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Barometer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Contents
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1 Liquid barometers o 1.1 Water-based barometers o 1.2 Mercury barometers 2 Aneroid barometers 3 Applications 4 Compensations o 4.1 Temperature o 4.2 Altitude 5 See also 6 References
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Mercury column The first barometer of this type was devised in 1643 by Evangelista Torricelli. Torricelli had set out to create an instrument to measure the weight of air, or air pressure, and to study the nature of vacuums. He used mercury, perhaps on a suggestion from Galileo Galilei, because it is significantly denser than water. To create a vacuum with water takes a column over 30 feet long, while with mercury it takes less than three feet. Torricelli documented that the height of the mercury in a barometer changed slightly each day and concluded that this was due to the changing pressure in the atmosphere. He wrote: "We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of elementary air, which is known by incontestable experiments to have weight". The mercury barometer's design gives rise to the expression of atmospheric pressure in inches or millimeters (torr): the pressure is quoted as the level of the mercury's height in the vertical column. 1 atmosphere is equivalent to about 29.9 inches, or 760 millimeters, of mercury. The use of this unit is still popular in the United States, although it has been disused in favor of SI or metric units in other parts of the world. Barometers of this type can usually measure atmospheric pressures in the range between 28 and 31 inches of mercury.
Barograph using five stacked aneroid barometer cells. An aneroid barometer uses a small, flexible metal box called an aneroid cell. This aneroid capsule(cell) is made from an alloy of beryllium and copper. [1] The box is tightly sealed after some of the air is removed, so that small changes in external air pressure cause the cell to expand or contract. This expansion and contraction drives mechanical levers and other devices which are displayed on the face of the aneroid barometer. Many models include a manually set needle which is used to mark the current measurement so a change can be seen. A barograph, which records a graph of atmospheric pressure, uses aneroid barometer mechanisms to move a needle on paper.
[edit] Applications
A barometer is commonly used for weather prediction, as high air pressure in a region indicates fair weather while low pressure indicates that storms are more likely. Simultaneous barometric readings from across a network of weather stations allow maps of air pressure to be produced. Isobars drawn on such a map links sites with the same pressure and give, in effect, a contour maps of areas of high and low pressure. Localized high atmospheric pressure acts as a barrier to approaching weather systems, diverting their course. Low atmospheric pressure, on the other hand, represents the path of least resistance for a weather system, making it more likely that low pressure will be associated with increased storm activities. If the barometer is falling then bad weather or some form of precipitation will fall, however if the barometer is rising then there will be nice weather or no precipitation.
[edit] Compensations
[edit] Temperature
The density of mercury will change with temperature, so a reading must be adjusted for the temperature of the instrument. For this purpose a mercury thermometer is usually mounted on the instrument. No such compensation is required for an aneroid barometer.
[edit] Altitude
As the air pressure will be decreased at altitudes above sea level (and increased below sea level) the actual reading of the instrument will be dependent upon its location. This pressure is then converted to an equivalent sea-level pressure for purposes of reporting and for adjusting aircraft altimeters (as aircraft may fly between regions of varying normalized atmospheric pressure owing to the presence of weather systems). Aneroid barometers have a mechanical adjustment for altitude that allows the equivalent sea level pressure to be read directly and without further adjustment if the instrument is not moved to a different altitude. A barometer is a good instrument to find out whether the temperature will drop or rise.