The Cold War

The Cold War is another controversial part of the aftermath of World War II. I have lived under the very end of the Cold War. The Cold War ended when I was in elementary school as a young child. Instead of having Henry Wallace's vision of peaceful coexistence in the globe, the Cold War witnessed conflicts globally (and America and the Soviet Union were almost at a stage of nuclear exchange in many instances). The roots of the Cold War came from WWII. Democracy, capitalism, communism, socialism, and other ideologies existed all over human history. Yet, by WWII, humans had a capacity in the first time in human history to kill all human life rather swiftly with the advent of nuclear technology. The Cold War existed when the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French colonial empire were starting to end. That was a good thing since colonial Empires in the globe are always immoral. To Franklin Delano Roosevelt's credit, he was a vigorous opponent of colonialism. He wanted nations to have independence and be free from colonial, nefarious oppression. FDR agreed with the Atlantic Charter that allowed nations to be free in formulating their own system of government excluding economic exploitation or inherit oppression. It is also important to note that in this time period, African Americans strongly advanced independence for former colonized human beings as well like Paul Robeson. Elliott Roosevelt or FDR's son said that FDR was fighting WWII to see former colonies to develop economically. Roosevelt wanted Vietnam to be independent from French colonialism as well before he died. British Prime Minister ordered the Imperial General Staff to draft a war plan against the Soviet Union within days of Franklin D. Roosevelts death on April 12, 1945. That is why General George Marshall or Chief of the U.S. General Staff refused to go along with it. Nationalists like Sukarno of Indonesia, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Zhou Enlai of China wanted freedom. Sukarno said that he wanted equality and social justice in the realm of nationalism and internationalism. He said that Internationalism cannot grow without the soil of nationalism.

Sukarno gave the Panca Sila or the Five Principles to the word. It included nationalism,

internationalism, representative government, social justice, and a belief in God. The

African/Asian Bandung Conference of 1955 wanted a neutral Non-Aligned Movement as a means
for human beings to advance their own interests without being manipulated by mainstream Capitalists or mainstream Communists at all. When FDR died, Harry Truman took on a more reactionary approach to foreign policy affairs. Dean Acheson and Averell Harriman (a Bonesman) stirred President Harry Truman to advance recolonization and Cold War near hysteria. Humans are not cattle. Man is made in the image of God, so the nation state ought to reject feudalism and advance human liberty. The state should serve human beings and allow every male and every female to contribute their talent to the civilization of the world as a whole. Mountbatten was a British military leader who led imperialism after WWII as well. On September 2, 1945, the Japanese surrender unconditionally to the U.S. on board of the USS Missouri to Representative General Douglas MacArthur. The Gouzenko affair of September 5, 1945 marked in my opinion the beginning of the Cold War. The story is that Igor Gouzenko was a clerk working in the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Canada. Igor defects and provides proof to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police of a Soviet spy ring operating in Canada and other western countries. The Gouzenko affair allowed much of the West to view the Soviet Union from an ally to a foe. The media on February 1946 exposed this story to the public and the Cold War grew from that moment onward. Igor caused many Communists to be arrested like Fred Rose, Sam Carr, and scientists Raymond Boyer. The elite used unjust wars and placed the total blame on America as a means to try to slander Americans collectively (when the new world order system and its imperialist aims came from European elitists not all Europeans). Now, Truman allowed more agitation in the Cold War. Eisenhower became more reasonable in foreign policy than Truman though since he has seen war up close and personal. He lived it as an American Army General during World War Two. Winston Churchill made his Iron Curtain speech where he talked about Communism and the Soviet Union as an evil empire bent on world domination. Churchill and other extremists exploited the rise of Mao over China and other events in Greece (like the late 1940's Greek civil war) as an excuse to talk about the Red Scare (or the silly view that all Communists collectively wanted to dominate all aspects of the world society via in a totalitarian fashion). You can easily disagree with Communism and allow nations to accept or reject Communism as an economic system if they want to in a peaceful fashion. In January of 1946, there was the continuation of the Chinese Civil War between Communist and Nationalist forces. Maos Communist forces won. Far too often, some individuals ignore the great contributions of Black Americans in anti-colonialism efforts. African American human beings of numerous intellectual and ideological perspectives publicly disagreed strongly with the nefarious injustice of Western imperialism. These African Americans wanted true racial equality or true racial egalitarianism in a modern or contemporary sense. During the era of World War Two, black newspapers like the Pittsburgh Courier, the New York Amsterdam News, and others gave African American an outlet to view that the United Nations can terminate colonialism. Now, this was before the UN was ultimately infiltrated fully by Western elitists and others though from the Council on Foreign Relations, etc. The Courier was a Republican paper, but it was extremely anticolonial. It gave great, extensive coverage of nationalist movements around the world and it hailed the successes of colonial troops. They allowed columns from nationalist leaders to be in their work like Indian nationalist Kumar Goshal, the Chinese writer Liu Liang Mo, and the African nationalist Prince A. A. Nwafor Orizu of Nigeria. The Courier was read in colonies as well. This proved that tons of African Americans have an internationalist mindset and understood the struggle of human beings of color worldwide. These individuals wanted everything that everyone else deserves: independence, equality, and freedom. This anti-colonialist feeling was expressed from black human beings from across the political spectrum. Mainstream leaders like Walter White and A. Philip Randolph urged African Americans to support the war while seeking the achievement of racial equality at home and the abolition of colonialism abroad. The

Courier also published regular columns that frequently discussed international affairs by a Pan-Africanist Marxist, George Padmore; by a black nationalist popular historian, J. A. Rogers; and by a curmudgeonly Menckenesque anticommunist, George Schuyler. The distinguished Howard University historian, Dr. Rayford W. Logan, then the most

prominent African American specialist on international relations in the Courier, wanted liberation as well. Many of the authors in the Courier viewed Winston Churchill as an imperialist and
Tory like bigot who wants to advance white supremacy. Winston Churchill was radically in favor of the British Empire. Kwame Nkrumah wanted immediate independence for colonies in 1945. At a May 18, 1945 meeting of the American delegation, Charles W. Taussig, FDR's confidant on colonial affairs, read an impassioned statement arguing that the United States would have poor relations with the non-white peoples of the world if it refused to support independence for colonial possessions. Yet, the delegates in the early UN wanted some token efforts for the sake of paranoia about the Soviet Union. The San Francisco Conference failed to advance real independence, but allow the trustees of colonial powers to dictate alone the terms of independence. It would take years later for the Third World to be more successful in being free from imperialists.

Agitation
One of the parts of the Cold War was that the establishment used propaganda in advancing deception about the Cold War. The establishment is made up of the power elite in international finance, business, and professions in the Western Hemisphere and Europe. Even Edith Kermit Roosevelt believed that there was a socialist conspiracy to harm the world including the U.S. Constitution (which is a red baiting ideology). Edith was a rabid anti-Communist who did not care about the real interests of the ordinary working human beings of the world. Edith was a rabid anti-communist. She even organized pro-Vietnam War rallies in Washington alongside Rev. Carl McIntyre. Her family worked for the CIA. When you look at the bigger picture, things stand out. We see that the Morgans, the Mellons, the Rockefellers, and others having huge influence in American economic including political circles in the early 20th century. The Western establishment further controlled U.S. foreign policy, especially after FDR died. The Wall Street

insiders Kennan, Acheson, Bohlen, Lovett, Harriman, and McCloy were Harry Truman's trusted advisors. Harry Truman created the CIA by signing the National Security Act of 1947. Truman allowed China to be taken by Mao's Communism when he or Truman claimed to be so anti-Communist. We know that the Truman Doctrine created the basis for American preventive actions and interventionist against any nation that was going Communist. One example was when Harry Truman was active in giving aid to the reactionary Greeks
in the Greek civil war of 1947. Harry Truman did execute some legitimate things domestically (like desegregating the Armed Forces via Executive Order 9981, he wanted national health insurance, he tried to end the Haft-Tarpley Act), but on foreign policy matters, he was highly lax in opposing colonialism or imperialism. The Cold War intensified when the Communists took over Czechoslovakia in February of 1948 and the Berlin Blockade began on June 24, 1948. Mao Zedong took over China by September of 1949. NATO was ratified in the same year as well.

Over a period of three years or so we killed off what twenty percent of the population. - Curtis LeMay quoted in Richard Rhodes, The General and World War III, The New Yorker, June 19, 1995, p. 53.

The Korean War

The Korean War lasted from 1950 to 1953. The Soviet Union was not directly involved in the war. North Korea was no direct threat to America and a negotiated, peaceful settlement can solve the conflict in the Korean Peninsula. It started in June of 1950 and it allowed NATO powers under the United Nations umbrella to intervene in the Korean peninsula. During the Korean War, the United States Air Force demolished every target over one story. It dropped more napalm than it did later in Vietnam. The Korean War ended with a stalemate and the U.S. refused to sign a peace treaty. During the 1950's, North Korea lost 30% of its population as a result of the U.S. led bombings in Korea. The mainstream media portrays North Korea today as some aggressive nation that is a threat to global security. We can't know about the Koran peninsula without understanding about the Korean War. During that war, 20 percent of North Korea's population during the Korea war was killed by extensive bombings. General Curtis LeMay was involved in the massacres. North

Korea was destroyed of its 78 cities and thousands of her villages. Official South Korean government sources estimate North Korean civilian deaths at 1,550,000. Refugees came from Yongdong on July 26, 1950. Hundreds of refugees were massacred by U.S. soldiers and warplanes at bridge at No Gun Ri (eight miles away) the day before. LeMay bragged about killing civilians in the Korean War and WWII. If similar acts occurred in America, Americans would say that these acts are a threat to national security. General Curtis Lemay acknowledges that [we] eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway, some way or another, and some in South Korea too. Estimates believe that about 3 million Korean human beings have been murdered as a result of the Korean War. Bruce Cumings, chair of the Department of History at the University of Chicago, whose book The Korean War (Modern Library Chronicles) takes an objective look at the conflict. Bruce Cumings said that the North Koreans had a reputation for viciousness, but he mentioned that the U.S. had engaged in more civilian massacres. The West dropped over half a million tons of bombs and thousands of napalm. This was more than was shown on the entire Pacific theater in World War II, almost indiscriminately. In essence, the Korean conflict was a precursor to Vietnam. The reason is that both Korea and Vietnam experienced a divided country. Each fought a long anticolonial war with a committed and underestimated enemy. The U.S. came into both nations to fight. There are controversies, disillusionment spreads among the U.S. soldiers. Lies are told at the top as a means to ignore of obfuscate the bad news. Cumings adds, Rapes were extremely common. Koreans in the South will still say that that was one of the worst things of the war (was how) many American soldiers were raping Korean women. Here is information about that war from that criminal Curtis LeMay:

After destroying North Koreas 78 cities and thousands of her villages, and killing countless numbers of her civilians, [General] LeMay remarked, Over a period of three years or so we killed off what twenty percent of the population. It is now believed that the population north of the imposed 38th Parallel lost nearly a third its population of 8 9 million people during the 37-month long hot war, 1950 1953, perhaps an unprecedented percentage of mortality suffered by one nation due to the belligerance of another. (Brian Willson, Korea and the Axis of Evil, Global Research, October 2006)
Cuming found a lot of South Korean research since the nation was more democratized in the 1990s about the massacres of Korean civilians. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Seoul have shown this information. Cumings said about 100,000 South Koreans were killed in political violence between 1945 and 1950 and perhaps as many as 200,000 more were killed during the early months of the war. This compares to about 200,000 civilians put to death in Spain in Francos political massacres. The Pentagon firebombed North Korean cities more intensively than any of those it firebombed during World War II. The city of Sin Eui Ju on the Chinese border was 95 percent destroyed, Pyongyang was 85 percent destroyed, and Hamhung (an industrial city) was 80 percent destroyed. By the end of 1951, there were not numerous bombing targets left in North Korea. The North Korean were experienced in fighting, because they fought with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War. The West underestimated the North Korean military forces. Again, when the CIA had warned MacArthur that 200,000 Chinese troops were crossing the border into North Korea, MacArthur said, Ill take care of it, dont worry about it, China***** cant fight. However, the Chinese routed U.S. forces, clearing them out of Korea in two weeks. Sometimes I wonder why the world isnt worse off than it is, the historian reflected, because people make

such unbelievably stupid decisions that will affect the lives of hundreds of thousands of people (based) on stupid biases. So, MacArthur had some prejudice or bigotry against Chinese human beings that was sinful indeed. The intensive bombings of North Korea caused the North Koreans to build 15,000 underground facilities. This action placed whole factories, dormitories, and even airfields underground. The historian Cummings believes that all parties to the war bear some responsibility for its outbreak. He wrote the following information:

What they did was take an existing civil conflict that had been going on five years and take it to the level of a conventional war, and for that, they bear a lot of responsibility.
Both sides in the war initiated pitch border battles from 1947 onward. The General in charge of the U.S. advisory group said that the South Koreans started more than half of these pitched battles along the 38th parallel borer with North Korea between May and December of 1949. Both Norths Kim II-sung and the Souths Syngman Rhee wanted to fight all out all of the time. They were only restrained by American and Soviet advisers. After his troops came back from China, Kim Il-sung stationed his crack Sixth Division just north of Seoul and when hostilities broke out captured the South Korean capital in just three days. Our intelligence knew about these (troops) butcompletely underestimated them, Cumings said, and a lot of Americans got killed because they underestimated them. The South did not develop the kind of military that the North Koreans did, and this is one of the truly hidden aspects of the Korean War. The North Koreans had tens of thousands (50,000) of fighters in the Chinese Civil War they sent across the border as early as Spring of 1947, Cumings said. This gave the North Koreans a cadre of battle-tested fighters that routed the Seoul governments troops. American military troops were outlawing progressive parties in South Korea during the late 1940s. In all, Korea suffered 3 million civilian dead during the 1950-53 war, more killed than the 2.7 million Japan suffered during all of World War II. The Armistice Agreement was signed in July 27, 1953.

You can tell by this photo that they didnt like each other at all.
General Douglas MacArthur has a mixed legacy in history. He was heavily involved in the Cold War, not just in World War II (which he is famous for). He had a strong tendency to ally with more reactionary elements of U.S. politics. Even FDR called him one of the most dangerous men in America back in 1932 when he was the Democratic nominee for President. Douglas MacArthur oversaw the suppression of the bonus march. This was when tens of thousands of unemployed WWI veterans came into Washington, D.C. Many of the men were destitute. They wanted Congress to appropriate money for early payment of a cash service bonus, which was opposed by then President Hoover. MacArthur was told to disperse the bonus marchers. Yet, MacArthur exceeded the instructions given him by Hoover, revealing his hatred of some of the working class and contempt for civilian leadership. MacArthur falsely viewed the protest as some communist conspiracy. These men were just veterans desiring compensation and economic liberty. MacArthur was the then army Chief of Staff. He sent his troops across the Anacostia River as a means to destroy the encampment sheltering the families of the veterans. The attack came and 2 babies suffocated from tear gas and a boy was bayoneted through the leg. This action caused Hoover to be heavily unpopular politically. Roosevelt soon won the 1932 election. The attack on the Bonus March prompted Washington Post columnist Drew Pearson to denounce MacArthur as dictatorial and insubordinate. The general filed a $1.75 million libel suit against Pearson and another Post columnist. The two sides eventually came to a seedy compromise with MacArthur agreeing to drop the suit and Pearson promising not to publish love letters the general had written to his Philippine-born mistress. MacArthur did not agree with the New Deal, because he did not want efforts to ameliorate the plight of the unemployed (as a means in his mind to threaten the free enterprise system). MacArthur did not like it when Roosevelt cut military spending to help pay for New Deal programs. Roosevelt knew of MacArthur's streak, but he appointed him commander of all U.S. forces in the Pacific because of his military experience. MacArthur presided over the biggest single defeat in U.S. military history over in 1942 in the Philippines. He also led military victories in New Guinea of 1944, the Philippines in 1945, and some victories in the Korean War in 1950. One positive side of him was that he wanted to show compassion toward Japan after they were defeated. He respected Japanese culture and wanted a rebuilding of Japan. Yet, even that history is not black and white. PBS brings to our attention the fact that MacArthur even forced Hideki Tojo to alter testimony at his war crimes trial in order to absolve the emperor of any responsibility for Japanese militarism. Instead, Tojo and a handful of generals, who were chosen more or less arbitrarily as symbolic scapegoats, were sent to face the hangman. MacArthur wanted capitalism to reign in Japan. Japan's new constitution would be similar to European parliamentary models. He soon allowed restrictions of progressive Japanese political organizations and that the Japanese economy would be based on recommendations by American bankers (instead of Japan controlling their own destinies). MacArthur was fired during the Korean War since Truman felt that MacArthur wanted to override Presidential authority. U.S. air support prevented the Korean War to exist as a victory for the Communists.

Douglas MacArthur wanted total victory in Korea even if it meant to battle against the Chinese. One of his greatest strategies from a military standpoint during the Korean War was his action in Inchon during September 1950. It was an allied landing that prevented the Communists from ruling the entire peninsula. He or General Douglas MacArthur advocated the bombing of bases in Manchuria, the blockading of the Chinese coast, and the introduction of Nationalist Chinese forces into the war. Truman did not want this since he wanted a limited conflict where a negotiated settlement could come about. In Truman's mind, it was a police action not an internationalist war. MacArthur portrayed himself as the innocent victim of backstabbing politicians. The Republicans asked him to address both houses of Congress and he was feted to a massive ticker tape parade in New York. MacArthur had shortcomings, but even he was right to disagree with the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. To his credit, he advised President John F. Kennedy to not issue a ground war offensive in Vietnam and Laos. The truth is that Communism and Capitalism are fallible economic systems. Each has low level members that sincerely wanted justice and true freedom for all humankind. It is just that the global elite exploited these systems as a means to control world society and to crush sincere, authentic Nationalist or Revolutionary movements (made up of those from across the political spectrum) in the world. It is neither a communist conspiracy nor a capitalist conspiracy per se. They or the international elite just use laissez faire capitalism and the Stalinist version of Communism as a means to carry forward their agenda. It is a globalist conspiracy where select oligarchs want a neoliberal globalized system (filled with monopolies) in the world. That is why the reactionaries are deluded to say nothing on economic inequality in the world. When you look at Douglas MacArthur's fairly, his legacy is mixed. He has done many good things for the world and he made grave errors in the world as well (like allying with the same reactionary extremists that fund the anti-liberty advocate Joseph McCarthy). Yes, he was buried in Norfolk, Virginia in the MacArthur Museum. When I was a kid, I visited there and saw his tomb, so we live history every day. I saw the tomb of his wife, who was born in Norfolk, Virginia as well.

Reinhard Gehlen and ODESSA

One of the most evil portions of the Cold War was when the CIA collaborated with some of the Nazis. The CIA used a Nazi spy network (filled with war criminals) as a means to fight Communism. The CIA wanted to counter the Soviet Union influence in the world when the truth is that the Soviet Union by the late 1970's was not a serious military threat to American soil at all. The CIA compromised the tenet of the tolerance of human rights for the sake of allying with some Nazis (in the name of anti-communism). Today, even in Europe, there are still neo-fascists whose ideological predecessors were the Nazis from the Third Reich. This sick, evil alliance dealt with the actions of the Nazi General Reinhard Gehlen. He was Hitler's top anti-Soviet spy. Gehlen once oversaw all of Germany's intelligence capabilities all over Eastern Europe and the then U.S.S.R. Soon, the war was about to end. Gehlen knew that he had to work with the Allies as a means to live in the peace. Yet, he also realized that the United States and the UK would ideologically battle against the Soviet after WWII. This battle was agitated by Churchill and others. That is why he or Reinhard Gehlen was involved in U.S. intelligence entities as a means to overtly including covertly fight against the Soviet Union. Gehlen surrendered to the Allies as a means for fight in the Cold War. Yalta required any captured German officers to go to the Soviets if they were involved in eastern area activities. Gehlen was still sent to Fort Hunt, Virginia. Gehlen dined with U.S. officials and he talked to them about his paranoia about the Soviet Union. While his ten month stay at Fort Hunt, Gehlen polished his image up. Gehlen lied and said that he was never really a Nazi, but he was just an anti-Communist Crusader. CIA Director Allen Dulles boosted Gehlen. Gehlen Org was Gehlen spy organization. He worked for Hitler once. Later, Gehlen Org enlisted thousands of SS veterans, Gestapo, and Wehrmacht members. This was in violation of Gehlen's promise to America that he would not employ hardcore Nazis. The Org even had folks who administered the Holocaust. These folks included Alois Brunner. Brunner was Adolf

Eichmann's right hand man. The CIA and Gehlen supported this man. U.S. officials knew this and they supported Gehlen's movement, because they wanted to fight communism. The CIA via Gehlen connected with former leaders of every Nazi puppet government (like in the Baltics, in the Black Sea, and the rogue gallery of Waffen SS extremists). Gehlen's spy network worked in Central Europe. Gehlen was the head of the Western German secret service or the BND. Gehlen could influence American foreign policy matters in the Soviet Bloc. The Org aided NATO and gave about two thirds of raw intelligence on Warsaw Pact nations. "What we had, essentially, was an agreement to exploit each other, each in his own national interest," said James Critchfield, a CIA operative who worked with Gehlen on a daily basis for eight years. "The Agency loved Gehlen because he fed us what we wanted to hear," an ex-CIA officer told writer Christopher Simpson. "We used his stuff constantly, and we fed it to everybody else -- the Pentagon, the White House, the newspapers. They loved it, too. But it was hyped up Russian bogeyman junk, and it did a lot of damage to this country." Gehlen caused disinformation, because America was too reliant on Gehlen for information on the Soviets. The Soviet threat was soon hyped up. The Russian military intentions were exaggerated. There was the paranoia about a communist conspiracy to take over the whole world back then. Hitler's heirs loved the Cold War since it removed the target of fascists and focused on reactionary aims. Many Nazi war criminals escaped justice during this era of history as well. The ODESSA network allowed Third Reich expatriates and fascist collaborators to find jobs in the Middle East including Latin America (to advance death squads. Some of these Nazis were security advisers). Gehlen tried to neutralize American intelligence according to the retired U.S. espionage officer William Corson. Some neo-fascists organizations agitated against America too. Soon, the Org ironically would have Soviet spies. Many ex-Nazis in Gehlen's group hated democratic America, so some of them enabled the USSR to penetrate West Germany's secret service. Even some U.S. intelligence operatives said that having Gehlen on their team was a mistake. The widespread CIA funding of fascists resulted in the spreading of anti-human and anti-democratic forces all over the Earth. This was a huge error of the Cold War (of allowing Gehlen that much power in intelligence when he should have been tried and convicted for crimes against humanity).

We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law. We will not walk in fear, one of another. We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason, if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men

-Journalist Edward R. Murrow (On March 9, 1954 at Murrow's show called See It Now)

The McCarthyism Era

In February 1950, Joseph McCarthy begins his Communist witch hunt. The members of the American Security Council aided Senator McCarthy. McCarthy believed that a vast Communist conspiracy threatens the entire world. Joseph McCarthy was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1946. Joseph McCarthy was trained by the Jesuits in Marquette University. He was advised by Georgetown University Jesuit Edmond A. Walsh. He was right that human beings have the right to peacefully and vigorously disagree with Communism from a philosophical or ideological standpoint. He is wrong to try to ruin folks' lives and human free speech rights, because of someone's views on economic or political issues. We have the freedom of expression for a reason here. Even if someone is a Communist, that person has the right to be a Communist in a free and open society. The Adams Chronology, even toned down, cited 48 instances of pressure being put on Army officials by McCarthy and Cohn, to attempt to secure preferential treatment for Schine, including regarding Schine's postings, and demands for frequent passes for Schine. These passes were not only for weekends but weeknights, even during basic training. It also showed

Cohn threatening to "wreck the Army," if his petulant demands for Schine's company were not granted. In the final analysis, FBI leader J. Edgar Hoover agitated that reactionary movement as a means to eliminate more progressive voices in American society under the guise of anti-Communism. It was during the 1950's where McCarthyism violated human civil liberties. Even if you disagree with Communism, being a Communist in America is not illegal at all. When he or Joe McCarthy started to accused Generals like General George C. Marshall and military leaders (he tried to humiliate a decorated WWII General Ralph Zwicker at a hearing on February 18 in New York City) of being sympathetic to Communists, then the Eisenhower administration has a license in their mind to publicly oppose McCarthy. Ironically in response to the McCarthyite hysteria, the Eisenhower Supreme Court ironically did

something about it. The high court threw out state sedition laws that were on the books in 33 states. It affirmed the right to assert the Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination, and that an assertion of the privilege could not be used as a confession of guilt. It cut back the Federal loyalty program, and it threw out a number of Smith Act convictions. Finally, it threw out a contempt-of-Congress conviction. This allowed the
curtailing the powers of Congressional committees to conduct investigations that strayed far beyond legitimate oversight or law-making.

McCarthyism is always a controversial part of world history. There were witch hunts in the late 1940's and the 1950'. Many actors and writers were banned from doing any acting work. There was a purging of so-called militants in cultural and political life. There was the stifling of critical thought. Hundreds of human beings were jailed, thousands were deprived of jobs, and some were ruined of their livelihoods because of their political views. The fruits of the evil McCarthyism era are seen today. We can see much of the subservient American trade union movement, the commercialized Hollywood television and movie industry, and some of the conformist including stultified state of academia. Cultural life and intellectual life has been constricted in that era. In political arena, reactionary propaganda common now has been influenced from McCarthyism as well. The biggest era of McCarthyism is that it viewed socialism as solely some monolithic force that harmed human beings when ideologies can be complex. History is readily gray. You don't have to agree with socialism or communism, but not all communists and not all socialists want to kill folks and make society into some totalitarianism system. During that era of history, the FBI subverted civil liberties. There was the government, backed by the AFL-CIO, to destroy left-wing unions such as the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers and the Maritime Cooks and Stewards Union. Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America, published by historian Ellen Schrecker, attempts a new examination of the McCarthy period. Schrecker, a professor of history at Yeshiva University, spent more than 20 years studying the McCarthy period. Her previous works on the subject include No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities and The Age of McCarthyism. Schrecker is right to expose that the excessive red baiting rhetoric of the period harmed society in general. He wrote about efforts by some to stop the production and distribution of the film Salt of the Earth. The movie showed a strike by members of the Mine Mill union against Empire Zinc in New Mexico. The project was an effort by blacklisted Hollywood screenwriters, actors and technicians. They encountered ferocious resistance, including attacks by a vigilante mob and the refusal of technicians to process and edit the film. Schrecker is wrong to assume that the socialist opponents of Stalinism wanted to attack democratic rights. The American Trotskyists, at that time represented by the Socialist Workers Party, opposed the CP on an anti-capitalist basis, citing its crimes against the interests of the working class. In contrast, the McCarthyite red-

baiters and their liberal allies denounced the CP for allegedly trying to foment a revolution in the US, a fantastic and absurd charge based partly on ignorance and partly on conscious deception. Many socialists disagreed with Stalinism since to them; it betrayed the interests of workers in the class struggle. American Stalinism gave personnel for the assassination of Leon Trotsky in Coyoacan, Mexico in 1940. Even after WWII, the imperialists tried to harm democratic freedoms. Many unions were purged of those accused of being Communists.

Yet, the catch was that this Communist purge harmed those that were not even Communists (and being a Communist is not even against the U.S. Constitution). Some were harmed, because they opposed Jim Crow segregation and wanted progressive action in the world. This in turn also levied a heavy toll on the unions. Among the questions asked of Dorothy Bailey, a black U.S. Employment Service employee, to prove supposed Communist sympathies, was: Did you ever write a letter to the Red Cross about the segregation of blood? (Quoted in Biondi, To Stand and Fight). She was fired from her job. Black workers were asked, Have you ever had dinner with a mixed group? Have you ever danced with a white girl? White workers were asked if they ever entertained blacks in their home. Witnesses before the witch-hunting commissions were asked, Have you had any conversations that would lead you to believe [the accused] is rather advanced in his thinking on racial matters? (Philip S. Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619-1973 [1974]). There was the purging of black sailors, longshoremen, and black postal workers as well during that time period. When WEB Dubois finally woke up, after his disgraceful conduct towards Marcus Garvey, the NAACP ousted him. This was after he supported Henry Wallace presidential candidacy in the 1948 elections. Even when Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. followed pacifism and nonviolence, even he was monitored illegally by the FBI.
*Glen Beck has been compared to Joseph McCarthy in more ways than one. Glen Beck has been exposed for many years. His extremism and his proliferation of demagoguery are similar to that of Joseph McCarthy indeed. Glen Beck comes in a long line of reactionaries, and controversial figures like Rush Limbaugh, Bill O'Reilly, Sean Hannity, and Lou Dobbs. Glen Beck has been more overt on television in saying irrational comments while the others usually say some of the most hateful rhetoric on radio shows, etc. He once called the President a racist without any evidence whatsoever. He was a coward and disrespected the President's daughter and then was forced to apologize. He hates progressive change in society. He told the Muslim Congressman Keith Ellison to prove to me that you are not working with our enemies." Beck said that he wants to dispose those from Guantanamo detainees by shooting them in the head. He slandered the brothers and sisters (including all human beings) that were victims of Hurricane Katrina in the most fragrantly evil terms. He wanted the victims of Hurricane Katrina to be removed from their own lands, so predatory developers could exploit their neighborhoods for profit. Ironically, some of this occurred in real life in Louisiana. Like numerous reactionaries, Glen Beck harbors an antiimmigrant mindset. It is one thing to morally disagree with illegal immigration. It is quite another for him to equate illegal immigrants collectively as carriers of diseases and activators of huge amounts of criminal activities. Immigrants deserve human treatment and justice not slander. Glen Beck was on once on FOX News and now he has his own radio show. He recently converted to the religion of Mormonism. Back in 2010, he led a march in Washington; D.C. Glenn Beck claimed that he wanted a return to morality and sober living among all Americans. Yet, some of the speakers there and Beck advanced militarism and economic regressive philosophies.

He tried to invoke Dr. King when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. completely rejected militarism in the Vietnam War. Glen Beck once hated Dr. King in that same year of early 2010. Beck rejects the legitimate ideal that we need jobs and decent housing for all Americans not some. The reality is that we have huge unemployment and only by revolutionary changes can we can see a drop in the unemployment rate. One of his biggest errors is Beck claiming that Nazism was socialism. That is a lie, because reactionaries loved the Nazis. The Nazis wanted eugenics, workers' rights were suppressed, one nation was ruled by one autocratic dictator, they allowed the privatization of the banking system in Germany, and the Nazis hated the Communists ideologically. The Nazis murdered left wing opponents including the Social Democrats by the tens of thousands. Now, we are witness more than 50 years after the 1963 March on Washington, D.C. There are those that want to ruin the Dream, but we want to reclaim and continue the Dream in our generation. The Dream is about the end of barbaric racial oppression in America and the eradication of economic injustices that plagues all Americans. It is about the existence of a just society filled with real justice and equality. It is about the challenging of society to be better. Dr. Martin Luther King talked about poverty, discrimination, war, and other legitimate topics in the world society. In a speech two months before his death, King denounced American foreign policy as a bitter, colossal contest for supremacy. Referring again to Vietnam, he said, We are criminals in that war and have committed more war crimes almost than any nation in the world. So, we do witness clearly that the Dream is about also the end of warfare and all forms of wars. Militarism and imperialism readily cause economic destruction globally and more hatreds in society. The working class deserves justice including the homeless. Today, we see many shining lights of humans fighting for truth. Likewise, we still see the establishment using their agents as a means to advance compromise, war, neoliberalism, and other evils. After 1968, the establishment used the privileged layer of the upper middle class as a means to not only ignore the interests of the poor, but to make it seem that radical progress has been made in the USA (when we know that not to be true with huge unemployment, suppression of liberties, and a war on terror). Today, we should still fight jobs, fight for a decent living, and right for social services.

The Pilgrim Society

Leading Pilgrim Society members would be founders and leaders of the Royal Institute for International Affairs, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Atlantic Councils, Bilderberg, the Trilateral Commission, the Atlantic Institute of International Affairs, the International Institute of Strategic Studies, the Carnegie and Rockefeller Foundations, the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Trade and Economic Council, the U.S.-China Business Council, the America-China Society, the Americas Society, etc. Many of these organizations dealt with Cold War issues. Therefore, the Western establishment exploits the economic systems of capitalism and communism as a means to rule over the major functions of society in general. The CFR, since the end of World War II, has in fact been the most important foreign policy engine promoting Anglo-American corporate Imperialism around the world, utilizing laissez faire Capitalism as their weapon, and not Communism. So, we should have a fair economy, strong nation-states, and call for the government to promote and protect the general welfare of all of its citizens. Today, the Left/Right Paradigm has been heavily influenced by the Jesuits, high level Knights of Malta, Scottish Rite Freemasonry, and the Grand Orient Freemasonry.

Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech increased anti-Communist paranoia. This caused many sincere nationalists to be slandered as communists. In Thailand, the Free Thai's Pridi was replaced by Philbun, who agreed with allying with the Anglo-American Cold warriors. Stalin used a blockade of Berlin; he

occupied Czechoslovakia, and had a more confrontational policy in Asia. These actions were a part of the Cold War history. Many Western imperialists and many communists acted against the nationalists. That is why some falsely subscribed to the notion that any nationalist action is equivalent to communism. Many in the West failed to assist nationalists and some leaders joined with the Soviets since the West refused to assist them (like Ho Chi Minh asking America for help in building Vietnam back in 1949. They refused, so Ho Chi Minh received assistance from the Soviet Union). Even the Cold Warrior John Foster Dulles (back in the 1950's) pressured the French to continue their colonialism against Vietnam until they were defeated in Dien Bein Phu (in 1954). John Foster Dulles was an enemy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Dulles refused to recognize the People's Republic of China. Regardless if you agree with all of China's policies or not, even Richard Nixon recognized China when he was President. When Eisenhower was discussing even dtente with China, Dulles refused to accept that goal. Dulles didn't even like China being allowed to participate in the Korean armistice talks. He hated the Geneva talks of 1954 with Chinese involvement. Eisenhower continued with the talks anyway. Dulles refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai. He or Enlai wanted peaceful coexistence with China's neighbors and Western powers. Before the Geneva Convention on Vietnam, which was back in April of 1954, Zhou made bilateral agreements with India and Burma. This caused the Five Peaceful Coexistence. These principles talked about mutual respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, equality, and noninterference in internal affairs. The Spirit of Bandung is influenced by this initiative as advanced by Zhou, Nehru, and U Nu.

Enough Said. This image to the left shows David Rockefeller and Zhou Enlai. David Rockefeller wrote

in praise of Mao. The Chinese people are never our enemy. The Chinese human beings have a great history and a dynamic legacy. The enemy is international elitists manipulating nations (utilizing the system of white supremacy) all over the world. That is the true enemy.

China
The Cold War has a long history. There has been a discussion about China. The truth is sometimes in between the two extremes. Not everyone in China is some enemy regardless of what anti-Communist extremists say. Yet, some in the leadership of China have made errors. Modern Chinese national power came as a result of the Chinese Revolution in 1949. It was led by Mao Zedong. Mao and his Chinese Communist Party defeated the nationalists. Mao later worked in the realm of Stalinist thought. He wanted a national state and Chinese leaders after Mao wanted coexistence with global capitalism. Mao wanted a bloc of four classes and he wanted a new democracy. Once, the People's Liberation Army entered cities, strikes and other independent workers' struggles were routinely suppressed. The Mao regime postponed land reform and the Chinese Trotskyists (who opposed such policies and wanted the independent mobilization of the working class) were murdered. Some were thrown into prison by the hundreds at the hands of Maoists to be released. There was the Great Leap Forward in 1958 and the Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1969 were huge historical events. There was the rapprochement of Nixon with China in the 1970's. President Richard Nixon made a visit to China in 1972. He shook hands with Mao Zedong in Beijing in the date of February 21, 1972. Even before Nixon was elected President, Nixon talked about the need for better relations with the PRC. Kissinger met with Premier Zhou. Richard Nixon wanted Triangulation. Triangulation is the political plan where America would play the Soviet Union and China against each other as a means for both nations to be split (and the American hegemony to be stronger at the

expense of the tension or divisions among China and the Soviet Union). Nixon had positive coverage by the media in the whole affair. He was praised for his actions by the political establishment. Mao was ill during this time period of Nixon visiting him, but he was strong enough to visit him. Richard Nixon visited the Great Wall, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. Nixon and China wanted to try to have full normalization via the Shanghai Communique. Some privatization came about with Deng Xiaoping. Deng even made the slogan of: "To get rich is glorious." Today, virtually all the land collectivized after 1949 has been restored to private ownership, restrictions on private ownership of industry have been largely dismantled and a massive penetration of foreign capital has been encouraged.

There is still huge social inequality and forced abortion in China. Likewise in America, we still have huge economic inequality, police brutality, and other evils. The Tiananmen Square massacre outlined some who wanted real social and political reforms being crushed by an authoritarian regime. Ruling bureaucrats in China used military tanks and other police state tactics as a means to crush the Chinese people's right to have free speech and political freedom. Folks wanted independent trade unions as well. The bloodbath of June 3-4, 1989 expressed the regime's organic fear of the working class. Student leaders and dissidents received jail terms, but workers who led strikes were summarily shot, sentenced to death or imprisoned for many years. By June 22, the bureaucracy revealed that 27 workers had been officially executed, but many more were killed. Today, the leadership of China wants its own hegemony in the world.

Sukarno opened the Bandung Conference (from April 18 to 24, 1955) as being the: "...first international conference of colored peoples in the history of mankind..." The conference was attended by delegates from 24 Asian and African countries. The Bandung Conference led the Africans and the Asians to not worship NATO or the Cominform, but the can just be independent nations. Neither capitalism nor communism is God. Almighty God is God. The Conference wanted peaceful solutions to solve issues internationally. John Foster Dulles still rejected neutrality as obsolete, which was nave on his part. The Non Aligned Movement was made up of African and Asian nations that wanted to be politically neutral during the Cold War. They didn't want to ally with the Anglo-American empire or the Soviet Union. This came as a fruit of the Bandung Conference indeed. The Cold War has interesting history indeed.

Nationalist Movements Attacked

The story of Guatemala in 1954 must be shown. In that year, there was an American backed coup against the democratically elected President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz. This was one of the most evil and shameful actions of the CIA in the Third World. Guatemala achieved independence from Spain in 1821. Later, a series of dictatorships took over the land. Spanish influence decreased and American influence grew inside of the nation of Guatemala. The most powerful influence in Guatemala during the 20th century was by the Boston-based United Fruit Company or the UFCO. In the 1930's, the dictator President Jorge Ubico was in charge. The UFCO loved the traitor to his own people Ubico. The reason is that Ubioc gave the UFCO reduced taxes, a large plantation on the Pacific Coast, and allowed them to import duty free goods, and also asked that they keep wages low (as a means to not create the envy of UFCO employees within the rest of the population). The UFCO took over the International Railways of Central America. This caused United Fruit to have a huge authority in the nation's international commerce. As WWII ended, the human beings of Guatemala wanted more liberty. They loved the words under about the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter. In 1944, the Guatemalan military (with the people's support) overthrew Ubico out. Soon,

Guatemala's first democratically elected President came. He was a schoolteacher named Juan Jose Arevalo. By the end of his term, average wages in the country rose by eighty percent. In 1951 Jacobo Arbenz became Guatemala's second democratically-elected president. In his inaugural address, which can be read within Nicholas Zuiker's paper called "The Banana Coup," Arbenz wanted Guatemala to have economic independence. Arbenz wanted to increase the standard of living of the people and he wanted to utilize science and technology in agriculture. He wanted land reform, which was in contradiction to the corporate interests of the American owned United Fruit Company. William Blum's "Killing Hope" documented the conflict between Arbenz and United Fruit. The Washington elite wanted to use United Fruit to monopolize much of the resources of Guatemala from banana exports to railroads. United Fruit had ties to the Dulles brothers, some of the State Department officials, etc. Arbenz wanted to compete against United Fruit with a hydro-electric plant, etc. Arbenz wanted land reform by holding massive land monopolies were forced to hand over portions of their unused and uncultivated land to the government, but the government paid back to the owner the full price of the land according to its worth as stated by the owner in property tax documents. The problem for United Fruit, and the beauty of Arbenz's policy, was that in the past United Fruit had consistently undervalued its own land in an effort to defraud the Guatemalan government out of tax revenue. John J. McCloy supported United Fruit. John J. McCloy was one of the most powerful men in America during the 20th century. He was leader of the CFR, a Pilgrim Society member, was a partner in 3 powerful New York law firms, Chairman of Chase Manhattan bank, etc. He was called the Chairman. John Kenneth Galbraith called him the most powerful man in America. A coup was supported by the West against Arbenz under the guise of anti-Communism. Propagandist Edward Bernays would be an associate of United Fruit. Secretary of State Dulles falsely believed that Guatemalans were under some Communist state of terror. The U.S. worked with the dictator Anastasio Somoza as a means to fight Guatemala. In 1954, the CIA and United Frit financed and armed the military coup. This coup defeated the Arbenz government and installed the dictator Castillo Armas (United Fruit received their land and were given concessions). It is a shame, but the good news is that truth will always prevail in the end. Good will always triumph against evil.

Adlai Stevenson is a mystery to some. He was right on some issues, but when you look at his total legacy, it is more moderate than what is suspected. He was less liberal than even then Senator John F. Kennedy on numerous issues. He was assaulted and spat upon. Of course, I don't agree with those things happening to him or any innocent man. Yet, we have to know the record about his political views. He was tepid in his criticism of Jim Crow or segregation. He refused to call for national health care, which even Harry Truman advocated. Adlai Stevenson wanted to love the anti-union Taft-Hartley Act. That law passed despite Truman's vetoes. Back in 1952, he even considered to vote for Dwight D. Eisenhower when he was a Republican. Many intellectuals supported him and ironically he won heavily from southern and border states. He lost the 1956 election in desiring a more tolerable campaign without mudslinging. On foreign policy, he was more progressive than war hawks. He loved the United Nations and wished for more international cooperation as a means to solve international problems during the Cold War. He was right to criticize Joseph McCarthy, because Joseph followed a faux patriotism that sought to ruin the lives of American citizens because of ideological disagreements. Like JFK, Adlai had a great oratory ability in communicating words to the wider populace. JFK and Adlai once didn't like each, but later learned to deal with each other as for the good of the country. One of the positives of Adlai Stevenson was that he was not an extremist in foreign affairs. He sincerely wanted peace in the world. There are more secrets about this situation. Adlai Stevenson's father or Adlai I was a Scottish Rite Freemason who wanted international

courts to govern the affairs of nations. This came many decades later in the globe whether you agree with these courts or not. Adlai Stevenson II was one founder of the CFR in Chicago too. JFK by the 1960's changed and wanted dtente with the Soviet Union and Cuba. According to author Donald Gibson, he or John F. Kennedy was debating against Wall Street interests. Kennedy agreed with nationalist independent movements in the four corners of the world and he wanted to decrease U.S. involvement in Vietnam. As early as May 11, 1961, Kennedy issued the National Security Memorandum 52, which rejected an appeal from the Joints Chiefs of Staff, which wanted a deployment of U.S. ground troops in Vietnam. He didn't want U.S. troops to fight in combat missions in Vietnam like McGeorge Bundy and Secretary of State Dean Rusk wanted. The establishment hated him for it. JFK wanted economic investments in engineering, science, and technology as a means to grow the economy. He agreed with Social Security and grants for the growth of educational services in the confines of the United States of America. In other words, he wanted industry to build up the commonwealth. President John F.

Kennedy was an ally of Patrice Lumumba, Dag Hammarskjld, John Kenneth Galbraith, and other progressive leaders.

No brutality, mistreatment, or torture has ever forced me to ask for grace, for I prefer to die with my head high, my faith steadfast, and my confidence profound in the destiny of my country, rather than to live in submission and scorn of sacred principles. History will one day have its say, but it not be the history that Brussels, Paris, Washington, or the United Nations will teach, but that which they will teach in the countries emancipated from colonialism and its puppets. Africa will write its own history, and it will be, to the north and to the south of the Sahara, a history of glory and dignity.

-Patrice Lumumbas Last Letter to His Wife before he died on January 17, 1961
The 1960s
President John F. Kennedy was once a strong Cold Warrior. Later, he saw the truth and became more reasonable in dealing with foreign affairs. He entered the White House in 1961 and was a young man when he entered the White House. The ill-conceived Bay of Pigs failed invasion of Cuba was in its final

stages. Even when JFK started in the White House, there were extensive covert operations by the West done in Africa and Asia (as a means to defend European colonial interests). Congo gained independence by 1960 from Belgium. Yet, the British and Belgian mineral cartels wanted the division of the mineral rich Katanga province by a traitor to his own black people and warlord named Moise Tshombe. Malcolm X exposed Tshombe as a war criminal. Malcolm X on February of 1965 (just before he was assassinated by extremist reactionaries) said the following words: Then they take Tshombe. You've heard of

Tshombe. He's the worst African that was ever born. The lowest type that was ever born. He's a murderer himself. He's the murderer of Lumumba, the former prime minister of -- the first and only rightful prime minister of the Congo. He's an international -- he's a murderer with an international stature as a murderer. Yet the United States government went and got Tshombe in Spain, and put him as the head of the Congolese government. This is criminal! Here's a man who's a murderer, so the United States takes him, puts him over the Congo, and supports his government with your tax dollars. Now -- they hired him to occupy the position as head of state over the Congo -- a killer! He is a hired killer himself! His salary's paid by the United States government The nationalist leader Patrice Lumumba was assassinated while being held
captive by Tshombe's forces. President Kennedy respected Lumumba and Lumumba was a great hero of black people and humanity in general. We know that even the British could of had a role in the assassination of Lumumba. The great brother Lumumba was murdered in 1961. He was a family man with a wonderful wife too. He was Congo's first Prime Minster. The U.S. and Belgium ordered his death. He was only 35 year old. Lumumba and 2 associates were tied to trees. They were gunned down by a firing squad commanded by Belgian officers. Their bodies were hacked up and dissolved in acid. The two associated were named Maurie Mpolo and Joseph Okito. Lumumba's teeth and the bullets that killed him were saved as souvenirs. The devils that killed them are that sick.

Yet, the Most High will have Justice in the end for real. The imperialists hated any real
nationalist or anyone for that matter that wanted Africa to be truly independent including free. Congo has enormous mineral resources like uranium, copper, gold, tin, cobalt, diamonds, manganese, and zinc. In 1959, there were mass strikes and demonstrations in the Congo. Belgium wanted a token granting of power to the Congolese. The Western corporations wanted rule over Congo's resources. Soon, Lumumba made import tariffs and forcibly broke up strikes by workers in Kinshasa. Black troops mutinied against the Belgian officers Lumumba left in command of the army after independence. The traitor and Uncle Tom Moise Tshombe wanted to protect Western mining interests and the Belgian military. Moise seized control of the resource rich Katanga province and declared Katanga's independence. Lumumba tried to talk to the Soviets and the United Nations for peacekeeping forces, but they refused. Even the U.N. wanted to subordinate themselves under Belgium and U.S. interests. They refuse to take action to prevent the murder of Lumumba. The Belgian government and the Eisenhower administration via the CIA ordered Lumumba's death. In 2001, the US government released archive material related to the Kennedy assassination that included an interview with the White House minute-taker under the Eisenhower administration, Robert Johnson. According to Johnsons account, in a meeting held with security advisers in August 1960, two months after Congo became independent, President Eisenhower ordered the CIA chief Allen Dulles to eliminate Lumumba so that the Congo did not become another Cuba. Johnson said that there was stunned silence for about 15 second and the meeting continued. Dulles called Lumumba a slur or a "mad dog." Dulles called cabled station Chief Larry Devlin authorizing the removal of Lumumba. A telegram sent three months before Lumumbas death by Count Harold dAspremont Lynden, then minister for African affairs, to Belgian officials in the Congo stated, The main aim to pursue in the interests of the Congo, Katanga and Belgium is clearly Lumumbas definitive elimination. Lumumba was deposed and was in house arrest in his own land before he was assassinated by criminals. The British elites apparently endorsed his assassination. A British Foreign Office document in September 1960 notes the opinion of a top ranking official, who later became the head of MI5, Britains domestic intelligence agency, that I see only two possible solutions to the [Lumumba] problem. The first is the simple one of ensuring [his] removal from the scene by killing him. After Lumumba's evil and unjust assassination, there was the war against secessionist Katanga. Congo was ruled for decades by the reactionary dictator Joseph Sese Seko Mobutu, who was an ally of America. Mobutu met Richard Nixon in the White House. Mobutu looted his own country economically and politically. He was overthrown in 1997. Then, Congo experienced a horrific civil war that killed more

than 5 million human beings (filled with dislocation, famine, disease, and Western imperialism). We

should remember the Brother Patrice Lumumba as an anti-colonial hero. He was the first democratically elected Prime Minister in Congo. Lumumba wanted the Congo to control its own extensive mineral wealth.
Lumumba was killed with the help of the CIA and Eisenhower's approval, which was one of Eisenhower's greatest Presidential errors. CIA agents were fighting in Laos in the early 1960's not only against the communist Pathet Lao, but the neutralist government as well. Even back in the 1950's, then Senator John F. Kennedy opposed colonialism publicly. JFK loved the fact that Algeria gained its independence from France. His 1957 speech about wanting Algeria to be free was denounced in London and Paris. Theodore Sorenson was his friend and adviser. Sorenson said that JFK viewed communist aggression and subversion intolerable, not communism itself. In other words, he believed that a nation has the right to embrace whatever economic system that they desire as long they don't try to pervert the economic or political system in any other nation. JFK refused to use U.S. military forces to fight in Laos, but he agreed with allying with the neutralist government of Laos. JFK was influenced by his more dovish tone by the April 1961 meeting with General Douglas MacArthur. The General told JFK that he shouldn't advance any new ground war in Asia like Vietnam. General Charles de Gaulle told President John F. Kennedy the same advice. The Non Aligned Movement was made as a means to have sovereign nation states without participation in military alliances (like NATO, SEATO, the Central Treaty Organization, etc.). John F.

Kennedy was an ally of Indonesian President Sukarno, born Kusno Sosrodihardjo. JFK wanted to meet with him again in the Spring of 1964. Sukarno believed in selfdetermination. They met with each other back in 1961. JFK wanted to assist nations that wanted
independence. Sukarno visited the White House. JFK dealt with the Vietnam War as well. John Kenneth Galbraith was Kennedy's friend and economic adviser. He visited Vietnam as an Ambassador to India. Galbraith said that United States involvement in Vietnam will end in failure and only a political settlement with Ho Chi Minh would end that situation (with help from India's Nehru). Later, Kennedy began to disengage from Vietnam. JFK wanted a technologically developing society where peace can come via strength. Diem was a dictator and a criminal, but according to sources, the North Vietnamese (and Diem) were working towards peaceful settlement. The Harriman Bundy faction wanted no such negotiations with Ho Chi Minh at all in the early 1960's. The murder of Diem ended any neutralist peace agreement. JFK opposed the coup in November 1, 1963. The architects of the coup used the Diem's unjust suppression of the religious liberty rights of the Buddhists in South Vietnam as a cover. They really wanted to stop Diem and Nhu's overtures for peace with Ho Chi Minh.

Malcolm X worked in a great deal in the Cold War era. He was a revolutionary, a nationalist, and a pan African nationalist. He was a never a liberal Democrat as implied by the late Manning Marable. The colonial movements in Africa and Asia influenced Malcolm X to advocate liberation and independence for the human beings of color in the world. He criticized capitalism as well. Malcolm X knew that the fight against black oppressed in the U.S. was linked to the Western imperial attacks against foreign nations too. That is why he wanted the former colonial peoples of the world to unite with American blacks as a means to make America accountable for its crimes (and to allow justice, freedom, and equality to really exist in the global society). Marable is definitely wrong to assume that Malcolm X supported the Arizona Republican Senator Barry Goldwater for President in the 1964 election. Goldwater back then was an extremely reactionary, anti-Communist libertarian who had voted against the Civil Rights Act. Malcolm X said that Goldwater was a wolf and the so called liberals were foxes in the same machine. Malcolm X in his own article on September 12, 1964 said that he didn't support LBJ or Goldwater. So, Malcolm X knew that the Republicans and the Democrats were the enemies of black rights.

We know that Malcolm X had a transformation and discussed more relevant issues in the world via the public avenues. Malcolm X wanted the Nation of Islam to be more involved in political affairs, which was one of the major reasons on why he left the NOI. The feds exploited the disagreements between Malcolm X and the NOI via agents and other divide and conquer strategies. Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam in early 1964. Now, the purpose of the Organization of Afro-American Unity was to work building a Black Nationalist movement in the States where black human beings will have human rights for real. Malcolm X wanted to work closely with the black liberation movement in the South since he wanted justice. He also legitimately agreed with Blacks having the right of armed self-defense against racists. He wanted workers solidarity, but he wanted some racial solidarity first. He said that there can be no black-white unity without some black unity first. Malcolm X was on the front lines in advancing labor rights and educational opportunities for human beings. Malcolm X in 1965 thought about speaking in college campuses nationwide as a means to talk about justice and equality. He talked about the planned anti-Vietnam War protest planned by the Students for a Democratic Society. Malcolm X was still changing his views and he wanted pan-Africanism without question.

We know about the real history of the Cold War. Back decades ago, then the Wall Street baron have lobster dinners, expensive drinks, and huge profits. It is the same reality now in our time. Jim Crow existed in the Cold War and it ended in the States before the end of the Cold War. It is a fact that since Jim Crow segregation was such an embarrassment overseas that the Western elite allowed the end of it as a means to overtly claim to be of democratic values (while covertly being just as hypocritical and nefarious as any totalitarian regime). The history of the Cold War readily involves the oppressor against the oppressed. Jim Crow was defeated before the end of the Cold

War. That was a good thing, but the gains for black human beings and others were limited. It was the granting of formal democratic rights excluding the radical economic revolutionary actions that must be undertaken as a means to end poverty once and for all. For the root cause of black oppression is the system of white supremacy. Black people can't be fully liberated unless the whole system of white supremacy is defeated. White supremacy was involved in the mass chronic unemployment, racist cop terror, crumbling schools, poverty, hunger, etc. That is the elite allowed the mostly black middle class to dominate the civil rights movement as a means to cause static changes or continuity, but not the overthrow of the current nefarious system. The elite will tolerate concessions, but not a total victory for the people. See, what we have today are concessions not the total victory. The memories of brothers and sisters in the civil rights movement should be respected and cherished with all of our hearts, but the war is not done yet. We have a long way to go. Back then, some in the North and the Midwest already had the formal rights that those in the South were fighting for. Yet, discrimination in housing and other arenas was in existence in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cleveland, Milwaukee and other cities of the North. Economic exploitation and lax job opportunities continue to reign then and now in the North including the Midwest. Cop terror in various communities decades ago provoked rebellions in cities. Even in Monroe, North Carolina, a Southerner named Robert F. Williams wanted black self-defense against Klan terror. Robert F. Williams was one predecessor of the Black Power movement. The Deacons of Defense protected civil rights workers with arms. Now, the freedom of expression and the freedom of political thought were harmed during the Cold War. Even if someone was not a Communist, but disagreed with imperialism or labor harm, then that human being could be in risk of harassment, demonization, and even jail time. In our time, some in the civil rights movement are fighting for justice. Others are fighting for corporate money and a limited, reformist type of action. That is why some in the wealthy black elite (just like in the white elite) are more concerned about carnival voyages and some paychecks than the fight to eliminate oppression including white supremacy from the face of the Earth. Even though Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a pacifist, he should be given a lot of respect for his contributions in the human rights struggle. He led a movement that challenged racial oppression, poverty, and militarism. He was of strong courage. Dr. King accurately realized that the corrupt system contributes to some of the agonizing conditions of the black community. He was also right to say that wicked means never justify the ends. In other words, we must never utilize unjustifiable violence as a means to get true revolutionary and authentic change in the world society. Structures must be changed and an evil system must be overthrown, but nihilism is never a way to incur peace or justice inside of the American landscape at all. Today, the establishment exploits the middle class as a means to advance the evil teachings of commercialism, materialism, and the worship of capitalism. Moral appeals are fine to want change, but we need the whole structure to change as a means to get what we want (which is justice, freedom, and equality).

In terms of sports, you can't talk about sports in relation to the Cold War without discussing about Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali is a famous, strong figure of human history. He was a very charismatic boxer. Today, he is more beloved now than any time when he was in the ring ironically. He worked all throughout his life. In the black community, he was always loved whereas many in mainstream America did not like him back in the day. He suffered injustices and threats to his livelihood by many quarters. Yet, he remained strong and tough to advance not only athletics, but human rights in the world over. So, he is not only a champion in the ring, but he was a champion for human dignity and religious freedom outside of the ring. Muhammad Ali's actions are known and some of his actions are hidden. Muhammad Ali represented the revolt of many black athletes against mainstream America's expectations of how black human beings ought to act. Muhammad Ali acted confident as a means to psychologically and emotionally express his blackness or express the truth that Black is Beautiful. We have to remember that Muhammad Ali was hated much more back in the 1960's than now. Before Ali, there was Jack Johnson who was the first Black heavyweight boxing champion of 1908 (including other champions like Joe Lewis, Sugar Ray Robinson, etc.). They had many differences. We know the differences. LOL. Yet, they were similar in understanding that racism and bigotry are evils that must be eradicated in humanity. All of them were outspoken and acted unafraid of opposition from racists. All of them had charismatic personalities. Muhammad Ali came up in the Black liberation struggle era from the 1950's to the early 1970's. Muhammad Ali talked a lot as a means to express his personality and to make boxing matches more interesting. He predicted the rounds that he would win. He was political. He joined the Nation of Islam in the early 1960's and allied with Malcolm X. As he said, "Cassius Clay was my slave name. I don't use it because I am no longer a slave." He was close friends with not only Malcolm X, but with Jim Brown, Sam Cooke, and others. The moderate, establishment wing of the civil rights movement early on criticized him with folks like Roy Wilkins. Reactionaries criticized him for his views on race, culture, and the Vietnam War. Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965 and Muhammad Ali to this day regretted not being able to totally reconciling with him over disagreements on the character of Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad Ali was once close friends with Malcolm X until Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam as a means to form his own Organization for Afro-American Unity or the OAAU. Muhammad Ali said that his greatest mistake was turning his back on Malcolm X. The deal was that Muhammad Ali's politics evolved from being more conservative, yet radical to being more independently radical. Muhammad Alis ideologies became more progressive as time came onward in his life. Ironically, younger generation of civil rights leaders in the 1960's loved Muhammad Ali, because he actively opposed American policy and desired to anger mainstream white America with his views. Muhammad Ali loved the Black Power ideal. Muhammad Ali opposed the Vietnam War as immoral and we know that the draft discriminated against blacks and the poor. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. allied with Muhammad Ali as means to stand up against the Vietnam War. They both realized that the black people and the Vietnamese people were victims of the same system of oppression. We all know who the oppressor is no doubt. Dr. King and Muhammad Ali were friends. Muhammad Ali told Dr. King that he is with him 100 percent. Muhammad Ali joined Dr. Martin Luther King in fighting for fair housing in Louisville, Kentucky.

Many Brothers and Sisters were assaulted by brutes for advocating freedom, justice, and equality in housing back then in Kentucky. He won his religious liberty right to disagree with the Vietnam War. Track star John Carlos was also victimized for his protest at the Mexico City Olympics in 1968. Ups and downs were in Muhammad Ali's life, but he is right to disagree with poverty, to disagree with evil wars, and to advocate humanitarian efforts. Muhammad Ali is a great hero indeed. He is a strong

Black Man.

1968 was one of the most revolutionary years in human history. It was a year of class struggle and revolutionary upheaval in the world. It was during that time when Dr. Martin Luther King led his last fight for human liberation. The image above shows Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with human beings in Queens, NYC in March of 1968. Dr. King knew that legal equality means little without economic equality. That is why he said that African Americans still live in the basement of the Great Society. He wanted human beings to have power. He wanted the SCLC to focus on giving power as a means to provide a guaranteed annual income for all Americans. He rejected the notion of blacks getting themselves up by their own bootstraps, which is a common mantra of reactionaries. He believed that reparations are deserving of African Americans and he was highly critical of capitalism. In 1968, Dr. King fought for billions of dollars to be spent as a means to end poverty once and for all. He told a New York Times reporter in 1968 that: "...In a sense, you could say were involved in the class struggle..." This was exemplified in his Poor Peoples Campaign. He faced challenges, because even the middle class clergy wanted to focus on political power in the ballot box without organizing to help the poorest of the poor. The FBI tried to disrupt the campaign. They or those in the FBI planted false stories as a means to demonize Dr. King. He died in trying to give labor rights to sanitation works in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1968, a revolutionary spirit captivated Americans. Back then, many of the youth wanted change to give justice to the poor and to give the bankers accountability for the legacies of exploitation and oppression. There were demonstrations for liberation found in London, Paris, Berlin, Poland, Mexico, Argentina, the rest of Latin America, Africa, and throughout the world. This modern radicalization occurred in the USA for centuries, but it went into another level by the 1960's. Students fought for rights and antiwar ideologies in May of 1968 inside of France as well. The middle class in Paris was shocked by the police brutality against middle-class students that they had witnessed in the Latin Quarter and they became supportive of the students. Many workers joined in protests with the students. The protesters occupied factories all over France. It was the largest general strike ever attempted in France. For some, May 1968 meant the end of traditional collective action and the beginning of a new era to be dominated mainly by the so-called new social movements. All side agreed to an election by July of 1968. The criminal justice system in the states in 1968 was just as racist and evil as Jim Crow segregation. Massive police brutality existed in August 1968 at the Democratic Party national convention. Human beings were tortured and assaulted by Chicago police officers. Richard J. Daley or the mayor of Chicago back then wanted no demonstrations or

other likeminded actions at the convention. The National Mobilization Committee to End the War and the Students for a Democratic Society want social change. The violence was so bad in the streets of Chicago that one speaker denounced Daley's actions as a part of Gestapo tactics. The outcome of this whole affair was that it splintered the Democratic Party power base for decades to come (and it ended an era. It caused the growth of political divisions that persists to this very day). The world was changing indeed. Many minorities wanted freedom and justice. The antiwar movement believed that the Vietnamese people have the right to their own independence and self-determination excluding Western occupation or imperialism. Thousands of the Black Panther Party movement organized as a means to try to liberate black human beings from oppression. The BPP ultimately wanted freedom for all oppressed human beings of the world.

Only via revolutionary action can we can see rights for the homeless, the poor, and the oppressed, not just the workers. The reformists never work sufficient to engineer real change since you just have a slicker form of imperialism. We know what the Republican Party is all about. Yet, the reformist Democratic Party wants us to use pressure politics and token moves to not gain true revolutionary changes, but accommodation to the existing order mixed with a few crumbs. That is why the bipartisan war on crime was influenced by the 1968 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Street Act that was passed under Democratic President Johnson (even before Nixon's war on crime action). In that administration, COINTELPRO or the Cold War domestic Counterintelligence Program existed. It targeted numerous social activists. In 1968, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover vowed, The Negro youth and moderate[s] must be made to understand that if they succumb to revolutionary teachings, they will be dead revolutionaries. The FBI via COINTELPRO killed 38 Black Panthers and railroaded hundreds of others into prison. Now, there are some who want to believe in the bootstraps deception. It is the lie where victims are blamed for their own oppression and it involved the near deification of private, corporate power. It is a reactionary philosophy. Even as intelligent as Booker T. Washington was, Booker T. Washington was still dead wrong to have anti-union, pro-accommodationist views. Booker T. Washington was not wrong in everything that he did, but he was not perfect. Even rich capitalist Andrew Carnegie gave Washington and his wife a lifetime income. Even with the Democrats in power, we still have harsh conditions in the ghettos, mass unemployment, the mass incarceration of human beings, police brutality, etc. Now, the state is used as an instrument of the ruling class to suppress human rights (via crooked cops, prisons, unjust laws, etc.).

Malcolm X spoke eloquently to the illusions in the Democratic Party when he said, Either party you align yourself with is suicide because both parties are criminal. Both parties are responsible for the criminal condition that exists. Also,
the Brother Dr. Martin Luther King was definitely a revolutionary. He opposed the Vietnam War, criticized the weaknesses of capitalism, he supported anti-imperialist, revolutionary movements in the Motherland of Africa, and he wanted a redistribution of economic including political power (just like Brother Malcolm X). Ultimately, the Western establishment allowed token reforms in society as advanced by some of the middle class without radical changes to the USA. We have the right to have real equality, jobs, decent housing, and adequate schools.

Lyndon Baines Johnson became President after the evil assassination of JFK in 1963. His legacy is filled with triumphs and controversy. There are those who believe that Lyndon Baines Johnson headed up the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Research now so far makes that claim to be not accurate. LBJ was not a saint on some issues (there is clear evidence that LBJ had tried to use a cover up of certain parts of the Warren Commission with J. Edgar Hoover), but even he had serious doubts of the official story of the Kennedy assassination. Donald Gibson found that the idea for a Warren Commission was first suggested by Eugene Rostow not by LBJ. Rostow was the Dean of Yale Law School during a telephone call to presidential aide Bill Moyers. This occurred in November 24, 1963. Moyers talked about the conversation to LJB on the morning of November 25, 1963. That same day LBJ talked with Hoover at 10.30 am about the idea put forward to him about a commission, telling Hoover that it was a bad idea. Indeed, he stated unequivocally that he preferred an FBI report sanctioned by the attorney general that would support a Texas court of inquiry. Lyndon Johnson changed his mind with the views of journalist Joe Alsop. So, according to Gibson, the Washington Post, and the New York Times, the idea came originally from Rostow, Alsop, and Acheson. Not even the Mafia could not manipulate CIA files, arrange the Mexico City incident, manipulate Richard Case Nagell, run the CIAs anti-FPCC campaign of which Oswald was a part of, stage the Odio incident, manipulate the ballistics evidence, cover up the crime and then alter the medical evidence, or influence the Warren Commission cover up. Later on, LBJ expressed doubts on the official story. In 1967, Johnson remarked to aide Marvin Watson that the CIA had something to

do with this plot. (Summers, Official and Confidential, p. 414.) Leo Janos Atlantic Monthly article, The Last Days of The President: LBJ in Retirement, which was printed in July of 1973 just six months after Johnsons death, provides us with perhaps the starkest appraisal of Johnsons mindset in later life: During coffee, the talk turned to President Kennedy, and Johnson expressed his belief that the assassination in Dallas had been part of a conspiracy. A little later Johnson said I never believed that Oswald acted alone, although I can accept that he pulled the trigger. Johnson said that when he had taken office he found that we had been operating a d___ Murder, Inc. in the Caribbean. (Atlantic Monthly, July 1973)
One of the great errors of LBJ was that he reverted from a more peaceful foreign policy into a more reactionary one. He allowed ground combat military U.S. troops in Vietnam at Da Nang in March 1965, two months after Johnson's inauguration. He aided anti-Communist regimes globally no matter how reactionary or totalitarian that they were. He was so committed to a military strategy as ending the Vietnam War that he even disagreed with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s goal of ending the war in a negotiated settlement. In this era, Malcolm X was assassinated. Malcolm X lived his entire life during the

Cold War and he was a genius about international affairs. He wanted African Americans to have human rights beyond civil rights and make America accountable for its crimes against black Americans. He wanted to get allies in the Third World and other nations in the United Nations as a means to make the USA accountable for its errors. He was assassinated in February 1965 before he could get his goals accomplished. The late Brother Ossie Davis gave a greatly eloquently speech in the death of our

brother Malcolm X. Our Sister Ruby Dee is still fighting for the same goals that Malcolm X fought for in our time. In this time period from 1963 to 1968, the anti-war movement grew in leaps
and bounds. It would be only after the Tet Offensive of January 1968 that LBJ finally wanted peace negotiations with North Vietnam. He failed, because Nixon operatives caused the North Vietnamese to reject an offer until after Nixon was elected President. This was treason according to some since Nixon was acting in the scale of a diplomat. The war could of ended sooner if the Paris peace conference came about. LBJ's more positive legacy would be him signing historic civil rights and housing legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Housing Act of 1968. He signed Medicare and Medicaid. He dealt with environmental and immigration issues, which makes him one of the progressive Presidents domestically in American history. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. opposed the Vietnam War (and he wanted to fight the great scourge of poverty) including Robert Kennedy later on. Both men were unjustly murdered by extremists, who can't stand the truth or dissenting points of views. Edward Kennedy also expressed eloquent words about the death of his brother Robert. Indeed, being a human being of peace and progressive ideals is still a threat (not just back decades ago). It has been 45 years since the assassination of Robert Francis Kennedy. Now, we know his strengths and the errors that he made in his life. Now, before he was assassinated in an evil fashion, he was changing. He worked forward a great deal from his more centrist past. He came to realize that we should do something about pollution, about poverty, and any form of debilitating injustice that plagues the vast American landscape. He could have evolved more on certain issues, but nevertheless, he was growing. Now, to be a fair man, I will outline his great contributions to society and his errors totally. He died on June 4, 1968. It was the time period of change. It was the continuation of the 1960's and debates among the younger including the older generation. Robert Kennedy was a thoughtful man, but he was a slick politician. He loved politics in his mistakes and the great actions that he did. He along with his brother John F. Kennedy including Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X represented the people of America rebelling against the status quo (of poverty, discrimination, the evils of war, etc.). To some, Bobby Kennedy was the last hope for progressive change, but his story is a little complex than that. If Robert Kennedy was alive today, Nixon would have a difficult time in trying to become President. Kennedy was easily more progressive than Nixon on many issues obviously. His father made a fortune from real estate, moviemaking, the stock market, and bootlegging of alcohol during Prohibition. Robert Kennedy was close to the radical anticommunist and anti-civil liberty advocate Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950's. Robert Kennedy served in a committee filled with anti-labor extremists. He prosecuted Teamster leader Jimmy Hoffa (being accused of Mafia ties and bribery), which was his enemy. He loved his brother JFK. JFK relied heavily on the Black vote to win the Presidency in 1960. JFK took a lax approach to civil rights despite his words on promising equality to black human beings. Bobby recalled in 1964, "I did not lie awake at night worrying about the problems of Negroes." Robert Kennedy wanted the Freedom Rides to be curtailed in the South. John Kennedy told Louisiana Gov. James H. Davis that his administration was trying "to put this stuff in the courts and get it off the street." As attorney general, Bobby Kennedy famously told representatives of student civil rights groups, "If you cut out this Freedom Rider and sittingin stuff and concentrate on voter registration, I'll get you a tax exemption." Robert Kennedy also authorized FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover to begin wiretapping Martin Luther King's telephone conversations on the grounds that Stanley Levinson, King's closest adviser, was allegedly a closet member of the Communist Party. The truth is that there is no evidence that Stanley Levinson was a member of the Communist Party at all in the 1960's. The FBI regularly slandered human beings who disagreed with reactionaries. Of King, RFK remarked, "We never wanted to get very close to him just because of these contacts and connections that he had, which we felt were damaging to the civil rights movement."

Robert Kennedy executed Mongoose in Cuba whereas JFK later wanted dtente with Cuba by 1963.

At first, RFK supported Johnson's Vietnam War. Eugene McCarthy ran for President in November of 1967. He wanted to end the Vietnam War. Robert Kennedy soon changed by the late 1960's. He opposed the Vietnam War, he opposed apartheid (though he wanted no sanctions against South Africa), he wanted to fight against pollution, and he wanted an end to poverty. Still, Robert Kennedy wanted a negotiated settlement without an unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Southeast Asia. He voted against that. Robert Kennedy wanted to capture the antiwar movement and deliver it into the Democratic Party. He used a tight rope to appeal to the younger generation and the bosses like Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago. Kennedy even attacked Eugene McCarthy during their televised debate prior to the California primary for his support for building public housing in the suburbs. Kennedy said incredulously, "You

say you are going to take 10,000 Black people and move them into Orange County." I reject those comments from Robert Kennedy completely. McCarthy believed that Kennedy advocated a "segregated residential apartheid." McCarthy accused RFK of utilizing race baiting rhetoric. Kennedy's big idea to alleviate poverty in the inner cities was to
provide tax breaks to corporations to move into blighted neighborhoods. This error was similar to the st gentrification mess that we witness now in the 21 century. Then-California Gov. Ronald Reagan believed that "Kennedy is talking more and more like me." So, it is what it is. Yet, we should acknowledge the correct actions that Robert Kennedy believed and took as his ideological framework. He was not wrong on everything. He was right that there should be no nefarious tensions among the old and the young. He was right that equality is a paramount ideal to adhere to. He was right to believe in labor rights and the rights of Native Americans. He was also right that taxes should be increased as a means to fund social programs that can benefit the many beyond the few. His assassination has been debated for years and there are legitimate questions about it. His death brought about the reign of Nixon, who was a reactionary and wanted the suppression of progressive action. Robert Francis Kennedy reminded us that folks can change and standing up for justice is a virtue that shines greatly in the hearts of the human race.

Richard Nixon and the 1970s

Richard Nixon had a huge role in the Cold War indeed. Richard Nixon was a strange legacy. Richard Nixon was a man who suffered indignities in his life. He has a choice to follow a more righteous path or a more compromising path. On many occasions, he followed the wrong path. He or Richard Nixon was involved in the secret bombing of Cambodia. William Shawcross' "Sideshow" documents about how the illegal, secret operation caused horrendous implications. It caused the fall of Prime Minister Sihanouk to General Lon Nol. Sihanouk then supported the communist rebels called the Khmer Rouge. They disposed Lon Nol in 1975. The Khmer Rouge later executed one of the greatest extermination programs in history. The overthrow of Salvador Allende in Chile was a key moment during the Nixon era. Nixon and National Security adviser Henry Kissinger were concerned with Allende's coming to power in Chile. They wanted to pressure the CIA as a means to come up with some way to stop his election. The CIA led the operation with their field officer David Phillips to give millions of dollar to an anti-Allende propaganda

campaign in the Chilean election of 1970. Chile had a history of being a democratic country and Allende won the election fairly. David Rockefeller (whose family had a strong interest in Anaconda Copper) and John McCone (a board member of ITT) caused great financial ties to the economics of Chile. Both lobbied the White House. Nixon wanted the CIA Director Richard Helms to sabotage Allende. Allende came to the UN in a speech on December 1972 to expose U.S. interference in Chile. Salvador Allende was patriotic. By 1970, the president of the Chilean branch of Nelson Rockefeller's vast IBEC conglomerate, owned Chile's largest newspaper chain (El Mercurio), largest granary, and largest chicken farm, as well as the Pepsi bottling operation in Chile. Kissinger was, of course Nelson Rockefeller's former advisor, and Helms, as CIA chief, simply took orders from the Establishment. The Chilean government unanimously passed a constitutional amendment to allow Chile to nationalize all copper mines. This action was not illegal. In retaliation, American economic blockades harmed the Chilean economy. The coup began with strikes and a revolt. The establishment supported General Augusto Pinochet or a dictator to rule Chile in September 11, 1973. Operation Condor allowed reactionaries to assassinate dissident in Latin America. Richard Nixon's downfall was Watergate. He wanted to get rid of files implicating him in political corruption. So, he authorized the creation of a team of burglars in June 1971 led by ex-CIA operative E. Howard Hunt. However, their black-bag operations ran aground when part of the team was captured inside the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate building on June 17, 1972, beginning the foundering of Nixon's Presidency which ended with his force resignation on Aug. 9, 1974. One positive thing that Richard Nixon did was recognizing China and getting arms agreements with the Soviets via the SALT or the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty. SALT I was signed in July 1972. Even reactionaries opposed Nixon on that issue like Albert Wohlstetter, Richard Perle, Paul Wolfowitz and Paul Nitze (which started the modern neo conservative movement in the 1970's). Each of them created a group called the Committee on the Present Danger. These extremists falsely believed that Russia was ahead of America in the arms race. Nixon tried to execute some dtente. April 17, 1975 was the date when North Korea defeats South Vietnam. The reactionaries tried to influence Gerald Ford to be more extreme on foreign policy issues. Two of the hardliners in the Ford administration was White House chief of Staff Dick Cheney and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. During the late 1970's, the Soviet Union declined rapidly its military strength, its economic strength, and its political power. In that time period, individuals close to Rockefeller interests continued their Cold War agenda like Opus Dei William Colby, Knight of Malta William Casey, Knight of Malta Edwin Feulner, Henry Kissinger, and Zbigniew Brzezinski (a man who worked closely to the Knights of Americares).

The End of the Cold War

There can be no full understanding of the Cold War without learning about Ronald Reagan. Reagan followed the alarmist Committee on the Present Danger. Reagan said that, "We're in greater danger today than we were after Pearl Harbor. Our military is absolutely incapable of defending this country." (Stone/Kuznick, p. 436) The Reagan administration saw one of the largest peacetime defense build ups in American history. Reagan loved supply side economics. He lowered the top income tax rate from 70 percent to 28 percent. The combination of profligate military spending and large tax cuts caused annual national deficits. These deficits were unprecedented at the time. It created pressure to slash programs benefiting the poor. William Casey was a hardliner and he was once head of the CIA under Ronald Reagan. The Soviet threat was hyped up by the West during the 1980's. The Soviet Union by that time was heavily weakened. The Soviet's military and domestic services were decreasing. Folks were even criticized if they publicly expressed that truth. Even a young Robert Gates worked in CIA jobs, but he talked about the Soviets are on the march rhetoric as a means to justify huge military spending. The Reagan administration funded reactionary death squads in Latin America, because they felt that the Soviets had a huge influence in Central and Latin America. Reagan sent $5 billion in aid to El Salvador, where right-wing leader Roberto D'Aubuisson was running death squads. These squads in the employ of wealthy landowners and the U.S.-trained military were conducting its own massacres of peasants. The village of El Mozote had a huge massacre. This was when a Salvadoran army battalion systematically massacred hundreds of civilians including young children. Ray Bonner of the New York Times exposed this tragedy. Yet, some from the Wall Street Journal and other periodicals attacked his credibility. The Times was intimidated and they pulled Bonner off his Central America assignment. Reagan kept on supplying such governments in El Salvador, etc. in grants of aid. Assistant Secretary of State Elliot Abrams still criticized Bonner as not credible. The CIA worked with Argentina's intelligence services in training rebels in Nicaragua to attack its leftist government. The leftists overthrew the dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1979. The CIA/Argentine manufactured group was called the Contras. The Boland Amendment passed by Congress banned military aid to the Contras. Reagan still authorized extra funds to be sent to the Contras, which was hidden from Congress and the American human beings. By 1985, Reagan was selling arms secretly to Iran as a means to get help in freeing American hostages who were seized in Lebanon. The scandal exposed CIA Director Casey and NSC official Oliver North doing it as a means to fund the Contras. The Contras worked with the Latin

American drug dealers and send drugs into America. The Iran Contra scandal for the most part escaped President Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush form serious political damage (instead of North, Casey, and other subordinates). Reagan invaded Grenada as a means to end the Vietnam Syndrome or the perception that America relinquished military morale and emotional strength since Vietnam. The effort was later picked up by President George H.W. Bush with his invasion of Panama in 1989 and the First Persian Gulf War in 1990-91 after which Bush declared, "we've kicked the Vietnam Syndrome once and for all." The Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was heavily influentially in ending the Cold War. Regardless if you agree with his politics or not, he was more moderate in his agenda than Stalin evidently. One of the biggest war crimes made by the U.S. during the Cold War era was the genocide in Guatemala. The former Guatemalan president Efrain Rios Montt has been convicted of genocide. We know that U.S. officials know about the program against the Ixil people in the mountains of Guatemala at the moment when the U.S. government trained and armed the Guatemalan military. Rios Montt led genocide against the Mayan human beings during his 17 month tenure as Guatemala's dictatorship. He was found guilty, because a three judge panel (whose leader is Jazmin Barrios) found that evidence merited it. Evidence was sent to the court that documented that there was a clear and systematic plan to exterminate the Ixil people as a race. This plan was invented and executed by the Montt government. These act merit the definition of genocide. The 86 year old dictator was sentences to 80 years in prison. The conviction of Montt is great for the human beings of Guatemala. This shows that justice and accountability. Human rights abuses are never justified at all. Also, we need to allow members of the U.S. government accountable for funding such a regime that caused this atrocity in the first place. Once, Ronald Reagan called Riot Montt, "a man of great personal integrity and commitment." U.S. officials know that they were fully aware of the pogrom against the Ixil human beings in the mountains of Guatemala (when the U.S. government was involved in training and arming the Guatemalan military). This has been found in declassified U.S. government documents. The U.S. government gave intelligence to its clandestine services, and it gave political including diplomatic support to the government. In the 1980's, the U.S. supported tyrannical regimes in Central America. In the decade of the 1980's, over a 100,000 people lost their lives in in Guatemala, 70,000 in El Salvador and 20,000 in the U.S. destabilization of Nicaragua. Honduras became a staging base for U.S. intervention in the region from Panama to Nicaragua. In the region, there has not only been murder. There have been political leaders disappearing because they want legitimate political change in the area. Accountability is real. We should rejoice in victories, but the war is not finished yet. We still need more justice and an end to any Empire in the world today. We fight against imperialism and any form of bigotry and injustice in the globe. We should never be reactionary. Reactionary thinking has always led into oppression against minorities, women, and other members of the human family. An egalitarian society is what we need. All humans having the same equal rights is the way to go. Like Malcolm X said, once you get older, you see that we need to be concerned about issues internationally not just nationally (because we are all humans, we care about the future, we love our ancient heritage, and we want the best for the world). Radical, immediate revolutionary changes in our land are what are needed without token measures. A full thinking of our situation and action are great things to do.

*At the end of the Soviet Union, Eastern European nations fought for their independence in the 1980's and the early 1990's. Mikhail Gorbachev tried to make token reforms, but the cries for independence among Eastern European nations will not be denied. Gorbachev took over the Kremlin in 1985. Restraints were eased on intellectual and, later, political life under the banner of glasnost (openness) via Gorbachev. Centralized economic planning and management were scrapped and replaced by market-directed mechanisms under the rubric of perestroika (restructuring). A global policy of appeasing and capitulating to Western (centrally American) imperialism was carried out in the name of new thinking. These reforms were combined with increased diplomatic conciliation vis--vis imperialism under the slogan new thinking in foreign policy. When, in early 1989, the Soviet bureaucracy under Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan in the vain hope of winning the good graces of the imperialists. The Soviet Union was spending too much of its money on the military causing its economy to stagnant as well. The Polish tried solidarity as a means to end their allegiance to the Warsaw Pact and create Poland to be an independent nation. Many sincere human beings wanted freedom in Poland. Yet, some of the Solidarity

movement was infiltrated with reactionaries, Vatican agents, and the CIA. Significant sections of the working class were mobilized against the Stalinist bureaucracy through Solidarno, a trade union sponsored by the CIA, West European social democrats and the Vatican. In the U.S. and West Europe, the trade-union bureaucracy went whole hog in mobilizing support for Solidarno. When you look at the big picture, you see cartel capitalism and the Stalinist version of Communism were being financed by New York City and London at the top. The Solidarity movement included protests and calls for the end of the scarcity of foods in Poland. By early 1990, Poland became its own independent nation with Walesa as its first President. 1990 saw the reunification of Germany into one after the Berlin Wall fell. The Czech Republic and Romania became free from Soviet rule in 1989. Much of the Baltic States formed independent nation-states in 1991 from the Ukraine to Lithuania. All of these events signified the failure of Stalinist thinking and political ideologies. The growth of independent nation stats is a good thing. Stalinist communism led historically into totalitarian dictatorships. The love of violence and the love of civil conflict was the Stalinist ideal for the getting of a communist victory. Now, this doesn't mean that we worship capitalism. Capitalism has huge weaknesses as well. Capitalism regularly exists with unemployment and treats sometimes even human life as commodities. Laissez faire capitalism has been instrumental in harming societies and ruining the working rights of workers in general throughout the Earth. There is still an oligarchy stealing wealth and this oligarchy is utilizing a neoliberal system. So, the truth is not unconditionally in capitalism or its antithesis of Communism, but in a higher synthesis. The cooperative system or independent economic systems are the wave of the future. This is the path that we must follow. Gorbachev negotiated with Reagan for deals and concessions. He did so until he was deposed by a hardline coup in 1991.

The pro-communist coup was, in turn, defeated by the pro-capitalistic forces under Boris Yeltsin. As American free-market ideologues descended on Russia as advisers, the Russian economy collapsed and corrupt oligarchs plundered the country's wealth through privatization in the 1990's. The Cold War allowed the intelligence communities of both sides to harm authentic nationalist movements. The so called communist threat was exaggerated as a means to strengthen Western Europe. The Cold War executed the fiction that only capitalism or communism were the only feasible economic options for any human to embrace. Even the brilliant Joel Skousen, Anthony Sutton, and other scholars have documented how mainstream capitalists and mainstream communists collaborated with each other. The weakening of Russia for a time caused America to have a huge political hegemony in the 21st century.

*One huge aftermath of the Cold War was the expansion of NATO worldwide. There has been a transformation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO. NATO was a military bloc that was created by the United States in 1949. It was near the beginning of the Cold War. Now, NATO has grown into many nations of Europe and it has made military partnerships globally. It has waged war on three continents. Kurt Volker worked with the State Department in 2006. By 2008, he was an U.S. ambassador to NATO. He boasted that the year 2007 that NATO has been engaged in eight simultaneous operations on four continents. Years later, the State Department's Daniel Fried told the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs' Subcommittee on Europe spoke on various issues. He spoke about the following words: "...When the Berlin Wall fell in 1989; NATO was an Alliance of 16 members and no partners. Today, NATO has 26 members with 2 new invitees, prospective membership for others, and over 20 partners in Europe and Eurasia, seven in the Mediterranean, four in the Persian Gulf, and others from around the world. Back then, then Secretary of State James Baker had assured Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev at the time of the German reunification in 1990 that NATO would not be moved one inch eastward. This act of a merger occurring led to the German Democratic Republic being absorbed not only into the Federal Republic but NATO moved eastward to the borders of Poland and Czechoslovakia (this was closer to that of the Soviet Union). Fried talked about Albania and Croatia as 2 invited nations. Now, these nations are in the military bloc of NATO by 2009. NATO grew by 75 percent from 16 member nations to 28 member nations within the first decades of the 21st century. NATO has expanded to the east. Therefore, the Pentagon including its Western allies are provided with air bases and other military facilities in Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania (for hegemonic purposes). Macedonia could have been absorbed into NATO by 2009 if not for Greece. Other nations are being groomed for future full NATO membership like Bosnia, Georgia, and Montenegro. NATO is allied with the Partnership for Peace program. It was used to advance 12 new Eastern European nations into NATO between 1999 and 2009. It involved over a third of the nations in the world like every non-Soviet member of the Warsaw Pact and three former Soviet republics (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) the Mediterranean Dialogue, the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative and, as of last year, the newly formed Partners Across the Globe (whose initial members are Afghanistan, Australia, Iraq, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan and South Korea), and NATO members including partners in at least 70 nations. In January of 2012, there was a meeting of NATO's Military Committee Chiefs of Defense Staff. It was conducted with top military representatives of 67 nations. The Partners Across the Globe and other military partnerships are expected to grow globally. Among the more than 50 nations that have provided NATO with troop contingents for the war in South Asia are additional Asia-Pacific states not covered by other international NATO partnership formats. These formats are like the Partnership for Peace (22 nations in Europe, the South Caucasus and Central Asia), the Mediterranean Dialogue (seven nations in North Africa and the Middle East, with Libya to be the eighth) and the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative, which targets the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates). Some want the Asian states of Malaysia, Singapore, and Tonga to be new candidates for the global partnership (including Latin American nations like El Salvador and Colombia as troop providers). There are nations like Iraq and Yemen that could be in the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative. Mediterranean Dialogue members Jordan and Morocco applied for membership in the Gulf Cooperation Council, which is made up of the Arab world's other six monarchies during NATO's war against Libya in 2011. NATO have tried to make a collectively partnership between NATO and the 54 member African Union nations. NATO is an ally of Africom or the U.S. Africa Command. We know how imperialist Africom is. Some want NATO to expand in the South Atlantic too. There have been military exercises among NATO and other nations globally like South Africa even. The Pentagon and NATO are implementing plans to deploy land based interceptor missiles in Romania and Poland. There are having similar weapons in the South Pacific and globally. Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen and other NATO leaders routinely assert that the European Phased Adaptive Approach missile system is aimed not only against Iran but North Korea and Syria. In April of this year Rasmussen became the first NATO secretary general to visit South Korea. Days earlier his second-in-command, Deputy Secretary General Alexander Vershbow, spoke of the possibility of invoking NATOs Article 5 mutual military assistance clause against North Korea. NATO have waged air and ground war in Europe in Yugoslavia, Libya, Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc. since 1999. The Afghanistan war allowed NATO to expand its operations. NATO is not just based in Europe or the States. It has allies all over the Earth from Asia to the Middle East.

By Timothy

So, we know the drill. We should be righteous, treat our neighbor as ourselves, advance equality, love the freedom of conscience, never forget the real folks that we know from the past, love humanity, and keep on fighting for the truth. Life is definitely more rewarding if we go out and be active to help humanity and advance justice for all of the human race. You have the right to be out and advance truth & unconquerable happiness. I believe in expressing empathy towards humanity. I will still drop jewels in my life.