroSCADA. Use the LON Network Tool (LNT) to set the LON communication. This is a software tool applied as one node on the LON bus. To communicate via LON, the IEDs need to know The node addresses of the other connected IEDs. The network variable selectors to be used.
This is organized by LNT. The node address is transferred to LNT via the local HMI by setting the parameter ServicePinMsg = Yes. The node address is sent to LNT via the LON bus, or LNT can scan the network for new nodes. The communication speed of the LON bus is set to the default of 1.25 Mbit/s. This can be changed by LNT.
Section 4 Station communication 4.3.2

Table 209:
Name Operation
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Setting parameters
HORZCOMM Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On Unit Step Default Off Description Operation
Table 210:
Name Operation TimerClass
ADE Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On Slow Normal Fast Unit Step Default Off Slow Description Operation Timer class
4.4
4.4.1
SPA communication protocol

Application
SPA communication protocol as an alternative to IEC 60870-5-103. The same communication port as for IEC 60870-5-103 is used. SPA communication is applied using the front communication port. For this purpose, no serial communication module is required in the IED. Only PCM600 software in the PC and a crossed-over Ethernet cable for front connection is required. When communicating with a PC (as shown in figure 211), using the rear SPA port on the serial communication module (SLM), the only hardware required for a local monitoring system is: Optical fibres for the SPA bus loop Optical/electrical converter for the PC PC
A remote monitoring system for communication over the public telephone network also requires telephone modems and a remote PC. The software required for a local monitoring system is PCM600, and for a remote monitoring system it is PCM600 in the remote PC only.
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Remote monitoring system with PCM600
Local monitoring system with PCM600
IED
IED
IED
Teleph one modem
Teleph one modem
Optical to electrical converter, e.g. SPA-ZC 22 or Fiberdata modem

IEC05000672 V2 EN
en05000672.vsd
Figure 210:
SPA communication structure for a monitoring system. The monitoring system can either be local, remote or a combination of both
When communicating with a PC connected to the utility substation LAN, via WAN and the utility office LAN, as shown in figure 211, and using the rear Ethernet port on the optical Ethernet module (OEM), the only hardware required for a station monitoring system is: Optical fibres from the IED to the utility substation LAN. PC connected to the utility office LAN.
The software required is PCM600.

Utility LAN Remote monitoring system with PCM600
WAN
Substation LAN
IED
IED
IED
en05000715.vsd
IEC05000715 V2 EN
Figure 211:
SPA communication structure for a remote monitoring system via a substation LAN, WAN and utility LAN
The SPA communication is mainly used for the Station Monitoring System. It can include different IEDs with remote communication possibilities. Connection to a computer (PC) can be made directly (if the PC is located in the substation) or by telephone modem through a telephone network with ITU (former CCITT) characteristics or via a LAN/WAN connection.
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glass plastic
<1000 m according to optical budget <20 m (inside cubicle) according to optical budget
Functionality
The SPA protocol V2.5 is an ASCII-based protocol for serial communication. The communication is based on a master-slave principle, where the IED is a slave and the PC is the master. Only one master can be applied on each fibre optic loop. A program is required in the master computer for interpretation of the SPA-bus codes and for translation of the data that should be sent to the IED. For the specification of the SPA protocol V2.5, refer to SPA-bus Communication Protocol V2.5.
4.4.2
Setting guidelines
The setting parameters for the SPA communication are set via the local HMI. SPA, IEC 60870-5-103 and DNP3 uses the same rear communication port. Set the parameter Operation, under Main menu /Settings /General settings / Communication /SLM configuration /Rear optical SPA-IEC-DNP port / Protocol selection to the selected protocol. When the communication protocols have been selected, the IED is automatically restarted. The most important settings in the IED for SPA communication are the slave number and baud rate (communication speed). These settings are absolutely essential for all communication contact to the IED. These settings can only be done on the local HMI for rear channel communication and for front channel communication. The slave number can be set to any value from 1 to 899, as long as the slave number is unique within the used SPA loop. The baud rate, which is the communication speed, can be set to between 300 and 38400 baud. Refer to technical data to determine the rated communication speed for the selected communication interfaces. The baud rate should be the same for the whole station, although different baud rates in a loop are possible. If different baud rates in the same fibre optical loop or RS485 network are used, consider this when making the communication setup in the communication master, the PC. For local fibre optic communication, 19200 or 38400 baud is the normal setting. If telephone communication is used, the communication speed depends on the quality of the connection and on the type of modem used. But remember that the IED does not adapt its speed to the actual communication conditions, because the speed is set on the local HMI.
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Section 4 Station communication Setting parameters
4.4.3
Table 211:
Name SlaveAddress BaudRate
SPA Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 899 300 Bd 1200 Bd 2400 Bd 4800 Bd 9600 Bd 19200 Bd 38400 Bd Unit Step 1 Default 30 9600 Bd Description Slave address Baudrate on serial line
Table 212:
Name Operation SlaveAddress
LONSPA Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) Off On 1 - 899 Unit Step 1 Default Off 30 Description Operation Slave address
4.5
4.5.1
IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol

Application
TCP/IP
Station HSI
Control Center
Gateway
Star coupler RER 125
IED
IED
IED
en05000660.vsd
IEC05000660 V3 EN
Figure 212:
Example of IEC 60870-5-103 communication structure for a substation automation system

555
Application manual
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IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol is mainly used when a protection IED communicates with a third party control or monitoring system. This system must have software that can interpret the IEC 60870-5-103 communication messages.
Functionality
IEC 60870-5-103 is an unbalanced (master-slave) protocol for coded-bit serial communication exchanging information with a control system. In IEC terminology a primary station is a master and a secondary station is a slave. The communication is based on a point-to-point principle. The master must have software that can interpret the IEC 60870-5-103 communication messages. For detailed information about IEC 60870-5-103, refer to IEC60870 standard part 5: Transmission protocols, and to the section 103, Companion standard for the informative interface of protection equipment.
Design
General The protocol implementation consists of the following functions: Event handling Report of analog service values (measurands) Fault location Command handling Autorecloser ON/OFF Teleprotection ON/OFF Protection ON/OFF LED reset Characteristics 1 - 4 (Setting groups)
File transfer (disturbance files) Time synchronization
Hardware When communicating locally with a Personal Computer (PC) or a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) in the station, using the SPA/IEC port, the only hardware needed is: Optical fibres, glass/plastic Opto/electrical converter for the PC/RTU PC/RTU Commands The commands defined in the IEC 60870-5-103 protocol are represented in a dedicated function blocks. These blocks have output signals for all available commands according to the protocol. IED commands in control direction
Function block with defined IED functions in control direction, I103IEDCMD. This block use PARAMETR as FUNCTION TYPE, and INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal.
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Function commands in control direction
Function block with pre defined functions in control direction, I103CMD. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal. Function commands in control direction
Function block with user defined functions in control direction, I103UserCMD. These function blocks include the FUNCTION TYPE parameter for each block in the private range, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter for each output signal. Status The events created in the IED available for the IEC 60870-5-103 protocol are based on the: IED status indication in monitor direction
Function block with defined IED functions in monitor direction, I103IED. This block use PARAMETER as FUNCTION TYPE, and INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each input signal. Function status indication in monitor direction, user-defined
Function blocks with user defined input signals in monitor direction, I103UserDef. These function blocks include the FUNCTION TYPE parameter for each block in the private range, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter for each input signal. Supervision indications in monitor direction
Function block with defined functions for supervision indications in monitor direction, I103Superv. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal. Earth fault indications in monitor direction
Function block with defined functions for earth fault indications in monitor direction, I103EF. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal. Fault indications in monitor direction, type 1
Function block with defined functions for fault indications in monitor direction, I103FltDis. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each input signal. This block is suitable for distance protection function.
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Fault indications in monitor direction, type 2
Function block with defined functions for fault indications in monitor direction, I103FltStd. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each input signal. This block is suitable for line differential, transformer differential, over-current and earth-fault protection functions. Autorecloser indications in monitor direction
Function block with defined functions for autorecloser indications in monitor direction, I103AR. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal. Measurands The measurands can be included as type 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and type 9 according to the standard. Measurands in public range
Function block that reports all valid measuring types depending on connected signals, I103Meas. Measurands in private range
Function blocks with user defined input measurands in monitor direction, I103MeasUsr. These function blocks include the FUNCTION TYPE parameter for each block in the private range, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter for each block. Fault location The fault location is expressed in reactive ohms. In relation to the line length in reactive ohms, it gives the distance to the fault in percent. The data is available and reported when the fault locator function is included in the IED. Disturbance recordings The transfer functionality is based on the Disturbance recorder function. The analog and binary signals recorded will be reported to the master by polling. The eight last disturbances that are recorded are available for transfer to the master. A file that has been transferred and acknowledged by the master cannot be transferred again. The binary signals that are reported by polling are those that are connected to the disturbance function blocks B1RBDR to B6RBDR. These function blocks include the function type and the information number for each signal. For more information on the description of the Disturbance report in the Technical reference manual. The analog channels, that are reported, are those connected
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to the disturbance function blocks A1RADR to A4RADR. The eight first ones belong to the public range and the remaining ones to the private range.
Settings
Settings from the local HMI SPA, IEC 60870-5-103 and DNP3 uses the same rear communication port. Set the parameter Operation, under Main menu/Settings /General settings / Communication /SLM configuration /Rear optical SPA-IEC-DNP port / Protocol selection to the selected protocol. When the communication protocols have been selected, the IED is automatically restarted. The general settings for IEC 60870-5-103 communication are the following: SlaveAddress and BaudRate: Settings for slave number and communication speed (baud rate). The slave number can be set to any value between 1 and 31. The communication speed, can be set either to 9600 bits/s or 19200 bits/s. RevPolarity: Setting for inverting the light (or not). CycMeasRepTime: Setting for CycMeasRepTime must be coordinated with the xDbRepInt and xAngDbRepInt reporting setting on the MMXU measurement function blocks. See I103MEAS function block for more information. EventRepMode: Defines the mode for how events are reported.
Event reporting mode

The settings for communication parameters slave number and baud rate can be found on the local HMI under: Main menu/Settings /General settings / Communication /SLM configuration /Rear optical SPA-IEC-DNP port / Protocol selection to the selected protocol Settings from PCM600 Event For each input of the Event (EVENT) function there is a setting for the information number of the connected signal. The information number can be set to any value between 0 and 255. To get proper operation of the sequence of events the event masks in the event function is to be set to ON_CHANGE. For single-command signals, the event mask is to be set to ON_SET. In addition there is a setting on each event block for function type. Refer to description of the Main Function type set on the local HMI. Commands As for the commands defined in the protocol there is a dedicated function block with eight output signals. Use PCM600 to configure these signals. To realize the BlockOfInformation command, which is operated from the local HMI, the output BLKINFO on the IEC command function block ICOM has to be connected to an
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input on an event function block. This input must have the information number 20 (monitor direction blocked) according to the standard. Disturbance Recordings For each input of the Disturbance recorder function there is a setting for the information number of the connected signal. The information number can be set to any value between 0 and 255. Furthermore, there is a setting on each input of the Disturbance recorder function for the function type. Refer to description of Main Function type set on the local HMI.
Function and information types

128 = distance protection 160 = overcurrent protection
The function type is defined as follows:
176 = transformer differential protection 192 = line differential protection Refer to the tables in the Technical reference manual /Station communication, specifying the information types supported by the communication protocol IEC 60870-5-103. To support the information, corresponding functions must be included in the protection IED. There is no representation for the following parts: Generating events for test mode Cause of transmission: Info no 11, Local operation
EIA RS-485 is not supported. Glass or plastic fibre should be used. BFOC/2.5 is the recommended interface to use (BFOC/2.5 is the same as ST connectors). ST connectors are used with the optical power as specified in standard. For more information, refer to IEC standard IEC 60870-5-103.
4.5.2
Table 213:
Name SlaveAddress BaudRate RevPolarity CycMeasRepTime
Setting parameters
IEC60870-5-103 Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) 0 - 255 9600 Bd 19200 Bd Off On 1.0 - 3600.0 Unit Step 1 0.1 Default 30 9600 Bd On 5.0 Description Slave address Baudrate on serial line Invert polarity Cyclic reporting time of measurments
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Table 214:
Name FUNTYPE
I103IEDCMD Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 255 Unit FunT Step 1 Default 255 Description Function type (1-255)
Table 215:
Name FUNTYPE
I103CMD Non group settings (basic)

Table 216:
Name PULSEMOD T FUNTYPE INFNO_1 INFNO_2 INFNO_3 INFNO_4 INFNO_5 INFNO_6 INFNO_7 INFNO_8
I103USRCMD Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0-1 0.200 - 60.000 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 Unit Mode s FunT InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo Step 1 0.001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default 1 0.400 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Description Pulse mode 0=Steady, 1=Pulsed Pulse length Function type (1-255) Information number for output 1 (1-255) Information number for output 2 (1-255) Information number for output 3 (1-255) Information number for output 4 (1-255) Information number for output 5 (1-255) Information number for output 6 (1-255) Information number for output 7 (1-255) Information number for output 8 (1-255)
Table 217:
Name FUNTYPE
I103IED Non group settings (basic)

Table 218:
Name FUNTYPE INFNO_1 INFNO_2 INFNO_3 INFNO_4 INFNO_5
I103USRDEF Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 Unit FunT InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo InfNo Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 Default 5 1 2 3 4 5 Description Function type (1-255) Information number for binary input 1 (1-255) Information number for binary input 2 (1-255) Information number for binary input 3 (1-255) Information number for binary input 4 (1-255) Information number for binary input 5 (1-255)

Name INFNO_6 INFNO_7 INFNO_8 Values (Range) 1 - 255 1 - 255 1 - 255 Unit InfNo InfNo InfNo Step 1 1 1 Default 6 7 8 Description
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Information number for binary input 6 (1-255) Information number for binary input 7 (1-255) Information number for binary input 8 (1-255)
Table 219:
Name FUNTYPE
I103SUPERV Non group settings (basic)

Table 220:
Name FUNTYPE
I103EF Non group settings (basic)

Table 221:
Name FUNTYPE
I103FLTDIS Non group settings (basic)

Table 222:
Name FUNTYPE
I103FLTSTD Non group settings (basic)

Table 223:
Name FUNTYPE
I103AR Non group settings (basic)

Table 224:
Name RatedIL1 RatedIL2 RatedIL3 RatedIN RatedUL1 RatedUL2 RatedUL3 RatedUL1-UL2
I103MEAS Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 1 - 99999 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 - 2000.00 0.05 - 2000.00 Unit A A A A kV kV kV kV Step 1 1 1 1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Default 3000 3000 3000 3000 230.00 230.00 230.00 400.00 Description Rated current phase L1 Rated current phase L2 Rated current phase L3 Rated residual current IN Rated voltage for phase L1 Rated voltage for phase L2 Rated voltage for phase L3 Rated voltage for phase-phase L1-L2
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Values (Range) 0.05 - 2000.00 0.00 - 2000.00 0.00 - 2000.00 50.0 - 60.0 1 - 255 Unit kV MW MVA Hz FunT Step 0.05 0.05 0.05 10.0 1 Default 230.00 1200.00 1200.00 50.0 1 Description Rated residual voltage UN Rated value for active power Rated value for reactive power Rated system frequency Function type (1-255)
Name RatedUN RatedP RatedQ RatedF FUNTYPE
Table 225:
Name FUNTYPE INFNO RatedMeasur1 RatedMeasur2 RatedMeasur3 RatedMeasur4 RatedMeasur5 RatedMeasur6 RatedMeasur7 RatedMeasur8 RatedMeasur9
I103MEASUSR Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 1 - 255 1 - 255 0.05 10000000000.00 0.05 10000000000.00 0.05 10000000000.00 0.05 10000000000.00 0.05 10000000000.00 0.05 10000000000.00 0.05 10000000000.00 0.05 10000000000.00 0.05 10000000000.00 Unit FunT InfNo Step 1 1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Default 25 1 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 Description Function type (1-255) Information number for measurands (1-255) Rated value for measurement on input 1 Rated value for measurement on input 2 Rated value for measurement on input 3 Rated value for measurement on input 4 Rated value for measurement on input 5 Rated value for measurement on input 6 Rated value for measurement on input 7 Rated value for measurement on input 8 Rated value for measurement on input 9
4.6
Multiple command and transmit MULTICMDRCV, MULTICMDSND

Function description Multiple command and transmit Multiple command and transmit IEC 61850 identification MULTICMDRCV MULTICMDSND IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
Section 4 Station communication 4.6.1 Application
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The IED can be provided with a function to send and receive signals to and from other IEDs via the interbay bus. The send and receive function blocks has 16 outputs/ inputs that can be used, together with the configuration logic circuits, for control purposes within the IED or via binary outputs. When it is used to communicate with other IEDs, these IEDs have a corresponding Multiple transmit function block with 16 outputs to send the information received by the command block.
4.6.2
4.6.2.1
Setting guidelines
Settings
The parameters for the multiple command function are set via PCM600. The Mode setting sets the outputs to either a Steady or Pulsed mode.
4.6.3
Table 226:
Name tMaxCycleTime tMinCycleTime Mode tPulseTime
Setting parameters
MULTICMDRCV Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) 0.050 - 200.000 0.000 - 200.000 Steady Pulsed 0.000 - 60.000 Unit s s s Step 0.001 0.001 0.001 Default 11.000 0.000 Steady 0.200 Description Maximum cycle time between receptions of input data Minimum cycle time between receptions of input data Mode for output signals Pulse length for multi command outputs
Table 227:
Name tMaxCycleTime tMinCycleTime
MULTICMDSND Non group settings (basic)

Values (Range) 0.000 - 200.000 0.000 - 200.000 Unit s s Step 0.001 0.001 Default 5.000 0.000 Description Maximum time interval between transmission of output data Minimum time interval between transmission of output data
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Section 5 Remote communication
Section 5
Remote communication
About this chapter

This chapter describes the remote end data communication possibilities through binary signal transferring.
5.1
Binary signal transfer

Function description Binary signal transfer Binary signal transfer IEC 61850 identification BinSignReceive BinSignTransm IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number -
5.1.1
Application
The IEDs can be equipped with communication devices for line differential communication and/or communication of binary signals between IEDs. The same communication hardware is used for both purposes. Communication between two IEDs geographically on different locations is a fundamental part of the line differential function. Sending of binary signals between two IEDs, one in each end of a power line is used in teleprotection schemes and for direct transfer trips. In addition to this, there are application possibilities, for example, blocking/enabling functionality in the remote substation, changing setting group in the remote IED depending on the switching situation in the local substation and so on. When equipped with a LDCM, a 64 kbit/s communication channel can be connected to the IED, which will then have the capacity of 192 binary signals to be communicated with a remote IED.
5.1.1.1
Communication hardware solutions

The LDCM (Line Data Communication Module) has an optical connection such that two IEDs can be connected over a direct fibre (multimode), as shown in figure 213. The protocol used is IEEE/ANSI C37.94. The distance with this solution is typical 110 km.
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CM LD CM LD
C LD
CM LD
en06000519-2.vsd
IEC06000519 V2 EN
Figure 213:
Direct fibre optical connection between two IEDs with LDCM
The LDCM can also be used together with an external optical to galvanic G.703 converter or with an alternative external optical to galvanic X.21 converter as shown in figure 214. These solutions are aimed for connections to a multiplexer, which in turn is connected to a telecommunications transmission network (for example, SDH or PDH).
Multiplexer Telecom. Network Multiplexer
*)
*)
DC L L D
LD L
CM M
CM
DC
*) Converting optical to galvanic G.703 or X.21 alternatively

en05000527.vsd
IEC05000527 V1 EN
Figure 214:
LDCM with an external optical to galvanic converter and a multiplexer
When an external modem G.703 or X21 is used, the connection between LDCM and the modem is made with a multimode fibre of max. 3 km length. The IEEE/ ANSI C37.94 protocol is always used between LDCM and the modem. Alternatively, a LDCM with X.21 built-in converter and micro D-sub 15-pole connector output can be used.
5.1.2
Setting guidelines
ChannelMode: This parameter can be set On or Off. Besides this, it can be set OutOfService which signifies that the local LDCM is out of service. Thus, with this
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setting, the communication channel is active and a message is sent to the remote IED that the local IED is out of service, but there is no COMFAIL signal and the analog and binary values are sent as zero. TerminalNo: This setting shall be used to assign an unique address to each LDCM, in all current differential IEDs. Up to 256 LDCMs can be assigned a unique number. Consider a local IED with two LDCMs: LDCM for slot 302: Set TerminalNo to 1 and RemoteTermNo to 2 LDCM for slot 303: Set TerminalNo to 3 and RemoteTermNo to 4
In multiterminal current differential applications, with 4 LDCMs in each IED, up to 20 unique addresses must be set. The unique address is necessary to give high security against incorrect addressing in the communication system. Using the same number for setting TerminalNo in some of the LDCMs, a loop-back test in the communication system can give incorrect trip. RemoteTermNo: This setting assigns a number to each related LDCM in the remote IED. For each LDCM, the parameter RemoteTermNo shall be set to a different value than parameter TerminalNo, but equal to the TerminalNo of the remote end LDCM. In the remote IED the TerminalNo and RemoteTermNo settings are reversed as follows: LDCM for slot 302: Set TerminalNo to 2 and RemoteTermNo to 1 LDCM for slot 303: Set TerminalNo to 4 and RemoteTermNo to 3 The redundant channel is always configured in the lower position, for example Slot 302: Main channel Slot 303: Redundant channel
The same is applicable for slot 312-313 and slot 322-323. DiffSync: Here the method of time synchronization, Echo or GPS, for the line differential function is selected. GPSSyncErr: If GPS synchronization is lost, the synchronization of the line differential function will continue during 16 s. based on the stability in the local IED clocks. Thereafter the setting Block will block the line differential function or the setting Echo will make it continue by using the Echo synchronization method. It shall be noticed that using Echo in this situation is only safe as long as there is no risk of varying transmission asymmetry.
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CommSync: This setting decides the Master or Slave relation in the communication system and shall not be mistaken for the synchronization of line differential current samples. When direct fibre is used, one LDCM is set as Master and the other one as Slave. When a modem and multiplexer is used, the IED is always set as Slave, as the telecommunication system will provide the clock master. OptoPower: The setting LowPower is used for fibres 0 1 km and HighPower for fibres >1 km. TransmCurr: This setting decides which of 2 possible local currents that shall be transmitted, or if and how the sum of 2 local currents shall be transmitted, or finally if the channel shall be used as a redundant channel. In a 1 breaker arrangement, there will be 2 local currents, and the earthing on the CTs can be different for these. CT-SUM will transmit the sum of the 2 CT groups. CT-DIFF1 will transmit CT group 1 minus CT group 2 and CT-DIFF2 will transmit CT group 2 minus CT group 1. CT-GRP1 or CT-GRP2 will transmit the respective CT group, and the setting RedundantChannel makes the channel be used as a backup channel. ComFailAlrmDel: Time delay of communication failure alarm. In communication systems, route switching can sometimes cause interruptions with a duration up to 50 ms. Thus, a too short time delay setting might cause nuisance alarms in these situations. ComFailResDel: Time delay of communication failure alarm reset. RedChSwTime: Time delay before switchover to a redundant channel in case of primary channel failure. RedChRturnTime: Time delay before switchback to a the primary channel after channel failure. AsymDelay: The asymmetry is defined as transmission delay minus receive delay. If a fixed asymmetry is known, the Echo synchronization method can be used if the parameter AsymDelay is properly set. From the definition follows that the asymmetry will always be positive in one end, and negative in the other end. AnalogLatency: Local analog latency; A parameter which specifies the time delay (number of samples) between actual sampling and the time the sample reaches the local communication module, LDCM. The parameter shall be set to 2 when transmitting analog data from the local transformer module, TRM. . RemAinLatency: Remote analog latency; This parameter corresponds to the LocAinLatency set in the remote IED. MaxTransmDelay: Data for maximum 40 ms transmission delay can be buffered up. Delay times in the range of some ms are common. It shall be noticed that if data arrive in the wrong order, the oldest data will just be disregarded.
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CompRange: The set value is the current peak value over which truncation will be made. To set this value, knowledge of the fault current levels should be known. The setting is not overly critical as it considers very high current values for which correct operation normally still can be achieved. MaxtDiffLevel: Allowed maximum time difference between the internal clocks in respective line end.
5.1.3
Table 228:
Name ChannelMode
Setting parameters
LDCMRecBinStat1 Non group settings (basic)
Values (Range) Off On OutOfService 0 - 255 0 - 255 Slave Master LowPower HighPower 5 - 500 5 - 500 Off On Unit Step Default On Description Channel mode of LDCM, 0=OFF, 1=ON, 2=OutOfService Terminal number used for line differential communication Terminal number on remote terminal Com Synchronization mode of LDCM, 0=Slave, 1=Master Transmission power for LDCM, 0=Low, 1=High Time delay before communication error signal is activated Reset delay before communication error signal is reset Invert polarization for X21 communication
TerminalNo RemoteTermNo CommSync OptoPower ComFailAlrmDel ComFailResDel InvertPolX21
ms ms -
1 1 5 5 -
0 0 Slave LowPower 100 100 Off
Table 229:
Name ChannelMode

Values (Range) Off On OutOfService 0 - 13 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 13 Echo GPS Block Echo Slave Master 0 - 13 Unit Step Default On Description Channel mode of LDCM, 0=OFF, 1=ON, 2=OutOfService User define string for analogue input 1 Terminal number used for line differential communication Terminal number on remote terminal User define string for analogue input 2 Diff Synchronization mode of LDCM, 0=ECHO, 1=GPS Operation mode when GPS synchroniation signal is lost Com Synchronization mode of LDCM, 0=Slave, 1=Master User define string for analogue input 3
NAMECH1 TerminalNo RemoteTermNo NAMECH2 DiffSync GPSSyncErr CommSync NAMECH3
1 1 1 1 1
LDCM#-CH1 0 0 LDCM#-CH2 Echo Block Slave LDCM#-CH3

Name OptoPower NAMECH4 TransmCurr Values (Range) LowPower HighPower 0 - 13 CT-GRP1 CT-GRP2 CT-SUM CT-DIFF1 CT-DIFF2 5 - 500 5 - 500 5 - 500 5 - 500 -20.00 - 20.00 2 - 20 2 - 20 0 - 40 0-10kA 0-25kA 0-50kA 0-150kA 200 - 2000 200 - 1000 Off On Unit Step 1 Default LowPower LDCM#-CH4 CT-GRP1 Description
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Transmission power for LDCM, 0=Low, 1=High User define string for analogue input 4 Summation mode for transmitted current values
ComFailAlrmDel ComFailResDel RedChSwTime RedChRturnTime AsymDelay AnalogLatency remAinLatency MaxTransmDelay CompRange
ms ms ms ms ms ms -
5 5 5 5 0.01 1 1 1 -
100 100 5 100 0.00 2 2 20 0-25kA
Time delay before communication error signal is activated Reset delay before communication error signal is reset Time delay before switching in redundant channel Time delay before switching back from redundant channel Asymmetric delay when communication use echo synch. Latency between local analogue data and transmitted Analog latency of remote terminal Max allowed transmission delay Compression range
MaxtDiffLevel DeadbandtDiff InvertPolX21
us us -
1 1 -
600 300 Off
Maximum time diff for ECHO back-up Deadband for t Diff Invert polarization for X21 communication
Table 230:
Name ChannelMode

Values (Range) Off On OutOfService 0 - 13 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 13 Echo GPS Block Echo Slave Master Unit Step Default On Description Channel mode of LDCM, 0=OFF, 1=ON, 2=OutOfService User define string for analogue input 1 Terminal number used for line differential communication Terminal number on remote terminal User define string for analogue input 2 Diff Synchronization mode of LDCM, 0=ECHO, 1=GPS Operation mode when GPS synchroniation signal is lost Com Synchronization mode of LDCM, 0=Slave, 1=Master
NAMECH1 TerminalNo RemoteTermNo NAMECH2 DiffSync GPSSyncErr CommSync
1 1 1 1 -
LDCM#-CH1 0 0 LDCM#-CH2 Echo Block Slave
1MRK 502 030-UEN B

Values (Range) 0 - 13 LowPower HighPower 0 - 13 CT-GRP1 CT-GRP2 CT-SUM CT-DIFF1 CT-DIFF2 RedundantChannel 5 - 500 5 - 500 5 - 500 5 - 500 -20.00 - 20.00 2 - 20 2 - 20 0 - 40 0-10kA 0-25kA 0-50kA 0-150kA 200 - 2000 200 - 1000 Off On Unit Step 1 1 Default LDCM#-CH3 LowPower LDCM#-CH4 CT-GRP1 Description User define string for analogue input 3 Transmission power for LDCM, 0=Low, 1=High User define string for analogue input 4 Summation mode for transmitted current values
Name NAMECH3 OptoPower NAMECH4 TransmCurr
ComFailAlrmDel ComFailResDel RedChSwTime RedChRturnTime AsymDelay AnalogLatency remAinLatency MaxTransmDelay CompRange
ms ms ms ms ms ms -
5 5 5 5 0.01 1 1 1 -
100 100 5 100 0.00 2 2 20 0-25kA
Time delay before communication error signal is activated Reset delay before communication error signal is reset Time delay before switching in redundant channel Time delay before switching back from redundant channel Asymmetric delay when communication use echo synch. Latency between local analogue data and transmitted Analog latency of remote terminal Max allowed transmission delay Compression range
MaxtDiffLevel DeadbandtDiff InvertPolX21
us us -
1 1 -
600 300 Off
Maximum time diff for ECHO back-up Deadband for t Diff Invert polarization for X21 communication
572
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 6 Configuration
Section 6
Configuration
About this chapter

This chapter describes the IED configurations.
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.1.1
Description of REG670
Introduction
Description of configuration A20
REG670 A20 configuration is used in applications where only generator protection within one IED is required. REG670 A20 is always delivered in 1/2 of 19" case size. Thus only 12 analogue inputs are available. This configuration includes generator low impedance, differential protection and all other typically required generator protection functions. Note that 100% stator earth fault function and Pole Slip protection function are optional.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Gen Diff + Back-up 12AI
D
Y 60FL SDD RFUF 81 f< 81 f> SA PTUF SA PTOF 78 Ucos
OC4 PTOC
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U I
64R
Re<
CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4 87G 3Id/I GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
LEX PDIS 46 I2> 49 Ith Meter. CV MMXN
ROV2 PTOV
NS2 PTOC
TR PTTR
Option 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ REG 670*1.2 A20 Other functions available from the function library 25 SES RSYN 52PD PD 50 3I>> 51/27 U CV GAPC 51V I>/U 32N P0-> 64S RSE< STTI PHIZ 64R RRE<
ROV2 PTOV
PH PIOC 51/67 3I>
SDE PSDE 87CT I2d/I
CC RPLD
OC4 PTOC
CV GAPC
CCS RDIF
ROTI PHIZ
Function alternatives for 87G/GEN PDIF 87T 3Id/I 87 IdN
T2W PDIF
HZ PDIF
IEC11000068 V1 EN
Figure 215:
Typical generator protection application with generator differential and back-up protection, including 12 analog inputs transformers in half 19" case size.
REG670 A20 functional library includes additional functions, which are not configured, such as additional Overcurrent protection, additional Multipurpose protection functions, Synchronizing function, and so on. It is as well possible to order optional two-winding transformer differential or high impedance differential protection functions which than can be used instead of basic low-impedance generator differential protection. Note that REG670 A20 must be re-configured if any additional or optional functions are used.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The following tables illustrate the external connections for the analog inputs, binary inputs, and binary outputs for the configurations A20.
Table 231:
AIM # 1
Analog input module, Slot p31, Connector X401

Term # 1 2 P I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ GEN_SP_UN ROT_EF_U_INJ GEN_TRM_UL3 GEN_TRM_UL2 GEN_TRM_UL1 ROT_EF_I_INJ GEN_SP_IL3 GEN_SP_IL2 GEN_SP_IL1 GEN_TRM_IL3 GEN_TRM_IL2 REG670-A20 GEN_TRM_IL1
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
10
19 20
11
21 22
12
23 24
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 232:
BIM # 1
Binary input module, Slot p3, Connector X31

Term # 1 2 P + REG670-A20 GEN_CB_CLOSED
3 4
+ -
GEN_VTMCB_OPN
5 6
+ -
THERMAL_OVLD
7 8
+ -
OVER_EXCIT
9 10
+ -
BLOCK_U_F_Z<
11 12
+ -
RESET_LEDS
13 14
+ -
LED_TEST
15 16
+ -
Not used
Table 233:
BIM # 9

Term # 17 18 P + REG670-A20 Not used
10
19 20
+ -
Not used
11
21 22
+ -
Not used
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
BIM # 12 Term # 23 24 P + REG670-A20 Not used
13
25 26
+ -
Not used
14
27 28
+ -
Not used
15
29 30
+ -
Not used
16
31 32
+ -
Not used
Table 234:
BOM # 1 2
Binary output module, Slot p4, Connector X41

Term # 1 2 3 + P REG670-A20 GEN_CB_TRIP Not used
3 4
4 5 6 +
FIELD_CB_TRIP Not used
5 6
7 8 9 +
TURBINE_TRIP Not used
7 8
10 11 12 +
TRF_HVCB_TRIP Not used
9 10
13 14 15 +
AUX_TRFR_TRIP Not used
11 12
16 17 18 +
Not used Not used
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 235:
BOM # 13 14

Term # 1 2 3 + P REG670-A20 Not used Not used
15 16
4 5 6 +
Not used Not used
17 18
7 8 9 +
Not used Not used
19 20
10 11 12 +
Not used Not used
21 22
13 14 15 +
Not used Not used
23 24
16 17 18 +
Not used Not used
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Gen HiZ Diff + Back- up 12AI
D
Y
60FL SDD RFUF
81
f<
81
f>
SA PTUF
SA PTOF Meter. CV MMXN 78 Ucos
87
IdN
HZ PDIF 50/51 3I>
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
OC4 PTOC
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U I
64R
Re<
CV GAPC
+RXTTE4
50BF 3 I> BF CC RBRF 49 Ith
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
TR PTTR 46 I2>
LEX PDIS 50AE U/I>
ROV2 PTOV
NS2 PTOC
AEG GAPC
Option
59N
UN>
59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ REG 670*1.2 A20
ROV2 PTOV
Other functions available from the function library 25 SES RSYN 52PD PD 50 3I>> 51/27 U CV GAPC 51V I>/U 32N P0-> 64S RSE<
PH PIOC 51/67 3I>
SDE PSDE 87CT I2d/I
STTI PHIZ 64R RRE<
CC RPLD
OC4 PTOC
CV GAPC
CCS RDIF
ROTI PHIZ
Function alternatives for 87G/GEN PDIF 87T 3Id/I
T2W PDIF
IEC11000070 V1 EN
Figure 216:
A20 application with high-impedance generator differential and backup protection, including 12 analog inputs transformers in half 19" case size.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Overall Diff + Back-up 12AI 50/51 3I> 50BF 3I> BF CC RBRF
OC4 PTOC
60FL
81
f<
Unit Trafo
Y D
SDD RFUF
SA PTUF 78 Ucos 81 f>
PSP PPAM 21 Z<
SA PTOF 24 U/f>
ZMH PDIS 87O 3Id/I 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
T2W PDIF 64R Re< + RXTTE4
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
CV GAPC
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
D
Y Y
LEX PDIS 46 I2> 49 Ith 50AE U/I>
ROV2 PTOV Meter. CV MMXN
NS2 PTOC
TR PTTR
AEG GAPC
U I
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ ROV2 PTOV
Option
REG 670*1.2 A20 Other functions available from the function library 25 SES RSYN 52PD PD 50 3I>> 51/27 U CV GAPC 51V I>/U 32N P0-> 64S RSE<
PH PIOC 51/67 3I>
SDE PSDE 87CT I2d/I
STTI PHIZ 64R RRE<
CC RPLD
OC4 PTOC
CV GAPC
CCS RDIF
ROTI PHIZ
Function alternatives for 87G/GEN PDIF 87 IdN
HZ PDIF
IEC11000069 V1 EN
Figure 217:
A20 application with overall differential and back-up protection, including 12 analog inputs transformers in half 19" case size.
6.1.1.2
Description of configuration B30

REG670 B30 configuration is used in applications where generator protection and backup protection for surrounding primary equipment within one IED is required. REG670 B30 is always delivered in 1/1 of 19" case size. Thus 24 analogue inputs are available. This configuration includes generator low impedance, differential protection and all other typically required generator protection functions. In figure 218, this application is shown.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
50/51
3I>
50BF 3I> BF CC RBRF 87N IdN/I 87T
Gen Diff + Back-up 24AI
OC4 PTOC 51N IN>
3Id/I
EF4 PTOC
REF PDIF
T3W PDIF
Y
Unit Trafo
50/51
3I>
OC4 PTOC 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC Y
D
Y
59N
3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV Back-up Protection
Excitation Trafo
Auxiliary Trafo
D
Y
Main Protection 60FL SDD RFUF 81 f< 81 f>
SA PTUF
SA PTOF 78 Ucos
OC4 PTOC Auxiliary Bus
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U I
64R
Re<
CV GAPC
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
NS2 PTOC
TR PTTR
Option 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ REG 670*1.2 B30 Other functions available from the function library 25 SES RSYN 52PD PD 50 3I>> 51/27 U CV GAPC 51V I>/U 64S RSE< 87T 3Id/I
ROV2 PTOV
PH PIOC 87CT I2d/I
STTI PHIZ 64R RRE<
T2W PDIF 32N P0->
CC RPLD
CCS RDIF
CV GAPC
ROTI PHIZ
SDE PSDE
IEC11000071 V1 EN
Figure 218:
Enhanced generator protection application with generator differential and back-up protection, including 24 analog inputs in full 19" case size. Optional pole slip protection, 100% stator earth fault protection and overall differential protection can be added.
REG670 B30 functional library includes additional functions, which are not configured, such as additional Multipurpose protection functions, Synchrocheck function, second generator differential protection function, and so on. It is as well possible to order optional two- or three-winding transformer differential protection function, which than can be used as transformer or block (that is overall) differential protection. Note that REG670 B30 must be re-configured if any additional or optional functions are used.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
The following tables illustrate the external connections for the analog inputs, binary inputs, and binary outputs for the configurations B30.
Table 236:
AIM # 1

Term # 1 2 P I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ U+ U+ U+ GEN_TRM_UL3 GEN_TRM_UL2 GEN_TRM_UL1 TRFR_HVCT_IN Not used ROT_EF_I_INJ GEN_SP_IL3 GEN_SP_IL2 GEN_SP_IL1 GEN_TRM_IL3 GEN_TRM_IL2 REG670-B30 GEN_TRM_IL1
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
10
19 20
11
21 22
12
23 24
Table 237:
AIM # 1

Term # 1 2 P I+ I+ TRFR_HVCT_IL2 REG670-B30 TRFR_HVCT_IL1
3 4
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
AIM # 3 Term # 5 6 4 7 8 5 9 10 6 11 12 7 13 14 8 15 16 9 17 18 10 19 20 11 21 22 12 23 24 P I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ U+ U+ U+ GEN_SP_UN TRFR_LV_3Uo ROT_EF_U_INJ EXC_TRFR_IL3 EXC_TRFR_IL2 EXC_TRFR_IL1 AUX_TRFR_IL3 AUX_TRFR_IL2 AUX_TRFR_IL1 REG670-B30 TRFR_HVCT_IL3
Table 238:
BIM # 1

Term # 1 2 P + REG670-B30 GEN_CB_CLOSED
3 4
+ -
GEN_VTMCB_OPN
5 6
+ -
THERMAL_OVLD
7 8
+ -
OVER_EXCIT
BIM # 5 Term # 9 10 P + REG670-B30 BLOCK_U_F_Z<
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
11 12
+ -
RESET_LEDS
13 14
+ -
LED_TEST
15 16
+ -
T_CB_CLOSED
Table 239:
BIM # 9

Term # 17 18 P + REG670-B30 Not used
10
19 20
+ -
Not used
11
21 22
+ -
Not used
12
23 24
+ -
Not used
13
25 26
+ -
Not used
14
27 28
+ -
Not used
15
29 30
+ -
Not used
16
31 32
+ -
Not used
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 240:
BOM # 1 2

Term # 1 2 3 + P REG670-B30 GEN_CB_TRIP Not used
3 4
4 5 6 +
5 6
7 8 9 +
7 8
10 11 12 +
9 10
13 14 15 +
11 12
16 17 18 +
Not used Not used
Table 241:
BOM # 13 14

Term # 1 2 3 + P REG670-B30 Not used Not used
15 16
4 5 6 +
Not used Not used
17 18
7 8 9 +
Not used Not used
19 20
10 11 12 +
Not used Not used
21 22
13 14 15 +
Not used Not used
23 24
16 17 18 +
Not used Not used
6.1.1.3 Description of configuration C30
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
REG670 C30 configuration is used in applications where generator-transformer block protection within one IED is required. REG670 C30 is always delivered in 1/1 of 19" case size. Thus 24 analog inputs are available. This configuration includes generator low impedance, differential protection, transformer differential protection and overall differential protection functions. Note that Pole Slip protection function is optional. See figure 219, example of one possible application.
Generator and block transformer protection 24AI
D
Y Y
60FL SDD RFUF 87N IdN/I
59
3U>
Meter. CV MMXN 50/51 3I> 49 Ith
OV2 PTOV 50BF 3I> BF CC RBRF
REF PDIF
OC4 PTOC 87T 3Id/I
TR PTTR
T2W PDIF
50N/51N
IN>
87O
3Id/I
Unit Trafo
EF4 PTOC
T3W PDIF
Y D
50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
D
Y 59N 3Uo> ROV2 PTOV
Option
D
Y
60FL SDD RFUF 51/67 3I->
81
f<
78
Ucos
81
f>
SA PTUF 50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM 21 Z<
SA PTOF 24 U/f>
OC4 PTOC
ZMH PDIS 32 P
OEX PVPH 27 3U<
GOP PDOP 37 P<
UV2 PTUV 59 3U>
U I
64R
Re<
CV GAPC
GUP PDUP 40 <
OV2 PTOV 59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
NS2 PTOC
TR PTTR
59N
UN>
59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ REG 670*1.2 C30
ROV2 PTOV
Other functions available from the function library 25 SES RSYN 52PD PD 50 3I>> 51/27 U CV GAPC 51V I>/U 32N P0-> 64S RSE<
PH PIOC 51/67 3I>
SDE PSDE 87CT I2d/I
STTI PHIZ 64R RRE<
CC RPLD
OC4 PTOC
CV GAPC
CCS RDIF
ROTI PHIZ
IEC11000072 V1 EN
Figure 219:
Unit protection including generator and generator transformer protection with 24 analog inputs in full 19" case size. Optional pole slip protection and 100% stator earthfault protection can be added.
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
REG670 C30 functional library includes additional functions, which are not configured, such as additional Multipurpose protection functions, Synchrocheck function, second generator differential protection function, and so on. Note that REG670 C30 must be re-configured if any additional or optional functions are used. The following tables illustrate the external connections for the analog inputs, binary inputs, and binary outputs for the configurations C30.
Table 242:
AIM # 1

Term # 1 2 P I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ U+ TRFR_HV_UL3 TRFR_HV_UL2 TRFR_HV_UL1 TRFR_LV_3Uo GEN_SP_UN ROT_EF_U_INJ ROT_EF_I_INJ T_HVCT_IN_REF TRFR_HVCT_IN TRFR_HVCT_IL3 TRFR_HVCT_IL2 REG670-C30 TRFR_HVCT_IL1
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
10
19 20
11
21 22
12
23 24
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Table 243:
AIM # 1

Term # 1 2 P I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ I+ U+ U+ U+ GEN_TRM_UL3 GEN_TRM_UL2 GEN_TRM_UL1 AUX_TRFR_IL3 AUX_TRFR_IL2 AUX_TRFR_IL1 GEN_SP_IL3 GEN_SP_IL2 GEN_SP_IL1 GEN_TRM_IL3 GEN_TRM_IL2 REG670-C30 GEN_TRM_IL1
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
10
19 20
11
21 22
12
23 24
Table 244:
BIM # 1

Term # 1 2 P + REG670-C30 GEN_CB_CLOSED
3 4
+ -
GEN_CB_FAULTY
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
BIM # 3 Term # 5 6 P + REG670-C30 GEN_EXT_BF_ST
7 8
+ -
GEN_VTMCB_OPN
9 10
+ -
GEN_EXT_TRIP
11 12
+ -
T_CB_CLOSED
13 14
+ -
T_CB_FAULTY
15 16
+ -
T_EXT_BF_ST
Table 245:
BIM # 9

Term # 17 18 P + REG670-B30 T_EXT_TRIP
10
19 20
+ -
T_VTMCB_OPEN
11
21 22
+ -
THERMAL_OVLD
12
23 24
+ -
OVER_EXCIT
13
25 26
+ -
BLOCK_U_F_Z<
14
27 28
+ -
RESET_LEDS
BIM # 15 Term # 29 30 P + REG670-B30 LED_TEST
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
16
31 32
+ -
ACT_TESTMODE
Table 246:
BOM # 1 2

Term # 1 2 3 + P REG670-C30 GEN_CB_TRIP Not used
3 4
4 5 6 +
5 6
7 8 9 +
7 8
10 11 12 +
9 10
13 14 15 +
11 12
16 17 18 +
Not used Not used
Table 247:
BOM # 13 14

Term # 1 2 3 + P REG670-B30 Not used Not used
15 16
4 5 6 +
Not used Not used
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
BOM # 17 18 Term # 7 8 9 19 20 10 11 12 21 22 13 14 15 23 24 16 17 18 + Not used Not used + Not used Not used + Not used Not used + P REG670-B30 Not used Not used
592
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 7 Glossary
Section 7
Glossary
About this chapter

This chapter contains a glossary with terms, acronyms and abbreviations used in ABB technical documentation. AC ACT A/D converter ADBS ADM AI ANSI AR ArgNegRes ArgDir ASCT ASD AWG BBP BFP BI BIM BOM BOS BR BS BSR BST C37.94 CAN CB
Application manual
Alternating current Application configuration tool within PCM600 Analog-to-digital converter Amplitude deadband supervision Analog digital conversion module, with time synchronization Analog input American National Standards Institute Autoreclosing Setting parameter/ZD/ Setting parameter/ZD/ Auxiliary summation current transformer Adaptive signal detection American Wire Gauge standard Busbar protection Breaker failure protection Binary input Binary input module Binary output module Binary outputs status External bistable relay British Standards Binary signal transfer function, receiver blocks Binary signal transfer function, transmit blocks IEEE/ANSI protocol used when sending binary signals between IEDs Controller Area Network. ISO standard (ISO 11898) for serial communication Circuit breaker
593
Section 7 Glossary
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
CBM CCITT
Combined backplane module Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephony. A United Nations-sponsored standards body within the International Telecommunications Union. CAN carrier module Capacitive Coupled Voltage Transformer Protection Current Transformer class as per IEEE/ ANSI Combined megapulses per second Communication Management tool in PCM600 Close-open cycle Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves two twisted pairs making it possible to transmit information in both directions Standard format according to IEC 60255-24 Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves four twisted pairs, two of which are used for transmitting data in both directions and two for transmitting clock signals Central processor unit Carrier receive Cyclic redundancy check Control relay output block Carrier send Current transformer Capacitive voltage transformer Delayed autoreclosing Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (The US developer of the TCP/IP protocol etc.) Dead bus dead line Dead bus live line Direct current Data flow control Discrete Fourier transform Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Small switch mounted on a printed circuit board Digital input Dead line live bus
CCM CCVT Class C CMPPS CMT CO cycle Codirectional
COMTRADE Contra-directional
CPU CR CRC CROB CS CT CVT DAR DARPA DBDL DBLL DC DFC DFT DHCP DIP-switch DI DLLB
594
Application manual
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 7 Glossary
DNP DR DRAM DRH DSP DTT EHV network EIA EMC EMF EMI EnFP EPA ESD FCB FOX 20 FOX 512/515 FOX 6Plus G.703
Distributed Network Protocol as per IEEE/ANSI Std. 1379-2000 Disturbance recorder Dynamic random access memory Disturbance report handler Digital signal processor Direct transfer trip scheme Extra high voltage network Electronic Industries Association Electromagnetic compatibility (Electric Motive Force) Electromagnetic interference End fault protection Enhanced performance architecture Electrostatic discharge Flow control bit; Frame count bit Modular 20 channel telecommunication system for speech, data and protection signals Access multiplexer Compact time-division multiplexer for the transmission of up to seven duplex channels of digital data over optical fibers Electrical and functional description for digital lines used by local telephone companies. Can be transported over balanced and unbalanced lines Communication interface module with carrier of GPS receiver module Graphical display editor within PCM600 General interrogation command Gas-insulated switchgear Generic object-oriented substation event Global positioning system Generic security application GPS Time Module High-level data link control, protocol based on the HDLC standard Plastic fiber connector
595
GCM GDE GI GIS GOOSE GPS GSAL GTM HDLC protocol HFBR connector type
Application manual
Section 7 Glossary
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
HMI HSAR HV HVDC ICT IDBS IEC IEC 60044-6
Human-machine interface High speed autoreclosing High-voltage High-voltage direct current Installation and Commissioning Tool for injection based protection in REG670 Integrating deadband supervision International Electrical Committee IEC Standard, Instrument transformers Part 6: Requirements for protective current transformers for transient performance Communication standard for protective equipment. A serial master/slave protocol for point-to-point communication Substation automation communication standard Communication protocol standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers A network technology standard that provides 100 Mbits/s on twisted-pair or optical fiber cable PCI Mezzanine Card (PMC) standard for local bus modules. References the CMC (IEEE P1386, also known as Common Mezzanine Card) standard for the mechanics and the PCI specifications from the PCI SIG (Special Interest Group) for the electrical EMF (Electromotive force). Standard for Substation Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) Cyber Security Capabilities Intelligent electronic device Intelligent gas-insulated switchgear Binary input/output module When several occurrences of the same function are available in the IED, they are referred to as instances of that function. One instance of a function is identical to another of the same kind but has a different number in the IED user interfaces. The word "instance" is sometimes defined as an item of information that is representative of a type. In the same way an instance of a function in the IED is representative of a type of function. 1. Internet protocol. The network layer for the TCP/IP protocol suite widely used on Ethernet networks. IP is a connectionless, best-effort packet-switching protocol. It provides packet routing, fragmentation and reassembly through the data link layer.
Application manual
IEC 60870-5-103 IEC 61850 IEC 6185081 IEEE IEEE 802.12 IEEE P1386.1
IEEE 1686 IED I-GIS IOM Instance
IP
596
1MRK 502 030-UEN B
Section 7 Glossary
2. Ingression protection, according to IEC standard IP 20 IP 40 IP 54 IRF IRIG-B: ITU LAN LIB 520 LCD LDCM LDD LED LNT LON MCB MCM MIM MPM MVB NCC NUM OCO cycle OCP OEM OLTC OV Overreach Ingression protection, according to IEC standard, level 20 Ingression protection, according to IEC standard, level 40 Ingression protection, according to IEC standard, level 54 Internal failure signal InterRange Instrumentation Group Time code format B, standard 200 International Telecommunications Union Local area network High-voltage software module Liquid crystal display Line differential communication module Local detection device Light-emitting diode LON network tool Local operating network Miniature circuit breaker Mezzanine carrier module Milli-ampere module Main processing module Multifunction vehicle bus. Standardized serial bus originally developed for use in trains. National Control Centre Numerical module Open-close-open cycle Overcurrent protection Optical ethernet module On-load tap changer Over-voltage A term used to describe how the relay behaves during a fault condition. For example, a distance relay is overreaching when the impedance presented to it is smaller than the apparent impedance to the fault applied to the balance point, that is, the set reach. The relay sees the fault but perhaps it should not have seen it. Peripheral component interconnect, a local data bus
PCI
Section 7 Glossary
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PCM PCM600 PC-MIP PMC POR POTT Process bus PSM PST PT ratio PUTT RASC RCA RFPP RFPE RISC RMS value RS422 RS485 RTC RTU SA SBO SC SCS SCADA SCT SDU SLM SMA connector SMT
Pulse code modulation Protection and control IED manager Mezzanine card standard PCI Mezzanine card Permissive overreach Permissive overreach transfer trip Bus or LAN used at the process level, that is, in near proximity to the measured and/or controlled components Power supply module Parameter setting tool within PCM600 Potential transformer or voltage transformer ratio Permissive underreach transfer trip Synchrocheck relay, COMBIFLEX Relay characteristic angle Resistance for phase-to-phase faults Resistance for phase-to-earth faults Reduced instruction set computer Root mean square value A balanced serial interface for the transmission of digital data in point-to-point connections Serial link according to EIA standard RS485 Real-time clock Remote terminal unit Substation Automation Select-before-operate Switch or push button to close Station control system Supervision, control and data acquisition System configuration tool according to standard IEC 61850 Service data unit Serial communication module. Used for SPA/LON/IEC/ DNP3 communication. Subminiature version A, A threaded connector with constant impedance. Signal matrix tool within PCM600
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Section 7 Glossary
SMS SNTP
Station monitoring system Simple network time protocol is used to synchronize computer clocks on local area networks. This reduces the requirement to have accurate hardware clocks in every embedded system in a network. Each embedded node can instead synchronize with a remote clock, providing the required accuracy. Strmberg protection acquisition, a serial master/slave protocol for point-to-point communication Switch for CB ready condition Switch or push button to trip Neutral point of transformer or generator Static VAr compensation Trip coil Trip circuit supervision Transmission control protocol. The most common transport layer protocol used on Ethernet and the Internet. Transmission control protocol over Internet Protocol. The de facto standard Ethernet protocols incorporated into 4.2BSD Unix. TCP/IP was developed by DARPA for Internet working and encompasses both network layer and transport layer protocols. While TCP and IP specify two protocols at specific protocol layers, TCP/IP is often used to refer to the entire US Department of Defense protocol suite based upon these, including Telnet, FTP, UDP and RDP. Time delayed earth-fault protection function Threaded Neill-Concelman, a threaded constant impedance version of a BNC connector Current transformer class according to IEC User management tool A term used to describe how the relay behaves during a fault condition. For example, a distance relay is underreaching when the impedance presented to it is greater than the apparent impedance to the fault applied to the balance point, that is, the set reach. The relay does not see the fault but perhaps it should have seen it. See also Overreach. Coordinated Universal Time. A coordinated time scale, maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), which forms the basis of a coordinated dissemination of standard frequencies and time signals.
599
SPA SRY ST Starpoint SVC TC TCS TCP TCP/IP
TEF TNC connector TPZ, TPY, TPX, TPS UMT Underreach
UTC
Application manual
Section 7 Glossary
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UTC is derived from International Atomic Time (TAI) by the addition of a whole number of "leap seconds" to synchronize it with Universal Time 1 (UT1), thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the rotational axis tilt (23.5 degrees), but still showing the Earth's irregular rotation, on which UT1 is based. The Coordinated Universal Time is expressed using a 24-hour clock, and uses the Gregorian calendar. It is used for aeroplane and ship navigation, where it is also sometimes known by the military name, "Zulu time." "Zulu" in the phonetic alphabet stands for "Z", which stands for longitude zero. UV WEI VT X.21 3IO 3UO Undervoltage Weak end infeed logic Voltage transformer A digital signalling interface primarily used for telecom equipment Three times zero-sequence current. Often referred to as the residual or the earth-fault current Three times the zero sequence voltage. Often referred to as the residual voltage or the neutral point voltage
601
Contact us
ABB AB Substation Automation Products SE-721 59 Vsters, Sweden Phone +46 (0) 21 32 50 00 Fax +46 (0) 21 14 69 18 www.abb.com/substationautomation
1MRK 502 030-UEN B Copyright 2012 ABB. All rights reserved.

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Relion 670 series

Generator protection REG670 Application manual

Copyright 2012 ABB. All rights reserved

1MRK 502 030-UEN B

About this chapter

Introduction to the application manual

Planning & purchase

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About the application manual

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More information can be found on www.abb.com/substationautomation.

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About this chapter

Current transformer requirements

Current transformer classification

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Secondary wire resistance and additional load

Section 2 Requirements 2.1.5 General current transformer requirements

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Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements

Guide for calculation of CT for generator differential protection

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Ext fault Itf

Ipn Isn RCT Rw

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I 300 = 0, 021 = 2,5W A 2,5

Ext fault Itf

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From the data the Eal can be calculated: CT1:

where ALF is the CT accuracy limit factor. CT2:

Check of CT1 and CT2:

1 ( 5 + 2,5 + 0,3 ) = 190 V

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Dimensioning of CT1 and CT2:

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1 ( 3 + 2,5 + 0,3 ) = 142 V

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Transformer differential protection

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Restricted earth fault protection (low impedance differential)

Neutral CTs and phase CTs for solidly earthed transformers

Eal Ealreq = 2 I etf

Table continues on next page

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Neutral CTs and phase CTs for impedance earthed transformers

Eal Ealreq = 3 I etf

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Section 2 Requirements 2.1.7

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Current transformer requirements for CTs according to other standards

Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class P, PR

E2 max > max E alreq

Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE

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Voltage transformer requirements

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SNTP server requirements

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Section 3 IED application

About this chapter

General IED application

Section 3 IED application