Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digital Signals: o o o o Can be manipulated more easily than analog signals They are easier to multiplex Can easily be encrypted to ensure privacy Susceptible to noise
Data Compression can be used with a digital signal to reduce its bandwidth to less than that required to transmit the original analog signal. Information Signal sometimes called: Intelligence, the modulating signal, or the baseband signal. The most basic possible communication system consist of a TRANSMITTER, a RECEIVER, and a CHANNEL. Modulation also allows more than one information signal to use the radio channel by simply using a different carrier frequency for each. Demodulation is performed at the receiver in order to recover the original information. Modem converts digital signals generated by the computer into analog form for transmission over the medium at the transmitting end and reverse at the receiving end. In Radio Communication: o The electrical signal is transformed into a high frequency signal and sent over the air. Multiplexer combines the signal from different sources to transmit on the channel. Demultiplexer Used to separate the signals.
1|Page
Processes: Compression Coding we reduce bit rate by adding noise to the data. Most video, image and audio information we can add a lot of noise without causing serious damage. Compaction Coding The second source coding step, introduces no noise. It is exactly invertible at the receiver. Channel Coding o o to package data for passage through the channel. Redundancy (packing data) is added to the signal data in a very controlled way, allows us to detect, even correct at the receiver any bits that are altered by channel noise. Error detection and Correction if the channel is noisy, the received data will have errors. Channel Coding Correction of the errors is done at the receiving end. Switching in telephone networks, the users are to be connected based on the number dialed. Exchange other name for Telephone Switch.
2|Page
3|Page
4|Page
Disadvantages: o o o o o o
5|Page
DIGITAL RADIO Transmission of digitally modulated analog carriers between two or more points in a communication system. Transmission rate is a function of two variables: Frequency number of voltage polarity alternation or electromagnetic field oscillation that occurs in one second. Cycle alteration or oscillation Bandwidth frequency range over which an information signal is transmitted or received. o It is span of frequencies within spectrum occupied by a signal and used by the signal for conveying information. o The greater the bandwidth of the channel, the more frequencies are available and more data can be sent through the channel. Information Capacity represents the number of independent symbols that can be carried through the system in a given unit of time. Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 1922) Edinburgh, Scotland. He did numerous experiments in sound and the furthering of his fathers work on Visible Speech for the deaf. o Bell held 18 patents in his name alone and 12 and he shared with collaborations. Thomas Watson Bell worked with Thomas W. on the design and patent of the first practical phone. Ralph Vinton Lyon Hartley (November 30, 188 May 1, 1970) was an electronic researcher.
6|Page
7|Page
8|Page
16-QAM o
9|Page
Bandwidth Efficiency o o
10 | P a g e
11 | P a g e
12 | P a g e
13 | P a g e