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The application of these bioluminescent systems to monitor gene expression in cells is now
routine in molecular and cellular biology. Typically, the luciferase gene(s) is cloned adjacent
to the region of a gene controlling expression (the promoter), such that the luciferase is pro-
duced in a fashion similar to that of the native protein. Bioluminescence can be monitored
Typically, the bioluminescent light generated by genetically engineered cells can penetrate
1– 2 cm of tissue making mice ideal subjects to monitor such activity. The location and
number of such cells can then be tracked in the live animal. Moreover, the same animal
may be imaged multiple times, so allowing the expansion or regression of the disease to
be followed (e.g., during infectious disease or oncology studies).
Biophotonic imaging is
unique in that it can be
applied to monitor virtually
any biological process in
real-time in a live animal,
whether that process be the
induction of a particular
cytokine by the host (e.g.,
mouse IL-6) in response to an
invading pathogen, or a viru-
lence factor induced in a
pathogen (e.g., bacterial hemolysin) in response to its invasion of a host. Furthermore,
because different luciferases often use different substrates and emit light at different
wavelengths, as in the case of firefly and bacterial luciferase, it is possible to monitor
two biological events in the same animal at the same time. Thus, in the above example
it should be possible to monitor both the induction of the hemolysin in the bacteria as it
infects the host, and the host’s response to this bacterium with regard to its IL-6 induction.
In addition to a large number of infectious disease (9, 10, 14) and oncology (4, 7, 25) ani-
mal models that have been developed at Xenogen, an extensive program has also been
established for the generation of transgenic animals expressing firefly luciferase, designated
as LPTA™ animal models, under the control of different inducible promoters [e.g., inducible
nitric oxide synthase promoter, VEGFR2 promoter, rat insulin promoter, heme oxygenase
promoter (6, 37) and bone morphogenesis protein 4 promoter (36)]. These LPTA® animal
models allow the effects of a particular compound (chemical or biological) to be visualized
in the whole animal as that compound is absorbed and metabolized by the different
tissues/organs of that animal. Thus, multiple data points can be collected over time and
from different regions (tissues/organs) within the same animal.
The use of RNAi in living mice has also been widely reported (2, 12, 18, 20, 21, 28, 29, 31,
32, 34), fueling hope that siRNAs may one day be used to treat human diseases. Again, two
strategies for the introduction of RNAi molecules have been used for animal experiments:
synthetic siRNA or shRNA delivered directly, or delivery of a plasmid or viral siRNA/shRNA
expression cassette that potentially provides a more stable and long lasting delivery of the
RNAi species. Although luciferase reporters were used in a number of these studies (18, 20,
21, 32), green fluorescent protein has also proven popular as an alternative reporter (2, 12,
18, 28, 31, 34). However, whereas the use of luciferase has allowed quantitative non-invasive
analysis of gene suppression in live animals, studies using GFP as a reporter have required
ex vivo tissue extraction or cell rescue and FACS to allow visualization of GFP suppression.
Moreover, quantification can only be accurately achieved using Northern analysis, which
are time consuming and require sacrifice of the experimental animals. Similarly, detection
of RNAi effects on specific host gene suppression (12, 28, 29) have again required FACS,
Northern and western analysis of host tissue and cells.
plasmid. Synthetic siRNA or a plasmid expressing an shRNA designed to target the firefly
luciferase gene was monitored in living animals using whole-body imaging. The results of
these experiments demonstrate the utility to both track delivery of the siRNA or siRNA-
expressing construct and determine efficacy in knocking down the target gene.
In vivo animal testing of RNAi for gene knockdown still remains potentially arduous due to
a number of factors. Lack of an RNAi effect in vivo could be due to failure of delivery of the
siRNA to the target tissue, lack of si/shRNA expression from a construct, lack of response by
the target, or lack of specificity of the siRNA for its target. Xenogen offers a number of
approaches and tools to facilitate the evaluation of RNAi in vivo and to assess these factors.
Figure 1. Induction of iNos-luc reporter by LPS. Male iNos-luc mice injected with bacterial
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN) and imaged 6 hours later show a strong
induction of the luciferase signal in liver Kuppfer cells.
Summary
Applications of Xenogen biophotonic imaging for RNAi research and development:
m In vivo target validation for drug discovery in all therapeutic areas
m Testing RNAi therapeutic approaches in vivo
m Tracking and monitoring siRNA and shRNA delivery in vivo
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Note: For LPTA® animal model lines CYP3a11, CYP3A4 rat, Epx, Vegfr2 and Vegf: these product lines and
their use are claimed by pending U.S. and foreign patent applications owned by Xenogen Corporation.
LPTA® animal model lines and certain Bioware™ cell lines contain a luciferase gene provided under a license
from Promega Corporation. Under the terms of that license, the use of these products and derivatives
thereof is strictly limited to that of a research reagent. No right to use these products for any diagnostic,
therapeutic, or commercial application will be conveyed to the customer of these products.
In vivo imaging in mammals is covered by one or more U.S. and foreign patents controlled by Xenogen
Corporation, including the following: U.S. patent numbers 6,217,847 and 5,650,135 and European Union
patent number 0861093. A license from Xenogen Corporation is required to practice under these patents.
Xenogen Corporation, 860 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501, USA Toll Free 877.936.6436
Phone 510.291.6100 Fax 510.291.6196 E-mail: imaging@xenogen.com www.xenogen.com
© Xenogen Corporation, 2003. XCAR-1005A. All rights reserved. Trademarks: Xenogen, Discovery in the Living
Organism, Bioware, IVIS, Living Image and LPTA are trademarks and/or trade names of Xenogen Corporation.