Dual nature of light Q.

1 If the intensity of light falling on the emitting substance of a photoelectric cell is increased then what will be the effect on [a] current flowing from the cell [b] potential difference required to stop the current? A.1 If the intensity of the light falling on the metal surface is increased, it implies that the number of photons falling on the metal surface per second per unit area are increased. Larger the number of photons larger will be current. But the stopping potential for electrons will remain same, as the kinetic energy of the electrons will not change with the intensity. Q.2 Blue light can eject electrons from a photosensitive surface while orange light cannot. Will violet and red light eject electrons from this surface? A.2 As the frequency of violet light is more than the frequency of the blue light it will be able to eject electrons from the metal surface. Also, since frequency of red light is less than that of the orange light thus orange light cant eject electrons from the metal surface. Q.3 A good quality mirror reflects about 75% of the light incident on it. How will you find out, whether 25% of the photons have not been reflected at all or all the photons are reflected but with 25% reduced energy? A.3 This can be detected easily as if the energy of the photons gets reduced then the wavelength of the light is increased and the colour of the reflected light will be different from the colour of incident light. Q.4 Why are alkali metals most suitable for photosensitive surfaces?

A.4 The work function of alkali metals is very low. Thus, electrons can be ejected from their surface even by the visible light. Thus, they are most suitable for photosensitive surfaces. Q.5 Does each incident photon essentially eject a photoelectron?

A.5 No, it is not essential, photoelectric emission can take place only if the frequency of the incident radiation is more than the threshold frequency of the metal surface. Q.6 If frequency of the incident light falling on the metal surface is doubled, will the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons will also be doubled? A.6 No, the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons will be more than doubled, because incident energy is doubled but the work function of metal is same. Q.7 What is threshold frequency for the metal surface? Does it depend upon the intensity of the intensity of the incident light?

A.7 The minimum frequency of incident photon beam required for the emission of electron from the metal surface is called threshold frequency. It depends upon the nature of metal surface and is independent of the intensity of the incident radiation. Q.8 It is easier to remove an electron from sodium than from copper. What metal has higher value of work function? A.8 The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the metal surface without giving them the kinetic energy is called work function. As it is easier to remove an electron from sodium than from copper it implies that copper has higher work function. Q.9 Is their any difference between matter waves and light waves?

A.9 Yes, the velocity of light waves in vacuum is constant whereas the velocity of matter waves in vacuum depends upon the wavelength of the matter waves. Q.10 The work function of copper is 4eV. Will 2 photons each of energy 2.5eV together can eject an electron from the metal surface? A.10 One photon can eject only one electron from the metal surface by the process of the transfer of energy. No, two photons of energy less than the threshold frequency cant eject an electron from the metal surface. Q.11 Explain why saturation current in the photoelectric effect with light of one frequency and intensity is independent of the anode potential? A.11 The saturation current or the maximum current, which a photocell can generate, depends upon the number of photoelectrons emitted per second by the metal surface. The number of photoelectrons in turn depends upon intensity of the intensity light and is independent of anode potential. Q.12 On what factors stopping potential for the metal surface depends? A.12 As electrons are stopped in their path the kinetic energy gets converted into the potential energy. Thus, stopping potential depends on KE, which in turns depends upon the frequency of the incident radiation. Q.13 The work function of metal is 2eV. Explain this statement. A.13 This implies that for photoelectric emission to take place from this surface the energy of incident photon beam should be atleast 2eV. Q.14 A source of light is at a distance of 1m from the cathode and the cut off potential is found to be V0. If the source of light is placed 2m apart what will be new cut off potential?

A.14 If we double the distance of source from the metal surface, the intensity of light will reduce to one fourth but the frequency will remain unchanged. Thus, cut off potential and maximum kinetic energy are unchanged. Q.15 How will the photoelectric current change with the change in wavelength of the incident radiation? A.15 Photoelectric current depends upon the intensity of incident light and is independent of the wavelength of light used. Thus increasing or decreasing the wavelength will not change the photoelectric current in the cell. Q.16 An increase in frequency increases the velocity of the ejected photoelectrons. Explain. A.16 With increase in frequency, the energy of the incident photon beam increases. Some part of this energy is used for overcoming work function and remaining is given to the electron in the form of KE. Thus, if we increase the frequency of the incident radiation, KE of electrons and thus their speed will increase. Q.17 What considerations led de-Broglie to suggest that materials particles can also show dual character? A.17 De-broglie suggested that the nature loves symmetry as light possess dual character and matter and energy are interconvertible thus matter should also possess dual character. Q.18 Light of frequency 1.5 times the threshold frequency falls on photosensitive material. If the frequency is halved and intensity is doubled, what happens to the photoelectric current? A.18 If the frequency is halved it becomes less than the threshold frequency for the metal surface. In such a case, no electrons will be emitted from the metal surface and the photoelectric current becomes zero. Q.19 A source of light is placed at a distance of 1m from the photocell and the cut off potential is found to be V0. if the distance is doubled, what will be the cut off potential? A.19 The cut off potential increases with increase in kinetic energy of the emitted electrons. By increasing the distance of source the intensity of photon beam decreases and thus the photoelectric current decreases but kinetic energy remains unchanged. Thus cut off potential will also be unchanged. Q.20 Why are De-Broglie waves with moving football not visible?

A.20 Since mass of the football is very large and it is moving with velocity v its de-Broglie wavelength is given by l =h/mv. Since mass is large l is very small and cant be seen. Q.21 If the intensity of radiation is increased, how will stopping potential be affected? A.21 The stopping potential increases with increase in frequency and is independent of the intensity thus no effect of increase in intensity. Q.22 How does maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons vary with the work function of the metal surface? A.22 If work function of the metal is more , then more energy is required to remove an electron from the surface. Thus, the energy available as maximum kinetic energy of the electron gets reduced. Q.23 The maximum energy of the electrons is 3eV, what is stopping potential? A.23 Emax = eVs. Thus if the maximum kinetic energy is 3eV, stopping potential will be 3V. Q.24 What is the main aim of Davisson and Germer experiment? A.24 Davission and Germer experiment was performed to show that electrons possess dual character just like light or energy. Q.25 For a photosensitive material with threshold wavelength l0. will the photoelectrons be emitted if the wavelength is more than the threshold wavelength? A.25 No for photoelectric emission to take place the wavelength should be less than the threshold wavelength or the frequency of incident radiation should be more than the threshold frequency. Q.26 de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electron when the accelerating potential is V volt is l. If the accelerating potential is increased to 4V, what is deBroglie wavelength? A.26 The de-Broglie wavelength of the electron is inversely proportional to the square root of the accelerating potential. Thus if potential is increased 4 times the wavelength becomes half. Q.27 Number of photons increases with the increase in intensity and not with frequency. Why? A.27 A single photon can eject only single electron from the metal surface. Thus, increasing the intensity means that the number of photons striking the metal

surface per unit area per unit time is increasing. Thus, the number of electrons emitted also increases. Increasing the frequency only increases the energy but number of photons striking the metal surface remains unchanged. Thus electrons emitted also remains unchanged with frequency. Q.28 An electron and photon possess same amount of kinetic energy. Which one of them has greater de-Broglie wavelength? Explain. A.28 l= This means de-Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to square root of mass of the particle. As protons are heavier as compared to electrons, Semiconductor: Q.1 A.1 The resistance of the pn junction is low when forward biased and is high when it is reverse biased. Explain. The resistance of pn junction is low when it is forward biased because force acts on charge carriers to move them across the junction whereas the force in reverse biasing acts in opposite direction which opposes the motion of charge carriers across the junction. How will you test whether a transistor is spoiled or in working order? a working transistor has low resistance when it is forward biased whereas it has high resistance when it is reverse biased. But if the transistor is spoiled the resistance is low for both forward and reverse biasing. Would you prefer to use a transistor as common base or common emitter configuration. We prefer to use the common emitter configuration of the transistor because the current gain is more in that configuration What is the function of grid in a triode valve? The grid in triode valves helps us to control the current in the triode valve more effectively because it lies closer to the cathode How will you compare a transistor with a triode? In transistor the electron and hole move from emitter to collector whereas in cathode electrons emitted by the cathode are received by the plate. In transistor flow of current is controlled by base whereas in triode it is done by the grid. What is the difference between the transistor as amplifier and the step up transformer? The difference between the transistor as an amplifier and the transformer is that in the transistor increase in voltage does not imply the decrease in If E is kinetic energy of the particle then its de-Broglie wavelength is given by

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current whereas in transformer if the magnitude of the voltage increases there is a corresponding decrease in current. Q.7 A.7 Why is the base of transistor of made thin in comparison to the emitter or collector region. The base of transistor is made thin in comparison to the collector and the emitter region because the recombination in the base region should be small. What is the effect of temperature on the conductivity of a semiconductor? The conductivity of the semiconductor increases with the increase in temperature because as the temperature increases more and more covalent bonds break resulting in the release of charge particles. In a transistor base is very lightly doped, why? In transistor the base is lightly doped so that the recombination in the base region should be small and the magnitude of output current is large In what type of semiconductor the electron and the hole concentrations are equal? In intrinsic semiconductors the concentrations of the electrons and the holes are equal. Explain why the transistor starts working immediately on switching on whereas vacuum tube circuits take some time before they starts working? Vacuum tube circuits are based on the heating effect of the current and thermionic emission takes place from cathode when it is heated. Thus, it takes some time to start as cathode cant be heated instantly. Why is the depletion region formed at the pn junction? The depletion region is formed because of the recombination of electrons and the holes at the junction What will happen if collector as well emitter are forward biased?

Q.8 A.8

Q.9 A.9

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Q.13

A.13 In this case transistor will work as two pn diodes and it can not work as amplifier or oscillator. Q.14 A.14 What is Fermi level and what is Fermi energy? Fermi energy level is the highest energy level occupied by the electrons at 00- kelvin and the energy of that level is fermi energy. Can we use pn junction as amplifier? No, a pn junction diode cannot be used as amplifier. Is the number of electrons and holes equal in extrinsic semiconductors. Are they charged?

Q.15 A.15 Q.16

A.16

No, the number of electrons and holes are not equal in extrinsic semiconductors. Yes, both n type and p type semiconductors are charged Is the junction diode linear or a non linear circuit element? Junction diode is a non linear circuit element because the V-I curve is not a straight line What will happen if both emitter and collector junction are reverse biased In this situation no current will flow in the semiconductor because majority carriers cannot move across the emitter base or base collector junctions. How will you detect intensity of light using diode? Light intensity can be measured using a photodiode in reverse biasing. Why gallium arsenide solar cells are preferred over silicon solar cells? Gallium arsenide solar cells are used because they can operate with visible energy whereas the silicon diodes works with infrared energies. Define input and the output resistance of a transistor? Input resistance of transistor is the ratio of change in base voltage to the change in base current at constant collector voltage . What is the phase relation between the input and the output signal in an amplifier? Input and output current are in phase in common base transistor base in transistor as common emitter the input and the output are out of phase by 1800 What is zener breakdown and what is the zener breakdown voltage? Zener breakdown takes place when a strong reverse bias electric field is applied across the semiconductor. The covalent bonds in the structure break simultaneously resulting in large increase in the magnitude of the current. The voltage at which zener breakdown occurs is zener breakdown voltage What is the avalanche breakdown voltage of a junction diode? When the reverse bias voltage is increased to a large value large number of covalent bonds break near the junction resulting in large reverse currents flowing in the transistor. The voltage at which breakdown occurs is avalanche breakdown voltage What will happen if the input circuit is reverse biased and the output circuit is forward biased? In this case the collector starts acting as emitter and the emitter as collector with transistor functioning as usual. What type of charge carriers flow during reverse biasing of the diode?

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A.26 In reverse biasing the charge carriers flowing in a semiconductor are minority charge carriers. Q.27 A.26 Transistor is a temperature sensitive device. Explain. Transistor is a temperature sensitive device because the number of charge carriers increases with the increase in current but if the current increases to a very large magnitude it may damage the transistor. Why an extrinsic semiconductor gets permanently damaged if temperature is increased beyond a certain limit? If temperature is increased beyond a limit large number of covalent bonds break in the structure resulting in release of charge carriers and making it highly conducting Explain why input resistance of transistor is low and the output resistance is high. Input resistance of the transistor is low because input circuit is forward biased whereas the output circuit is reverse biased. How can you increase the current gain in an amplifier circuit? Current gain can be increased by decreasing the doping level in the base and keeping it thin. What is the potential barrier of pn junction in a silicon transistor? Potential barrier for silicon transistor is of the order of 0.3V and for germanium transistor it is of the order of 0.7V. Why are transparent bodies insulators? Energy of the photon of visible light is of the order of 1eV to 3eV. Such an energy can be absorbed by the valence shell electrons and these electrons still lacks the energy required to jump to the conduction band For what particular application the common base configuration is preferred over the common emitter configuration? Common base is preferred over common emitter if we want the voltage amplification without the phase difference between input and the output. By increasing load resistance can we increase or not the gain of transistor indefinitely. No, because increases RL will decrease the net output voltage. If the output voltage becomes less than input then it cannot act as amplifier. Why a transistor cannot be used as rectifier? Transistor can not be used as rectifier because the two extreme layers are identical whereas for rectification two extreme layers should be of similar type.

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In the depletion region of pn junction what are the charge carriers in its unbiased state? In depletion region there are no charge carriers present What type of feedback is required in transistor as an oscillator? In transistor as an oscillator positive feedback is required i.e. emf is induced in such a way that if current in output increases emf is induced in input to support the forward bias and if the current in output decreases emf is induced in input to oppose the forward bias. Can we measure the potential barrier of a pn junction by putting voltmeter across is? In the depletion layer, there are no free charges present, thus it offers infinite resistance to the flow of current through it. Therefore potential barrier across a p-n junction cannot be measured using voltmeter. Fill in the blanks [1] When p-n junction if forward biased, then the motion of charges across the barrier is due to.. and when it is reverse biased then the motion of charge carriers is due to.. [2] An ideal pn junction diode conducts, when __________ and does not conduct when ______ [1] diffusion, drift [2] forward biased, reverse biased Can two p-n junction diodes back to back work as transistor? In a transistor, the base region should be thin and lightly doped so that the recombination rate in the base should be small. But if the two diodes are joined back to back the base will be almost double the thickness as emitter or collector and it cant work as transistor. Portable radio receiver sets are generally not made with electronic tube circuits? A portable radio receiver should be small in size and should work on dc. A receiver set made of electronic vacuum tubes is large in size and works only on ac. State two disadvantages of semiconductor devices. [1] The semiconductor devices cant withstand high temperature and an get damaged [2] the semiconductor devices gets damaged by power surge and cant withstand high power. When semiconductor junction diode is formed electrons should flow from n to p region but all the electrons do not do so? Explain why? When electrons are transferred from p type to n type, the n type semiconductor gets positively charged and p type gets negatively charged

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which creates potential difference across junction. This potential difference after some time prevents the flow of electron from n type to p type. Q.44 A.44 Why does the thickness of depletion region in a pn junction diode increases with increase in reverse bias? When a pn junction is formed, a small potential difference is set up across the depletion layer. But when it reverse biased the charges move away from the junction thus increasing the width of the depletion region. Name the p-n junction diode which emit spontaneous radiation when forward biased. How do we choose the semiconductor, to be used in these diodes, if emitted radiation lies in visible region. The p-n junction that emits radiation when forward biased is called photodiode. In case of gallium arsenide the emitted radiations lies in the visible region. In a transistor forward bias is very small as compared to reverse bias. Explain why? If the emitter voltage is large, then the number of charges drifting from emitter to collector through base becomes very large. It results in lot of heat generation which can damage the transistor. But if collector reverse bias is large charges may drift quickly to collector but there is small and no heating effect is produced. Why base region in the transistor is made thin? Base is thin and lightly doped so that the recombination rate always remains small in the base region and the base current is never more than 5% of the emitter current.

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Why transistor cant be used as rectifier? Transistor cannot be used as rectifier because to work as transistor either base emitter or base collector region is to be used. But as base is thin and lightly doped neither of the two regions will work as diode or rectifier. Q.49 Identify the logic gates marked X and Y. write down the value of y when A=1, B=1 and A=0, B=1 A.49 X is NAND gate and Y is Or gate. The output in both the cases is 1 Q.50 A.50 Identify the gates marked X and Y and write output when A=1, B=1 and when both are zero. Gate X is NAND gate and gate Y is NOT gate. The out put is one when both inputs are one and output is zero if both the inputs are zero. NAND and NOR gate may be considered as digital building blocks. Why?

Q.51

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The repeated use of NAND or NOR can produce all 3 basic gates i.e. OR, AND and NOT. Thus they are called basic building blocks.

Q.52

The gain of common emitter amplifier is given by Av= -gmRL. does it mean that if we keep on increasing the value of RL indefinitely, the gain of amplifier will increase? Explain. A.52 No because increasing the RL will decrease Vc and a stage is come where both input and output gets forward biased. Magnetic

Q.1 The North pole of a magnet is brought near a negatively charged conductor. Will the pole experience any force? A.1 The pole experiences force only if it is placed in some external magnetic field. As the stationary charge doesnt produce any magnetic field, the force acting on the pole will be zero. Q.2 A.2 Under what condition the force acting on the charge particle moving in the magnetic field maximum? The force will have a magnitude F=qvB sin q, thus it will be maximum if sinq is maximum. Thus angle between velocity and magnetic field should be 90 or the charge particle moves perpendicular to the velocity vector. Under what condition the force acting on charge particle moving in the magnetic field minimum? Minimum force or no force acts on the charge particle if it is either moving parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field intensity. F=qvBsinq, which implies angle should be either zero[parallel] or 180[antiparallel] What is the work done by the magnetic field on the moving charge and why? No work is done by the magnetic field on the moving charge. The magnetic force acts in such a way that the direction of the magnetic force and velocity are always perpendicular to each other. If force and velocity are perpendicular force and displacement are also perpendicular, thus W= FScosq, if q=90, work done will be zero. A proton enters in a straight line in a uniform magnetic field along the field direction. How will its path and velocity change? As the proton is moving along the field direction, thus no force acts on it and the velocity and the path will not change. It will keep on moving with the same speed along the field direction. A charge particle enters a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. How will its kinetic energy and momentum

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change? As the charge particle enters perpendicular to the magnetic field, the force will act perpendicular to the velocity. Thus the particle starts moving in the circular path. As force and displacement are perpendicular the work done will be zero and kinetic energy will not change. But as it moves in circular path direction of momentum will change but magnitude is unchanged. A positive charge is moving vertically upwards in magnetic field towards south. In which direction will it be deflected? If positive charge is moving upwards the corresponding current is also upwards, the magnetic field is towards south. Using Flemings left hand rule force is towards east and deflection towards east. If electron is not delected in passing through a certain region of space, can we be sure that there is no magnetic field? No, the electron will not deflect if it is moving parallel or antiparallel to the direction of magnetic field or if magnetic force acting on the electron is balanced by some other force. Does magnetic field exert force on a static charge? Explain No, if a charge particle is placed in steady magnetic field it will not experience any force.

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Q.10 Free electrons always keep on moving in the conductor. Even then no magnetic force acts on them in a magnetic field. Why? A.10 In the absence of external potential difference the motion of the electrons inside the conductor is totally random. Thus although the electrons are moving their velocity comes out to be zero. Thus, magnetic force which acts on them will always be zero. Q.11 What is the nature of the magnetic field generated by a current carrying straight conductor? A.11 The magnetic field of long straight conductor is in the circular magnetic lines of force. The center of these imaginary lines lies on the wire. The plane of magnetic lines of force is perpendicular to the length of the conductor and is given by right hand thumb rule. Q.12 What can be the various sources for generation of the magnetic field? A.12 the magnetic field is generated by the [a] current carrying wire [b] charge particle in motion [c] magnets [d] time varying electric field Q.13 The net charge on the conductor placed in magnetic field is zero, but still it experiences force in the magnetic field? A.13 The net charge is zero because of equal positive and negative charges. But the positive changes being stationary dont experience any force whereas the free electrons are moving in the current

carrying conductor experiences force. Q.14 How will you identify if the magnetic field at a given location is due to earth or some other conductor? A.14 The magnetic field of earth at all places is always in north south direction. Thus if a magnet suspended at a place always align in north south direction it is the magnetic field of earth whereas if the magnetic field is due to some conductor, its magnitude ad direction changes with the change in position. Q.15 Does magnetic field exert force on the charge particle in the direction of magnetic field intensity? A.15 The moving charge particle experience force in external magnetic field and its direction is always perpendicular to the direction of external magnetic field. Q.16 In what respect the current carrying wire different from the wire which carries no current? A.16 In current carrying wire the electrons are moving with some velocity in direction opposite to the electric field inside the wire. These electrons constitutes current and generates magnetic field. But if no current is flowing it will not generate magnetic field. Q.17 In wire in which there is no current flowing, the electrons are in thermal motion. What is the value of magnetic field near the wire? A.17 As the current is not flowing and motion of electrons is due to temperature, the motion wll be totally random. Thus, although the electrons are moving with high speed their velocity is zero. Thus the magnetic field near the wire is also zero. Q.18 A charge particle trapped in a agnetic bottle leaks out after some time. What is the total work done in the time the particle is trapped? A.18 no, work is done on the charge particle because the magnetic force which acts on the charge particle is a radial force[perpendicular to the velocity], it can change the direction but not the speed. Q.19 Can we compare the masses of the charged particles moving in the magnetic field? A.19 The radius of the charge particle moving in magnetic field is r= mv/qB. This implies that the radius depends on the charge to mass ratio. Thus, by comparing the radii of their paths in magnetic field we can compare the masses if the charges are known. Q.20 Can magnetic field exert force on the static charge and make it move? A.20 If the magnetic field varies with time it will generate electric field, this electric field can exert force on the static charge.

Q.21

If a charge particle is deflected in a field, can we find if deflection is due to electric or magnetic field? A.21 Yes, if the deflection is due to the electric field the path followed is parabolic and the kinetic energy will also change. But, if the deflection is due to magnetic field the path followed is either circular or helical and kinetic energy remains constant. Q.22 A current carrying ring is placed is placed in uniform magnetic field, what will be its position of equilibrium? A.22 The equilibrium position of the ring is one in which the torque acting on the ring is zero. Thus, area vector and the magnetic field intensity should be parallel to each other. Q.23 State two properties of the material required as suspension wire of moving coil galvanometer. A.23 The two properties of the suspension are [a] small value of restoring torque per unit angular twist and [b] non brittle conducting nature. Q.24 What is the principle of the moving coil galvanometer? A.24 It is based on the principle that whenever current carrying coil is placed in magnetic field it will experience a torque. Q.25 Why is ammeter always connected in series in the circuit? A.25 Ammeters are always connected in series so that total current of the circuit flows through it and it should not change resistance of the circuit. Q.26 Equal currents are flowing in two infinitely long wires in opposite direction. What will be the magnetic field at the point midway between them? A.26 The magnetic field at the point midway between them is twice the magnetic field due to one wire, because at midway point the field due to both the wires is in the same direction and adds up. Q.27 A cyclotron is not suitable to accelerate the electron. Why? A.27 Cyclotron cant be used to accelerate the electrons because the mass of the electron is small and at very low values of kinetic energies they acquire velocity comparable to light. Thus their mass begins to vary. The time taken to complete semicircular orbit is variable not in synchronization with the oscillating field. Q.28 Can cyclotron accelerate uncharged particles? A.28 No, cyclotron cant accelerate the uncharged particles because neither electric nor magnetic force acts on the uncharged particles.

Q.29

An electron passes through a region of crossed electric and magnetic field of intensities E and B respectively. For what value of the electron speed will the beam remain undeflected? A.29 The beam remain undeflected if the electric and magnetic force acting on the electron balance each other. This means that have same magnitude and opposite direction. Thus v= E/B. Q.30 An electron and proton enter a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the field with same velocity. Will the force on them be same? A.30 Yes, the force acting on them is equal in magnitude but the direction of force will be different[opposite]. Also, the radius of the path followed by both will be different as radius is directly proportional to the mass of the charged particle. Q.31 What are primary function of electric and magnetic field in the cyclotron? A.31 The magnetic field is responsible for making the charge particle move in the same electric field again and again. The electric field is used to increase the speed or kinetic energy of the charge particle. Q.32 The frequency of the charged particle circulating inside the dees of the cyclotron does not depend on the speed of the charge particle. Why? A.32 With the increase in the speed of the charge particle the radius of the circular path also increases, thus the time taken to complete the circular path or the frequency remains unchanged. Q.33 Is any work done by the magnetic field on the moving charge? A.33 Work done by the magnetic field on the moving charge is always zero, because if the charge particle moves in the magnetic field the force acts on the charge particle in direction perpendicular to the direction of velocity of the charge particle. As force and velocity are perpendicular the force and displacement are also perpendicular thus work done is zero. Q.34 Does time spend by the charge particle inside the dee of cyclotron depends on the [a] radius of circular path [b] velocity of the circular path? A.34 The time spend by the charge particle in any dee depends only on the specific charge and magnetic field intensity. It is independent of the velocity of the charge particle or the radius of the circular path. Q.35 What is magnetic lorentz force? A.35 The force acting on the charge particle moving inside the magnetic field is called magnetic Lorentz force. F = qvB sin q is the magnitude of

the force. Q.36 Under what conditions electron moving in the uniform magnetic field experiences maximum force? A.36 The electron experience maximum force when moving inside the magnetic field if the velocity of the electron is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field intensity. Q.37 Under what condition the force acting on the charge particle in the magnetic field of intensity B minimum? A.37 The force will be minimum if the charge particle moves collinear with the direction of magnetic field intensity i.e. either parallel to the field or antiparallel to the magnetic field. Q.38 An electron is projected with its velocity in the direction of the magnetic field. Will its motion be affected? A.38 No the motion of the electron will not be affected by the magnetic field as the charge particle moves parallel to the direction of the magnetic field the force acting on the charge particle is zero. Q.39 Why to solenoid tends to contract when current passes through it? A.39 When current flows through the solenoid the current in the adjacent turns is parallel to each other. Since parallel currents attract each other they tend to come closer. Thus, solenoids tends to contract when current flows through it. Q.40 A loop of irregular shape carrying current I is placed in uniform magnetic field. If the wire is flexible why does it take circular shape? A.40 It will assume circular shape with its plane normal to the field in order to maximize the magnetic flux through it. The reason is that for a given perimeter, of all the geometrical shapes circle has maximum area. Q.41 Why should ammeter have low resistance? A.41 for measuring the current the ammeter is connected in series in the circuit. So the current remains practically unchanged on connecting the ammeter, the resistance of the ammeter should be as small as possible. For ideal ammeters the resistance should be zero. Q.42 A small coil carrying current is placed in uniform magnetic field. How does the coil tend to orient itself relative to the magnetic field? A.42 When current carrying coil is placed in the magnetic field torque acts on the coil. The torque acting on the coil will be zero if the coil and the magnetic field are perpendicular. Thus it orients such that the plane of coil is perpendicular to the field direction.

Q.43 Does current carrying coil produce uniform magnetic field? A.43 No, the current carrying coil doesnt produce uniform magnetic field but it can be assumed to be uniform at the center of the circular coil. Q.44 What kind of magnetic field is produced by a straight solenoid? A.44 Straight solenoid produces magnetic field which is identical to the magnetic field of a bar magnet. Q.45 Define Bohr magneton. A,45 Bohr magneton is defined as the magnetic dipole moment associated with the atom due to orbital motion of electrons in the first Bohr orbit. Its value is 9.27x10-24Am2. Q.46 Why ordinary piece of iron doesnt behave as a magnet? A.46 In ordinary piece of irons the magnetic dipole moments are randomly oriented thus the net magnetic dipole moment is zero. Thus it cant behave as a magnet. Q.47 What do you mean by the directive property of magnetic dipole? A.47 Directive property of the magnetic dipole is that the freely suspended magnet always aligns itself in the direction of the magnetic field. Q.48 What is the basic difference between electric and magnetic lines of force? A.48 Electric lines of force originate from positive and ends on the negative charge whereas the magnetic lines of force are in the form of closed loops. Magnetic lines never originate or ends anywhere. Q.49 The earths core contains iron, yet it is not considered the cause of Earths magnetic field. Why? A.49 As we move inside the earth from the surface, the temperature of earth increases. At the core of earth temperature is assumed to be of the order of thousands of Kelvin. No substance can retain its magnetic properties at such a high temperature. Q.50 Can current loop be treated as a magnetic dipole? A.50 The current loop can be treated as a magnetic dipole. If the current I flows in a loop of area A then the magnetic dipole moment is given by M= iA