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Jansen Mitchell 3/15/13 ENC 1102-1:30 Annotated Bibliography This annotated bibliography provides an in-depth look at the possibilities of hydrogen gas as an alternative fuel source for automobiles. The genre of alternative hydrogen fuel is a very large subject but this paper will only be on hydrogen gas used in a standard spark ignition (si) engines. It will not include the use of hydrogen fuel cells. The possibility of hydrogen gas fueled si engines is becoming an alluring idea because of the current dependency on fossil fuels and the impending shortage of them. This mixed with new cheaper ways of producing clean electricity provides the perfect environment for this idea to turn into reality. The majority of articles on this subject are engineering research journals that are based solely on the research done and mathematic equations. These papers are not meant to appeal to the general public. However other engineers in the field use them to base other experiments off of them, which allows the field to move forward much faster. Though most of the articles are engineering research papers that prove or experiment with the idea of hydrogen gas some of the articles are financial journals that will appeal to the general public and most importantly possible investors. After reading this annotated bibliography you will understand not only how hydrogen gas can be used in si engines but how the people of the world can move this alternative fuel forward allowing a green alternative fuel for automobiles with a renewable resource.

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Assad, M., and O. Penyazkov. "Distinctive Features Of Operation Of An Internal Combustion Engine Running On Hydrogen-Containing Fuels." Journal Of Engineering Physics & Thermophysics 83.4 (2010): 869-875. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Assad and Penyazkov writing for the acclaimed Journal of Engineering Physics & Thermophysics are testing the use of hydrogen gas in an internal combustion engine. They performed their research by testing different fuel/ air to hydrogen ratios in a standard Honda-D15B2 forced-ignition gasoline engine. The researchers started at a baseline number and then slowly added hydrogen into the mixture and recorded the results produced. With the results they came to the conclusion that hydrogen gas injected into an internal combustion engine does in-fact reduce pollution of key gases while allowing the engine to produce nearly the same output. This means that using hydrogen gas in an internal combustion engine is plausible and noteworthy in the small scale of just the engine.

Biswas, Wahidul K., Brett C. Thompson, and Mohammad N. Islam. "Environmental Life Cycle Feasibility Assessment Of Hydrogen As An Automotive Fuel In Western Australia." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 38.1 (2013): 246-254. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. This article comes from Curtin University in Australia, and is written by researchers in the mechanical and civil engineering departments. The articles main purpose is to compare two different ways to produce hydrogen gas and how they compare to each other and petrol in terms of global emissions. They kept track of the amount of CO2, C2H2, and PO4 produced to determine which was the most environmentally friendly. They produced results for creating hydrogen with and without

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wind generated energy as well to give a wider scope. The article states that the most environmentally friendly source of energy is via steam methane reforming (SMR) followed by petroleum and then alkaline electrolysis (AE) when wind generated energy is not accounted for. When wind generated energy is accounted for, even though it is currently not viable, SMR and AE become much more environmentally friendly, and allows AE to surpass petrol. With this research it is easy to see how hydrogen energy can be a much cleaner form of energy than petrol. It also proves which method of creating hydrogen gas is currently viable and how we can better it further in the future.

Ganda, L.M. et al. "Conversion Of A Commercial Spark Ignition Engine To Run On Hydrogen: Performance Comparison Using Hydrogen And Gasoline." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 35.3 (2010): 1420-1429. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. This interesting article comes from the Universidad Pblica de Navarra, in Spain. It is published in the International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy and takes a in-depth look into how modern cars can be modified to run off of hydrogen gas. The car that these researchers used was a Volkswagen Polo 1.4. Their reason for this is because it is a standard spark ignition car and is an example of many city drivers car. They give a complete parts list, including approximate cost, for modifying the car in the article and provides reasons for each parts replacement. Once they had altered the car they run multiple tests to show the different possible running configurations of the car along with a comparison of the car running on petrol. With these tests you can see the difference in power and emissions of the car. This article is a very important part of the switch to

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hydrogen gas because it proves that an inexpensive conversion for a standard spark ignition vehicle to hydrogen gas is available and easy to do for just about anyone.

Korn, Thomas et al. "Fuel Economy And Emissions Evaluation Of BMW Hydrogen 7 MonoFuel Demonstration Vehicles." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 33.24 (2008): 7607-7618. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. In this article published by the International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy the researchers at the acclaimed Argonne National Laboratory show the research done and provide a review on a fully developed hydrogen gas powered car. The car is a BMW Hydrogen 7, it is based off of the BMW 760iL however this one has the option to drive off petrol or hydrogen. This is one of the first limited production bi-fuel vehicles made and according to the review it meets the expectations. When looking closer at the car you can see all of the small scale tests incorporated in it, like the use of stoichiometric operation at high engine loads from the research explained in "Efficiency Comparison Between Hydrogen And Gasoline, On A Bi-Fuel Hydrogen/Gasoline Engine." The car is fitted with a modest 8kg hydrogen storage tank which should allow more than 200km of range. This plus the optional range of 500km from the petrol tank means you can travel an astounding distance before you need to fill up. Though the car is heavier due to the extra fuel tank and convertors the performance is not greatly decreased. This car is one of the first bi-fuel vehicles in production, and the amount of success that comes along with it means there are high hopes for hydrogen in the future. Though this car is a limited production bi-fuel vehicle it shows the possibility to use hydrogen gas as a replacement for petrol entirely in the not so distant future.

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Lee, Kwang-Ju, Thanh Cong Huynh, and Jong-Tai Lee. "A Study On Realization Of High Performance Without Backfire In A Hydrogen-Fueled Engine With External Mixture." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 35.23 (2010): 13078-13087. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. This article that was published by the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy with research by Kwang-Ju, Thanh Cong Huynh, and JongTai Lee from Sungkyunkwan University. This article uses already exposed information from articles like "Efficiency Comparison Between Hydrogen And Gasoline, On A BiFuel Hydrogen/Gasoline Engine." and instead focuses on how to improve the engine. The researchers focus mostly on how to reduce backfires and how to allow the engine to be the most efficient while being low emissions. The main parts of the engine that is looked at is changing the timing of the combustions and variably changing the pressure in the intake. The articles main purpose was to explain possible changes to a standard engine that could resolve the previously found problems when using hydrogen gas. This is important because with this information we can test and come to results that can move the possibility of hydrogen gas forward.

Maesschalck, P, Rombaut, N, Sierens, R, and Verhelst, S. "Efficiency Comparison Between Hydrogen And Gasoline, On A Bi-Fuel Hydrogen/Gasoline Engine." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 34.5 (2009): 2504-2510. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. In this article from the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Verhelst, Maesschalck, Rombaut, and Sierens from Ghent University research the best possible

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way to regulate hydrogen gas in an internal combustion engine. The main goal was to find the efficiency of the engine at wide open throttle (WOT) and at a cruising rpm plus the amount of NO pollution. To gain information on this they performed tests using a standard Volvo engine and manually controlled the intake, to insure the proper air mixtures. This test is very similar to that of Assad and Penyazkov except in this one they specifically looked into WOT and possible backfire points. After the tests were over they found that Hydrogen gas was very efficient at WOT but can cause backfires from the engine. Second off the use of stoichiometric operation was tested and was found to be more efficient as well as more controllable when at WOT. Because of this they can conclude that it will be necessary to govern the engine to allow it only to rev within a limit to produce the least pollution and backfires.

Martin, Kevin B. et al. "Design Of A Hydrogen Community." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 37.2 (2012): 1214-1219. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. This article provides a real world plan to apply hydrogen fueling stations in Santa Monica, California. This paper is written by personal at the department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. In partnership with the California Fuel Cell Partnership they proposed the idea in 2009 as a part of the Action Plan. The plan outlines the development of a hydrogen fueling station. It includes detailed diagrams of the storage tanks and dispensing devices, as well as explanations of how the entire station will be powered. The station will be powered completely off of hydrogen generators which means the entire station will be run off of green energy. The reason for the specific location in the plan is because of the two waste

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management plants nearby. The plants produce large amounts of biogas which in turn is used to produce the hydrogen gas. With all of these ideas combined and the proper location the station has entered development and will soon provide cleaner hydrogen fuel to the masses. This article is important to include because it shows how with the right location and planning that a hydrogen fueling station is financially reasonable which means that hydrogen gas used in internal combustion engines is a valid alternative to petroleum at least in the scale of storage and dispersion.

N/A. "Mazda's Renosed Renesis Makes Case For Dual-Fuel." Professional Engineering 16.19 (2003): 8. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. This article was printed in the Professional Engineering magazine in 2003 and though it is very short it is important because it provides an idea that can better an already existing car with hydrogen. The idea of the wankel rotary engine has been around for a very long time and has been seen mostly in Mazda's RX sports car line. The engine although very powerful for the amount of displacement had always had fuel efficiency problems. However, now Mazda is introducing a prototype of the new RX-8 which will include a switch that will allow the car to switch from petrol to hydrogen power instantly. By using this technology you can receive the power of the rotary engine with petrol and then have the ability to switch to hydrogen power to conserve fuel at low rpm. Mazda believes that this could truly revolutionize the way people look at the wankel rotary engine as well as provide an important asset for the creation of a hydrogen infrastructure.

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Schlapbach, Louis. "Technology: Hydrogen-Fuelled Vehicles." Nature 460.7257 (2009): 809811. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. This question and answer based article by Louis Schlapbach for Nature Publishing gives responses that the general population asks in a easy to understand context. This text differs from the other types of papers included in this annotated bibliography because it is not a research paper, however it is a good example of how research papers like The Hydrogen Fuel Alternative, which is included in this paper, is explained to the masses. Schlapbach pulls information from numerous sources to explain the differences between hydrogen fuel and hydrogen fuel cells as well as explain what advances are needed to make these a reality. The reason why papers like this is important is because it allows the masses to understand the general information of hydrogen energy without needing to have a degree in the field. This means that it can keep the general public's interest and possible investors as well.

Smit, Ruben, Marcel Weeda, and Arend de Groot. "Hydrogen Infrastructure Development In The Netherlands." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 32.10/11 (2007): 1387-1395. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. In this article writers for the Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands take a different approach to the idea of a hydrogen gas fueled economy. Unlike many of the other articles this research group is planning for large scale and long term production of hydrogen gas. Instead of taking the short term approach of using high pressure tanker transport, they are advising Dutch investors to think long term with the production of hydrogen gas pipelines. Their reasoning for this is because the vast research being done on biogas, which is a key component in many other articles, and the projected increase of hydrogen gas consumption. Hydrogen gas

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consumption is projected to increase 40 percent by 2050 from the models included in the research paper. Therefore they make a serious point of the financial need for mass hydrogen gas pipelines in the near future to be able to distribute fuel to the masses.

Wald, M.L. "Hydrogen pushed as motor fuel." New York Times 28 Sept. 1989: D5. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. This article appeared in the New York Times in 1989 and is important to include because it is one of the first articles to confirm the idea of hydrogen fuel as a valid replacement for petrol. The article proposed that by the end of the century solar power would be so affordable that the vast quantity of electricity needed to produce hydrogen gas would be easily produced. The reasoning for this is explained by Dr. David Carlson, vice president and general manager of Solarex, who believes that the price of solar energy could drop from $5 to 20 cents per watt by the turn of the century. However this steep of a decline was not seen at the turn of the century. Though the drop was not as exponential as planned, the price did decline some allowing solar energy to come closer to being a prime resource for the formation of hydrogen gas.

Yao, Fei, Yuan Jia, and Zongqiang Mao. "The Cost Analysis Of Hydrogen Life Cycle In China." International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy 35.7 (2010): 2727-2731. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. In this article in the International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy there is a change in pace from research of the plausibility of hydrogen alternatives, to the projected costs involved. This paper is written by Yao, Yuan, and Zongqiang for Beijing University of Chemical Technology and Tsinghua University from

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a business perspective. The way they went about this is by using the Cost of Lifecycle formula. This formula includes the cost of supply and application as well as including the environmental costs of both. Using this they produced 14 separate plans to determine what would be the best way to; produce, transport, store, and apply the hydrogen in a real world application. With all of the mathematics complete the data pointed to program 7. Program 7 outlined that the hydrogen gas would be produced by natural gas steam reformation. After the fuel is acquired it will be stored in high-pressure bottles and transported via car to the fueling centers. For the actual application cars would need minimal modifications to use the hydrogen fuel in internal combustion engines instead of using more expensive hydrogen fuel cells. This article is important to include in this research because it outlines many plans and explains the cost of each one based off of China, which is very similar in growth to the United States.