1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Prof.

Oral Buyukozturk

Spring 2004 Design Example Shear and Torsion Massachusetts Institute of Technology

1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures (3-0-9) Design Example Shear and Torsion
Objective: To examine the adequacy of given cross section based on shear and torsion capacities. Problem: At a section of a beam, the internal forces are Vu = 45 kips, Mu = 300 kips-ft, and Tu = 120 kips-ft. The material strengths are fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Assume that the distance from beam faces to the center of stirrups is 2 in and d is 21 in. a a

Figure 1. Plan view of overpass

Tu Mu Vu

24

16 Figure 2. Cross section a-a

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1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Prof. Oral Buyukozturk

Spring 2004 Design Example Shear and Torsion

Task: Answer or accomplish the following questions and tasks based on given assumption. Will this given cross section (16 in wide and 24 in deep) be adequate for shear and torsion requirements? If not, what width is required? Assume that the depth is to be held at 24 in. Select the required torsion, shear, and bending reinforcement for the minimum required width (to nearest inch). Summarize reinforcement on a sketch of the cross section.

[Design Procedures] 1. Check maximum torsion capacity For the given section: (ACI)
Section/(Equation)

y = (16 ) ( 24 ) = 6144 in3

2

CT =

(16 )( 21) = 0.05469 in-1 bw d = 2 x y 6144

0.4Vu 1+ CT Tu
2

Tc =

0.8 f c' x 2 y

0.8 4000 ( 6144 ) 0.4 45 1+ 0.05469 120 12

2

= 318.88 103 lbs-in

Since (Ts )max = 4Tc

11.6.1 & 11.6.2.2

(Tu )max = (Tc + Ts ) = (Tc + 4Tc ) = 4.25Tc ( = 0.85 for torsion) (Tu )max = 1355 103 lbs-in
However, (Tu )actual = 120 kips-ft = 1440 103 lbs-in

(Tu )actual > (Tu )max Section is NOT adequate.

2. Selection of cross section dimensions Let h = 24 in = constant.

(Tu )actual

0.8 4000 x 2 ( 24 ) < 4.25Tc 1440 10 lbs-in < 4.25 1.02579

3

Assume CT to be about the same same dimension. x > 16.92 in

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1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Prof. Oral Buyukozturk

Spring 2004 Design Example Shear and Torsion

Try x =17 in,

x
Tc =

y = (17 ) ( 24 ) = 6936 in3, CT = 0.05147 in-1.

2

0.8 4000 ( 6936 ) 0.4 45 1+ 0.05147 120 12

2

= 341 103 lbs-in

(Tu )max = 4.25Tc = 1449 103 lbs-in > Tu

(O.K.)

Section 17 24 is OK. (Although predicting heavy reinforcement.)

3. Selection of stirrups
Ts = Tu 1440 Tc = 341 103 = 1353 103 lbs-in 0.85

x1 = 17 2 ( 2 ) = 13 in y1 = 24 2 ( 2 ) = 20 in

T = 0.66 + 0.33

y1 = 1.168 x1

At Ts 1353 103 = = = 0.0743 in2/in s T x1 y1 f y 1.168 (13)( 20 ) ( 60 103 )

25bw ( 25 )(17 ) At = = 0.00708 in2/in = f yv 60000 s min

(O.K.)

11.6.5.3

Vc =

2 f c' bw d T 1 + 2.5CT u Vu
Vu
2

2 4000 (17 )( 21) 120 12 1 + 2.5 ( 0.05147 ) 45

2

= 10657 lbs

Vs =

45 Vc = 10.66 103 = 42.28 103 lbs 0.85

Av V 42.28 103 = s = = 0.0336 in 2 /in s f y d ( 60 103 ) 21 A 1 Av 0.0336 A Since = t+ = 0.0743 + = 0.0911 in 2 /in 2 s stirrup s 2 s

(11-15)

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1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Prof. Oral Buyukozturk

Spring 2004 Design Example Shear and Torsion

smax =

x1 + y1 13 + 20 = = 8.25 in 4 4

4 f c' bw d = 4 4000 (17 )( 21) = 90314 lbs > Vs (Not applicable)

smax = d 21 = = 10.5 in 2 2

11.5.4.3 11.5.4.1

0.5 f c' x 2 y = 0.85 ( 0.5 ) 4000 ( 6936 ) = 186 103 lbs-in < Tu (Applicable)

( Av + 2 A t )min =
( Astirrup )min =

50bw s 50 (17 ) s = = 0.0142 s fy 60 103

(11-23)

0.0142 s = 0.0071s in2 2

Thus, choose Astirrup and s to satisfy: (i) s >

A in; 0.0911

(ii) s < 8.25 in; (iii) A > 0.0071s in2. Try #5 stirrups @ 3.5in, A = 0.31 in2.
smin = A = 3.4 in 0.0911

(O.K.)

smax = 8.25 in

(O.K.) (O.K.)

Amin = 0.0071s = 0.0071( 3.5) = 0.0249 in2

#5 stirrups @ 3.5in are O.K.

4. Selection of longitudinal reinforcement

A x +y Al = 2 At 1 1 = 2 t ( x1 + y1 ) = 2 ( 0.0743)(13 + 20 ) = 4.9 in2 s s

Al ,min =

5 f c' Acp f yl

f yv At ph s f yl

(11-24)

Acp is the area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section, in2, and ph is the

perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement, in.

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1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Prof. Oral Buyukozturk

Spring 2004 Design Example Shear and Torsion

Assuming f yv = f yl ( f yv : yield strength of stirrups/ f yl : yield strength of longitudinal steels) and substituting all known numbers ( Acp = 17 24 = 408 in2, ph = 2 (17 4 + 24 4 ) = 66 in) provides Al ,min < 0, therefore (11-24) is disregarded. Use

50bw s 50bw At < 2 At or < to find 2 At . 2 fy fy s

(11-23)

50 (17 ) 50bw A = = 0.0071 < t = 0.0743 3 2 f y 2 ( 60 10 ) s

Substitute for 2 At in (11-23).

400 x T u Al = f y T + Vu u 3C T A 2 t ( x1 + y1 ) s

400 (17 ) 1440 103 = 2 ( 0.0743) ( 33) < 0 3 3 60 10 1440 103 + 45 10 3 0.05147 This leads to a negative value disregard it! Al = 4.9 in2 for torsion
a M u = ( 0.85 f c' ab ) d 2 0.85 f c' ab As = fy

(1)

(2)

Eq.(1) provides

a 300 12 = 0.9 ( 0.85 )( 4 ) a (17 ) 21 26.01a 2 1092.42a + 3600 = 0 2 a = 3.605 in

Eq.(2) provides As = 3.47 in2 =

3.47 = 0.0097 (17 )( 21)

(O.K.)

Amin =

200 = 0.0033 in 2 < As = 3.47 in 2 fy

In balanced state, 5/7

1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Prof. Oral Buyukozturk

Cbalanced =

b ( 0.003) = 12.6 in abalanced = 0.85Cbalanced = 10.71 in 0.003 + y

Spring 2004 Design Example Shear and Torsion

( As )balanced = ( As )b =
b =

0.85 ( 4 )(10.71)(17 ) = 10.32 in2 60

10.32 = 0.0289 (17 )( 21)

(O.K.)

max = 0.75 b = 0.0217

As = 3.47 in2 for flexure

5. Summary

Use 4 #10 @ the bottom (3.47 in2 for M, 1.61 in2 for T) 2 #6 @ intermediate level (1.50 in2 for T) 3 #6 @ the top (1.79 in2 for T, 0.46 in2 excess) We have an excess of steel. In the worse case, we have a moment Mu without Tu. The 5.08in2 of steel at the bottom can all be considered for flexural tensile reinforcement purpose. In that case,

5.08 = 0.0142 < 0.75 b (Check for flexural capacity as singly-reinforced section) (17 )( 21)

which is still O.K. The results are illustrated in Fig. 3: 3 #6

24

2 #6 #5 @ 3.5 4 #10

17 Figure 3. Configuration of the cross section

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1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures Prof. Oral Buyukozturk

Spring 2004 Design Example Shear and Torsion

Comments on the final design:

1. Different design configurations are possible, in general. Various combinations of different sizes of steel bars can achieve same reinforcement ratio. However, relevant designs are made typically considering the convenience of construction and the spacing between any two steel bars (the concrete between two steel bars will crash undesirably if the spacing between them is not enough). 2. Considering the constructability, four corner positions are usually required to deploy longitudinal bars to fix stirrups. 3. It is preferable to use same size of steel bars on each cross section for economic reason unless it is not possible to achieve the requirement of reinforcement.

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