Respiratory arrest Pengertian Sebuah istilah yang digunakan untuk menentukan istilah berhentinya pernafasan

Respiratory distress Increased work of breathing (respiratory effort) yang disertai peningkatan HR

Respiratory failure A clinical condition in which there is inadequate blood oxygenation and/or ventilation to meet the metabolic demands of body tissues

Respiratory arrest Absence of breathing biasanya diperingati adanya bradikardi

Etiology
Respiratory arrest (and impaired respiration that can progress to respiratory arrest) can be caused by Airway obstruction Decreased respiratory effort

Respiratory muscle weakness

Airway obstruction: Obstruction may involve the Upper airway Lower airway

Infants < 3 mo are usually nose breathers and thus may have upper airway obstruction secondary to nasal blockage. At all ages, loss of muscular tone with decreased consciousness may cause upper airway obstruction as the posterior portion of the tongue displaces into the oropharynx. Other causes of upper airway obstruction include blood, mucus, vomitus, or foreign body; spasm or edema of the vocal cords; and pharyngolaryngeal tracheal inflammation (eg, epiglottitis, croup), tumor, or trauma. Patients with congenital developmental disorders often have abnormal upper airways that are more easily obstructed. Lower airway obstruction may result from aspiration, bronchospasm, airspace filling disorders (eg, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage), or drowning. Decreased respiratory effort: Decreased respiratory effort reflects CNS impairment due to one of the following: CNS disorder Adverse drug effect Metabolic disorder

CNS disorders that affect the brain stem (eg, stroke, infection, tumor) can cause hypoventilation. Disorders that increase intracranial pressure usually cause hyperventilation initially, but hypoventilation may develop if the brain stem is compressed. Drugs that decrease respiratory effort include opioids and sedative-hypnotics (eg, barbiturates, alcohol; less commonly, benzodiazepines). Usually, an overdose (iatrogenic, intentional, or unintentional) is involved, although a lower dose may decrease effort in patients who are more sensitive to the effects of these drugs (eg, the elderly, those with chronic respiratory insufficiency). CNS depression due to severe hypoglycemia or hypotension ultimately compromises respiratory effort. Respiratory muscle weakness: Weakness may be caused by Neuromuscular disorders Fatigue

Neuromuscular causes include spinal cord injury, neuromuscular diseases (eg, myasthenia gravis, botulism, poliomyelitis, Guillain-Barr syndrome), and neuromuscular blocking drugs.

Respiratory muscle fatigue can occur if patients breathe for extended periods at a minute ventilation exceeding about 70% of their maximum voluntary ventilation (eg, because of severe metabolic acidosis or hypoxemia).

Manifestasi Klinis
Cessation of breathing Cyanosis Progressive loss of consciousness Low blood oxygen levels

Mottling; peripheral and central cyanosis Unresponsive to voice or touch Absent chest wall motion Absent respirations Weak to absent pulses Bradycardia or asystole Limp muscle tone

Respiratory Arrest is caused by airway obstruction, decreased respiratory drive, or respiratory muscle weakness.
Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Distress

Complaining of difficulty in breathing Tachypnoea Increased work while breathing Use of accessory muscles Abnormal Breath sounds (wheezing, rhonchi, rales, stridor) Cyanosis

Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Arrest

Absence of spontaneous breathing No chest rise and fall

Progressive colour change caused by lack of oxygen Unable to feel air coming from mouth and nose

Impending respiratory arrest: Before complete respiratory arrest, patients with intact neurologic function may be agitated, confused, and struggling to breathe. Tachycardia and diaphoresis are present; there may be intercostal or sternoclavicular retractions. Patients with CNS impairment or respiratory muscle weakness have feeble, gasping, or irregular respirations and paradoxical breathing movements. Patients with a foreign body in the airway may choke and point to their necks, exhibit inspiratory stridor, or neither. Monitoring end-tidal CO2 can alert practitioners to impending respiratory arrest in decompensating patients

Complications list for Respiratory arrest:

The list of complications that have been mentioned in various sources for Respiratory arrest includes:

Cardiac arrest Death