OXFORD INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS

10TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2ND 4TH NOVEMBER 2012

GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECOND COMMITTEE: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL (ECOFIN)

CONTENTS
The consequences of mass emigration on LDC economies - Introduction ........................... pg 3 -Topic History.......................... pg 4 -Discussion of the Problem ... pg 7 -The Future .............................. pg 12 -Bloc Positions ......................... pg 15 -Points Resolutions Should Address......................pg 16 -Further Reading...................... pg 16 -Bibliography ............................ pg 16

GA 2: ECOFIN
The consequences of mass emigration on LDC economies. A Message from your Directors: Dear Delegates, Welcome to the most superior committee in the General Assembly and arguably the most influential (after that big, bad recession) in OxIMUN ECOFIN! During the three days of the conference, you will make many new friends from a range of backgrounds and learn many new things about the world of diplomacy and negotiation. We simply ask that you make the most of this opportunity and enjoy your time at Oxford. If you do have any questions or concerns about anything (absolutely anything) please do approach us. We hope you are as excited as us for OxIMUN 2012 we cant wait to meet you all and experience all that MUN has to offer! See you soon, Rohit Subramanian Allison Rollins Mariliza Grammatapoulou

Committee Director: Rohit Subramanian Rohit.subramanian@keble.ox.ac.uk Assistant Directors: Allison Rollins Srollin1@slu.edu Mariliza Grammatopoulou Mariliza.grammatopoulou@gmail.com

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T HE

CONSEQUENCES

OF

is far more valuable than any tangible factor endowment. The ease of migration brought about by free trade agreements as well as economic unions has had a marked impact on the development of LDC economies. What initially appeared to be economic liberalisation and the chance for LDCs especially in Asia and Latin America to compete with the worlds leading economies on fair terms has lead to a mass outflow of its people in search of better opportunities that MDCs promise. In 2000 almost 175 million people, or 2.9% of the worlds population, were living outside their country of birth for more than a year. Of these, about 65 million were economically active. Whilst the core of this issue is the widespread financial impact on these economies, it is necessary to consider the cultural and social impact of any decisions involving migrated citizens before passing comprehensive resolutions. The financial impact is hard to quantify since it involves significant long-term impact on the economy especially in terms of an stable tax base for the government to generate revenue and a sufficient workforce to signal growth opportunities. Moreover, specific migration of some vocational groups for instance healthcare professionals or legal authorities, can create fundamental problems in running the country. Changes such as this are more extreme
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MASS EMIGRATION ON LDC ECONOMIES

INTRODUCTION
International migration is a global issue: its impact is, therefore, quite broad and complex. The international community, through the United Nations system, has focused on finding solutions for migration pressures and the development gap between origin and destination countries. Emigration is the act of leaving ones native country or region to settle in another. Human migration has been a historic phenomenon that has been undertaken for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most perverse of these reasons was involuntary forms of migration brought about as a means of ethnic cleansing and facilitating slave trade. We have since progressed to mostly voluntary forms of migration rooted on the desire for an improved standard of living something the United Nations strongly advocates. This topic, however, seeks to uncover the underlying consequences of such migration on the home country. Resources and factor endowments are crucial to a countrys economic growth prospects. Migration represents the loss of a very valuable resource, human capital, which when nurtured effectively

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but a strong resolution would mitigate such scenarios as well. Ultimately, an issue such as this requires collaboration and compromise amongst all parties. MDCs would have to recognise the legitimate issue at hand whilst LDCs need to be pragmatic about the time frame of solutions and the extent of intervention that is feasible legally and financially. History of the Committee The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which, all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the UN, appoint the nonpermanent members of the Security Council and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. In the General Assembly, each member state has one vote and a simple majority vote decides the outcome of a proposed resolution. As one of the six principal committees of the UN General Assembly, the ECOFIN also known, as the Second Committee is responsible for reviewing the economic and financial items of agenda of the GA, mainly including those relating to macroeconomic policy, sustainable development and international economic cooperation. Its sessions are usually held from October to December.

The 67th Session of the General Assembly has just commenced and pertinent topics such as international migration; development and industrial development cooperation are scheduled on the Second Committees agenda to be debated. During the 66th Session, the Second Committee debated and successfully approved draft resolutions on a range of matters including on international trade, human settlements and the issue of commodity markets on food volatility.

TOPIC HISTORY
Migration flows have been a phenomenon existing for many years now. Whenever a population faced extreme circumstances and conditions, political, economic, or environmental, it was forced to migrate to other countries, or other regions. There exist three types of migration: labor migration, refugee migration and urbanization (the moving from the countryside to cities). In early years, migration was mostly based on economic and political purposes, as a result of free trade agreements and the founding of monetary and economic unions among States. All these factors led to the phenomenon of migration from LDC to Developed countries and economies. Industrialization

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Globalization and industrialization were major factors of transnational migration during the early twentieth century. Other aiding conditions and causes of this phenomenon have been the overpopulation of many countries, the rising global industrial community and the improvement of transportation modes. Consequently, countries, such as Norway, Italy, Ireland, China and the United States of America, were overwhelmed by large masses of migrants. The twentieth century was the period during which another phenomenon took place. From the 1920s until the late 1970s, many African Americans moved from the Southern United States to the Northeast, Midwest and West. The causes of this internal migration were the political and social prejudice and the poor economic opportunities the South had to offer. In the 1980s, the New Great Migration followed the American Great Migration and many blacks returned to the South. World War I World War I and political aspirations resulted in an increase of migration flows. Religious beliefs also contributed to this phenomenon, with Muslims moving from several Balkan countries to Turkey, Christians gaining the opportunity to freely move in the other direction, during

and after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and thousands of Jews moving to Palestine. In addition, the Russian Civil War forced approximately three million Russians, Germans, and Poles to migrate out of the borders of the Soviet Union. World War II Decolonization and World War II brought back the issue of migration. After the Holocaust, there was increased migration of Jewish communities of Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East to the United States and the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the modern de facto state of Israel as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. In 1945, the Potsdam Agreement, signed by the Soviet Union and Western Allies, led to the largest migration flow of the 20th century in Europe. More than 20 million people (including Germans, Poles, Latvians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Estonians and Belarusians) were expelled and resettled. Monetary and Economic Unions Regional initiatives towards the integration of financial markets have already been marked. Depending on the stage of economic integration that States have experienced, unions are distinguished as Economic and Monetary unions, Customs and Monetary unions, Common markets, Customs unions and
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Multilateral Free Trade Area. Such unions enable the free movement of people and exchange of goods. Given their impact on todays economy, examples of economic and monetary unions that have been founded in order to facilitate economic interaction and common policy among member states are the European Union, the CARICOM Single Market Economy of the Caribbean Community, the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), the Union of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, and the Monaco-Eurozone Union. These unions are established through a currency-related trade pact. Moreover, they can be differentiated from just monetary unions, since, in this case, countries share common external-trade and productregulation policies, as well as political and cultural ties. Free Trade Agreements Migration was also caused or, at least, facilitated by Free Trade Agreements, bilateral or multilateral, signed and ratified among single States or economic and monetary unions. Members-states of Free Trade Areas, which are established through Free Trade Agreements, do not share common external tariff with respect to non-members, but they ensure an elimination of tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on goods and services

traded and free movement of people between them. Free Trade Agreements and Areas are based on a system of division of labor and specialization and their aim is to reduce barriers between States in order to facilitate trade. Nowadays, there exist many bilateral Free Trade Agreements between countries, customs territories, and trade blocks. As a result of globalization, countries seek measures in order to facilitate their active participation in the international economic community. Thus, it is not surprising that countries have started negotiating multilateral Free Trade Agreements, either between each other or under an international organization (eg. the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of the World Trade Organization and the processing of the Doha Development Agreement (DDA)). Among the most important operating Free Trade Agreements are the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the AsiaPacific Trade Agreement (APTA), the Central American Integration System (SICA), the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA), the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the North American Free Trade Agreement

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(NAFTA), the Pacific accord, the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), the G-3 Free Trade Agreement (G-3), the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), and the TransPacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPP). Nowadays All the aforementioned factors contribute to mass migration flows from LDC economies to more developed ones. In addition to these aiding factors, migration has increased recently as a result of the economic crisis, which has affected the economy worldwide. Moreover, new challenges arose with the transitions in the MENA region and the effects of the Arab Spring. New patterns of migration were formulated in emerging-market economies between countries and regions, or even between cities and rural areas in a single country. In order to support these uprisings in Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, the G-8 launched the Deauville Partnership with Arab Countries in Transition in 2011. Members of this Partnership are Canada, Egypt, the European Union, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Libya, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Partnership also includes international financial institutions, such as the African Development Bank, the

Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, the Arab Monetary Fund, the European Investment Bank, the OPEC Fund for International Development, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation, the International Monetary Fund, the Islamic Development Bank, and the World Bank, and organizations, such as the Arab League, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the United Nations organizations.

Under the aforementioned Partnership, there have already been actions enhancing migration from LDC economies. These include the launching of further bilateral and regional trade initiatives (eg. the European Unions ongoing trade and investment partnership with the Southern Mediterranean, in particular the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTA), the encouragement to join the WTO Government Procurement Agreement and to adhere to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multilateral Enterprises, and the sponsorship of investor conferences focused on information and communications, technology, infrastructure, transportation.

DISCUSSION OF THE PROBLEM

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Mass Emigration in LDC Economies Globalization has the potential to advance human development around the world. However, not all countries can benefit from the effects of globalization and the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are particularly disadvantaged. This is because of a lack of physical infrastructure, supply-side constraints, lack of high-skilled labor force, poor economic institutions, issues of global trade, investment, migration, and intellectual property, etc. Therefore, even if LDCs domestic economic policy is well formulated, it cannot be effective unless it is supported by the international trade and investment regime. Moreover, the recovery from the worst financial and economic crisis of the latest years is still hesitant in most countries facing complex challenges, such as instability of the financial sector, weak economic activity, higher and persistent unemployment in combination with a fast growing world population, poverty and its impact on the most vulnerable segments of the population and increasing heterogeneity among developing countries. Consequently, global imbalances have been intensified leaving several countries in a position of large public deficits and debt as well as low potential growth. LDC economies stand out among them, facing inflationary pressures and being unable to recover from the crisis.

Meanwhile, the 2015 deadline for the expiration of the Millennium Development Goals and the need to launch the new Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation mandated in Busan, is central to international development goals and efforts. Therefore, countries need to move forward with the climate change agenda and to implement most of their existing related commitments. Moreover, it is necessary for countries to fight protectionism, expand international policy cooperation in aid of trade in services and strengthen their multilateral trading systems. Countries are also confronted with their obligations to guarantee a greener and sustainable development finding solutions to social inequalities and other stalemates. Positive Effects One must not underestimate the positive impacts of migration on LDC economies. Schooling and healthcare systems of developing countries are positively impacted by migration to more developed countries, since the money migrants send home to their families can improve and facilitate their access to these services. In Africa, Latin America, and other regions, there has been evidence that remittances have reduced the severity of poverty and hence stimulating the countrys economic activity.

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Moreover, knowledge exchange and access to information can develop, through the diaspora and returning migrants, who usually bring new skills with them when they turn home. In this way, technology transfers and trade linkages can be improved, and the fixed cost and knowledge requirements for setting up an international business will be lower. Migration from LDC economies indirectly creates new models and reshapes the values and attitudes in regard to gender roles. Since men are mostly forced to emigrate, women are forced to adapt to the new conditions and play a more prominent role both in the community and in the domestic sphere. To this end migration contributes to the cultural influence that migrants absorb in the host-country where men and women are equal. In the same way, migrants may serve as a channel for democratic attitudes and behavior absorbed in host countries to spread in their countries of origin, improving accountability. Political Obstacles When thinking of investment in LDC economies, one must always bear in mind the potential risks of protectionism. Even though LDC economies are in need of a stable financial environment, which can only be achieved through a boost of external investments, they face the threat of developed countries exploiting them

through unethical activities such as dumping.

trade

It is an undeniable fact that competitive neutrality does not exist between States, especially when state-owned enterprises are involved in doing business, both within countries and when they operate and invest at the international level. Common distortive implications of the involvement of governments in this neutrality are the supportive measures to private enterprises through subsidies combined with fiscal incentives for the determination of the location of international investments. In addition, developed countries benefit from the economic instability and financial crisis of LDC economies, as they gain the opportunity to export raw materials on low cost. Such circumstances, provoked by trade liberalization and protectionism can only be dealt through further multilateralization of regional trade agreements. Migration and Border Checks Migration is dealt as a problem both to the LDC and developed economies. Many developed economies find themselves unable to integrate the mass population arriving. Consequently, there have been efforts to strengthen border checks and restrict permanent residency grants to migrants. There have been discussions to reintroduce even border

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checks in the Schengen area, a motion that was finally voted against. Another initiative, launched in 2011 by by the Organization of American States (OAS) in collaboration with the OECD and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), is the Continuous Reporting System on International Migration in the Americas (SICREMI). This system aims at developing policies and programs which governments, both in the Americas and in the countries of destination to their emigrants, can exercise in order to deal with the ever-growing migrant population.

achieve such a desirable result, there must exist cooperation amongst the international community (such as the UNDP, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Bank (WB) and World Trade Organization (WTO) and the LDC economies, so that the latter can better integrate into the global economic system in a way that prioritizes human development and reduces poverty and inequality. The three key areas where LDCs must strengthen their capacities are trade competitiveness, trade agreements and policy integration. Drastic change in labour-force demographics and the Brain Drain Labor migration was always treated by developed economies as a valid reason to help alleviate labor and skill shortages as well as an option of higher force participation among under-represented groups, especially women and older citizens. Over the past decade, new immigrants accounted for 70% of the increase in the labour force in Europe, and 47% in the US. The working age population in many developed countries, especially in the EU, is very difficult to be preserved and the role of migration is expected to

Loss of Confidence The economic crisis has led to a loss of trust and confidence towards governments and their ability to deal with the subsequent financial difficulties. Integrity has been replaced by corruption both at the domestic and international levels. Consequently, populations belonging to LDC economies are more likely to believe that the economic system of their country has failed to ensure a strong, sustainable, and inclusive growth and therefore to decide to migrate to countries who appear to have succeeded. There have already been initiatives aimed at a change of this perception of LDCs. However, it is significant that, in order to

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be more and more important in order to cover the declining birth rates. In fact, it seems that developed economies are heading towards a turning point of being more open to labor migration than previously, since they are expecting to recruit more and more highly skilled migrants in occupations where domestic supply is not sufficient. To this end, governments have signed and ratified several multilateral agreements such as the NAFTA in North America for professionals in certain occupations, the GATS for intracorporate transfers, and the Treaty of Rome for free circulation within the European Union. There exist essentially two ways to recruit highly skilled migrants. The first one, applied in countries such as Canada and Australia, is to select migrants on the basis of their characteristics after they have been invited to apply for permanent migration. In this case, it is not prerequisite for candidates to have a job before they arrive to the host country. The second way, applied in most European countries, the United States and Japan, depends on recruitment by the employer and is characterized by the fact that workers can only enter the new country if they have a prior job offer from an employer. Even though international mobility of the highly skilled is a good thing, there

may be a limit to it. The facilitation of free-circulation of migrants from LDC to developed economies has already been criticized, since developed countries fear being overwhelmed by the increases in migration inflows and developing countries encounter problems caused by the mass labor force outflows. One of the biggest problems LDC economies encounter when highly skilled citizens decide to immigrate to more developed economies is that public services, such as teachers and health workers, are undermined due to the fact that workers leave for more attractive salaries abroad. This issue has been thoroughly examined by UNDP, the Global Migration Group (GMG), the World Bank, ILO, UNICEF, and the International Organization on Migration.

Limited Tax Base During this challenging economic period, both domestic and international tax systems are tested and many of them are proven to be ineffective and inefficient to help restore growth, create jobs and reduce inequalities. Common disadvantages of tax systems among the developed, emerging and developing countries are the indeterminable rules on transfer pricing, the tax loopholes and the incidents of double taxation and double exemption. It is believed that these existing tax issues can be viewed as a failure of the international tax system, and, therefore,
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they should be solved through an effort based on cooperation among states and international organizations. Therefore, many states have created the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, a monitoring system based on peer-review assessment processes, which encourages all countries to adopt effective exchange of information in tax matters. With its 105 jurisdictions, the Global Forum is the largest tax group in the world, moving forward as one to ensure a global level playing field for transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.

THE FUTURE
Brain Drain vs Brain Gain In the past 40 years the United Nations has noted a marked dmographic shift of international immigrants from the lower working classes to highly skilled professionals. As of 2010, 40% of Philipino immigrants to developed countries were college educated. The Organization for Economic Cooportion and Development, OECD, reports that since 2000, the amount of highly skilled immigrants entering OECD countries from LDCs has gone up a staggering 70%, representing a third of total immigration. In most of the advanced OECD countries, the highly educated represent about a 30% of the workforce,

whereas the average developing country can only boast a meager 5%. As one would imagine, even a small drop in the amount of highly skilled or highly educated workers in such a developing country's labor market puts them at a steep comparative disadvantage, causing Brain Drain. Even though the incidence of immigration of highly skilled workers is steadily rising in magnitude, it is not necessarily the 6 most-immigrated-to countries (USA, Australia, Canada, UK, Germany, and France) that will be experiencing the effects of Brain Gain. While these six nations have long battled with the socio economic fallout of Brain Gain (including increased incidence of racism, heightened job insecurity, and underemployment) recently developing countries will now begin to bear the brunt. Studies show that sub Saharan countries like Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia, and Lesotho are increasingly likely to lose their highly skilled laborers to South Africa's labor market. Studies by the South African Migration Project show that the two most developed countries in Sub Saharn Africa, Nigeria and South Africa, have started making up for the loss of skilled laborers by attracting the well educated from surrounding countries- rehabilitating their economies but diminishing the capacity of their potential trading partners. One of the main concerns for such countries that are sources of skilled labor is the potential for loss of man power when it
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comes to providing the remaining populace with publicly guaranteed goods (education, health care, etc). Researchers from University College, London in their 2006 report suggest that it is up to the policies and restrictions of not only the developed countries to regulate skilled immigration but also up to the developing countries to incentivize educated professionals to remain at home. A few countries, like Ecuador and Colombia, intent upon stimulating their health care or education systems, have instituted social service requirements of highly educated citizens (doctors, lawyers, professors, etc) to serve poor communities within the nation for set periods of time before entering their chosen career path. While these programs alleviate the problems temporarily, it is unclear whether they will serve to secure the future of the nations' dwindling professional labor market. Remittance Economies Dependancy in LDC

A 2010 report from the Joint Council on the Welfare of Immigrants estimated that between 70 and 90 percent of immigrants to Developed Countries remitted a significant portion of their earnings to households in Less Developed Countries. In some countries such as Jamaica where 1/3 of all households receive remittances, the economies are beginning to experience a level of dependency on

remittance income. Studies show that in countries like Ghana, households that receive remittances annually spend an average of $107 US more on health and education than other households of the same socio economic level. While this increased spending is considered a good stimulus for the developing economy and increases the quality of life for the family, this type of investment is less common in countries affected by the current financial crisis. In Latin America, the poorest of households cannot afford to send a family member abroad to work as an immigrant. In such instances, the household demographic that receives remittances changes from the unskilled laborers from the poorest of families to the lower middle class women who have a higher chance of finding jobs in the domestic sector. As Latin American economies are strongly tied to Developed Countries like the United States and Canada through Free Trade Agreements and Financing Plans, the US financial crisis strongly affects the spending tendencies of households in developing areas. While the sheer amount of remittances sent to developing countries is expected to rise exponentially over the coming years, there is no guarantee that this extra money will be integrated into the economies of the LDCs depending upon it. The International Organization for Migration, or IOM, suggests that while person to person remittance transactions do increase economic stimulation and
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growth as well as indirectly increase a nation's creditworthiness, these phenomena are conditionally dependent upon the policies that the individual nations put in place to deal with the new cash flows. The Brussels Plan of Action instituted from 2001 to 2010 stated thirty initiatives within seven different policy areas that would ideally ensure the political safety of legal immigrants as well as protect them from poverty. This initiative, drafted and agreed upon by developed and developing countries alike, stated a ten year plan for the Developed Countries to cope with and work along with their international populations to ensure the safety and security of all parties involved. In the final stages of this agreement it is incumbant upon the least developed countries to not only institute policies to manage the stimulus of remittances, but also to combat the problems such as labor capital deficit that mass emigration leaves in its wake. Exporting Capital It has long been an economic practice of developed countries to export capital by way of tools, machinery, and manufacturing techniques to developing countries. By exporting capital, companies can maintain quality and increase competitiveness while cutting production costs and at the same time creating new jobs in a developing market. This concept of comparative advantage has been an integral part of economics

since the 19th century. Expanding companies abroad can not only provide new technologies to international markets, but stimulate multiple economies, and promote development all at the same time. Like with every developing international trend, the speed at which the phenomena caught on has left emerging issues political and ethical issues to be addressed. Recently there have been many ethical debates over who should be allowed employment in these exported firms and how these employees should be treated. Some nations like the United States, in fear of the phenomena of capital flight, keep their corporate taxes artificially low and grant foreign tax credits to incentivize corporations to maintain their headquarters within the United States. In an effort to recuperate jobs lost in the exportation of capital, Some corporations will export skilled laborers to work in their factories. While this may be good for the corporation, the host country gains very little from the exchange. Nations like Zimbabwe in Sub Saharan Africa unfortunately have very little legislation to provide for the workers that are contracted to foreign companies. Many Chinese companies often design their own contracts for their employees that provide benefits and labor standards that comply with Chinese labor laws without having to consult Zimbabwean ones. As a result many employees of exported foreign companies work for below their country's
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minimum wage and are not allowed paid sick leave(which in Zimbabwe is required by law). Many countries however, welcome the exported corporations in an effort to industrialize their agrarian labor market. While this stimullates development, it also incites internal migration of laborers to more industrialized areas. This implies that not only will the other market industries need to adapt to changes in size and location of the populace, but will also have to adapt to a shrinking emloyment pool as workers change careers. As more developing nations welcome larger amounts of foreign corporations into their economies they will increasingly need to improve upon their employment policies and enforcement to continue reaping the benefits of mutual economic growth. Migration and the EU Since the introduction of open borders with the European Union's Schengen Zone, the EU has experienced an incredible influx of migration fropm both internal and external sources. Some countries gained immigrants gained immigrants by opening their borders to foreign labor while others became attractive to laborers simply by entering the EU itself. In the past 20 years Europe has had to accomodate not only the economic innovations provided it by way of its free trade agreements and monetary union but also by its increased labor

capital from external sources. While there is a common conception that increased immigration will create unemployment and unrest, OECD studies show that exactly the opposite is possible. With increased finances and technology, new markets emerge and shift labor demands to the point where immigrants are effectively needed to step in and fill in a country's labor gaps. Recognising a current and future economic dependence on the influx of immigrants, the European Union has incorporated the Stockholm Program into their Europe 20/20 initiative. The program incorporates more coherent and efficient border entry controls for travelers coming from outside the European Union as well as gives more rights and protection to immigrants legally residing within the Eurozone.

BLOC POSITIONS
Pacific Islands Based LDCs International migration has become a structural element of the social and economic systems of many Pacific island countries. For example, in 2004 migrant remittances accounted for more than 12 per cent of Samoas GDP and 9 per cent in Kiribati (see annex table). In these countries, remittances form a significant part of disposable income; so much so that the smaller island States have become dependent on migration. The
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economic future of several Pacific island countries depends on the continued flow of remittances and the ability of these countries to find new destinations overseas. International Organization for Migration The IOM attaches great importance to the relationship between development and humane and orderly migration that benefits migrants as well as their countries and societies of origin and destination. Rather than focus on the negatives, the IOM chooses to highlight the benefits of mass migration. For instance, in 2009, migrants sent US$ 24.2 billion in remittances to their families in the LDCs a significant US$ 8 billion more than foreign direct investment (FDI) in that same year. While remittances are essentially private funds and not substitutes for FDI, they are an important source of poverty alleviation, currency stabilisation, and can help unlock human potential.

detrimental effects of labor migration on LDC economies. Delegates should not only endeavor to contribute new and innovative ideas to the resolution but also update and improve existing initiatives. Resolutions should address issues regarding both skilled and unskilled migration In keeping with the Millenium Development Goals, delegates should also address the impact of migration on the promotion of women in the economic arena Must promote initiatives to protect laborers welfare without infringing upon national sovereignty Propose an aid/ economic rehabilitation framework for countries that are overly dependent upon remittances and/or countries in the throes of excessive emigration

FURTHER READING
http://www.un.org/sg/statements /?nid=5726Point 2 Secretary-Generals opening remarks at the Global Forum on Migration and Development.

POINTS RESOLUTIONS SHOULD ADDRESS

Taking into account the magnitude of the topic and the diverse backgrounds of all nations in regards to modern migration flows, a good resolution would include a comprehensive analysis of how nations can work together to simultaneously promote development in LDC countries while dealing with and discouraging the

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl es/PMC1275994/ - 28th August 2012

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http://www.mfa.gov.cn/en g/wjb/zzjg/gjs/gjzzyhy/2594/2597/t15 157.htm - 28th August 2012 http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2 011/gaef3331.doc.htm - 29th August 2012 http://daccess-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/50 2/14/PDF/N1150214.pdf?OpenElemen t - 29th August 2012 http://www.un.org/en/documents/char ter/chapter4.shtml - 30th August 2012 http://www.unescap.org/LDCCU/LDC s/SpecialBody/8th-Almaty-Apr07/Migration.pdf - 30th August 2012 http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/ allspeeches/cache/offonce?entryId=29816 - 30th August 2012 Docquier, Frederic and Hillel Rappoport. The Brain Drain. Universite Catholique de Louvain/University College London. October, 2006. Http://perso.uclouvain.be/Frederic.docq uier/filePDF/DRPalgraveBrainDrain.pdf Melde, Susan and Dina Ionesco. Mainstreaming Migration, Development, and Remmittances Nguyen, M. International Migrant Remmittances and their Role in Development. OECD. International Migration Outlook, Part III. 2006. PDF

Smith, David. Workers Claim Abuse As Adds Zimbabwe to its Struggle for Africa. the Guardian. January 2, 2012. Http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012 /jan/02/china-Zimbabwe-workers-abuse The Stockholm Programme. The European Commission. Document 17024/09. PDF.

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