Two types of questions: o Multiple-choice o Open questions: Surface understanding, repeat whats been said: What, who, where.

. Answer in full sentences, write as much as you cant remember.. If you dont remember the name of someone at least tell other stuff u do remember. Deep understanding questions, explain, compare. Main topics o Personhood/social relationships/kinship term o Anthropology/ethnography o Methods and perspectives: armchair/observation/participant observation

ALWAYS WRIDE AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, IF YOU WRITE DOWN WRONG THINGS YOU WONT GET MINUS POINTS. ONLY PLUS POINTS IF YOU WRIDE DOWN THE RIGHT STUFF!

10-09, HOORCOLLEGE 1 HOOFDSTUK 1

What anthropology is all about. Antropos=humans Leges=leer Difference between every day culture and scientific culture. Anthropology has the whole of human society as its area of interest. (unique and similar) You study small places but the idea is that you can find/compare this to big (global) problems. Little word list?? I Philosophy They regional studies We anthropology Sida en Sada zijn twee vormen om we te zeggen in het buitenland. It natural sciences You bureaucracy He/She theology Zie experience rond op blackboard!! Why in english? You can see that every word has a history which colors the word. This is why its good to have anthropology in English. Because the scientific language is different from normal English. When we would get it in Dutch, some terms will mean something different as were used to.

17-09, HOORCOLLEGE 2
Between Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Sociology is the mother of anthropologyHuman beings are social being. A human being is also a cultural being. Rules of social behavior change between different societies. Culture: Differences in behavior, custom, cognition, belief, values, attitude, art, morals, language Every year new definitions are added. Culture differences between societies, but also within a country. Maori: A lot of tradition People press each other noses. This originates from the very beginning of human kind. The first man came to life by sneezing(sharing each other breath) Meeting house: A lot of rules of behavior People in different societies have different rules of behavior and communication. Goal of anthropology To describe, to interpret and , possible, also to explain the cultural customs and een that have been observed Not to focus on the difference only, but also on similarities. Object o o o o

Custom (actions, behavior, interactions) Events (activities, situations, processes) Concepts (opinions, perspectives, visions) Objects (ethnographic artifacts, documents)

Theres a difference between what people say and what people do. Cultural Anthropology(by Toon Meijl) o The study of the obvious in order to demonstrate that nothing is obvious o by making the strange familiar and the familiar strange. (after Clifford Geertz) May be seen as a cultural exchange during which customs, attitudes, vision, perceptions, norms and values are translated . Ethnographic field research: Ethnos = A group of people Graphic = (writing) A research method used for the description, interpretation and explanation of behavior>>

Participation/observation

From the viewpoint of self: ethnocentrism ( only understand people from your one viewpoint) From the viewpoint of others : Cultural relativism. Ethnocentrism: o The emotional attitude that ones own race, nation, or culture is superior to all others. o From the perspective of Self o Stereotyping o Superiority o Belief in evolutionary differences: from primitive to civilized o Development: from the past to the present Cannibalism The belief that other people are always cannibals, but they had no proof for this. Even in our own societies it happens very rarely Exo cannibalism: from another community (very small scale, very incidental, for example after war) Indo cannibalism: from their own community Characteristics of cultural relativism o From the perspective of Other o Understanding o But approving opproving of the other cultural customs? o Self in second place o Ethical relativism o Should we be willing to abandon our won values? o Universal declaration of human rights. Dialogue o Self other o Ethnocentrism cultural Relativism o Observation participation participant observation is situated in exchanges between self and other

Intercultural competencies o Insight into your own cultural baggage o Insight into other cultural customs o Any sacred cows, you dont have to except it/think its okay, but you have to TRY to understand it. o Changing perspectives o Hidden dimensions

24-09, HOORCOLLEGE 3, HOOFDSTUK 4 & 6

Humanity and personhood Human character is not inborn; it must be acquired through learning. A process primarily influenced by the social and cultural world we live in. Nature and society Why is race so irrelevant If you look at genetics people are very much the same, its not interesting to look at different races Differences are not due to biological differences! 4 dimensions of human existence 1 culture universals, The shared cultivated, social dimension of humanity 3 genetic universals, length, weight, brainvolume sharing

2 cultural variation,

Culture

Nature

4 genetic differences, All humans have 99,8 % genes in common variation

Margeret Mead: People are worried about the differences between generation(puberty). Margeret said that there was not so much to worry about. It depends on culture whether you worry about these things. Anthropology divides two kinds of nature: External nature, ecosystem Inner nature, human nature these two concepts are the opposite of culture. Status and role Status: a socially defined aspect of a person which defines a social relationship and entails certain right and duties in relation to others. People also have a certain role, this is your actual behavior. If you break the rules connected with your role and status other actors may react by imposing sanctions. This causes regularity and predictability in society(not total) Power This description of status and roles does deal with power. There are two principal ways of conceptualising power: 1. The actor perspective, an aspect of social relationship, the ability to make someone do something he otherwise would not have done 2. The systematic perspective, how power differences embedded in the fabric of society Why is personhood cultural o Human being: Embodied Conscious

o o o

language and moral agency universal Language, you can interact with people and not with animals I as opposed to others, humans have the ability to develop different kinds of personhood, you can discuss about this Its hard to decide whether someone is a person or not(depends on culture): ancestral spirits, slaves, children

Are there alternative ways of understanding personhood

Dividual of fractual personhood Dividual(other definitions of personhood) o made from different things, A gives something to B, B becomes a part of A o You consist of a bundle of relationships o To become a person you must interact with others (Papua New Guinea) o Persons rely on relations with others, people change each other (India) o Your person extends beyond your skin, with death of a body, the person might stay a life. Individual personhood o Dualistic, Body and mind. 19th age they said these were separate things o People are a hole, you cant separate it Depending on how you manage your relations ships you become a person Giftexchange Important in the anthropology, not just economic en political. Obligation to give Obligation to receive Obligation to repay Individuality: humans have a certain body, which are different, universal Individualism: what people like, not universal Wrong: Two global tendencies Biometric identification of persons Corporate invention of persons Structural functionalism Social structure may be perceived as a pattern of social arrangement, emptied of humans. Within society different social institutions exist, they all have a function and work together in the same way as body parts do. This suggests that people act predictably according to a pre-established system of norms and sanctions. Individualism was not seen as interesting but as a side-effect of societys reproduction. Critics: You cant really explain human behavior with the pre-established system of norms and sanctions. People break the rules, make exceptions ets. Social organization could be seen as the dynamic aspect of social structure. What people actually do. Promises to explain cultural variation but only describes interrelationships between institutions.

o o o

Social systems: A set of social relations which are maintained through a system of interaction. There are many different levels of interaction. The boundaries of the system lie in the points where interaction decreases dramatically Group and grid: a classification system of persons and society

Grid, degree of shared classifications or knowledge

Ego

Group, degree of social cohesion

Private system of classification and knowledge

01-10, HOORCOLLEGE 4 H 7, 8 EN 9
Relationships and comparisons Kinship systems: how people relate to each other Anthropological comparison: Understanding the differences and similarities About comparing individuals Generalization and generalizations WEIRD people: Western Educated Industrial Rich Democratic Most studies were done with WEIRD people. At some point they realized they should include others as well. How to compare WEIRD people with all the other folks around the world? Successful strategy: Develop a metalanguage For instance for describing kinship. Kinship may not matter so much to WEIRD people but it does for the rest of humanity. Kinship has a lot of influence in non WEIRD societies. Kinship: May be biological and/or constructed Its broader than just family: kinsmen lead common lives, they partake each others sufferings, joys etc. Constituted nattily and/or post-nattily, not just birth, but also thing that come after Not pure biology or pure performance, its a combination Within kinship systems many rules exist about whom to marry, incest, exogamy, how to interact with others and whether the society is matri- or patrilineal. These rules are not always followed correctly!

o o o o o

Kinship vs. descent

Descent = afstamming, reference to common ancestors Kinship = network; the people, the rules, everything involved with kinthe system Kindred = collection of actual people. The actual people who are important to me. My kindred Kinship: Reference to an individual(ego) Universally important Involves both sides of kindred Status is relative to another person

Descent: Reference to an ancestor only in some societies recognized connects only one side/a limited set Status is absolute as member of group Lineages and clans Lineages: people who are related by shared ancesters and can proof this. Clan: people who assume they are related to each other but cant proof it.

Principles for the transmission of kin group membership and other resources:
Patrilineal: Everyone becomes a member of their fathers kin group and transmission of resources take place through the fathers lineage Matrilineal: Everyone becomes a member of their mothers kin group and transmission of resources take place through the mothers lineage. Society is often still dominated by man. Double: Some resources are transmitted through the fathers lineage, others through the mothers lineage. The two lineages are kept separate. Bilaterally/Cognatic: No difference between the two sides. Resources van be transmitted though kin of both mothers and fathers side Parallel: Man transmit to their sons and woman to their daughters(rare) Crossing or alternating: Man transit to their daughters and woman to their sons this doesnt mean that in patrilineal society, people are not related to their mothers relatives. Practically all kinships organise kin relations on both mothers and fathers side. Being part of a group is not the end of the system. Its very dynamic and there are many different levels. Difference between patrilineal and matrilineal descent In both systems man usually dominate politics and inheritance often follows man. In patrilineal societies these right are transmitted from father to child(most of the times son) In matrilineal societies these right are transmitted from mother brother to daughters son(van oom naar neefje)

Marriage and relatedness

Not necessarily based on love A relationship between groups Maasai see it as a business relationship Dowry: bruidschat, you get money for giving your daughter away Bridewealth: Bride-price, you have to pay money for getting a husband for your daughter Different clans sometimes exchange woman. The formation of society occurs when a man gives his sister away to another man, thereby creating ties of affinity.

Kinship in anthropology today

Three assumptions 1. Kinship constitutes one of the institutional domains which are conceived to be universal components or building block of every society. The others, are an economic system, a political system and a system of belief 2. Kinship has to do with the reproduction of human beings and the relations between human beings that are the concomitants of reproduction 3. Every society utilises for various social purposes, the genealogical relations which it assumes to exist among people

Kin do not come not come naturally; they must be crated socially, and this at least partly fashioned so as to facilitate tasks to be solved and to create order in an otherwise chaotic social world

Gender and Age

Why do man have political and economic supremacy, when it is not true that men necessarily contribute more than woman to the physical survival of the group. of course this is not the case in every society This is a ethnocentric approach Its not certain that man and woman understand the samething about power Culture-nature dichotomy: Woman are closer to nature than man and there for have les power Age: Young people are seen as sexless. They both grow up in different ways and this turns them in to man and woman. Its different in every society but often the older you get the more respect you get.

08-10, HOORCOLLEGE 5 HOOFDSTUK 2 EN 3

Ethnography According to Eriksen and Delaney Anthropologists are: o oscillating(going back and forward) o Making the familiar exotic en making the exotic familiar Je moet kunnen zeggen wat de verschillen tussen armchair anthropologie en ethnographny zijn en wat de voor en nadelen van beide zijn. Ethnography Ethnicity: A persons cultural identity formed on the basis of race, religion, language or national origin Ethnography: o Literally, writing about peoples, not necessary about ethnicity of ethnical groups o The funnel(trechter) approach. You start very wide and you go into more and more specifics The old questionnaires where asking a lot about things that are important in their own society. But in the current anthropology capturing the natives point of view is more important. You try to get the perspective of people involved. Ethnographic present an the past: o The practice of using the present tense in an ethnographic description. It implies a timeless state, with changes since the of fieldwork not taken into account. o Since the 1980s history of societies has become more important when we describe them But, is there good and written information available? o Often anthropological studies are snapshots Ethnographical research o NOT the opposite of comparison. o A difficulty with ethnographic research is that people dont always do what is expected from them o Its very important to be present and see what people do. Emic and etic dichotomy(tweedeling) Etic: The scientists point of view(certain aspects are not important) Emic: Life as experienced and described by the members of society themselves. The natives point of view.(Is an aspect important from the locals view, even though it doesnt seem to be important from the perspective of the speaker(scientist) The pragmatics of sharing, Taking in specific presence Taking in specific references Highlight situational and communicative clues Why you share and with who Sharing studied througs experiments: Cutting out physical presence of

Armchair anthropology in Victorian Britain

Characteristic: o The belief in social evolution: The European societies are the end product of a developmental chain which begins with savagery o Dichotomies(tweedelingen): Status societies: community based on myth and kinship Contract societies: society based on individual merit and achievement Morgan, ancient society: Seven stages from savagery to civilization Taylor(1832-1917): Culture or civilization, taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Taylor and frazer: from mythical tot religious to scientific Researchers didnt get their own data or did their own research. But they let other people do this for them. At home in their armchair they collected data from other people, on this data the research is based. The quality of the ethnographic data they could use was variable and the need for met reliable data began to make itself felt. Modern anthropology is associated with 4 important scholars: Franz Boas USA 1858 1942 - German immigrant - important research among Inuit and Kwakuitl Indians - 4 field approach: Cultural & social, physical, archaeological(oudheidkunde), linguistic - cultural relativism Radcliffe UK 1881 1955 - strong short-term influence Brown - admirer of Durkheim - structural functionalism (Social and cultural phenomena are functional and can be contributed to the British anthropology: maintenance of the overall social structure _ orientated toward - wanted to develop "general laws of society" kinship, politics and economics Bronislaw UK 1884 1942 hailed as founder of modern British social anthropology Malinowski Marcel Mauss Fr 1872 1950 - armchair anthropology - wrote on many different topics such as gift exchange, the nation, the body, sacrifice and the concept of personhood - admired writer

Participant observation Getting some basic information can also be important but it isnt ethnography. Malinowski was not the first one doing field work, but he was one of the first one making it into a policy. It wasnt normal to interact with the locals, Malinowski was one of the first ones doing this.

You have to be right there where action happens. Locals most of the times are okay with doing interviews and come over for short times. But if you re staying for a longer time, people are aware you get more insight and you might report stuff. Everyone is just doing what is economically good for them. Malinowski showed that its not money or productive items society drives on. For example shells from the aborigines in new guinea. Nobody is only driven by every day needs. Lvi Strauss(1908 2009) Structuralism: o Emerged after second world war o Social and cultural phenomena are functional and can be contributed to the maintenance of the overall social structure. o Formal way of thinking about kinship, with particular reference to systems of marriage o Big influence o Criticism that it is improvable Holistic view Instead of looking at different subjects separately, you should get a view of how things hang together.

Fieldwork and ethnography

Case study Kula and malinowskis study is important for the test! Kulaexchange system from the aborigines. Fieldwork o Most important source of knowledge o You have to stay for a long time Your presence will become natural You will always stay a stranger o Role of the clown or role of the expert Most of the times somewhere in the middle Risk when you are to much the expert: Never seeing aspects of society which locals are ashamed of showing to highranking strangers o Principal requirement is taking part in the local life as much as possible o Most anthropologists depend on a combination of formal techniques and unstructured participant observation. o People explored must have the right to refuse to be subjected to anthropological analyses o The self is the most important scientific instrument and influences the experience in the fieldwork o Not one simple recipe for fieldwork o The relationship between theory and empirical material, or data is fundamental(in all empirical sciences) The challenge lies in saying something significant about culture and social life with your empirical data. o The choice of an accurate topic is important. Otherwise you end up with knowing too little about to much rather than knowing enough about something. Problems: o Limited knowledge of the field language

o o o

Gender bias Ones main informant fails to be representative Time intensive(not capital- of labour-intensive)

In the present societies are often studied from within, do anthropologists will have to join the debate. They are not the only researchers anymore.

15-10, HOORCOLLEGE 6
Anthropology, History, change and Traditions Proto-anthropology, from when originates anthropology? Certain very important proto-anthropologists Herodotos, a greek 5th century He wrote about the people as barbarian traveler Before Christ. Iban Khaldun, Tunisian 14th century Anticipated social sciences, wrote about law, history, anthropology etc. He wrote about different societies and customs. He developed a theoretical framework, about cultural variation and how this developed. He was the first one who wrote about doing fieldwork. Michel de Montaigne 16th, 17th, These people are all important thinkers in the 16th 17th and 18th century. (They are Thomas Hobbes and 18th not really anthropologists, but they did have some important theories.) Giambattista Vico century Jean-jacques Rousseau His influence on the emergence of anthropology is very significant. He used the stories from travellers to create some sort of utopia as an reaction on the modernization. In other word, he looked at other societies to create an idea of what he thinks would be an utopia(perfect world) Each society has his own soul, and there for has its own rights to develop rules and customs. He was one of the first people he was against ethnocentrism.

Johann Gottlieb von Herder

There are two ways of looking at societies: Universalism: accounting the similarities between societies Relativisme: accounting on the differences between societies

19th century
o 1859 Evolution theory by Charles Darwin. No matter how different people are, they must have one ancestor in common. He argued that biological development was more important than cultural development. Biological development was universal en cultural development wasnt.

Sociocultural evolution From savagery to barbarism to civilization Leading anthropologists Edward Taylor(1832 tot 1917) o cultural evolutionism. o He defined the context of the scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories. o He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal

He believed that "research into the history and prehistory of man could be used as a basis for the reform of British society."

Henry Maine(1822-1888) Ancient Law(1861) o Status societies, operate mainly on bases of kinship and myth. Your status is ascribed by birth. o Contract societies, they operate more on the basis of achievement. The individual achievement gives you your status. in this you see the difference between traditional and modern. Lewis Henry Morgan(1818-1882) Ancient society: o Evolutionary scheme o Seven stages, from lower savagery to civilization. Based on technological development. Arm Chair anthropology The first anthropologists never travelled. They used the writings from other travellers to compare and contrast and tried to explain the evolutionary o Evolutionairy anthropology, From the lower stage of life to civilisation. o Comparartive, search for universal regularities o Objectivistst, they were not interested in the differentiation between groups they researched.(generaliserend) o Quantitive o Top Down ... Cross-cultural comparitive research o ...? o Holocultural analysis? You are looking for common features in different societies. Advanteges: Overview of cultural variation Disadventages: Limited to small-scale societies Disregarding cultural diversity within societies Deductive rather than inductive - Inductive: theories made behind the desk(arm chair anthropology) - Deductive: theories created by field work o ...? From the evolutionary approach How is it possible that there is (very big) difference in cultural, even if the other aspects influencing societys, like climat, are the same.

20th century
Malinowski is the founder of ethnographic research. Difference between old-fashioned culture and the contemporary concept of culture o Old fashioned culture Bounded, small scale You can describe culture by a checklist of features Kinship, politics, world view, society ... Unchanging, the belief that culture doesnt change. Society reproduces itself with every generation. Underlying system of shared meanings People from the same culture have the same opinions Identical, homogeneous individuals People still look at culture this way(not within anthropology) o New concept of culture Culture is an active process of meaning making We realize that culture involves multi vocality, so different people have different opinions about their culture (There is a debate about what Dutch culture is.) People might say they do certain thing which are important for their culture, but saying you do something is not the same as doing something. Culture and power and interconnected Cultural sites are not bounded: global linkages Cultural discourses are historically specific and never coherent Distinction between cultural ideology and practice Most anthropologists would agree with the new concept of culture, but some are still hanging between the new and the old! Besides that there are many different description of culture. Not only these two. And there is not 1 definition on culture that everybody agrees on. (Holistic: you have to see a culture in its context and not just look at features from a checklist) Paradox of globalisation Globalisation: The process of increasing integration from societies around the world. Homogenization: cultures are becoming more and more the same. 30 years ago people believed that within a few years all cultures would be the same. As a result of globalisation people didnt want to become the same so they started to point out the differences in culture an revive traditions. So globalisation did not cause homogenization. Paradox : there is more and more contact but as response culture and identity has become more important. Globalisation didnt cause homogenization but cultural renaissance(de heropleving van verschillende culturen). Tradition modernity In the past tradition was seen as a bad thing. In order to become modern you had to get rid of tradition. This was caused by the belief that you could only change in one direction. Changing in this direction would make you lose your traditions, because traditions cant change.

Dichotomy between tradition and modernity??? Powerpoint Filtering out the modern Anthropologists are known for filtering out the modern aspects of culture. They were looking for the traditional culture, which they expect to be the same as hundreds of years ago. Invention or reinvention of tradition Traditions are not just passed on from generation to generation but people also invent and reinvent tradition. But it is said that you cant invent tradition, because you van only change it, so you should say reinvention of tradition. Conclusion Traditions have acquired more meanings/people look at it in different ways. Negative and positive ways. Traditions cannot only be lost, but they can also change.

22-10, HOORCOLLEGE 8 (OFFICIEEL HOOFDSTUK 5)

Space and culture Space: humans largest cultural artifact By looking at space you can have an indirect look at peoples culture. What Is culture in the first place/how to deal with the many different terms of culture: o Read the different descriptions of culture in the different books. o The different concepts of culture Is getting on with studying the cultural dimension of human life. o Ladder: Higher and lower culture. Evolutionary theory. Everything leads on to the final industrialisation. Problems: What is the standard Where do you put them in regard to their religion or mythology o Humans come up with different solutions for different problems. So every culture is different and looks the same o Thin king of culture as social institutions. o Interaction between people: Culture is something that happens to you, that you yourself would never do. When we talk about culture its not preliminary. But why do they still keep changing it all the time Through the notion of culture you can understand differences between group. Terms of culture should been seen as tools. There is not a good or a bad definition, they are just used for different things. There is a core of culture which people do agree on: Culture is useful as a term for process, for example cultivating and cultural variation We need a new culture of..

We need a new culture of WE need a new culture of We NEED a new culture of

Positive aspects Culture is a public thing So culture is usefull/adaptive

We need A new culture of

Culture is shared by a number

problems you can have many identities and have many cultures People use the notion of culture itself, for example to discriminate of to keep power away from certain groups Culture was only used in

of people

We need a NEW culture of

Culture changes all the time, its dynamic.

We need a new CULTURE OF

Culture of this, culture of that. So everything is shaped by humans with their culture,

singular. Only later it became a culture. So not just what is shared but also what is not shared Temporal delimitation. Ideas about thing always change. People try to make one version that might work for a longer time We dont know what human culture is. We can only say what it is true at this moment. This makes it more complicated

Conclusie op pp How, (why) to use the term culture as a tool People use culture as a short hand for summarising ways of life. Vraag die waarschijnlijk op het tentamen komt For which purpose is the word culture in this sense used? Answer this question like this: Its culture in the sense of and than why you think it is culture

SAMENVATTING(KJE) VAN HOOFDSTUK 5

Local organisation Norms and social control In this chapter social life is being seen from the viewpoint of society. Every social system requires the existence of what is permitted and what is not. These rules are called norms and they are connected with positive and negative sanctions. The system of sanction applied when norms are violated can de called social control. But norms and sanctions cannot explain why people act the way they do. Socialisation Socialisation is the process whereby one becomes a fully competent member of society. Child raising is, by many anthropologists, seen as an important factor of socialisation, namely the shaping of member of society. The personalities of humans are created through the dynamic interplay between individual and society. The ultimate goal of socialisation is to ensure that the actor internalises the values, norms and forms of behaviour to upon which society is founded. Life stages and rites of passage In different life stages you have to obey different rules, norms and obligations. Young girls dont have to do the same as elderly man. Often people pass to other stages through rites of passage. The household

The household is the smallest and most easily accessibly social system where intensive and important interaction takes place. The consistence of a household can change and whom are part of the household is different in many societies. Village The household is not self sufficient. A number of problems have to be solved outside of the household. The household is always related to other households and to social institutions. There are many different ways in which villages exist. Social integration in villages Kinship has a privileged place in the social institutions. The role of the village council often consists of mediating between kin groups with opposing interests.