Chapter 4

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29
Heat

Thermal Equilibrium
Two objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no net heat flow between
them.
A and B not in θ1 θ2 Temperatures of object A and object B are θ 1
thermal contact A B and θ 2 respectively.
If object A and object C, and object B and
A and C in thermal A object C are in thermal equilibrium with each
equilibrium C other respectively, then object A and object B
are in thermal equilibrium.
B and C in thermal B
equilibrium C Hence, θ1 = θ2

Calibration Of Temperature Scale Of A Liquid-In-Glass Thermometer

Steam point
The volume of the liquid in the
Ice point
Conical thermometer increases as the
Melting ice
flask temperature increases. As the
Steam volume of the liquid increases, the
Filter funnel Boiling length of the liquid also increases.
water

To determine ice point To determine steam point

100 ºC (Steam point)
Upper
fixed l100 − l0
point θ

l100 lθ − l0
l100 lθ lθ
Lower 0 ºC (Ice point)
l0
fixed
point l0 lθ − l0
Temperature θ = × 100 ºC
In melting ice In boiling water In warm water
l100 − l0

Types Of Liquid-In-Glass Thermometer

Clinical thermometer Alcohol-in-glass thermometer

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