Histoy

and reflections 011 the WAY things were

the electric h i l i p problem in the last ing ~:electr.ic;il]nnywhcic i l l tlie world months o f 1879, ycl clcclric lainps in ~ h c was iii the Public Sc1ux-c r)f Clcvcland, w f o m of electricill ilrcs between carbon lilllc park nf a h 1 1 IO ucrcs. In April John M. Anclersnn electrodes werc alrcarly in placcs of Iiusi1879, twelve [iircl lanips of the ortliiiary ness and on the city streets. Edisnns so-caller1 2,000 c;itidlepower were inst;illetl in the (Iitrk on high 02nariiental la[iyp the iacnndcsccnt kirlip, it hot poles 131. glowing filament in it vacuum-filled glass envelope. It eventoelly went into Arc lanips gave light of dazzling intensity ~ I - O Iii~ I sniall souwe of high I x i l homes in overwhelming numbers, 2nd liancc. Actiially the greatest illumination today it is ubiquitous. On the other hand, The electric tnachincry being in rearlic m c li.cm thc iiicmidesccnt carlm1 tip 01 arc lamps had ii .;hurt but iinportaiit caness, the wires primed stid cocked, and thc posilivc clcclrodc, rather than Lhc reer a i d prepared the public for the new thc csrhon cnds adjusted, Chnrlic agc cif arti ricial illuminatim. electrical discharge plasma. I.ookiiig at it Thoixpson pullcd thc trigger last cveiiing In 1802, at the Royal hstit.utiim in directly uiiti lead to eye tlamage. Thus, and shot ;I myriad n T tays nl: lransccnthere were iririny warnings sild tliscush n d o n , Sir Huinphry Davy touched todently brillient light athwart the ebony h i s iiboirl how (n cinploy llic lanip two rods uf charcoal and then gether v d t of night ... n rhousand eyes were whcn it wiis firfit iiilriduccd. 11 had to be drcw (Iicin :!par1 to Iorui n coiidticiiiig drawn to the mnagtietic scene [:I]. This away Ircirn pcoplc; 110problcrn hccause arch (arc) in air. lhe SULIICC 01: electricity was thc vicw j i i Bisniarck, North Dakota, the high cmllepower allowed this. Iii w s n Voltaic cell (balterp), the first seriwhcii arc lamps o n Ifl0 foot towcrs in thc s(iiiit: ciises, stantlarils soiiie t.wetity fcci availtown ceiiter were turned on for the first LIIIS protluccr nrcotiiinuous cLIt+rcnt high sp;iccd ahoul IO0 Iccl rcplficcd gas able for experirneittatiotl. Tho result, ii tirtie during Sepkmber 1883. Thc exclnIiinlps. Occasinnally arc laiiips were stisbright light, wtis only ii scientific curiostiintion was equally AS great iti Joliet, Illipciirlcd 011 wilts Lr~mi building io buildity for rnaiiy years, uritil dyi1i1111os, based nois: And there WBS gloom in Joliet arid ing, while liir sotiic iiislalialioiis, clusters mi priiiciplcs disctivcrcd by Micliacl Farthe spirit of darkness was abmnd and the litiiiy iiiiti uthers, gave a coiitinuuus pall of night spread over lis, so that when soiirce of high elect~ioiil ciirrent. Europe deep sleep fell npon inan the city was iis led the way, iitid a ring-artlatiire rlytiamo dark as : I cord of black cats ... .And the dcviacd hy Zdiiobc-Thdnpl~iIc Gramrnc, Vatidepoele Electric 1,ight Ccmpaiiy said let there be light in Joliet, and there n Helgium-born electrician working i n Pr:.iiice, w x the first to inc.orpor:ite tiiost wiis light.. . . . ?he inerchants are etithusircalurcs. of a ~iindcrri riiachinc. This was astic over it, and the natives from the in the early 1870s, and arc I m p s , in 1 i i 1 rooral tleestricts, when they c m i e into rope, followed quickly. thc city, take off their spccs and imaginc 1ile:is rravel swiftly, and several perthat they have had a foretaste uf the jnys sons in the United Sttites desigtierl their to coiiic 121. Not all good things, howown lamps, iiiarlc ihcjr ow11 rlynatnos, ever, ciiriic Li*onithis iiclw Ibrni or strect iuid wcnt i i i t o thc biisincss or sclliiig lighi lighting, so011(0replace g i s t In Elgin, 11instiillatioiis t o be used 011 streets aiid iii liriois, Frank Crosby, :.I pl.oniitient citizen, . . . said, therc arc rlisadvaotages buildings. Prominent riinong thein, ;md ~lic lcad iuvcntor at the beginning of the ribont this business, and he was a sufferer In 1x76, hc dc. . . . He fourid n lien on tlie nest, thinking art, wiis C:haIlcs F. Br~rsh. it was day time and hetice time tu lay. It signed his uwn d y n m u and had parls was a11 very good for his listetiers to macle at (lie Telegraph Supply Corqxiny laugh, but what wiis to 1ieci)me of his in Clcvelnnd, Ohio. It pcrfornierl so well hcns?To be sure ihcy would iay iwo cggs that thc coiripslny began to tnnke rhe dy1i:lllios itiltiierliiltcly. A H~ I Klamp W;IS rlcii (lay for ii while biit then their coiistilusigned in 1877, and busitless tookoft. At tioii and bylaws wnuld hc ruincd aiid itic tiMic slop 121. Clcaily h c jwi~rinlist~ hst, ciich machine was tletliciitcd tu ii wcrc hiwing a ball. singlc lulnp. 'Then I\VO liilijps, li~ut. luiips, Nuincroirs books, newspaper articles, mid larger machines were madc, until tlic and even strangers on the street will tell m e slowed a1 I25 latiip imchincs (aboiit yciu lhat Tliotnas Edison iiitmdticed the 7,000 volts arid In anqwcs) to reed cirfirst electric lamp. But tliut was iiot the cuits iicnrly 2 miles in length. The first case. Edison declared that he had solved instance of permaiient puhlic-street light-

First Electric Street Lamps

M i E Power I3ifiirrcerlng Rwlciic illrirch 2000

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Books andReports
and recent releases in mixed media
Online Handbook of Mathematical Functions
This item is iiii excerpt botil thc 25 Octw ber 1999 issue of"NIST U'ptlate," a publication of the U.S. Depnrtment of Comtnerce, Technology Arlministriitioti, National Iiastilute of Standards nntl Technology (NIST). Lf you were going to be stratitled on a desert island arid could tiake only one book with you, which one would you choose'! When N PM' S'cienlisl miigazi ne put that question to some of the world's lending scietitisrs :I few years ago, Sir Michael Berry, a distinguished 13ritish physicist, xnid he waiilrl take the Handh ~ i of k hfuthenirr1icul Fwlcliims. The handbook, First published by NIST iri 1964, has becoiiic a classic reference work for scientists and engineers around the world. While it.tIocs not make for light reading, it contains ii wexlth of information nbouc Ibiact.ions, milt1ietiiiit.ical entities used foI ;ill tniuiner of scieiitiric cnlculntiotis. A physicist str~atidetl on iiii ixlaiirl could use the functions to expluin how light scattering prodiiccs ii stunning riiibow. In the rcal world, L l ~ y aid computation ill1d aiialysis iii arcas as diverse as astronoiny, almosphcric inodcling aiiti nndcrwatcr acauslics. NIST is launching a pmjcct to conduct ai1 cxhaustivc stirvcy of all ialevnnt published literature, nntl then produce a braurl iicw cornpcritliiiin oti innthematical functions. Thc iiew work will bc published on the World Wide Web ;uitl will bc known ns the Digital Lib" of Mathemalical Futictions. NIST iiiathcniaticians and coinpiiter scicntish arc working oti a variety of ways lo inake tlic Digital Libimy especially useful iia the Internet age. Advanccrl starch engiues will help scientists Pi nil the right inrithematical formulas. Dowiiloading or Tormulns in a varicly (11' formats will Iic just ii iiiotisc click away. Cltiidiiiicc hi.thc ctmairiiciiori and testing (]I'inuthcinatical soflwaie, anrl cxamples o f typical usage of futictioiis in scicntilic fields, will be built in. Viewers will he able to use web hrowsers that incorporate Virtual Reality Modeling Imguage to tnii~~ipuliite gr;iphic;il representatiuns o f fuoctions. Soine of the world's leading matheiriaticiatis from the United States, Englaiid, France, the Ne th er1a11cls, A ad Austria nre pnrticipatiiig in the project. They nre responsible for iauch of the core ninrerial. NIST is exercising editorial control, as well ias developing ancl inaintainitig thc web site as ii free lpublic rcsomc. The agency also will publish Ihc liaiadbook i n n paper version. The prqject is being funded in part by a g i w t I'roin tlic Natiotinl Science Foundation and will take 4 years to coiiiplete. A niockiip of the Digitnl Library tnny be vicwcd on the Weh, littp:/itnatti.nist.jiov/ Digi taIM;ithL,ib/.

I
The m a n y changes in the secoiid cditiuii inclutle the following: 'I'he chiiptcrs have heen reordered t o provide ii nmrc systematic development of the matwid. A iiew section uti ileterininitig_transmission fine pnraineters from innnufiicturers' tables has heen introduced i n Chapter 3 . In the same chapter, B tiiorc coniplete :ind acctirate description 01 impedance parameters of tratnsmissiun lincs with ground returns has been proviqletl. Ch;yter (3 is an entirely new chiipkr on the subject of network matrices. The topic of matrix fnctorizntion and its ai>pliciitions to matrix inversion i s included. Also included is the modcm approach of cleterrnining only needed clerneints oftlie impedance niiitrix. Chaptcr IO 011power flow solutions hils been cxpatided to tlesc r ihe the inod ifi cat i ons needed when practical litnits are enctiuiitcretl. Tii Chaptcr I I , titlctl "Auloinntic Generation Control anti the New Markcl knvircin iiient," wnie i rleiis current1y hcing utilized for power system opcratinn and control are introthiced C:h;\ptcr 12 011 unbalanced system operarioin and hull analysis has bceri subshntinlly revised and iucludcs ncw mitcrial dcscribing i nrlnstry pract icc. A salient feature ofthc second edition is s running design problem that is first introotluced in Chapter 3 arid contitilies in each successive chapter as relevant ncw concepts are presented. The design pial>lein is computer oriented; the stiiilcnl niay usc nvailnblc snltwarc, or inny tlevclop snliwarc using MATLAB. These dcsign cxiIln1>lcs arc iiivnlvcd alld are ideally suitcd fur group projccts. Arthur k r g w is with the r)cl>ilW ment of I~lcctrical hgineeriiigand Coniputer Sciences at the University or California, I3erkclcy. Hc is an 1EEE PES Fcllnw. Vijay Vittal i s with thc Depertinent of Electrical aucl Computet Engineering zit [own Stnte University. He is :in ' I I Y T PES 1:ellow.

Power System Analysis

Power $7 s k H I s A 11 dysis, Seco IIII Ed i lion, by Arthur K. Bergeii anrl Vijay Vittal, poblisherl by Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, ISBN 0-13fi91W&l. M1ic.h has chiinget1 since thc first cdition o f this hook wcnt to prcss in 1986. The electric utility iiiduslry in thc Ihiitcrl Stutcs has iiiidcrgonc major chaiigcs in its structurc anti opcrating pmcliccs. In maoy parrs of llie cotititry, the tnonopolistic mid rcguIated vertically integrnml iilility sysrcrii is being rcplnccd by a sorncwhal dcrcgulatcd multilayered systcin opcn to cotiipctition and other niarket forccs. 'I'his sccond cdition includcs material which rcllccls lhcsc cbaiigcs and dcals with issues rclalcd to Llic iicw cnvirniiniciil. I n addition, A mmber of thoughtltil suggcst ions by pro I'essors n ntl students wtio have used thc first cdilicin hiive been incorporated. Whi IC ctmtiniiing to strcss ftindamciitds, Llicrc is AOIIICwhat inure emphasis on induslry praclicc and on computer applications.