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DetailingofReinforcement inConcreteStructures
R.I.Gilbert
Introduction:
Detailing isoftenconsideredtobethepreparationofworking drawings showingthesizeandlocationofthereinforcementina concretestructure. Detailinginvolvesthe communicationoftheengineersdesigntothe contractorswhobuildthestructure.It involvesthetranslationofa goodstructuraldesignfromthecomputerorcalculationpadinto the finalstructure. Gooddetailingensuresthatreinforcement andconcreteinteractefficiently toprovide satisfactorybehaviour throughoutthe completerangeofloading. Inthisseminar,guidelinesforsuccessful detailing instructuralelementsand connectionsareoutlined.
Thedetailingrequirements ofareinforcementbardependonthe reasonsforitsinclusioninthestructure. Reasonsinclude: 1. Tocarryinternaltensileforces,therebyimpartingstrength andductility; 2. Tocontrol flexuralcracking; 3. Tocontroldirecttensioncracking inrestrainedstructures; 4. Tocarrycompressiveforces; 5. Toprovide restraint tobarsincompression; 6. Toprovideconfinement toconcreteincompression; 7. Tolimitlongtermdeformation; 8. Toprovideprotectionagainstspalling;and 9. Toprovidetemporarysupport forotherreinforcementduring construction.
Guidingprinciples:
Determinelocationanddirectionofallinternalforces (i.e. establishaloadpath thatsatisfiesequilibrium); Useadequatelyanchored reinforcementwhereveratensile forceisrequiredforequilibrium; Useonlyductilereinforcement (ClassNorbetter)whenthe reinforcementisrequiredforstrength; Neverrely ontheconcretesabilitytocarrytension(itmaynot exist); Includeadequatequantitiesofreinforcementforcrackcontrol; Ensuresteeldetailsarepractical andthatsteelcanbefixedand concretecanbesatisfactorilyplacedandcompactedaround complexdetailswithadequatecover;and Ensuredetailsareeconomical.
Sourcesoftension:
1. Tensioncausedbybending(andaxialtension):
Flexuraltensioncracks
Flexuraltensioncracks
Axial tension
Directtensioncracks
Sourcesoftension:
2.Tensioncausedbyloadreversals:
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
3. Tensioncausedbyshearandtorsion:
T C Shear
C T
Flexureshearcracks
Tensioncarriedbystirrups
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
4.Tensionnearthesupportsofbeams:
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
AS36002009(8.1.10.4):
Lst
Thisrequirementisdeemedtobesatisfiedifeither Ast isextendedpastthefaceofthesupportby 12db ;or Ast isextendedpastthefaceofthesupportby 12db +D/2 whereAst isthetensilesteelarearequiredatmidspan
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
5. Tensionwithinthesupportsofbeamsandslabs:
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
6. Tensionwithinconnections:
2T
C M T M C T M M
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
7. Tensionatconcentratedloads:
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
8. Tensioncausedbydirectionalchangesofinternalforces:
T R
(a)
Lsy.t
T
(b)
stirrups
Asv atspacing s
(c)
CC RPotentialcrackinweb
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
8. Tensioncausedbydirectionalchangesofinternalforces:
T R
(a)
Lsy.t
T
(b) qt
stirrups
Asv atspacing s
(c)
C T rm T Ast
Transversetension:
qt = A f T = st sy rm rm
Requiredstirrupspacing:
s= Asv f vy qt = Asv f vy . .rm Ast f sy
Anchorageofdeformedbarsistension:
F F F
T
F F F
Tensile stresses
Splittingfailuresarounddevelopingbars.
Lsy .t
d b f sy 4 fb
fb
AS36002009:
(13.1.2.2)
Thebasicdevelopmentlength,Lsy.tb,is
Lsy.tb =
0.5k1k3 f sy d b k 2 f c
29k1d b
wherek1 =1.3 forahorizontalbarwith>300mmofconcretecast belowitandk1 =1.0forallotherbars; k2 =(132 db)/100 ; k3=1.0 0.15(cd db)/db (but0.7 k3 1.0) cd fc isthesmalleroftheconcretecovertothebarorhalf thecleardistancetothenextparallelbar; shallnotbetakentoexceed65MPa
AS36002009
(13.1.2.2)
a/2
c c1
cd =min(a/2,c,c1)
AS3600-2009 ctd
(13.1.2.3)
Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.tb
wherek4 =1 K
(but0.7 k4 1.0);and
AS3600-2009 ctd
k4 = 1 - K
where
(13.1.2.3)
Lsy.t = k 4 k5 Lsy.tb
= (Atr Atr.min)/As ; Atr = cross-sectional area of the transverse reinforcement along the development length Lsy.t Atr.min = cross-sectional area of the minimum transverse reinforcement, which may be taken as 0.25As for beams and 0 for slabs As = cross-sectional area of a single bar of diameter db being anchored K = is a factor that accounts for the position of the bars being anchored relative to the transverse reinforcement, with values given below:
K = 0.1
K = 0.05
K=0
AS3600-2009 ctd
(13.1.2.3)
Lst = Lsy.t
st
f sy
12d b
T * st Ast
andtherefore
st
T* Ast
AS3600-2009 ctd
(13.1.2.3)
Thedevelopmentlengthofadeformedbarwithastandardhook orcog:
4d or 70mm b70mm 4dbor
X X
A
X X
did /2
(c) Standard cog (90 (c) Standard cog (90 bend) bend).
AS3600-2009 WORKEDEXAMPLE:
Considertheminimumdevelopmentlength requiredforthetwo terminated28mmdiameterbottombars inthebeamshownbelow. Takefsy = 500 MPa;fc = 32 MPa;covertothe28mmbarsc = 40 mm; andtheclearspacingbetweenthebottombarsa = 60 mm. ThecrosssectionalareaofoneN28barisAs = 620 mm2 andwithN12 stirrupsat150mmcentres,Atr = 110 mm2.
P P
A
12mm stirrups at 150mm ctrs Two terminated bars
LL +d sy.t sy.t
Lsy.t + D
Elevation
Section A-A
(13.1.2.3)
Lsy.tb =
0.5k1k3 f sy d b k 2 f c
For28mmdiameterbars: k2 = (132 28)/100 = 1.04; Theconcreteconfinementdimension, cd = a/2 = 30 mm,andtherefore k3 = 1.0 0.15(30 28)/28 = 0.99 Thebasicdevelopmentlengthistherefore
Lsy.tb
(13.1.2.3)
Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.tb
LappedSplicesforbarsintension(13.2.2 AS36002009):
PLANAR VIEW
sL
a db sb
Note: For the purposes of determining cd, the dimension a shall be taken equal to (sL-db) irrespective of the value of sb.
Lsy.t.lap
(i) 100% of barsspliced spliced(no (nostaggered staggered splices) splice) (i) 100% of bars
0.3Lsy.t.lap sL a
PLANAR VIEW
Note: For the purposes of determining cd, the dimension a shall be taken equal to 2sL irrespective of the value of sb.
sb
Lsy.t.lap
(a a/ 2, c ) ) cd , == min ( /2, crit c min (ac /2, c)
AS36002009:
13.2.2
LappedSplicesforbarsintension:
Lsy.t.lap = k7 Lsy.t 29k1d b
k7 shallbetakenas1.25,unless As providedisgreaterthan As required andnomorethanonehalfofthetensilereinforcementatthesectionis spliced,inwhichcase k7 =1. Innarrowelementsormembers(suchasbeamwebsandcolumns),the tensilelaplength(Lsy.t.lap)shallbenotlessthanthelargerofk7 Lsy.t and Lsy.t + 1.5sb,wheresb isthecleardistancebetweenbarsofthelapped spliceasshowninFigure8.15.
ACI31808:(Simplified Clause12.2.2)
0.5k1k3 f syd b k2 f c
Llap = 1.3l d = 1.3
= 1.3
f y t e 2.1 f c
db
12
= 563 mm = 46.9 d b
(c. f . 369 mm = 30.7d b in AS3600 2001)
= 743 mm = 61.9 d b
ACI31808:(Refined Clause12.2.3)
Llap = 1.3l d = 1.3 f y t e s d c b + K tr b 1.1 f c ( ) db
= 1.3
= 524 mm = 43.7 d b
Detailingofbeams:
Anchorageoflongitudinalreinforcement:
UnfavorableanchorageTransversetension
Possible cracks
Elevation Section
C T T T
AS3600-2009
Clause 8.1.10.1
Currentwording: Thedesignforflexuralstrengthanddetailingofflexuralreinforcement
andpretensioned tendonsatterminationshallbeextendedfromthe theoreticalcutoffpoint,ordebonding point,byalengthof1.0D +Lsy.t,or 1.0D +Lpt,whereDisthememberdepthatthetheoreticalcutoffpointor theoreticaldebonding point Problem1: Thewordingdoesnotmakesense Problem2: Theruleisincorrect abardoesnothavetodevelop itsyieldstressatthetheoreticalcutoffpoint
Amendedwording:
Whereflexuralreinforcementandpretensioned tendonsaretobe terminated,thebarsortendonsshallbeextendedfromthetheoreticalcut offpoint,ortheoreticaldebonding point,byalengthofatleast1.0D +Lst, or1.0D +Lpt,respectively,whereDisthememberdepthatthetheoretical cutoffpointortheoreticaldebonding point
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
tiltedanchoragenearhorizontalanchorage diagonalcompression
Reactionpressure
Reactionpressure
SectionsandElevations
Plan
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Inclinedclamping bars
Potentialfailure surface
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
welded crossbar
endplate
recessed angle
(a)(b)
(c)
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Compressivestrut Member Centreline
Binding reinforcement
Anchorageis critical
Tie DoNOTterminateanybottombars
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Concentratingtopsteelatasupportinabeamwithinthewebcanlead tocrackcontrolproblemsintheadjacentslab(Leonhardt etal.)
Load (kN)
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
AnchorageofStirrups:
Compressivetopchord(concrete) Inclinedwebstruts (concrete)
Verticalties(stirrups)
Tensilebottomchord(Ast)
Tensioninstirrup ismoreorlessconstantoverheightofverticalleg. Therefore,allpointsonverticallegmustbefullydeveloped Stirrupanchorages shouldbelocatedinthecompressivezone and beshownonthestructuraldrawings. Theareaofshearreinforcementrequiredataparticularcross sectionshouldbeprovidedforadistanceD fromthatcrosssection inthedirectionofdecreasingshear(AS36002009 Clause8.2.12.3).
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:
Tensilelapped splice
Compressiveside
Tensileside
(c)Satisfactory
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:
Cd Ts cracks Ts
Cd Ts
Compressionstrut
RigidFlexible
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:
Dowel crack
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Crackcontrolprovidedbyshearreinforcement(Leonhardt etal):
0.8 Maximum crack width (mm) 0.7
1
0.6 0.5
2
0.4 0.3
3
0.2 0.1
4
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
SupportandLoadingPoints:
support
Internal tie
(a)Supportunder
(b)Supportover
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Slabsupportedbyupturnedbeam:
Unreinforced surface
(a)Incorrectdetail
(b)Correctdetail
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Beamtobeamconnection:
Primary girder Secondary beam Compressionstrutinsecondarybeam
suspension reinforcement
R*
(a)Section
Stirrups forshear
Suspension reinforcement
R*
(b)Primarygirder Elevation
(c)Primarygirder Trussanalogy
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Beamtobeamconnection:
(b)Internalrods
Whenaloadisappliedtotheundersideofareinforcedconcrete
beam,somedevicemustbeusedtotransferthishangingloadtothe topofthebeam
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
HalfJointordappedendjoint:
(a)Halfjoint
Hairpinreinforcement Suspensionreinforcement
(b)Strutandtiemodel Reinforcementdetail
(c)Alternativestrutandtiemodel
Reinforcementdetail
DetailingforCrackControl
Excessivecracking duetorestraineddeformation orexternal loads isacommoncauseofdamageinreinforcedconcrete structures. Shrinkagecausesagradualwideningofexistingcracks and timedependentcracking inpreviouslyuncrackedregions. Excessivecracking inthehardenedconcretecanbeavoided byincludingsufficientreinforcementatsufficientlyclose spacings. The minimumquantitiesofreinforcement specifiedforcrack controlinAS3600maynotbewhatisactuallyrequiredinall circumstances.
Thewidthofacrack dependson thequantity,orientationanddistributionofthe reinforcingsteelcrossingthecrack; concretecoverandmembersize; thebondbetweenconcreteandreinforcement inthevicinityofthecrack; thedeformationcharacteristicsofconcrete;and theshrinkagestrain(andthereforethetimeafter crackformation). thecauseofthecrack thedegreeofrestraint
Oftensignificantlymorereinforcementthantheminimum specifiedamountisrequired.
Flexuralcracking:
Service loads
Flexural cracks
Crack spacing, s, varies between 0.5d and 1.5d and depends on - steel area and distribution - cover and the average crack spacing decreases with time due to shrinkage
Crack width, w, depends on - steel stress - bar diameter and bar spacing - cover - adjacent crack spacings and increases with time due to shrinkage
SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009 (Clause8.6.1and9.4.1): Forreinforcedconcretebeamsandslabs,crackingisdeemedtobecontrolled (crackwidthswillbelessthan0.3mm)ifeachofthefollowing issatisfied: (a)thequantityoftensilereinforcementinabeamorslabprovidesan ultimatestrengthatleast20%higherthanthecrackingmoment calculatedassumingcs =0; (b) thedistancefromthesideorsoffit ofthemembertothecentreofthe nearestlongitudinalbarshallnotexceed100mm; (c)Thecentretocentrespacingofbars nearatensionfaceofabeamor slabshallnotexceed300mmforabeam andthelesseroftwotimes theslabthicknessand300mmforaslab. (d)Thestressinthetensilesteelislessthanalimitingvalue(asfollows):
Table 8.6.1(B): Maximum steel stress for flexure in r.c. beams. Centre-to-centre spacing (mm)
50 100 150 200 250 300
Table 9.4.1(B): Maximum steel stress for flexure in r.c. slabs. Centre-to-centre spacing (mm)
50 100 150 200 250 300
RestrainedShrinkageCrackinginSlabs:
Providedthatbondedreinforcementatreasonablespacing crosses thecrackandthatthememberdoesnot deflectexcessively,flexural cracksareusuallywellcontrolledinreinforcedconcretebeamsand slabs. Incontrast,directtensioncracks duetorestrainedshrinkageand temperaturechangesfrequentlyleadtoserviceabilityproblems, particularlyinregionsoflowmoment. Suchcracksusuallyextendcompletelythroughthememberandare moreparallelsidedthanflexuralcracks. Ifuncontrolled,thesecrackscanbecomeverywideandleadto waterproofingandcorrosionproblems. Theycanalsodisrupttheintegrityandthestructuralactionoftheslab.
Theslabisrestrainedbybeamsandshrinkageinducestension intheslabinthedirectionofthebeams
Fulldepthrestrainedshrinkagecracks
Flexuralcracks
RestrainedShrinkageCrackinginSlabsCtd:
Intheprimarydirection,shrinkagewillcausesmallincreasesinthe widthsofthemanyfineflexuralcracksandmaycauseadditional flexuretypecracksinthepreviouslyuncracked regions. However,inthesecondarydirection,whichisineffectadirect tensionsituation,shrinkagegenerallycausesafewwidely spaced crackswhichpenetratecompletelythroughtheslab. Iftheamountofreinforcementcrossingadirecttensioncrackis small,yieldingofthesteelwilloccurandawide,unserviceablecrack willresult.Toavoidthiseventuality,theminimum steelratio,min is
min
Ast 1.2 f ct = = bd f sy min
CrackControlinSlabsAS36002009:
Wheretheendsofaslabarerestrainedandtheslabisnotfree to expandorcontractinthesecondarydirection,theminimumarea of reinforcementintherestraineddirectionisgivenbyeitherEq.1a, 1bor1c,asappropriate(seebelow). Foraslabfullyenclosedwithinabuildingexceptforabriefperiodof weatherexposureduringconstruction: (i)whereastrongdegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
( As )min
= (6.0 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
(9 .2 a ) (1a)
(ii)whereamoderatedegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
( As )min
( As )min
= (3.5 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
( 9.2 b ) (1b)
(iii)whereaminordegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
= (1.75 2.5 cp )b D 10 3 ((1c) 9 .2 c )
( As )min
= (6.0 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
(9 .2 a ) (1a)
( As )min
= (3.5 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
(9 .2 b ) (1b)
ForExposureClassificationsB1,B2,C1andC2,Eq.1aalwaysapplies. TheminimumsteelareagivenbyEq.1cisappropriateinan unrestraineddirection wheretheslabisfreetoexpandorcontract. Intheprimarydirection ofaonewayslaborineachdirectionofa twowayslab,theminimumquantityofreinforcement isthegreaterof theminimumquantityrequiredforthestrengthlimitstate or75% of theminimumarearequiredbyEqs.1a,1bor1c,asappropriate.
Typicalvalues:
Considera140mmthick,4mlongslabfullyrestrainedatbothends andsymmetricallyreinforcedwithN12barsat250mmcentres top andbottom.Hence,As=900mm2/mand =As/Ac =0.00643.
L=4m
140 mm
140 mm
4m
p =As/Ac
2.8 mm
Ifp =0:
0.6 0.7 mm
Ifp =0.0035
0.3 0.4 mm
Ifp =0.006
Detailingofcolumns:
Lappedcompressivesplices:
Additional fitmentspacing, s <4c
Additionalfitmentsat compressivesplice
Tensionat crankedbars
Unsatisfactorytension spliceinthinwall
Detailingofcolumns:
Typicaltiearrangementsincolumns:
Alllongitudinalbarsin thesecolumnsarerestrained at (i)abendinafitmentof135 orless;or (ii)atafitmenthookswith includedangleof135 or less,asshown.
AS36002009requirementsforrestrainingsinglelongitudinalbarsincolumns: (i)Everycornerbar; (ii)Allbars wherebarsarespacedatcentres >150mm; (iii)Atleasteveryalternatebar wherebarcentres 150mm. Forbundledbars eachbundlemustberestrained.
Detailingofcolumns:
Minimumbardiametersforfitments(AS36002009):
Longitudinal bar diameter (mm) Single bars up to 20 Single bars 24 to 28 Single bars 28 to 36 Single bar 40 Bundled bars Minimum bar diameter for fitment and helix (mm) 6 10 12 16 12
Maximumspacingoffitments(AS36002009):
Thespacingoffitments(orthepitchofahelix)shouldnotexceedthe smallerof: Dc and15db forsinglebars 0.5Dc and7.5db forbundledbars
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnections(ortwomemberconnections):
(a)
(b)
(c)
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderOpening Moment:
C
2T
T C M T
Asv =
(a) Unsatisfactory
(b) Unsatisfactory
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderOpening Moment Suggesteddetail:
Diagonal stirrups
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderClosing Moment:
T M M
2T
C
M M
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Threememberconnections:
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Threememberconnections Reinforcementdetail:
Ties to carry diagonal tension, to control vertical splitting and to confine the concrete core
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Fourmemberconnections:
DetailingofCorbels:
Main or primary tensile reinforcement Primary tension steel
T C
Cross bar to distribute bearing stresses in bend Crack control steel
tweld=db/2
db
Anchor bar
weld=db
DesignofCorbels:
a V*
Tie:
V* T= = As f sy tan
( = 0.8)
V* As = f sy tan
C T d D
d/2
Strut: st Cu = st s 0.9 f c Ac
s =
1 1.0 + 0.66 cot 2
(st = 0.6)
(0.3 s 1.0)
Ah As / 2
Figure 8.47
andACI31808suggests
a / d 1.0 and 0.04 f c / f sy As / bw d 0.2 f c / f sy
DesignofCorbels:
400 mm 200 mm 400 mm
V = 500kN
V* T*
D/2
200 mm
D/2 d D
C* d D
bw = 300 mm
(a)
(b)
f c = 32 MPa
f sy = 500 MPa
Cover = 30 mm
DesignofCorbels:
From V * / bwd 0.56 f c :
500 103 d = 526 mm 300 0.56 32
d 100 tan( 90 ) = 47.7o 400 and 500 103 As = = 1138 mm2 0.8 500 tan 47.7 Try4N20bars(1240mm2)
Fromthegeometry:
tan =
Now
As / bw d = 0.0078 = 0.122 f c / f sy
OK
1 = 0.65 1.0 + 0.66 cot 2
Thestrutefficiencyfactor: and
s =
DesignofCorbels:
4 N20 N24 cross-bar (welded to N20s) 4 N20
285
285
285
285
3 N12 stirrups
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
PLAN
PLAN
JOINTSINSTRUCTURES:
Jointsareintroducedintoconcretestructuresfortwomainreasons: 1)Asstoppingplaces intheconcretingoperation.Thelocationof theseconstructionjoints dependsonthesizeandproduction capacityoftheconstructionsiteandworkforce; 2)Toaccommodatedeformation (expansion,contraction,rotation, settlement)withoutlocaldistressorlossofintegrityofthe structure.Suchjointsinclude: controljoints (contractionjoints); expansionjoints; structuraljoints (suchashinges,pinandrollerjoints); shrinkagestrips; and isolationjoints. Thelocationofthesejointsdependsontheanticipated movementsofthestructureduringitslifetimeandtheresulting effectsonstructuralbehaviour.
ConstructionJoints:
1st pour 2nd pour
ControlJoints(orContractionJoints):
Saw cut > 0.2 t and 20 mm t 0.75 t
Typicalcontroljointlocations:
Control joint locations
Alternativeshrinkagestripdetails:
Shrinkage strip
Shrinkage strip
Expansionjointdetails:
25 mm Joint locations
Alternativestructuralhingejointsatbaseofacolumn:
Mesnager hinge
Confinement steel