DIELECTRIC MATERIALS

General Properties: Dielectric Di l t i Materials M t i l do d not t possess free f electric l ti charge and hence do not conduct electricity. Polar dielectrics: Molecules posses dipole moment Non-polar dielectrics: Molecules do not posses dipole moment

What is dipole and dipole moment?

Electric dipole: p

Dipole Moment:

r r p = qr

Unit: Coulomb Coulomb-meter; meter; Debye 1 Debye = 3.33 x 10-30 C-m

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Wh happens What h when h dipole di l is i exposed d to an EE field? fi ld?

Torque on the dipole exerted by an E-field

r r = p xE
= pE E sin i
Potential energy of dipole in an E-field

r r V = p . E = pE cos

= 0 , V = pE

= , V = pE
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Polarization
Dipole moment per unit volume. If the number of dipoles per unit volume is N, and if each has moment p then polarization is given as (assuming that all the dipoles lie in the same direction)

r r P = Np

Example: Suppose there are 3.34x1028 molecules per unit volume of water each having dipole moment 6x10-30 C-m. Solution: If all dipoles are oriented parallel to each other then Polarization P = 3.34x1028 x 6x10-30 = 0.2004 C/m2
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ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY AND POLARIZATION According to Gauss law,

E0

r r q q' E .d A =

0
q'

Gaussia n surface

EA =

0E =

q q' A A
r r r D = 0E + P

q q' = 0E + A A

Polarization ( (P) ) Electric flux density (D)

r r r r Further, D = E = 0 E + P Further r r r 0 r E = 0 E + P r r 0 E ( r 1) = P

r P ( r 1) = = r 0E

Where, r = 0
Here is known as electric susceptibility and r is known as relative dielectric constant of the medium.

POLARIZABILITY
Polarization P l i ti of f a medium di is i produced d db by fi field ld th therefore, f it i is reasonable to assume that, Here is known as polarizability of the molecule representing dipole moment per unit applied electric field r r The polarization can now be written as as, P = N E Thus,

r r p = E

r r r D = 0E + P

r r = 0E + NE

r N r )E D = 0 (1 + 0 r r r r But, D = 0 r E E = (1 + N ) E But 0 r 0

r = 1+

In all above expressions expressions, N can be expressed in terms of density , molar mass M of the material and Avogadro's number NA as

N =

N
M

Th dielectric Thus di l i constant can b be written i as:

r = 1+

N A r =1+ ( ) 0M

However, experiments show that though above equations hold good in gases but not for liquids and solids i.e. in the condensed physical systems.

LOCAL FIELD

r r E loc = E 0 + E1 + E 2 + E 3
E0 = External field E1 = Field due to polarization charges lying on the surface of the sample. E2 = Field due to polarization charges lying on the surface of Lorentz sphere. E3 = Field due to other dipoles lying within the Lorentz sphere.
Lorentz sphere
r E2

r E0 r E1

Central dipole

Calculation of various fields:

Depolarizing field E1:

E1 =

This field depends on the geometrical shape of the external surface. Above equation is for a simple case of an infinite slab. Field for a standard geometry is given as NP E1 =

Here N is known as depolarizing p g factor. The values of N for other regular shapes are given below: Shape Sphere Thin slab Thin slab Cylinder Cylinder Axis any normal in plane Longitudinal Transverse N 1/3 1 0 0

Calculation of E2:

Surface area dA of the sphere lying between and +d is given as

dA = 2 r 2 sin d
Charge on the surface dA would be

dq = P cos ( 2 r 2 sin d )
Field due to this charge at the centre of the sphere would be
dE

dE =

dq 4 0 r 2

Field in the direction of applied field would be

dq q cos dE 2 = dE cos = 4 0 r 2

Field due to charges on the entire cavity thus would be,

E2 =
=

dE
0

dq cos 4 0 r 2

P 2 r 2 sin cos 2 d 4 0 r 2
P 3 0

E2 =

Calculation of E3:
The field due to other dipoles in the cavity may be calculated by using the equation

E =

1 4 0

r r r 2 r 3 ( p .r ) r r p r5

The result depends on crystal structure of the solid under consideration. However for highly symmetrical structure like cubic it sum sup to zero. Thus

E3 = 0
(In other structure E3 may not vanish and it should be included in the equation) equation).

Thus Eloc would be

r r E loc = E 0 + E1 + E 2 + E 3
r Eloc

r r r r P 2P = E0 + = E0 0 3 0 3 0

r P

r r P =E+ 3 0

Eloc = EL= Lorentz field. E is known as Maxwell field. E = Maxwell field. Now the polarization would be given as

r r P = NE L

r r r NP r P ) = NE + = N ( E + 3 0 3 0

r r N P (1 ) = NE 3 0

r r r r NE N Again P (1 ) = NE P = N 3 0 1 3 0 Now

<1

r r r NE 0 r E = 0 E + N 1 3 0
Simplifying

r r r r D = 0 r E = 0 E + P

N r = 1+ N ) 0 (1 3 0

r 1 N = r + 2 3 0

CLAUSIUS MOSOTTI RELATION

Reconsider CLAUSIUS MOSOTTI relation,

r 1 N = r + 2 3 0
Molar mass

r 1 M N M ) =( ) ( r + 2 3 0
Since,

D Density i

NM

= NA

Therefore ,

r 1 M N A ( = ) r + 2 3 0

=M

MOLAR POLARIZABILITY

EXAMPLE: An elemental dielectric material has r = 12 and it contains 5x1028 atoms/m3. Calculate its electronic polarizability assuming Lorentz field. SOLUTION: Using CLAUSIUS MOSOTTI relation, r 1 N = r + 2 3 0

12 1 5 10 28 = 12 + 2 3 8.85 10 12

= 4.17 10 20 Fm 2