Urban Planning Students Report On Sustainable Development Plan For Tsunami Affected Cuddlore, Tamil Nadu, India

-----------------------------------------------------------------------sustainable development plan for tsunami affected coastal stretch of Cuddalore
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“ To see the confluence on many dreams
That dashed together in one light,
One river born of many streams
Roll in one blaze of blinding light.”
Sustainable development plan for the tsunami affected area – Cuddalore, as mentioned above, is
the culmination of all the efforts put forth by our team, be it the students or the professor.
“ The sword conquers for a while but the spirit conquers forever.”
All for one and one for all was our desire in making these efforts, with the most extra ordinary
collection of talent and human knowledge, that has never ever been together, is gratifying. There are so
many people to thank; who have helped to plaster smile on our faces.
We thank our Dean, Prof. P. Swaminathan, who has taken this project as priority of the school
and have stood by us till the very end of the project. Our HOD, Prof. S. Ravi has gifted us the perfect
amount of freedom, giving it a new meaning, that freedom is not merely a word or an abstract theory, but
the most effective instrument for advancing. He has made us imbibe the wish to learn and also helped us
in achieving fruitful results.
Our staff members, Mr. J. Narayanaswamy, Dr. V. M. Marudachalam, Dr. M. Abdul Razak,
Mr. S. R. Masilamani and Mr. K. Pratheep Moses., the most-superlative and pre-eminent, who have
never let us down in all our efforts they have always kept our face in sunshine, so we don’t see the
shadow. We like to thank the faculty members and students of Landscape department, School of
Architecture and Planning, Chennai.
1 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

We feel enchanted to express our gratitude to Prof. Shovan.K.Saha, Head, Dept Of

Environmental Planning for the support he rendered in making this project a success.
We thank Staffs of Department of Environmental Planning and Landscaping, School of Planning
and Architecture, Delhi, for the interest and cooperation they provided in making this joint studio a
success.
We are indebted to Dean Prof. T.M. Vinodkumar, School of Planning and Architecture, New
Delhi, for rendering his support to make this joint studio a reality
This message would be incomplete without acknowledging Dr. Senthil Kumar, Prof. ,Annamalai
University, for the valuable information, which he shared with us by his seminar during our visit and also
by accompanying us during our visit to MGR-Thittu.
We would like to thank Mr.Gagan Deep Singh Bedi, District Collector, Cuddalore for his
support rendered during our study in Cuddalore.
We thank all the government offices of Cuddalore District, Municipal office, NIC and Taluk office
for supplementing us with all the data required for the study in a very short time.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to meteorological department to help us with the climatic data for
the Cuddalore district.
We thank Dr. Venugopal, The Director, Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University,for
helping us to trace the base map of the study area.
We express our gratitude to Dr. Nagenthran, Department of Geology, Anna University for helping
us to gain knowledge about geologic condition of the study area. We thank GSI, Chennai, for providing us
with the maps and details, which could be utilized for our benefits.
We take up this opportunity to thank the people of the villages who were helping us in the best
way and being a steady hold up in this effort for reconstructing this vision into reality. We also extend our

thanks to all the VAOs and NGOs involved in the mitigation measures and helped with their heart and
soul.
We thank our Senior Mr. Pradeep and his friends to enable us to have a comfortable stay in
Chidambaram during our Second visit to the study area.
As a reciprocation of this opportunity, we take pride in thanking our parents and all friends who
have been helping us to work in the right direction. They had been inspiring us for not just being Planners
but also better Professionals and further proceed on leaving all the conventional rules behind. We would
be indebted, if we forget to mention the timely help of Madhu Ganesh who helped us achieve our set
targets.
This project “Sustainable Development Plan for Tsunami affected coastal area – Cuddalore
District “, dedicated to our beloved Project Coordinator Prof. S.P.Sekar, whose concern for us and our
project were not only enriching our ‘roots’ but also open outs the ‘Vista’ for our journey ahead.
Thank you Sir…

PRELUDE
Cutting a swathe of death and deconstruction across the coastal areas of a halve dozen littoral
countries of the Indian ocean, the titanic tsunami rising from the fifth largest earthquake, since the
beginning of 20th century and biggest of all in the past 40 years, has plunged the whole region in shock
and grief. India and Srilanka are the most grievously hit. In South India, particularly Tamil Nadu suffering
the highest of all. People from all sections of the society responded towards the natural challenge and
contributed generously in various ways for the rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts.
As planners, for the refurbishment of the costal community, which calls for a well-coordinated
measures of relief, rehabilitation and mitigation plans. With these parameters, planners need to evolve
ideas or concepts, to support new developments, which are flexible enough to respond to future changes
in use, life style and demography. Their ideas or concepts require a sense of responsibility.
UNBLOCKING THE BLOCKAGE:
School of Architecture and Planning, Chennai and School of Planning and Architecture,
New Delhi, two premier and prestigious institutions of our country have entangled into a single system to
create plans for the people, enriching the existing facilities and services. This combined project has
become a milestone in the career of all the students, who had a hand in framing the project.
A Multidisciplinary group of 60 students of Planning and Landscape discipline, from both schools visited
Cuddalore, our study area for an intensive field study. The study area measures about 57.5 Kms in length
starting from the border of Pondicherry and extends up to Pitchavaram down south. It covers about 26
coastal settlements both in Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluk.

The study aims at a rapid assessment of the devastations and damages happened along with the
relief and rehabilitation measures undertaken. The study also involves the understanding of the Socio
economic characteristics of the settlements.
Prior to the field visit, necessary spade works were done. Base map for the Cuddalore district
were traced from the Institute of remote Sensing, Anna University. The traced sheets were divided into
grids of 1 Km by 1 Km for easy geo reference at the field. The digitized copies of each grid were given to
the persons who were involved in survey of the area in the grid. The students were issued with a folder
containing the grid maps, two sheets of tracing paper, four A4 sheets, a pencil and an eraser and also the
set of questioners for household survey.
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
The team set out for the study on 28th February afternoon and reached Cuddalore by night and
started for the next days survey.
DAY 1 : 01.03.2005
The team as a whole in three vans started for the reconnaissance survey of the study area from
the border of Pondicherry to the extent of Pitchavaram in down south. Information to be collected
from the field were identified and a detailed check list for collection of data relating to various
sectors were prepared.
In the later part of the day, we attended a lecture by Dr. Senthilkumar, Prof., Dept of Geology,
Annamalai University, regarding origin of Tsunami waves and their effects on the coast of
TamilNadu. On the return to staying place, the team sat and worked out the action plans for the
next day and also discussed on the objectives.

DAY 2 : 02.03.2005
Groups were formed with 8 members in each group, of which four were from Landscape and four
were from environmental and planning disciplines. This crew of 8 members proceeded to each
settlements to obtain all information pertaining to situation of the village prior to tsunami, the
economic conditions of the people, the damages that occurred and also views of various stake
holders about long term rehabilitation plans were collected through community survey, household
survey and other tools. The team members returned to the place of stay to share with each other,
their major findings and observations.
DAY 3 : 03.03.2005
The team members then, worked out on the information gaps in the yesterday’s visit and details
needed to be collected for that day were listed. The crew, which had finished the survey the prior
day, were asked to study another settlement and rest were sent to the same settlement to fill up
the gaps.
After returning from the study, the findings of the survey were discussed among the team
members in the evening. We were able to cover a distance of 20 Kms after 2 days. Then we
worked out for the strategies and actions for the next day which is to be assigned for each crew.
DAY 4 : 04.03.2005
This was the final day of visit, wherein we finished studying the remaining distance of the study
area. Strategies were worked in a manner that the works were to be completed on the final day.
Some of us also went to collect secondary data from the Government offices and NGO’s

DAY 5 : 05.03.2005
The day started early, we started working on the compilation of the data which were collected from
the field visit. We were working in the community hall hired from the hotel in which we stayed.
Thus at the end of the day, we were able to transfer the whole data available on the sheets. Our
journey back to Chennai started late at night of the day.
DAY 6 : 06.03.2005
Being Sunday, a holiday we planned to have a complete rest and prepare ourselves for the works
to carried out for the remaining days.
DAYS 7-10 : 07 TO 10.03.2005

At Chennai, these days were used for compilation of the data available from the primary survey
done in the field and to transfer them digitally. Guidance were taken from the professors of both
institutions in preparing for the review next day.
DAY 11 : 11.03.2005
We had a presentation of the collected data before the staffs of both the institutions to share the
major findings of the intensive exercise conducted in the filed. Suggestions and strategies were
worked for the road ahead In three stages i.e.,
• Data collection,
• Analysis
• Proposals
under the guidance of our project co-coordinator Dr.S.P.Sekar with valuable suggestions from our
head of department, SAP.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO TSUNAMI 09
2. TSUNAMI ON INDIAN COAST 14
3. REGIONAL SETTING – CUDDALORE 17
4. INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA 19
5. DEVASTATION IN STUDY AREA 21
6. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES 23
7. PHYSIOGRAPHY 29
8. LAND FORMS 41
9. CONNECTIVITY 45
10. SETTLEMENT PATTERN 51
11. INFRASTRUCTURE 58
12. SOCIO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 62
13. INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK 68
14. ACTION PLAN FOR PUDUKUPPAM 76

1. INTRODUCTION TO TSUNAMI
1.0 TSUNAMI:
Tsunami is a Japanese word meaning ‘harbour wave’. Tsunamis are popularly called tidal
waves but they actually have nothing to do with the tides. These waves which often affect distant shores,
originate from undersea or coastal seismic activity, landslides and volcanic motion and swells up, ultimately
surging over land with great destructive power.
“tsunami is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of waves generated when water in a lake
or sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.”
Tsunami is an after effect of
- earthquakes
- land slides
- volcanic eruption
- impact of extra terrestrial bodies
The immediate effect of tsunami is much like throwing a large rock into a pond. Where the rock impacts, the
water surface heaves dramatically with a series of vertical MOVEMENTS up and down.
1.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WIND WAVE AND TSUNAMI
The wind generated waves observed rhythmically rolling in one wave after another wave.
Period of wave is 10 seconds. Wavelength - 150m. Tsunami is different from wind wave.
Period of wave - on the order of 1 hour / wavelength - 100km and above.

1.2 REASONS FOR TSUNAMI :
• An under sea earthquake which is too small to create a tsunami by itself, may trigger an undersea
landslide quite capable of generating a tsunami. It can be generated when the sea floor abruptly
performs and vertically displaces the overlying water.
• Vertical movement of the earth crust can occur at plate boundaries.
• Subduction earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis & occur where denser
oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
• Sub-marine landslides may disturb the overlying edifices, disturb the overlying water column as
sediment and rocks slide down slope & are redistributed across the sea floor.
• Similarly, a violent submarine volcanic eruption can uplift the water column and generate tsunami.
1.3 GENERATION OF TSUNAMI:
1.3.1 TSUNAMI BY EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI BY LANDSLIDE:
• Tectonic earthquake- deforms earth's crust when this earthquake takes place under sea.
• Water above deformed area displaced from its equilibrium position.
• Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, which acts under the influence of gravity,
attempts to regain its position
• When large area of sea floor elevate or subside, a tsunami can be created
• Generally created if earthquake occur at plate boundaries because it creates large vertical

movement of crust apart from it- submarine landslide, collapse of volcanic edifices can create a
impulsive force that uplift the water column and generate a tsunami
1.4 EFFECTS OF TSUNAMI
1.4.1 EFFECT OF TSUNAMI WHEN IT REACHES TO LAND
In open water wave tsunami has extremely long periods. The actual height of a tsunami
wave in open water is often less than one meter speed in ocean 500 - 1000km/h .As the wave
approaches land - the sea shallows and the wave no longer travels as quickly. The wave becomes
steeper and taller, and there is less distance between crests. Scientific reason - the energy flux which
depends on its wave speed and wave height, remains nearly constant. (Shoaling effect) so when its
speed diminish the height increase and it behaves like tidal waves. (height - 30 meters) when it finally
reaches the coast, a tsunami may appear as a rapidly rising or falling tide, a series of breaking waves,
or even a bore.
1.4.2 EFFECT OF TSUNAMI WHEN IT HITS THE LAND
As tsunami approaches to shore it begins to slow and grow in ht. Just like other waves -
tsunami also loose energy as they rush on shore in two parts part of wave energy reflected offshore
the shoreward propagating energy is dissipated through bottom friction and turbulence. Despite of
these losses tsunami reach the coast with tremendous amount of energy with great erosion potential
which completely wash the landforms

1.5 DISASTER MITIGATION
A) AVOIDING
Four basic site planning techniques that can be applied to projects to reduce tsunami risk most
effective mitigation method siting buildings and infrastructure on the high side of a lot or raising
structures above tsunami inundation levels on piers or hardened podiums
B) STEERING
Guides the force of tsunamis away from vulnerable structures and people strategically spacing
structures, using angled walls and ditches, and using paved surfaces that create a low friction
path for water to flow.
C) SLOWING
Creates friction that reduces the destructive power of the waves specially designed forests,
ditches, slopes, and berms can slow and strain debris from waves efficiency depends upon
estimating the inundation that could occur.
D) BLOCKING
Hardened structures such as walls, compacted terraces and berms, parking structures and
other rigid construction can block the force of waves. This can however amplify height, reflect
or redirect wave energy to other areas

1.6 CONCLUSIONS
• Tsunami cannot be predicted.

• The intensity of tsunami varies from place to place depending upon:
Type of land
Type of tsunami
• But an effective warning system can help to prevent disaster.
• Tsunami resistant structures to be constructed in more devastation prone areas.
• Well defined rescue areas to be designed.
• Awareness camp to be conducted from time to time.

2. TSUNAMI ON INDIAN COAST

tsunami on the Indian coast
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Peninsula of India is one of the countries, which have rich scenic value, with vast extents of
beaches and many ports. The costal stretch our country runs about 3000 Kms. The coast is rich in flora
and fauna, which supports and supplements the economic activity of the people along the coast.
Costal stretch of Indian Sub continent
The coast line India is divided into three coasts They are.,
• Konkan Coast
• Malabar Coast
• Coromendal coast
Seven states of our country abut the coast .The east coast of the peninsula is known as the Coromendal
coast.
2.1 TSUNAMI ON INDIAN COAST
On the early morning of Dec 26th, tsunami struck our coast line. The south eastern part was affected the
most .i.e., the Coromendal coast got affected the most. Tsunami which had never happened in the Indian
history for the past one century had its epicenter 42 Kms north of Indonesia. Tsunami which had its origin
there has traveled through the Indian Ocean and caused devastations on the Indian coast in more than an

hour. The devastation due the wave further extended to Srilanka also. Of all the Indian states Andaman
and Nicobar islands had the maximum devastation.
2.2 EPICENTER OF TSUNAMI
Epicenter : 42 Kms north of Bazeunazerah, Indonesia

INDIA
MANMAR Origin time : 00:58:50: UTC (06:28:50 IST)
Latitude :03.29 N
SRI LANKA
TAILAND Longitude :95.77E
MALAYSIA
MALADEVES
Depth: 10 kms below the surface of the sea
INDONESIA Magnitude: 8.9m richter scale
Tsunami has taken away 10,000 lives from us and has affected more than 2 lakh people. The
devastation scale along the Indian coast ranks TamilNadu in the first place, which is followed by Kerala
and then Andhra Pradesh. The table gives the various details on the effects of tsunami in various states
of our country.
The wave which struck on December 26th early morning does not have the same intensity of devastation
in all districts. The district of Nagapattinam got most affected followed by Cuddalore and then by other
districts. The southern districts were shielded by the Srilankan Island to save them from tsunami waves.
The table gives the level of damages on various districts.

No.of Villages 51 FACTOR ANDHRA KERELA TAMIL NADU PONDICHERY TOTAL

including hamlets PRADEAH
affected
POPULATION AFFECTED 211,000 2,470,000 691,000 43,000 3,415,000
Affected Population 99,704
AREA
Affected Families 11,804 AFFECTED(Sq.km) 7.9 UNKNOWN 24.87 7.9 40.67
Persons evacuated 61,054
Loss of Human Lives 617 LENGTH OF
COAST AFFECTED 985 250 1000 25 2,260
Male 110
Female 285 EXTENT OF
PENETRATION (km) 0.5-2.0 1-2 1-1.5 0.30-3.0 211,000
Children 222
HEIGHT OF TSUNAMI (m) 5 3-5 7-10 10 211,000
VILLEGE AFFECTED 301 187 362 26 876
DWELLING UNITS 1557 11,832 91,037 6403 110,829

CATTLE LOST 195 UNKNOWN 5467 3445 9,116
2.3 TSUNAMI IN CUDDALORE:
The district of Cuddalore ranks second in the affected districts. This district has three blocks, Cuddalore,
Chidambaram and Kurinjipadi, which has about 26 villages abutting the coast.

3. REGIONAL SETTING
3.1 DISTRICT PROFILE:
VILUPURAM
45
CUDDALORE The town of Cuddalore configures itself as the headquarters of Cuddalore district and Cuddalore
To China Salem
SIPCOT industrial
taluk. The town was considered as municipality in 1856, comprising of revenue villages. The town was
complex
Kurinjipadi
Neiveli
Parangipettai
later upgraded as selection grade municipality effective from 9 - 5 -1993.
Pichavaram
CHIDAMBARAM
To Perambalore
The district has about 6 blocks within its administrative boundary. The lists of blocks are
To Sendurai
•
PERAMBALORE To Sirkazi
NAGAPATTINAM Cuddalore block

• Komaratchi block
• Kurinchipadi block
• Panruti block
• Portnova block
• Bhuvanagiri block
3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS:
The district of Cuddalore has the following administrative organization

• No. of municipalities – 5
• No of panchayat union – 13
• No of town panchayats – 16
• Village panchayats – 681

3.3 LOCATION:
. 174
The district of Cuddalore is located in the estuary of the river Gadilam and Pennayar river with the
PANRUTTI TALUK PONDICHERRY STATE bay of Bengal. The district is bounded by Villupuram {refer physiographic location}
NELLIKUPPAM BLOCK
3.4 LINKAGES:
40kms CUDDALORE
LIGNITES CUDDALORE BLOCK
PANRUTTI TALUK
The district is situated at a distance of 200km from Chennai and 22kms from Pondicherry along
NEYVELI PANRUTTI BLOCK
the east coast of TamilNadu.
Cuddalore is well connected by railways and roads, the roads in the district connects it with the nearest
urban centers viz. Villupuram, Trichy, Thiruvarur, etc. The express way of east coast road which starts
KURINGIPADI BLOCK
from Chennai and ends at the district forms the main source of connectivity to the town.
VIRUDHACHALAM TALUK
KAMMAPURAM BLOCK
CHIDAMBARAM TALUK BAY OF BENGAL
BHUVANAGIRI BLOCK CHIDAMBARAM PORTONOVA BLOCK
PICHAVARAM
38kms
45kms MANGROVES
NATARAJA TEMPLE BACKWATERS

4. INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA
Our study area comprises of 57.5 Kms of coastal area and width of 1 km laterally extending from
Pondicherry border in North and up to Pitchavaram in south. The reasons for choosing this stretch of the
coast are :
• The Tsunami devastation is not uniform along the coast. Some are severely, moderately and least
affected.
• The land form along the stretch is much diversified in nature.
• The geomorphology of the shore line is continuously changing.
• Presence of barrier islands, estuaries and lagoons all along the stretch.
4.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of our project is to understand the characteristics of tsunami devastation and to
Propose site specific action plans for the costal stretch of Cuddalore district.
4.3 OBJECTIVES
• To demarcate the area affected and to evaluate the Physical, Economical and Social impacts
of Tsunami
• To clarify the villages based on the intensity of devastation and to validate the relevance of
different factors leading to the non uniformity in devastation which had happened
• To recommend Guidelines and propose Policies and strategies for the coastal stretch
• To propose site specific action plans for PUDUKUPPAM village.

4.4 SCOPE
Our scope of the project extends from understanding the Tsunami impact on different aspects
such as physical, social, cultural and economical characteristics on site specific settlement patterns and to
propose macro level policy guidelines for the delineated study area. It also includes detailing of one
settlement PUDUKUPPAM, wherein detail action plans are proposed.
4.5 LIMITATIONS
• As the project was conceived in a very short time, due to time constraint, we could not survey
at household level and all analysis are done at village level.
• The study conceived as action plans for immediate future hence it doesn’t cover either
immediate rehabilitation are long term ecological security.
• As Tsunami facts conceived from secondary source data, we fixed our study area limit as 1
Km lateral to the coast.
• All though CRZ is a comprehensive regulation, when during Tsunami the water inundation
reached beyond 500 mts, we concentrated more on the water inundated area for analysis
rather than strict CRZ regulations.
• The proposal considered in the project is a short term action plan rather than considering CRZ
implications which is already under review by Government of India for its reframing and
rezoning accounting 1 Km from HTL.

5. DEVASTATION IN STUDY AREA
5.0 INTRODUCTION
The scale of the loss of life and material property bought on by the devastation of Tsunami was
over whelming. Tsunami devastation was not uniform in the entire study area. Some areas were severely,
moderately and least affected.
No. of settlements affected : 26 Nos.

No. of affected population : 99704 Nos.
No. of families affected : 11804 Nos.
No. persons evacuated : 61054 Nos.
Loss of human lives : 617 Nos.
Male : 110 Nos.
Female : 285 Nos.
Child : 222 Nos.
There were many indirect damages resulting from the consequences of direct damages. The largest
proportion of the damages are concentrated in fisheries, housing and infrastructures, material assets
damaged related to coastal fisheries, agricultural and micro enterprises in different sectors.

Damaged
Fully Partially
Wooden Catamaran .
Without Engine 4012 602
with Engine 275 166
FRP Catamaran .
Without Engine 59 45
With Engine 904 235

___________________________________________________________
Wooden Boat without Engine - 2 NIL
FRP with Engine 175 74
Mechanized Boat IB 2 308
Mechanized Boat STB 1 53
Engine O/B 799 690
Engine I /B 166 94
Nets 14285
The Intangible damages are manifold. The physiological impact on the fisherman community is severe.
The women and children in particular were vulnerable and needed counseling.
5.2 OBSERVATIONS :
• The devastation impact was not uniform through out the stretch.
• The loss of human life and property was severe.
• Damages concentrated more on fisheries, housing and infrastructure.

6. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES
6.0 DEMOGRAPHY
Demography is the character and setting of the people, who live in our area of study.
Demographic studies are crucial, in understanding the population, with a wide range of considerations,
directly or indirectly. Our context of study is the area within one km from the coast along the coastal
stretch Cuddalore district. There are about 15 revenue villages in the stretch comprising of 26 hamlets
affected by the tsunami.
6.1 COMPOSITION OF THE STUDY AREA:
Revenue Villages - 15 Nos.

Villages - 26 Nos.
6.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY AREA:

(source : Census of India.)

NAME OF THE NAME OF THE

1971 1981 1991 2001
SETTLEMENT VILLAGE
SUBAUPPALAVADI SUBAUPPALAVADI 365 380 405 409
THAZANGUDA GUNDUUPPALAVADI 3078 4256 7498
DEVANAPATINAM CUDDALORE
SONAKUPPAM CUDDALORE
101335 127625 140806 282261
SINGARATHOPU CUDDALORE
AKARIKORI CUDDALORE
SOTHIKUPPAM PACHAVANKUPPAM 3710 5384 6802 8111
RAJAPETTAI KUDI KADU 2291 2977 3693 3835
NOCHIKADU KUDI KADU
CHITRAPETTAI THIYGAVALI 3559 4188 4950 5053
TAMMANAMPETTAI THIYGAVALI
NAYAKARPETTAI THIRUCHOPURAM
NANDALIGAMPETTAI THIRUCHOPURAM 2859 3496 3470 3955
PERIYAKUPPAM THIRUCHOPURAM
PETTAI KAYALPATTU
2289 2626 2817 2735
AYYAMPETTAI KAYALPATTU
REDDIYARPETTAI ANDARMULLIPALLAM
1402 1614 1786 3194
ANNAPANPETTAI ANDARMULLIPALLAM
MADIYAPETTAI PERIYAPATTU 2614 3215 3337 3760
KUMARAPETTAI SULAMBIMANGALAM
3519 4198 4999 5253
SAMAYARPETTAI SULAMBIMANGALAM
VELINGARAYANPETTAI VILLAYANALLUR 2778 3014 3264 3582
PUDUKUPPAM KOTHADAI 2329 2794 3202 3735
INDRA NAGAR ARYAGOSTHI 2440 3161 3472 3720
MUDASLODAI KILLAI
7795 9083 9461 9899
M GR THITU KILLAI

Population of these villages are considered for determining the population of the hamlets. Their growth
trends are also calculated for each decade. Thus drawing inferences from them for determining the
DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH
90 indigenous character of the villages. Population of these villages are taken from the census details.
80
70
60
50 1971-1981
40
1981-1991
The decadal growth of the population is computed by incremental increase method using the formula.
30
20 1991-2001 Percentage growth rate in each decade = (Pi - Po) / Po * 100
10
0
Where, Po – Population of the initial year
THIRUCHOPURAM
CUDDALORE
GUNDUUPPALAVADI
PERIYAPATTU
ANDARMULLIPALLAM
KUDI KADU
PACHAVANKUPPAM
SULAMBIMANGALAM
KOTHADAI
ARYAGOSTHI
SUBAUPPALAVADI
THIYGAVALI
KILLAI
KAYALPATTU
VILLAYANALLUR
-10
Pi - Population of 10 th year
DECADAL GROWTH RATE
ANDARMULLIPALLAM
SULAMBIMANGALAM
GUNDUUPPALAVADI
PACHAVANKUPPAM
SUBAUPPALAVADI
THIRUCHOPURAM
VILLAYANALLUR
PERIYAPATTU
ARYAGOSTHI
KAYALPATTU
CUDDALORE
THIYGAVALI
KUDI KADU
KOTHADAI
PERCENTAGE
KILLAI
INCREASE IN
DECADES
1981-1971 4.1 na 25.94 45.12 29.94 17.67 22.28 14.72 15.12 22.99 19.29 8.49 19.96 29.54 16.52
1991-1981 6.5 38.27 10.32 26.33 24.05 18.19 -0.74 7.27 10.65 3.79 19.08 8.29 14.6 9.83 4.16
2001-1991 0.9 76.17 1 19.24 3.87 2.08 13.97 -2.91 78.83 12.67 5.08 9.7 16.64 7.14 4.62

6.3 OBSERVATIONS :
• Villages along the coast, show fluctuating decadal growth rate in comparison with the state
average, the growth rate of these villages are in decreasing manners.
• Growth rate in the last decade shows substantial fluctuations in comparison to the previous
decade.
• Villages such as Gunduuppalavadi, Panchyankuppam, Andarmullipalam show an increasing
population in a steep manner, due to the annexure of neighboring hamlets for administration
purpose.
• All the villages show a decremented growth in the decade of 1981-1991, due to the severity
of the natural hazards which struck during that decade.
6.4 INFERENCES :
The reasons for variations could be due to following reasons,
• These areas are prone to natural hazards such as storm, cyclones, tsunami etc.,.
• Out migration of the people from the village to town and cities.
• Change in occupation pattern.

6.5 OCCUPATION :
occupational pattern -2001
SUBAUPPALAVADI The coastal stretch of Cuddalore has agriculture and fishing as the main occupation
GUNDUUPALLAVADI
CUDDALORE
PACHAVANKUPPAM
KUDI KADU This Graph indicates that most of the villages have majority of primary workers.
THIYGAVALI
THIRUCHOPURAM
KAYALPATTU
ANDARMULLIPALLAM
PERIYAPATTU
SILAMBIMANGALAM
VILLAYANALLUR
KOTHADAI
OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN -2001

ARYAGOSTHI
KILLAI
NAME OF THE VILLAGE MAIN MARGINAL NON WORKERS

SUBAUPPALAVADI 129 0 280
GUNDUUPALLAVADI 2552 193 4753
C la s s if ic a t io n o f P rim a ry Wo rk e rs - 2 0 0 1
CUDDALORE 88638 36659 156964
K I LLA I
A RY A GOST HI
PACHAVANKUPPAM 2467 475 5169
K OT HA DA I KUDI KADU 964 317 2554
V I LLA Y A NA LLUR
THIYGAVALI 1066 860 3127
SULA M B I M A NGA LA M
P E RI Y A P A T T U
THIRUCHOPURAM 1098 271 2586
A NDA RM ULLI P A LLA M
FISHERIES AND OTHER KAYALPATTU 886 394 1455
PRIM ARY SECTORS
K A Y A LP A T T U
AGRICULTURE
ANDARMULLIPALLAM 1342 95 1757
T HI RUCHOP URA M
T HI Y GA V A LI PERIYAPATTU 1274 458 2028

K UDI K A DU
P A CHA V A NK UP P A M
SILAMBIMANGALAM 1985 319 2949
CUDDA LORE VILLAYANALLUR 1393 470 1719
GUNDUUP P A LA V A DI
KOTHADAI 1335 222 2178
SUB A UP P A LA V A DI
ARYAGOSTHI 622 510 1598

0 20 40 60 80
KILLAI 3272 924 5703

6.6 OBSERVATION :
• Economical growth trend shows a good prosperity for the further exploration of fishing and its
related activities.
• Development initiatives in the near future should consider rejuvenating agriculture.
• Gunduppalavadi, Panchyan kuppam, Kudikadu, Thiruchopuram are the villages showing
decrease in fishing activity.
• Kayal pattu and Andarmullipallam show a decrease in agricultural activities, when compared
to previous decades.
6.7 INFERENCE :
• Fishing farms the main occupation of these villages.

• The decrease in occupation is due to migration of people and also due to shift in
occupational trends.

7. PHYSIOGRAPHY
7.0 INTRODUCTION
Tamil Nadu lies between 8°and 13° 30’ N latitudes and 76°15’ and 80° 18’ E longitudes. The state
is bounded by Bay of Bengal in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, Western Ghats in the west and
the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the north. The geographical area is 13.01 M ha and the
population is 62.11 million (2001 census)
7.1 CUDDALORE
Cuddalore district was formed in 1993 from the erstwhile composite South Arcot district. It
includes Pantruti, Cuddalore, Tittagudi, Vridhachalam, Chidambaram, Kattumannar Koil taluks. It is
bounded on the north by Villupuram district, south by Tanjavur district, west by Salem and Dharmapuri
districts and east by Bay of Bengal.
It lies between lat 11° 12’ 35” and 11° 52’ N, longitude 78° 50’ E with a total area of 3678 Sq.Km.
Cuddalore is the headquarters of the district.
7.2. PHYSIOGRAPHY
TamilNadu can be broadly divided into four physiographic divisions namely

• The Coastal plains
• The Eastern Ghats
• The Central Plateau
• The Western Ghats

The coastal plains stretch over 1000km from Pulicat Lake in the north to Kanyakumari in the south with an
elevation of 2m to 30m above mean sea level. About 30% of the population lives in 80 km width of the
coastal belt.
7.3 CLIMATIC CHARACTERS
The various parameters dealt under climatic characters are

• Temperature
• Rainfall
• Humidity
• Wind direction
The climate prevailing for a better part of the year in the coastal belt is sub tropical with little
variations in the temperature. The average maximum temperature varies from 37°c and 43°c and the
average minimum temperature varies from 12°c to 17°c. the humidity varies from 40% to 70% in summer
and 60% to 80% in winter. The long term average annual rainfall is around 947mm, 34% during
southwest, 46% during northeast, 5% during winter and 15% during summer. The average annual rainfall
in the coastal belt varies from 1030 to 1384 mm .Drought conditions prevailed during 1983, 1987, 1992
and 1993 .The predominant wind direction for the coastal stretch is from north east to south west.

7.4 GEOLOGY
The topic deals with the soil type, various concepts of geological formation of soil of the study area
and their respective geotechnical characters.
7.4.1 GEOLOGICAL FORMATION
Geological formation along the Indian coastal line belongs to Archaean age which is more than
one million years old. The entire coastal belt of Tamil Nadu consist of recent alluvium and beach
sands overlying sedimentary formation such as sand stones, limes and Laterite stones of different
geological age formation overlaid on crystalline rocks mostly of granites and gneisses. There are a
number of sand dunes developed along the coast .based on the geological features of Tamil Nadu
coastline is divided into four zones.
• Barrier beach
• Coral reef coast
• Deltaic shore
• Alluvium plain coast
7.4.1.1 BARRIER BEACH:

The western coast of Tamil Nadu is entirely in Kanyakumari district the same way
tentatively be classified as barrier beach coast.
7.4.1.2 CORAL REEF COAST

South of Mandapam upto Kanyakumari can be called as sand dune coast

7.4.1.3 DELTAIC SHORE:

Point Calimer to Mandapam
Alluvium plain coast
The shore line extends from Chennai to north of Coleroon river and from north of
Coleroon to Point Calimer.
The study area comprising the Cuddalore district is broadly divided into five geological domains. The
hinterland is covered by hard crystalline gneisses of the Archaean period. The inclusions or the
interruption of this hard basement are seen as patches, which gives valuable and different Mogenic
history of the past.
Charnockites and Migmatitic gneisses (basement) of Archaean age.

Older sedimentary rocks of the cretaceous age and younger sedimentary of Milo-Pilocene age
Laterite soil cover over Milo-Pilocene sediments in the central part
A narrow track of coastal plains in the east fringing bay of Bengal and
Alluvial plains of the Pennayar and Gadilam river in the north and velar and Coleroon rivers in
the south.
The Cuddalore formation of Milo-Pilocene age comprising different types of sandstones, ferruginous and
mottled at places, lies uncomfortably over the upper cretaceous rocks and sometimes overlaps the
Archaean rocks. A small patch of Laterite soil is demarcated on the top of Cuddalore formation in the
central part of the area. The quaternary formations comprise grey, brown, black clays and sands under
fluvial regime and grey brown sands, black clays, sands under marine regime.

7.5 GEOMORPHOLOGY
The geomorphologic characters of any area are the external landforms given a reliable picture of
the underground strata and its physio-chemical conditions. The different formations and the layer
formations confirms and logiest to its geomorphology. The geomorphology of the area is one of the special
types, which covers both hard rock and coastal sedimentary components.
The eastern part adjoining to the beach and shores cover coastal geomorphic units. The inland
topographical units are being described as the piedmont geomorphology.
The eastern part of the district represents a flat plain and the western part slightly hilly area. The slope
varies from 8’ to 4’ towards east. In the west and in the coastal plains, it is less than 1’. The area is
typified by residual hills, pediments and Pedi plains formed due to denundational processes. The fluvial
zone comprising flood plains of velar, Gadilam, Coleroon and Pennayar rivers with associated landforms
such as levees channel bars, point bars, meander scars, palaeo channels and flood basin / back swamp
deposit. A narrow fluvio marine zone comprising palaeo-tidal flats and interdistributory flood basin is seen
between fluvial and marine regimes. The marine landforms of east coast formation include beach tidal
flats, mud flats, mangrove swamps, spit, lagoon and estuary. Aeolean action is reflected in the form of
barrier dunes along the coast. A number of strand lines depict the progradation of the Cauvery delta
during the Holocene period.
7.5.1 FLOOD PLAINS:

Flood plains consisting of sand clay are found along the boundaries of Palar,
Varahanadhi, Pennayar and Gadilam Rivers. The thickness of the alluvial sand varies from 1m to

7m and the flood plain itself is found spread over widths varying from 0.25 to 5.0 km from the
riverbanks.
The fluvial zone comprising flood plains of velar, Gadilam, Coleroon and Pennayar Rivers with
associated landforms such as levees, channel bars, point bars, meander scars, and palaeo
channels and flood basin/ back swamp deposit.
The marine landforms of east coast formation include beach tidal flats, mud flats, mangrove
swamps, spit, lagoon and estuary. Aeolean action is reflected in the form of barrier dunes along
the coast.
Beaches are landforms covered by sand and sandy materials having high porosity and
unconsolidated loose formation with voids and spaces. These features are ideal for ground water
storage.
7.6 GEO HYDROLOGY
The area has been divided into three entities:

• A discontinuous unconfined to semi confined aquifers zone, coinciding with the
crystalline of the Archaean age. Groundwater in this zone is restricted to weathered
mantle and fractures with an yields of 1-5 lps
• A moderately thick discontinuous unconfined aquifers zone down to 30m below
ground level in lateritic country. Thick regionally extensive, unconfined aquifer down to
50m below ground level occurs in the sandstone and shale with yields of 10-20 lps.
• Geohydrologically the study area falls under a high potential zone defined by quaternary
cover sediments having semi confined to confined aquifers down to 150m below
ground level with yields of 25-40 LPs.

7.6.1 GROUND WATER LEVEL:

From the northern boundaries of Pondicherry state to Cuddalore, the water table remains below
mean sea level both during the pre and post monsoon periods. This would indicate the fragility of
ground water resources in thin stretch. This is also evidenced by the average depth of medium
bore wells in thin area ranging from 60 m to 150 m and deep tube wells from 150 m to 450 m
below ground level
7.7 GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The area has been demarcated into seven engineering geological provinces based on bearing capacity,
compressive strength and foundation characteristics of the rock units. They are
• Alluvium
• Coastal sediment
• Laterite / Laterite soil
• Younger sedimentary strata
• Older sedimentary rocks
• Basement crystalline rocks (gneisses)
• Basement crystalline (charnockite)

7.7.1 FORECASTING OF CYCLONES:
7.7.1.1 STORM SURGES

Sea level rises when a tropical cyclone hits the coast these occurs a rise of se level and
rush of seawater inland. This inland moving water is sometimes the cause of devastating
damage to coastal property and loss of life. This phenomenon is called landfall.
Factors, which may operate together to produce the rise of sea level at the coast around the time of
landfall.
• INVERTED BAROMETER EFFECT
Water level of the sea surface rises at a place where atmospheric pressure is lowing
horizontal plain. The sea level rises by about 1m for such pressure defect of 100hpa.
• OPEN SEA WAVE
There is almost one to one relationship between sustained surface winds and the
open sea wave conditions.
• INTERACTION AMONG OPEN SEA WAVES

In the open sea, waves of different lengths, periods and height interact with one
another, giving rise to high waves with amplitudes of 20m and even more.
• FETCH OF WATER
The sustained wind stress due to sustained strong winds o a tropical cyclone pushes
seawater.

• GENERAL COASTAL SHELF

Due to the coastal shelf, the depth of sea increases as one moves from the coast
towards the sea normal to t he coast line. The on rushing water in the right hand sector of
the tropical cyclone in the northern hemisphere and in the left hand sector of the tropical
cyclone in the southern hemisphere encounters diminishing depth as it moves from the
open sea to the coast line. This leads to a tremendous rise of sea level near the coast.
• LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY
In addition to the effect of general coastal shelf there is rise of sea level due to local
topographic features of the coast also. For example an estuary presence diminishing
cross section like a funnel as the water moves from the open sea into the land. The
diminishing cross section increases the local speed of on rushing water and also the level
of its top. The river water normally flowing from the land starts flowing in the opposite
direction, flooding the coastline and the riverbanks. Plain level coastal surface allows the
onrushing water to spread over large coastal areas.
• ASTRONOMICAL TIDE
Due to the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the earth including the ocean
water, there is a rise and fall of water level depending on the phase of the moon and the
sun. Due to the astronomical tide the level of seawater changes irregularly irrespective of
the presence or absence of a tropical cyclone. The effect of the astronomical tide has to
be added algebraically to the effect of a tropical storm of the cyclone on the level of the
sea. The rise of sea level due to the combination of factors such as inverted barometer
effect, fetch of water, general coastal shelf and local topography are often called storm
surge.

7.7.2 CYCLONE DAMAGE POTENTIAL

The following table gives the classification of the cyclones of the Indian seas according to cyclone
severity scale:
Category Maximum wind Details of possible damages and associated surge and central
velocity pressure
measured in
knots
Little damage to Pucca structure. Slight damage to thatched huts, roofing.
1 < 35 No surge or minimum surge less than 0.5 m. central pressure greater than
990 hPa.
Slight damage to pucca structures. Branches of trees fall off. Thatched huts
2. 36- 75 damaged. No damage structure and surge height less than 1.5m and
inundation only less than 1km. central pressure between 980-960 hPa
Considerable damage. Roofs blown off in thatched huts and tiled houses.
3 76-115 Big trees uprooted and tall iron towers twisted. Tidal waves may range
between 1.5 to 3.0 meters. Coastal inundation up to 5km. central pressure
between 980-960 hPa.
Severe damage to very strong structures. Buildings collapse or get
4. 116-155 damaged. Huge avenue trees uprooted and big girders twisted. Surge
height greater than 3 meters and inundation in the coastal area can extend
up to 10kms. Central pressure normally between 960-940hPa.
5. > 155 Near total destruction, total chaos with possibility of no survivors. Surge
height greater than 6 meters. Coastal inundation can reach up to 20kms.
Central pressure less than 940 hPa.

7.7.3 COASTAL VULNERABILITY

The coastal vulnerability to cyclone depends upon factors other than cyclone intensity.
Coastal topography, population density of that area and the annual frequency of cyclone and the
return period of cyclones of particular intensity to strike at that place would also be useful for
effective vulnerability analysis.
To quantify the coastal vulnerability, a vulnerability parameter is defined here as the product of
three main contributing factors namely the coastal population density, the coastal topography and
the annual frequency.
The maritime district wise vulnerability parameter is calculated by taking the products of the
annual cyclone frequency, the maximum shoaling factor and the population per unit sq.km. Area
as obtained from the 1991 census of India. Relating the same with the past details on coastal
population and structural damages, a vulnerability scale ranging between 1to 5 is arrived at for the
Indian coastal areas. For this purpose all the past available damage details on structures and
populations affected were compared with the corresponding values of the vulnerability parameter.
Based on this, the vulnerability values are classified into five appropriate scales vis-à-vis the
damage experienced.

Vulnerability parameters
Scale Expected damage
(VP)
1 <100 Minimum disturbances
Less than 25% of population

2 100-500
installation affected.
25-50% of the population

3 500-1500
installation affected
50-75% of the coastal

4 1500-3000 population and the installation
affected.
Total affection of the coastal

5 > 3000
population and installations.
7.7.4. CYCLONE DISASTER RISK

A disaster risk index has been worked out for Indian coastal area using the index of
Southern (1993).since a hazard and vulnerability indices are described on scales of 1 to5, the
cyclone disaster risk which is a simple product of the two is thus measured in scales ranging from
1 to 25. Using the concept, the hazard indices are calculated from maritime statement coastal
segments considering the highest Vmax value ever experienced so far during the past 119 years
from 1877-1995. using these values the disaster zoning of the entire coastal segment is done.

8. LAND FORMS AND WATER INUNDATION
8.0 INTRODUCTION:
Land forms play an important role in human habitat. Since progress in civilization involves the
development of closer relations between land and its people, man multiplies his dependencies upon
nature. It is a natural process and includes two aspects. One it accepts the influence of certain factors and
simultaneously influences others for its own part.
8.1 COASTAL LANDFORMS

Coast is unique, it is where the land and ocean meet and is of great significance - the interaction
between marine and terrestrial environment. Coastal waters are a great resource to human kind, which
rank among the most ecologically sensitive and economically important of all systems. It comprises of
varied biotypes such as estuaries, backwaters, mangroves, salt marches, coral reefs, lagoons, creeps
etc.,
8.1.1. DEFINITIONS
SHORE – The zone between low and high water marks over which sea migrates.
SHORELINE – It is the line that separate land and water.
FORE SHORE - It is the narrow zone area between high tide and low tide line.
BACKSHORE – It is the part of the seashore that lies between foreshore and coastline.
BEACHES – The beaches are landforms covered by sand and sandy materials having high
porosity and unconsolidated loose formation with voids and spaces.

BEACH RIDGE – Beach ridges are elevated sandy tops adjoining the beaches and are good
horizons for groundwater presence.
BEACH TERRACES – The step like projection bordering the sandy terrain and the shoreline are
called as beach terraces.
SAND DUNES – Sand dunes are land forms with elevated sandy topping which can be either
primary or secondary nature.
BARRIER ISLANDS – Barrier islands are the areas where the land forms are of special type
where the land is fronted by sea on one side and backwaters on all the other sides.
ESTUARIES – Estuaries are river mouths., where river will be at the lower level than the sea and
meet each other.
8.2 INTERRELATION OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS

Land form, Economic activity and settlement pattern form a triangle where the relationship is
mutual, amongst them. Landforms and settlement pattern have a historic reference. From the onsets of
civilization, people have settled close to sea. Their economic activity depends on the sea catches they
bring ever day. Their livelihood and pattern of life is structured revolving around the sea. Similarly
economic activity and land form are inseparable. Hence on the whole, all the 3 components are inter
related and they have a definite degree of mutual interdependency.
8.3 LAND FORMS AND TSUNAMI :

Tsunami devastation is not uniform throughout the coast. Some places have severe impact and
others moderate impact and others have least impact. The main reason for this is the diversified landforms
prevailing in the coastal stretch. The impact of Tsunami varied according to various factors, notably the
bathymetry and geomorphology of the coastline and the presence of various natural features. Thus areas

adjacent to relatively steep continental shelves were generally less damaged than coast with an extensive
shallow continental shelf. The buffering role of mangroves, sand dunes and plantations (primarily of
casuarinas) played an important role in the non uniformity of devastation.
8.3 ANALYSIS:
To understand how tsunami impact varied with the physical land forms, a comparative analysis of
the 26 settlements with the following parameters were carried out.
• Affected population
• Wave direction
• Height of wave
• Elevation of settlement
• Change in coast line
• Inundation distance
• Type of crops affected
• Water quality
• Distance of settlement from coastline
• Percentage of vegetation in front of settlement
• Percentage of sand dunes in front of settlement
• Height of sand dunes
• Type of settlement
• Distance from backwater
• Bathymetry 11m contour

8.4 OBSERVATIONS
The following were the observation which resulted from the above analysis,
• Average distance of water inundation along the study area is 350 mts.
• Devastation of man-made property after 400 mts from HTL is minimal.
• Settlement, which has elevation more than 3m, had no property damage or human loss.
• Most of the settlement are near to the coast and parallel to the coast.
• Cashew, Palms got affected the most, whereas Coconut and Casuarinas got less affected.
• Settlement, which had vegetation and sand dune cover in front of it, had less impact in front
of Tsunami.
• Average height of sea waves is between 10 ft and 15 ft and direction of the sea wave is
perpendicular to the coast.
• Bathymetry contour had a role to play in Tsunami devastation. Shallow coastline suffered the
most.
• Settlement, which didn't have vegetation cover, or sand dunes got affected the most.
• River mouth opening got closed after Tsunami.
• The coastal terrain changed after Tsunami varying between +10m to -50m.

9. CONNECTIVITY
Pondicherry
9.0 CONNECTIVITY
Subauppalavadi
Any settlements exists due to interaction. Interaction depends upon movement system, roads,
Thazhungulam
Devanampattinam
streets, footpath and public transport routes and also the service utilities. Which make the settlement grow
Sonankuppam
further. These connections allow villages to work and link them with the wider world. None of them prevail
Singarathoppu
AkkaraiGori in isolation, they form the part of rural fabric which encloses them.
Sothikuppam
Rasapettai
9.1 INTERACTION – IMPORTANCE :

BAY OF BENGAL
Nochikadu
Chiththirappettai
Tammanampettai
Nayakkarpettai The interaction between these villages form the vein system of the area. Their importance is not
Periyakuppam Nandilingampettai
Pettodai
Iyyampettai
just the functional performance but how they contribute to the quality and character of the settlement.
Reddiyarpettai
9.1.1 LINKING UP
Kumarapettai
Samiyarpettai
Velangirayanapettai
These settlements need to be clearly linked to the existing routes. The linkages should be
Pudukuppam
Indiranagar more direct links which enables efficient connection and overlap with the surrounding areas.
Mudasalodai 9.1.2 MOVEMENT CHOICES :
MGR Thittu
Portnova
The connectivity provided should give the people maximum choice in how to make their
Chidambaram
movement in times of disaster with a pre assumption in favor of safety.

Kiilai South
Pichavaram
9.1.3 FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY :
T.S.Pettai
Design of the connectivity routes should be meant to ensure more functional efficiency as
there is always a risk of conflict.

9.1.4 EXISTING CONNECTIVITY

The main spine which runs through the district is the East coast road (ECR) from
Chennai heading to Chidambaram. ECR serves as the higher order road connectivity for the
study area. Most of the settlements are linked, either directly to indirectly to each other and also to
the main roads.
9.2 MEANS OF LINKAGES :
Predominant means of connectivity to the settlement is

1. Road ways and
2. Water ways
River Uppanayar runs parallel to the coast and separates few settlements from the mainland.
Hence the connectivity to such settlements is by ferry service. At the same time there’s also an elevated
bridge connecting the settlement to the mainland.
Linkage to the settlement is by roadways (Bitumen, concrete and pucca roads) – foot bridge, culverts
& bridges and also through ferry services.
EXISTING LINKAGES :
9.2.1 ROADWAYS :
Our study area consists of 26 settlements. All are fishermen hamlets with only one to town
scale. Out of these, seven settlements are directly connected to the NH by tharr roads.
They are :
Devanampattinam
Suvauppalavadi

Thammanampettai
Singarathoppu
Nayakkarpettai
Kumarapettai
Samiyarpettai
Kuccha roads and Concrete roads are other most common road types seen within
settlements.
9.2.2 WATER WAYS:

The settlements which are connected only through ferry service are:
• Sonanguppam
• Akkarigori
• Sothikuppam
• Rasapettai
• Mudasalodai
• And MGR thittu.
• Singarathoppu is the only settlement having a proper elevated bridge
Among these MGR thittu and Mudasalodai are barrier islands and the means of connectivity to this
island from the main land Killai is by crossing the back waters. They don’t even have a boat jetty.

9.2.3 BRIDGES :
Singarathoppu is the only settlement having a proper elevated bridge and is connected
directly to the ECR.Other than that, all other settlements have got culvert cutting across the
channel. The settlements are categorized as
• Best connected
• Moderately connected
Path taken by
Tsunami waves • Worst connected
water inundation line Based on the degree of connectivity. The other parameters considered were Quality of
road connectivity via
ar
connectivity, distance for higher order services and the time taken during emergency evacuation.
an
NOCHCHIKKADU
pp
.U
Path taken by
Rr
Tsunami waves
9.3 ROLE OF CONNECTIVITY DURING TSUNAMI:
As we had already mentioned in the previous chapters. The devastation wasn’t uniform throughout the
study area. There were several issues and reasons that determined the devastation.
One such reason identified was SETTELMENT LOCATION:
If the settlement had been located in a high lying land or upland – then there might have been less
ted bridge eased damage to lives and property.
d the evacuation
escue operation Here is one such case:
aster pace.
9.3.1 case1 :SOTTHIKUPPAM: The entire settlement is located in a level higher than the mean
sea level. Ad it also had a fantastic tree belt in front of their residence . By our landform analysis,
all these features should have saved the settlement. But the death toll for these settlements is 23.
Path taken by Period.
Tsunami waves
9.3.2 case 2 :SINGARATHOPPU: This was a low lying area, flat terrain, with not much
vegetation in the front. And the settlement was more like an island. The tsunami water inundation

was high in this place. Hence by landform analysis, it lies under a risk zone. But the death toll for
this place , happened to be nothing. The reason for such kind of irony is CONNECTIVITY
Soththikuppam, is almost like an island. The only means of connectivity was by FERRY, that too
stops by night. In order to take the road route, one have to travel another 6km via nochchikadu.
And moreover the damage was due to the river behind the settlement. Hadn’t there been an
elevated bridge, it could have saved these lives.
That’s what happened in Singarathoppu, though water surrounded them from all sides, people ran
up the bridge and guarded themselves,
Thus connectivity holds an important role, not only in saving lives and property, but also in easing
the rescue operations and rehabilitation measures.
9.4 INFERENCES:
• The settlements with better connectivity suffered less loss.
• Better connectivity in terms of roads facilitated immediate relief measures.
• Movement assessment: the movement during Tsunami was mostly away from the sea.
That is a horizontal movement perpendicular to the coast.
9.5 GUIDELINES FOR PROPOSALS

9.5.1 EVACUATION CENTRES:
• Immediate evacuation centres in each settlement within reachable distance,at the
same time at a safer distance.
• These are high rised structures or structures present in a highly elevated land.
• Existing structures like school or a community hall is identified for the purpose.

9.5.2 NODAL CENTRES:

• Among the 26 settlements, few settlements are identified as NODAL CENTRES
based on the following parameters :
a, Population size
b. Degree of Connectivity
c. Facilities available.
d. Locational Advantage
e. Safety factor.
• These are the rehabilitation centers at next higher order.
• Each of such settlement takes charge of few other hamlets, within the given distance.
• These centers take care of :
a. Road connectivity
b. Economic connectivity
c. Socio-cultural connectivity and
d. Communication facilities
9.5.3 ROAD RE – ALIGNMENT
The East Coast Road is either directly or indirectly connected to each settlement. The
linking distance varies from1 km to 6 km. the higher order road, did had a role to perform
during a disaster. And since horizontality is followed in connectivity settlement, there
should be a vertical road, parallel to the coast, connecting all these which would lead to
CUDDALORE or CHIDAMBARAM.

10. SETTLEMENT PATTERN
10.0 INTRODUCTION
Human Settlement patterns are by definitions those which consists of both Natural and Man -
made elements. Settlement pattern defines how the settlement has evolved over a period of time and its
present form. Most of the settlements along the coast have an organic and spontaneous evolution.
Development happening are in an irregular fashion which supports their daily activities. Settlement Pattern
has a very great dependency to Economic activity. Fishing forms the major occupation. The life style of the
Fishermen folk is supported and supplemented by their occupation.
Tsunami and settlement pattern are linked to a certain extent. Due to the proximity of the settlement to the
coast, the devastation is high.
To analyze the settlement pattern along the stretch, a comparative analysis is required whereby we can
find the reasons of the non-uniformity of devastation.

DESCRIPTION EXISTING BUILDING DAMAGES DUE TO ANALYSIS OF

PRACTICES TSUNAMI DAMAGES
OCCURRED
Foundation The mud houses have Damages occurred The depth of the
no strong foundation. to the building due foundation is less so
Most of the pucca and to the scouring of scouring has taken
semi -pucca houses the sand from place.
have foundation just foundation. No binding between
one to two feet below Cracks have P.C.C, foundation and
the original soil level. developed in most plinth.
Few of the pucca of the buildings due Sufficient corner lapping
houses have a strong to foundation and cover to
isolated &stepped settlement reinforcement were not
footing. properly placed.
The plinth height is less
so sea water ingress
below, so floor gets
damaged.
wall Details The height of the wall is The walling of mud For Mud walls there is
very low in Kutchaa houses has been no tie between truss,
houses. washed away. purlins, and post in the
In case of Semi-Pucca Walling of the semi- walls so all behave as
houses and some RCC pucca houses have separate unit.
slope roof, the wall been partly
height is nearly 7 ft. damaged and some
Almost all private pucca of them are fully
houses have nearly 10 washed away
ft wall height Most of the walls of
private pucca
houses have not
been damaged.

The Mud houses have The thatch roofing The roof has been
rafters made of bamboo has been severely washed out because of
Roof Details and local wood. damaged. The tile the flow of water.
Most of the mud and roofing are partly Opening near sea face
Semi Pucca houses damaged, few of should be avoided.
have coconut and palm them are fully Because of improper
thatch roofing cover, damaged which are covering and poor
which they usually nearer to the sea quality of RCC the
change every 2 to 3 and in low lying bottom portion of
years Few of the semi area. Few of the concrete has fallen
pucca houses have tile Pucca houses have down.
roofing and in pucca collapsed.
houses the roof is cover concrete
sloped on both sides in portion has already
case of government been removed
houses and almost all causing rusting of
roofs are flat in case of reinforcement.
private houses.
As tsunami devastation was not uniform along the coast for our study we have identified two
settlements which were most severely devastated two of least affected and two islands settlement.
We compare the settlements characteristics to bring about inferences and to propose guidelines.

10.1 DEVANAMPATTINAM
Population : 8478
Life lost : 101
Pop. Affected : 7276
Occupation : fishing
10.1.1 SETTLEMENT CHARACTER

• Settlement developed along the coast line and the main road connecting entire
town.
• Settlement developed linear and organic form.
• Its located in 2m elevated land
Mostly pucca and semi pucca houses and less no of huts. Huts were located in entry of the town
and it is very close to the sea. Huts were totally damaged and a small no of semi pucca houses
were damaged.
10.2 PUDUKUPPAM
Population : 1389
Life lost : 146
Families affected : 1094
Occupation : FISHING

10.2.1 HOUSING CONDITION

Most of the houses are huts and semi pucca houses. Pucca and semi pucca houses were
developed towards the sea.
10.2.2 SETTLEMENT CHARACTER
Settlements are developed towards the coast line it was developed in a organic form.
Settlement is not elevated, it’s almost a flat terrain, there is no sand dune and vegetation huts
were located very close to the coast.
10.3.0 MGR THITTU
Population : 856
Life lost : 54
Pop. Affected : 715
Occupation : FISHING
10.3.1 SETTTLEMENT CHARACTER
• Its a barrier island

• Low lying area
• There is no sand dunes and vegetation
• Its very close to the coast
• Its an organic arrangement

10.3.2. HOUSING CONDITION.
• Most of the houses were huts and

• Semi pucca and very less no pucca Houses.
• All the houses were affected by tsunami.
10.3.3. MAIN FACTOR FOR MORE DAMAGE
• Its a barrier island

• Low lying area
• There is no sand dunes and Vegetation
• The houses are Structurally not in a Good condition.
10.4.0 RAJAPETTAI
Population : 2288
Life lost : 02
Pop. affected : 1058
Occupation : fishing
10. 4.1 SETTTLEMENT CHARACTER
• Its a barrier island.

• Its a very small hamlet .
• Settlement were arranged in a organic pattern.

• Its located 50m from the sea and 600m from the river.
• There is sand dunes and vegetation.
• Most of the houses were huts and semi pucca .in western side settlement is
fully covered by cashew nut trees.
10. 4. 2 HOUSING CONDITION.
• Most of the houses were huts and semi pucca.

• Very less no houses affected by tsunami.
• Settlement is highly elevated from the sea
10. 4.3 MAIN FACTOR FOR LESS DAMAGE
• In western side of the settlement is fully covered by cashew trees.

• There is sand dunes and vegetation.
• Settlement is highly elevated from the sea.
• The remaining housing are in a good condition.
10.4.4 GUIDE LINES FOR THE PROPOSALS .
• No close proximity of settlement to the coast

• Settlement should be located 400m away from the coast line
• Non linear development along the coast good for the settlement.
• Avoid the huts development close to the coast.
• Elevated land is suitable for the settlement.

11. INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
11.0 INTRODUCATION
Infra structure facilities is one of the basic requirements of people for human habitation .Its
adequacy and necessity are the two main two constituents which paves way to enhance the quality of life
in the best way .The infrastructure facilities rendered in a town are dependent on the following factors
which are as follows.,
• Population of the town
• Size of the town
• Geographic conditions
• Climate
• Economy
• Policies/issues that are taken by the State and Central government.
• Physical infra structural facilities
Henceforth to improve the infrastructure, the first step that we have to take into consideration is to
improvise existing facilities to meet the necessary needs. Here the scenario is different, tsunami has
brought about massive destruction to human lives and also property damage .Most affected sectors are
the Housing and Infrastructure. The Post Tsunami Infrastructural facilities are to be identified and the have
to be adequately supplemented to support the settlement s requirements.
Our study area comprises of about 26 fishermen hamlets, which fall within 15 revenue villages along
the coast of Cuddalore district.

11.1 EDUCATION FACILITIES
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES NUMBERS

Primary school 32
Middle School 6
High School 3
Colleges 1
11.2 HEALTH FACILITIES:
HEALTH FACILITIES NUMBERS

Dispensary 6
Hospital 1
11.3 SHOPPING FACILITIES

Many settlements have convenient shops and ration shops. The weekly shopping is carried on in
Cuddalore town. In places like Villayanallyur and Killai they have a weekly market on Monday and
Tuesday respectively.
11.4 RECREATION
As for as recreation is concerned, they spend their times in Beaches playing volley ball and
Kabadi. Especially after tsunami many parks and play grounds have been constructed in almost all the
hamlets in order to get rid of the psychological fear of children. To watch movie and outing they prefer to
go to Cuddalore town .Also villages like Devanampattiam, Rasapettai, Iyyampettai, they do have T.V.

rooms and small libraries .Places like Sothikuppam, Thiruchopuram, Devanampattinam, Kumarapettai,
Condition of drainage Samiyarpettai, they do have Kalyana mandapam for marriage festivals.
11.5 POST OFFICE

Fifteen villages consist of post offices and it is served to all the settlements.
27%
covered drain
11.6 POLICE STATION
open drain
73%
There are three cyclonic shelters they are located at,
1. Thalangulam
2. Rediyarpettai
3. Pudukkupam
Quality of Water
11.7 GRAVE YARD
Grave yard is located at the low lying area of almost all the settlements. Settlements which are
very adjacent or close, they have a common grave yard.
23%
Good 11.8 CONDITION OF DRAINAGE

Bad 1. Most of these settlements have open drain system only.
77% 2. No proper drainage facility has been provided.
3. All the settlements have loose sand and the waste water percolate into the soil.

Source of water 11.9 QUALITY OF WATER

1. The quality of water was good before Tsunami hit.
2. After Tsunami hit the sea water intruded into all the settlement and the water has become
33% saline.
owned
Municipal 3. Temporary sintex tanks of 500 litres capacity are kept in which water is filled by lorries.
67%
11.10 DAMAGE OF ROADS

1. Majority of roads are earthen roads
2. Cement concrete roads were damaged and washed away by Tsunami waves.
Damage of roads
3. The sub-grade of the bituminous road were damaged
23%
11.11 SEWAGE SYSTEM
Cement concrete
41% Bituminous 1. No proper sewage system
WBM
3% 33% Earthen 2. Few houses do have septic tanks, since the water table is at10-15 ft it is impossible to
have septic tanks in all the places.
11.12 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
S e w a g e s y s te m
Almost in all the villages, the disposal of solid waste is along the sea shore. Since most of them
are organic waste it is easily decomposed.
20% 10%
S e p t ic t a n k
D ry p it
O t h e rs
20%
50% None

13. SOCIO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
13.1 METHODOLOGY
Study of existing Socio-economic

pattern on tsunamis impact.
Assessment of damages
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
People’s perception on
Socio-economic impacts
Analysis of Existing situation
Lesson’s learnt from case

studies
AGRICULTURAL FIELD
Identification of issues and
problems
Formulation of Strategies
13.2 SOME UNDERLYING COASTAL REALITIES
• Coastal communities are by and large outliers in terms of social development and livelihood
opportunities.
• Fishing communities are socially differentiated, where the weak or poor are always at the
loosing
end.
• Although Tsunamis are rare, these communities are exposed to other coastal phenomena like
tidal waves, cyclones and regular monsoon fury.
• Investors and government targets coastal resources disregarding people's livelihoods and
security in gross violation of the CRZ norms, radically changing landforms.
Vehicles
13.3 LIFE STYLE PATTERN – PRE TSUNAMI
• The social lifestyle pattern of the entire coastal community is homogeneous.
• The fisher folks are a very close community. Each village is like a large and extended family.
• All the communities have vibrant local organizations & societies and their exists definite social
hierarchies within each one of them.
Boat • The typical fisherman village has a mix of pucca house, asbestos roof houses as well as
thatched roof huts.
LIFE STYLE
• Many households of the relatively lower strata lead a relatively easy life style especially in
terms of white goods possessing, spending power etc.
40% • The typical fishermen community is highly male dominated.

WELL OFF
POOR
60%

• The fishermen wives and children help their men folks in their occupation.
• Most of the fisher folk population (60 - 70% of the population) can read and write and do basic
arithmetic.
13.4 ECONOMIC ASPECTS – PRE TSUNAMI

• Almost all of the adult and able male population in a village is engaged in fishing.
• Women folks of most fishermen households are engaged in post catch activities - with/without
Pucca house payment.
OCCUPATION STRUCTURE OF STUDY AREA
• Compared to the Fishing activity, the agriculture contributes very less to the Economic Activity
of the study area.
3% 7%
Fisherman • On a broad level, fishing village can be segmented into four categories:
Agriculture 1. The Affluent (those having steamer boats and launches and/or landed properly and/or
90%
Others other immovable and movable assets).
2. Boat owners (includes owners of both traditional as well as mechanized boats).
3. Crew members (who were for/with the boat owners).
4. Marginalized/poor/very poor/destitute households (mainly widows etc,).
• Net components such as nets, buoys, bombs, weights, ropes, etc., are purchased separately
and the net is assembled manually, generally by a group of fishermen working together.
• They generally work on a fixed fee basis which, depending upon the size of the vessel;
duration of the planned trip to the sea and extent of work involved.
• The total fish production is 25,225 tonnes out of which the exportable quantity is 15,000
tonnes.

13.5 SOCIAL IMPACTS – POST TSUNAMI

• The disaster has devastated communities with its high toll of human lives, injuries, adverse
effect on family networks, homes and livelihood.
• The damages are most in terms of housing and livelihoods with loss of dwelling units,
household assets.
• Women are more vulnerable during disasters and marginalized in their access to relief
resources because relief efforts rely on existing structures of resource distribution that reflect
Social Setup the patriarcha structure of society.
• Young girls are forced into marriage to get protection and supplies. There are cases of
violence against women human rights.
• The personal hygiene of the children is totally neglected which is leading to skin infections,
diarrhea, and chicken pox etc.,
• Many children lost their parents, their education and they are longing for the helping hands.
• There is the problem of fear psychosis among the people particularly the women and children.
• Guilt, loneliness, devastation, helplessness, anger, despair, death are psychosocial
consequences after Tsunami.
Loss of Human lives • The existing social hierarchies and networks in the community and the CBO's rushed for
immediate rescue and relief operations before the arrival of outside help.
• The value attached to religious believes not changed after Tsunami
13.6. ECONOMIC IMPACTS – POST TSUNAMI

Coastal fisheries and agriculture are the worst affected economic activities.

13.6.1 FISHERIES
• In addition to the loss of human life, the fisher folk, also lost their fishing boats, nets, and other
accessories.
• Fishing harbors and landing centers have also suffered heavy damage.
Loss of Boat 13.6.2 AGRICULTURE

• The agricultural sector had a great impact on the livelihoods of small and marginal
landholders.
• Destruction of standing crops like paddy, groundnut, coconut, cashew, mango, banana, ragi
(millet) and vegetables.
• A total of 317.93 ha of Agricultural crops, and 199.26 ha of horticultural land have been
damaged.
Loss of crops 13.7. ISSUES

• No permanent rehabilitation shelter for the affected people.
• Livelihood of the fisherman community totally dislodged.
• No proper social and physical infrastructure facilities for the affected populace.
• No protection and security for coastal women and children.
• Lack of childcare system to take care of orphans.
• Lack of organization framework to strengthen the existing fragile SHG's.
Salt intrusion in Agricultural • Lack of integrated initiatives for trauma counseling and management.
field • No proper long term measures for agricultural sustainability in the coastal area.

13.8. STRATEGIES
• The livelihoods component should restore incomes, upgrade skills, and improve productivity
and livelihood.
• It should be specially focused on coastal women and other internally displaced and newly
vulnerable social groups.
• Risk mitigation measures, such as insurance and targeted social transfers, will reduce the
vulnerability of the newly created vulnerable groups (widows, orphans, sick, and disabled).
• Forming of new Self Help Groups for both male and female.
• Building and strengthening of Institutional frame work.
• Forming trauma counseling and management centers.
• Conducting awareness programme on tsunami for the people.

13. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
13.0 INTRODUCTION
Central Government
An organizational network is made up of agencies whose activities are determined by human

National Development Council settlements. The organizational system is the way in which the government connects agencies so that
specific decisions will be carried out and specific objectives attained. In any governmental organization,
National Panning Council
two types of system are present. One is the vertical authority where instructions are passed down from the
upper levels for implementation to lower levels and the other is the horizontal authority in which units from
State Government
sector rely on the operation of units in the other sector for successful implementation. For developmental
initiatives at any spatial level, the following Institutional agencies are involved,
State Development Council
For developmental initiatives at any spatial level, the following Institutional agencies are involved
• GOVERNMENT
State Planning Council
Central Government
State Government
District Planning Committee
Local Self Government
Administrative Department
Sectoral District Panchayat
Dept. panchayat Union Sectoral Department
• NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGO'S)
Town Municipality Village / COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS (CBO'S)
panchayat Panchayat
• PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS
Corporation Grama
Samiti

Each of this institutional setup has its own territory, jurisdiction, responsibilities and functions which are
both obligatory and discretionary in nature.
13.1 HIERARCHY OF EXISTING INSTITUIONAL SETUP
District Planning Committee consolidates plans prepared by the panchayats and municipalities in
the district and prepares a draft development plan for the district as a whole. It is a statutory body and
serves as an excellent tool to integrate the plans of urban areas and rural areas. It provides a platform for
conflict reservations in the matter of common resources and control of transitional areas.
Collector is responsible for a very vast area and has considerable scope for exercising control, power,
influence and authority. The district collector is the Inspector of the Panchayats. Out of three- tier
panchayats the village panchayats are being empowered to undertake works relating to any
developmental activity, maintenance and electrical. However, the panchayats are advised to obtain
administrative and technical sanction from the competent authorities. The government has stipulated that
the administrative sanction of the collector/inspector is required for particular scheme or particular fund
above a particular limit. The Block Development Officers (BD0s) are the controlling mechanism below the
district level.
13.2 LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE
Local Government is the lowest in the scheme and also the smallest in jurisdiction. Local
Government is described as that under which the people of the locality possess a certain responsibility
and choice in administration of local public affairs and in raising of required finance to meet their
expenses.

Local Self Government freely elected, which, while subject to supremacy of the National Government, are
endowed in some respects with some power, discretion and responsibility and which they can exercise
without control over their decisions by higher authority.
13.3 CUDDALORE DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIONS
The Cuddalore district has 6 Taluks & 880 villages. It has the following administrative units
• Corporation : Nil
• No. of Municipalities : 5
• No. of Panchayat Unions : 13
• No. of Town Panchayats : 16
• Village Panchayats : 681
13.4 RELEIF EFFORTS
Local Government is the lowest in the scheme and also the smallest in jurisdiction. Local Government is
described as that under which the people of the locality possess a certain responsibility and choice in
administration of local public affairs and in raising of required finance to meet their expenses.
Local Self Government freely elected, which, while subject to supremacy of the National Government, are
endowed in some respects with some power, discretion and responsibility and which they can exercise
without control over their decisions by higher authority. Although the GOI and the State Government
Administration were caught unawares by the Tsunami, they responded quickly.

Village Village
development plan development plan
13.4.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Taluk development Taluk • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India was designated as
plan development plan the Nodal Agency for coordinating relief in the affected areas.
• A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) was established under the
Cabinet Secretary to draw up an emergency relief plan and to review those efforts.
District development plan
(Sectoral & Spatial integrations and spatial • Funds were allocated to the affected areas from the National Calamity Contingency
schemes) Fund.
13.4.2 STATE GOVERNMENT

State scheme District development
which are to be schemes directly
implemented/alloc decided by Zillah • Revenue Department under the Relief Commissioner coordinated rescue and relief
ated to District panchayat.
efforts through relevant district collectors with assistance from the police force, fire
and rescue services, medical and health services and all other associated
Urban departments.
development
• The district administration along with Local Self Government coordinated relief works
at the local level.
Local administrative system of

governance 13.4.3 CATEGORIZATION OF RELEIF MEASURES
The Relief Measures are categorized into three...

Hierarchy of Existing Institutional • Immediate short term
• Medium term
• Long term

13.4.3.1 IMMEDIATE SHORT TERM MEASURES

• Disposed dead bodies, moved obstacles and rescued People.
• Moved People to safer locations.
• Prevention of outbreak of epidemics.
• Construction of temporary Rehabilitation Shelters and toilets.
• Distribution of Food and Medicine to the affected populace.
• Restoration of crucial communication and infrastructure, power and water
supply.
• Medical teams with paramedical staff working in the affected areas.
Chief Minister announced a relief of one lakh for every diseased person and to be paid to
the next kin of the family.
13.4.3.2 MEDIUM TERM MEASURES
• Commencement of the Trauma Management.

• Rehabilitation shelter and their associated infrastructures.
• Restoration of the Economic Activity.
• Reestablish the productivity of affected areas.
• Effective waste management and natural resource use.
13.4.3.3 LONG TERM MEASURES
• Permanent reconstruction and rehabilitation for the affected populace.

• Sustainable strategies for long term ecological management and human

welfare.
• Reestablish the productivity of affected areas.
• Effective waste management and natural resource use.
13.4.4 NON - GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION/CBO's
• Non-Governmental organizations across India and abroad responded

immediately to the affected areas.
• They lived with one another to adopt entire settlement and people in their
recovery process.
• They operated in sectors ranging from health, psycho social counseling,
shelter, education, livelihood and environment.
• Community based networks and social hierarchies were already in existence
in the affected areas were helpful during the calamity.
• Relief and Rescue operations were initialized and did not wait for the arrival
of the outside help.
• The various NGO's and CBO's working for the relief and rescue operations in
the study area are:
(i) MNTN (ii) CREED
(iii) Project Hope (iv) Alcom
(v) Esha Yoga Center (v) Pondicherry Rotary Organization

13.5 NGO’s OPERATIONS
The disasters local area specific dimension has more relevance to the NGO's. This is due to the fact that
the grass root feel and the close contact they have with the lifestyle and ethos, of the affected lot. They
initiated the following:
• Immediate Rescue operations initialized.

• Provision of Food, Clothing, Medicines and other basic amenities.
• Aiding the construction of Temporary Rehabilitation Shelters.
• Relocation of the affected populace in their own short stay homes/orphanages.
• Psychological counseling to the affected lot.
• Training SHG's to aid in the affected areas.
13.6 OBSERVATIONS
• Relief measures were effective in the immediate short term ones.

• For the Medium and Long term measures, priority Action Plans were not crystallized
• Rapid Assessments and ongoing monitoring were not duly addressed during recovery phase.
• Identification of priorities and opportunities for environmental restoration and improved
management of the coastal eco system to generate multiple benefits for different natural
resource, user groups were not initiated yet.
• The performance of the municipality was moderately fair along the stretch.

13.7 ISSUES
• Lack of ascertained networks and institutional setup for the immediate relief and rescue
operations.
• Distribution of immediate relief measures was not equitable along the stretch and even within
the settlements.
• Institutional Networks for Planning, Execution and Management and Implementation for long
term needs are to be identified.

14. ACTION PLAN - PUDUKKUPAM
14.0 INTRODUCTION
Pudukkupam – a shore side village located at about 3km from the revenue village. Kottadai
belongs to the Parangipettai Block of Chidambaram taluk in Cuddalore district. Village extends an area of
about 1 sq.km having the population of 1389 persons in the proportion of 55% of males and 45% females.
14.1 PHYSICAL ASPECTS

14.1.1 LOCATION
Settlement starts about 150m from the high tide line. Settlement spreads in the southern and
western parts. Vegetation concentrates along the canal even extends beyond that. Settlement has
the composition of
Residential – 42%
Vegetation - 34%
Open space - 12%
Commercial - 6%
Public area - 6%
14.1.2 LINKAGES
Its proximity to the near by villages are about 3km from the revenue village Kottadai, Parangipettai
at 7km for emergency, Chidambaram & Pichavaram at 10km and Cuddalore at 40km for higher
order facilities.

14.1.3 GROWTH OF POPULATION :

25
20 19.96
16.64
Growth of the settlement is fluctuating for the past 20 years. It was due to a disaster which
15 14.6
Series 1 occurred during 80’s. due to availability of economic opportunities in and around the country
10
people try to migrate from the village.

5
0
population 1971 - 81 1981 - 91 1991 - 2001
14.1.4 LANDMARKS
Growth of settlement
• Amman temple in this village has a regular fair & festival.
• A fish processing factory inside the village.
• Parangipettai light house located 7Km south of the village.
14.2 GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

14.2.1 TOPOGRAPHY:
Village is comparatively a flat terrain with shallow slope towards the sea.
A canal on the northern side of the village ends at the sea forming a natural border.
Casuarinas belt along the sea shore followed by Palm trees are mainly spreads around
the canal towards the settlement
Physical features like sand dunes etc… are absent in this village.
Loamy sand present suitable for coconut & palm trees. Some pockets have Cashew
nut trees.
Rainfall occurs in June to September & October to December.
Predominant Wind direction is from North East to South West.
Roads inside the village are of concrete are in stark difference to those of formed
pathways to individual houses.

Building wall type
Masonry
11% 14.2.2 HOUSING & LAND CHARACTERISTICS:
Mud About 50% of the households to the west of the main spine are patta lands. Land towards
Brick
11%
Mud the sea are of ‘Porampokku’ type occupied for many years. Houses of rich are flamboyant and are
Masonry
Brick built with pucca RCC structures. Others followed a similar pattern which probably need driven for
78%
the fishing communities.
14.2.3 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The village has an Over head Tank, a ration shop and Panchayat office concentrating the
s
s
w
a
c l
e
l l
core area. The School and Temple is pushed further to west of the spine. There is a piped water
a l
core area
to d o
u n
g
supply system and almost each household has their individual source of water. Village is
a r ma
k i n
e
o m
o completely furnished with electricity.

c
a
ss
l
c
h
g
h 14.2.4 PATTERN OF SETTLEMENT
i
l a
g r
nd
ow
Settlement grows in an organic pattern following the main transportation spine. Growth of
n
i
t ng
e t o w ar d s the village is spontaneous. The streets are arranged in a Grid –Iron pattern in the later stage this
m
p l e
is because of relatively affluent families choose to live in a high lands. Access is from the
Parangipettai – Cuddalore main road and Low lying area along the canal is covered with the belt
Family Type of vegetation which is absent in front of the village.
14.2.5 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE

This village is a complex of all economic classes of people based on their income level. A
single, 4, communal segregation can be clearly defined in this settlement.
44% Cluster
Cluster, 5,
single
56%

THATCH Settlement pattern clearly indicates the clustering of households. The lower strata of populace are
BRICK WALL
30
THATCH
PAN TILE pushed towards the vulnerable coast forming a human shelter belt protecting from a the fury of
25 MUD WALL cyclones and storm surge. Houses form as cluster within themselves as a social gathering.
MANGALORE
TILE
20
15 14.2.6 HOUSING TYPOLOGY

RCC
10
5 Distinct segregation in housing typology with reference to economic classes. Thatched and tiled
houses dominant the settlement with that of RCC houses.
A typical house has a multipurpose room, bedroom & store in the main structure.
Kitchen and bedroom are delinked from the main structure within the Homestead.
A public toilet built at the shore side is used by the villagers but does not satisfy the
population.
others 3% 14.2.7 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

services 5%
labourers 8%
Facilities like primary school, ration shop, market are available inside the village. Weekly
agriculture 12%
shanty and Health center are at Kottadai village, 3km from the settlement. For hospital, high
school, community market, post office, police station is available at Parangipettai which is 5km
fishing 72%
away from the settlement. Chidambaram avails with hospital, post office and police station also
with administrative buildings. Cuddalore being the district avails with many administrative buildings
even with the collector’s office etc…

14.2.7.1 COMMUNITY SPACES

Common area located near by the Ration shop congregate for day –
today interaction. Communal facilities like Gym & Play area are used extensively
by the villagers for recreation near the shore. Open spaces serve for net knitting,
drying fish, boat docking, etc… Fish market and processing factory which was
present before tsunami acts as a concave zone for other villages.
14.2.8 ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

It is predominantly fishing village. About 62% of males engaged in fishing and most of the
females in allied activities. Pudukkupam has a High catchments area of fish in this stretch. A fish
processing factory was present in this village. Agriculture and allied activities about 12% and
service sectors about 11%.
14.2.9 FACILITIES NEEDED.
Internal drainage system should be developed.

Public health center for the village should be available.
Public Transport facilities should be increased.
Increase in Marketing opportunities
Provision of Public toilets.

14.3 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TO SETTLEMENTS

Topography holds a major role in the intensity of devastation. Direct exposure of the settlement
without any sand dunes and vegetation is one of the causes for heavy causalities.
low lying area
heavily damaged Damages are of two types-
• Direct hit of wave
• Damages due to pulled in materials.
14.3.1 DIRECT DAMAGE

high lands
partly damaged Removal of plantation at the mouth of the settlement near the sea cause intensive
damages. Houses too close to the sea have been washed away and caused heavy causalities.
Close to the shore, wave was of enormous height of more than 20’. However, with the distance
away from the sea within the settlement; height of the water dropped appreciably. Water level
stagnated was more than 6’ within the settlement made most of the children’s to get drowned.
14.3.2 INDIRECT DAMAGE

Materials taken by the waves hitting through out its way has caused life lost as well a
property loss. Intensity of the receding water accounts with the topography was high also causing
certain damages.
Pudukkupam lies in a low lying area portray a different degree of damages to the houses and
public infrastructure. A fish market and fish processing industry near the sea got completely
washed away. `First wave loosen the soil and affects the foundation and consequent second wave
collapses the existing structure

14.4 INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES

It is interesting that tsunami has changed the topography of the area and subsequent
changes in the infrastructural facilities. The sand near the shore are scooped away deposited at a
far away area. Some got deposited over agricultural fields destructing the existing vegetation.
Roads got broken due to wave action. The ground water got depleted due to salinity.
14.5 SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE

Pudukkupam seems to be busy market place and high catchments area in the stretch,
now follows a deep silence after tsunami. No economic activity takes place. Socio culture of the
village has hanged. Need to develop the economic activity for the villages.
14.6 ANALYSIS
For the existing intensity water level has come up to 500m, in case of a future tsunami
with a intensity more than 1.5 times that of the existing may destruct up to 600m also for this flat
terrain. So rehabilitation site should be 750m away from the sea. Population for the past decades
is fluctuating and may also decrease for the search of employment opportunities. Good water
points should be declared as to supply the village.
14.7 PROPOSALS:
• Site should be located preferably at high lands either at 350M from the HTL or +3M lvl.
• It should be placed away from the CRZ zone -500M.
• Settlement pattern should be perpendicular to the coast line.
• Orientation of houses should be across the coast.
• Restriction of kutcha houses near the coast.

• Artificial barriers to be created along the coast.

• Casuarinas should be planted as it could reduce the wave intensity.
• An elevated work space about 10’ high which could with stand the wave erosion.
• Can be used for net knitting, drying fish and other purposes.
• Boats docked under the stills.
• Strong concrete Catch poles for holding in case of tsunami.
• Creepers spread over the sand stretch as to provide grip for the sand.
• Creation of vegetation and sand dunes as the natural barriers.
• Gravels dumped through out the stretch as barriers.

Urban Planning Students Report On Sustainable Development Plan For Tsunami Affected Cuddlore, Tamil Nadu, India

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Urban Planning Students Report On Sustainable Development Plan For Tsunami Affected Cuddlore, Tamil Nadu, India

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

-----------------------------------------------------------------------sustainable development plan for tsunami affected coastal stretch of Cuddalore

1 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

We feel enchanted to express our gratitude to Prof. Shovan.K.Saha, Head, Dept Of

2 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

3 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

UNBLOCKING THE BLOCKAGE:

4 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

5 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

6 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

DAYS 7-10 : 07 TO 10.03.2005

7 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

2. TSUNAMI ON INDIAN COAST 14

3. REGIONAL SETTING – CUDDALORE 17

4. INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA 19

5. DEVASTATION IN STUDY AREA 21

10. SETTLEMENT PATTERN 51

12. SOCIO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 62

13. INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK 68

14. ACTION PLAN FOR PUDUKUPPAM 76

8 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

1.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WIND WAVE AND TSUNAMI

9 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

1.2 REASONS FOR TSUNAMI :

1.3 GENERATION OF TSUNAMI:

1.3.1 TSUNAMI BY EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI BY LANDSLIDE:

10 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

1.4 EFFECTS OF TSUNAMI

1.4.1 EFFECT OF TSUNAMI WHEN IT REACHES TO LAND

1.4.2 EFFECT OF TSUNAMI WHEN IT HITS THE LAND

11 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

1.5 DISASTER MITIGATION

12 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

• Tsunami cannot be predicted.

13 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

2. TSUNAMI ON INDIAN COAST

Costal stretch of Indian Sub continent

2.1 TSUNAMI ON INDIAN COAST

14 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

2.2 EPICENTER OF TSUNAMI

Epicenter : 42 Kms north of Bazeunazerah, Indonesia

15 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

No.of Villages 51 FACTOR ANDHRA KERELA TAMIL NADU PONDICHERY TOTAL

DWELLING UNITS 1557 11,832 91,037 6403 110,829

2.3 TSUNAMI IN CUDDALORE:

16 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

3.1 DISTRICT PROFILE:

NAGAPATTINAM Cuddalore block

3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS:

The district of Cuddalore has the following administrative organization

17 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

CHIDAMBARAM TALUK BAY OF BENGAL

BHUVANAGIRI BLOCK CHIDAMBARAM PORTONOVA BLOCK

18 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

4. INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA

4.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

19 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

20 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

5. DEVASTATION IN STUDY AREA

No. of settlements affected : 26 Nos.

21 Planning project, SAP, Chennai

Without Engine 4012 602

with Engine 275 166

Charnockites and Migmatitic gneisses (basement) of Archaean age.