Note 1, Class 2 / History of English, What language is, Fall 2009 Tu et Vous :EMOTION, IMAGES, DISPLACEMENT IN TIME AND

SPACE, LANGUAGE SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS (TU ET VOUS), How does it sound to the non-French speaking students? Illumminated manuscript: French John1:1 word is neuter (English), feminine (French), masculine (Greek) [anaphor, cataphor]

1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 1 Au commencement tait la Parole, et la Parole tait avec Dieu, et la Parole tait Dieu.

1 jEn ajrch'/ h\n oJ lovgo`, kai; oJ lovgo` h\n pro;` to;n qeovn, kai; qeo;` h\n oJ lovgo`..
2 He was in the beginning with God. 2 Elle tait au commencement avec Dieu.

2 ouJ'to` h\n ejn ajrch'/ pro;` to;n qeovn.

3 All things were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made. 3 Toutes choses ont t faites par elle, et rien de ce qui a t fait n`a t fait sans elle.

3 pavnta dij aujtou' ejgevneto, kai; cwri;` aujtou' ejgevneto oujde; e&n oJ;J gevgonen.
4 In Him was life, and the life was the light of men. 4 En elle tait la vie, et la vie tait la lumire des hommes.

4 ejn aujtw'/ zwh; h\n, kai; hJ zwh; h\n to; fw'` tw'n ajnqrwvpwn:
Number languages in the world: 4-8 thousand Monolingual, polylingual: 2 types: 1 excellent, many poor/ 2-3-5 better

Some properties of language: 1. arbitrary 2. no correspondence twixt form and meaning 3. the order of the words varies greatly 4. not a one to one correspondence between words in various languages or even translation in the same language MEANING (semantic)/ EXPRESSION (word and sentence form)/ CONTEXT (situation, real and perceived)

Brain<>Perception<>Sensors<>Input (photons, air pressure variation, etc.)

Realityi (perceived) <---------> Realitys (objective) (shared) (the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. It is
Grammar is: Syntax & Morphology Syntax: The order of the words in a clause and their inter relationships. Morphology: How the word are constructed.

only there in terms of what is measured.)

Language is arbitrary within the parameters of human genetic (structural) characteristics. arbitrary vs. non-arbitrary. male/female signs are semi-arbitrary (what would they have looked like if originated in Muslim culture?) bread (Mario Pei) Catalan pa Provencal pan [p] Japanese pan Basque ogi Bangla ruti Esperanto pano Czech chleba Georgian puri Wolof mburu Mandarin min bo Swahili mkate Lithuanian duona Latvian maize Hebrew lechem Welsh bara Quechua tanta Greek psomi Thai ka-nom-pang Frisian ble Irish arn Finnish leip Hungarian kenyr Turkish ekmek Sherpa kr French pain

Note 1, Class 2 / History of English, What language is, Fall 2009 2 French river: fleuve / rivire (Un fleuve se jette dans la mer, une rivire se jette dans une autre ou un fleuve. Quand le fleuve est petit on dit "fleuve ctier") Notice the difference of gender between the two words. 4 concepts: 1. Discreteness (perceivable units or emes) 2. Duality (form and meaning) morph ~ morpheme 3. Displacement (past-present-future) / (real-irrealis) 4. Productivity (can be applied to novel situations)
The etic / emic distinction. (form / psychologically significant form) (A meaningless mark in the dirt to a city dweller might mean something to a hunter.) (That is why a bigger vocabulary makes you smarter.) Language a cultural, not a biologically inherited, function. specific language is cultural / human ability is genetic (Give example of aliens with 50 times the processing power of humans) (Tlikit language with three sound mediums:1. crystaline antenna vibrations (high)(background, fields) 2. vocal track, machoire organs(entities) (actions) 3. side-thorax respiratory canal & caps(emotive) (actions)

Definition of language. Language is unique to humans. Animal communication is NOT language. It is a culturally acquired, non-instinctive (in terms of the specific language) system of communicating ideas and emotions. Languages uses voluntarily produced systems of symbols. These symbols are vocal and auditory, and they are produced and perceived by the oral tract and the ears. The psycho-physical basis of speech. Physiological psychologist describe localization of speech in the brain. Different parts of the brain are involved in various funtions of speech and grammar and meaning. Studies of brain damage patients shows certain areas are involved with certain functions. Concepts and language. The concepts that are assigned to a word in any given language are not dependent on the sounds that form the word. The associations are arbitrary and learned by rote exposure in childhood. Language is a habit that we acquire by repeatedly imitating those around us. The associations are the result of an individuals experience. That is why the word dog elicits a different breed of dog that come to mind first, depending on the individual. (The brain is a network of associations in interconnecting webs of experiences and relationship perceived by the individual throughout his lifetime.) Is thought possible without language? 1 MORE WORDS equals 2 MORE PERCEIVED ENTITIES TO MENTALLY MANIPULATE thus 3 MORE RELATIONSHIPS PERCEIVED. (Abstraction of world become more finely tuned.) (When a person learns a new word, he notices it several times over the next few day. The word was always used around him but until learning the new word he failed to perceive it.) Transfering of the speech process to other mediums. The sounds of human speech can be symbolized by other medium and symbols. Various symbols in cuneiform, hieroglypgics, and Chinese characters represent whole syllables and words. Printed letters represent spoken sounds. A word typed on the word processor goes through several transformation until printed. When you type a letter, code is sent to the processor that represents that letter. Morse code is a representation (dots & dashes) of a representation (letters.) The universality of language in humans: (Even twin or sibling languages) There seems to be a critical period of brain development in childhood for acquiring a language properly.

Note 1, Class 2 / History of English, What language is, Fall 2009 4 languages: Spanish: Tu eres mas inteligente que yo. French: Tu es Chinese: N b w cngmng.

plus intelligent(e) que moi. English: You are more intelligent than me.

Welsh: Mae Tom yn eistedd yn gyfforddus. Tom is sitting comfortably.

Indonesian: ANDJING gila menggigit ORANG buta itu. (A) mad DOG bit / bites the blind MAN.

Hausa: Yr n. Yriny c. boy be-masc girl be-fem It is a boy. It is a girl.

Yoruba: nwon ko wa ni Yoruba. they teach us obj2 Yoruba They taught us Yoruba.

Swahili: A Nilikisoma. Ni-li-ki-soma. . I-PAST-it(book)-read. C Umeleta kitabu? U-me-leta kitabu? (general) You-PERFECTIVE-bring book? E Nakiona kitabu. Na-ki-ona kitabu. I-it(book)-see. B Zitatutosha. Zi-ta-tu-tosha They(bananas)-FUTURE-us-be_sufficient. D Umekileta kitabu? U-me-ki-leta kitabu?(specific) You-PERFECTIVE-it(book)-bring book?

F Naiona miti. Na-i-ona miti. I-them(trees) see trees.

Nootka:

hinIGasGaR. hinI-has-GaR
empty.stem-outdoors-SPEC (She) went out of the house.

NAcsAR NAcsa-haR

LOcsmeGi LOcsma-hi

q^AGakGitq q^a-Gak-Gitq

meGiRqac. meGiRqac
son

see-SPEC woman.ART thus-APOSS-REL.3 The woman saw what her boy was doing.

HamatsaPaR Ham-at-sap-haR

Gani Gani

GuHqA GuH-qA

qAHqAHa qAH-a

yaqDiGatHGitq. yaq(^)-Di-hatHG-itq
HE.WHO-at-reside-REL.3

know-PASS-GRADCAUS-SPEC that being.he-SUB.3 kill-REPETITIVE She found out that it was he who was always killing his neighbors.

Note 1, Class 2 / History of English, What language is, Fall 2009

Bible:
3:4 Peter looked straight at him, as did John. Then Peter said, "Look at us!" 3:4 And Peter, fastening his eyes upon him with John, said, Look on us. 3:4 And Peter, having looked stedfastly toward him with John, said, `Look toward us;' 3:4 Pierre, de mme que Jean, fixa les yeux sur lui, et dit: Regarde-nous. 3:4 Y Pedro, con Juan, fijando los ojos en l, dijo: Mira nosotros. 3:4 Petrus aber mit Johannes blickte fest auf ihn hin und sprach: Sieh uns an! 3:4 intuens autem in eum Petrus cum Iohanne dixit respice in nos

3:5 So the man gave them his attention, expecting to get something from them. 3:5 And he gave heed unto them, expecting to receive something of them. 3:5 and he was giving heed to them, looking to receive something from them; 3:5 Et il les regardait attentivement, s'attendant recevoir d'eux quelque chose. 3:5 Entonces l estuvo atento ellos, esperando recibir de ellos algo. 3:5 Er aber gab acht auf sie, in der Erwartung, etwas von ihnen zu empfangen. 3:5 at ille intendebat in eos sperans se aliquid accepturum ab eis

3:6 Then Peter said, "Silver or gold I do not have, but what I have I give you. In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, walk." 3:6 Then Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have give I thee: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk. 3:6 and Peter said, `Silver and gold I have none, but what I have, that I give to thee; in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, rise up and be walking.' 3:6 Alors Pierre lui dit: Je n'ai ni argent, ni or; mais ce que j'ai, je te le donne: au nom de Jsus Christ de Nazareth, lve-toi et marche. 3:6 Y Pedro dijo: Ni tengo plata ni oro; mas lo que tengo te doy: en el nombre de Jesucristo de Nazaret, levntate y anda. 3:6 Petrus aber sprach: Silber und Gold besitze ich nicht; was ich aber habe, das gebe ich dir: Im Namen Jesu Christi, des Nazorers: Geh umher! 3:6 Petrus autem dixit argentum et aurum non est mihi quod autem habeo hoc tibi do in nomine Iesu Christi Nazareni surge et ambula

Note 1, Class 2 / History of English, What language is, Fall 2009

Note 1, Class 2 / History of English, What language is, Fall 2009

Les Vous et les Tu Philis, quest devenu ce temps O, dans un fiacre promene, Sans laquais, sans ajustements, De tes grces seules orne, Contente dun mauvais soup Que tu changeais en ambroisie, Tu te livrais, dans ta folie, A lamant heureux et tromp Qui tavait consacr sa vie? Le ciel ne te donnait alors, Pour tout rang et pour tous trsors, Que les agrments de ton ge, Un coeur tendre, un esprit volage, Un sein dalbtre, et de beaux yeux. Avec tant dattraits prcieux, Hlas ! qui net t friponne? Tu le futs, objet gracieux; Et (que lAmour me le pardonne!) Tu sais que je ten aimais mieux. Ah, madame! que votre vie, Dhonneurs aujourdhui si remplie, Diffre de ces doux instants! Ce large suisse cheveux blancs, Qui ment sans cesse votre porte, Philis, est limage du Temps: On dirait quil chasse lescorte Des tendres Amours et des Ris: Sous vos magnifiques lambris Ces enfants tremblent de paratre. Helas! je les ai vus jadis Entrer chez toi par Ia fentre Et se jouer dans ton taudis. Non, madame, tous ces tapis Qua tissus la Savonnerie, Ceux que les Persans ont ourdis, Et toute votre orfvrerie, Et ces plats si chers que Germain A gravs de sa main divine. Et ces cabinets o Martin A surpass lart de la Chine; Vos vases japonais et blancs, Toutes ces fragiles merveilles; Ces deux lustres de diamants Qui pendent vos deux oreilles: Ces riches carcans, ces colliers, Et cette pompe enchanteresse, Ne valent pas un des baisers Que tu donnais dans ta jeunesse. Vous and Tu Phyllis, what has become of the days When, out riding in a carriage, Without lackeys, without trappings, Adorned only by your graces, Content with a poor supper, Which you changed into ambrosia, You abandoned yourself, in your gaiety, To the happy deceived lover Who had devoted his life to you? Heaven gave you then As the sum total of rank and treasures Only the charm: of your youth, A tender heart, a flighty mind, An alabaster breast, and beautiful eyes. With so many precious allurements, Ah! what girl would not have been mischievous? You were so, graceful creature, And (Love pardon me for this!) You know I loved you all the more for it. Ah, Madame! how your life, Today filled with honors, Differs from those sweet moments! This hulking doorkeeper with powdered hair Who tells incessant lies at your door, Phyllis, is the image of Time: One could say he drives away the escort Of tender Loves and Laughter; Those children tremble to show their face Beneath your magnificent paneled ceilings. Alas! in former days I saw them Enter your home through the window And frolic in your hovel. No, Madame, all those carpets Woven at the Savonnerie, Those which the Persians loomed, And all your gold jewelry, And those expensive plates which Germain engraved with his divine hand, And those cabinets in which Martin Has outdone the art of China; Your Japanese and white vases, All those fragile wonders; Those two diamond pendants Hanging from your two ears; Those costly chokers, those necklaces, And that spellbinding pomp, Are not worth one of the kisses You gave when you were young.