ME2251-HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER Unit-2 CONVECTION General Questions: 1. Define convective heat transfer coefficient. 2.

What are the physical meanings of Fourier number? 3. Give some advantage of dimensional analysis. 4. Explain flow over cylinders and spheres. 5. Explain flow over bank of tubes. 1. (i)Air at atmospheric pressure and 200oC flows over a plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. the plate is 15mm wide and is maintained at a temperature of 120oC. Calculate the thickness of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers and the local heat transfer coefficient at a distance of 0.5m from the leading edge. Assume that the flow is on one side of the plate. = 0.815 kg/m3; = 24.5 * 10-6 Ns/m2; Pr= 0.7; k=0.0364 W/mK (ii) A flat plate 1m wide and 1.5 m long is to be maintained at 90oC in air with a free stream temperature of 10oC determine the velocity with which air must flow over flat plate along 1.5 m side , so that the rate of energy dissipation from the plate is 3.75 KW. Take the following properties of air at 50oC. P= 1.09 kg/m3; k=0.028W.m3; Cp= 1.007KJ/kgoC; = 2.03 * 10-5 kg/m-s; pr =0.7 6. Define velocity boundary layer. 7. Define thickness of velocity boundary layer. 8. Define thermal boundary layer. 9. Define thickness of boundary layer. 2. A hot plate 1.2 m wide 0.35m height and at 115oC is exposed to the ambient still air at 25oC. Calculate the following. a. maximum velocity at 180mm from the leading edge of the plate b. the boundary layer thickness at 180 mm from the leading edge of the plate c. Local heat transfer coefficient at 180 mm from the leading edge of the plate. d. Average heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the plate. e. Total mass flow through the boundary f. Heat loss from the plate

g. Rise in temperature of the air passing through the boundary. Use approximate solution 10. Define displacement thickness. 11. Define energy thickness. 12. Define momentum thickness. 13. Mention some of the characteristics of a boundary layer. 14. Define skin friction coefficient and mention its application. 3. Air at 25oC flow over 1m * 3m (3m long) horizontal plate maintained at 200oC at 10m/s. calculate the average heat transfer coefficient for both laminar and turbulent regions. Take Re (critical) = 3.5 *105. 15. Write the equation average heat transfer co efficient in the combination of laminar and turbulent flow. 16. Define thermal boundary layer thickness 17. Sketch boundary layer development in a circular pipe. 18. What are the types of Boundary layer? 19. Briefly explain the effect of turbulence on boundary layers. 20. Compare the thickness of thermal boundary layer with velocity layer for various values of Prandlt numbers. 21. Give the comparison between laminar boundary layer and turbulent boundary layer. 4. (i) Define Reynoldss, Nusselt and Prandlt numbers. (ii)A stream pipe 10cm outside diameter runs horizontally in a room at 23oC. Take the outside surface temperature of pipe as 165oC. Determine the heat loss per meter length of the pipe. 22. Define local heat transfer coefficient. 23. State the various governing equations for convection heat transfer. 24. Write the continuity equation for a 3-dimensional steady incompressible flow in Cartesian co-ordinates. 25. Write the continuity equation for an incompressible flow in ax symmetric cylindrical polar co-ordinates and mention its application. 5. (I) explain the thermal and velocity boundary layer for flow over a horizontal flat plate.

(ii)Engine oil (k=0.14w/mK,v=80*10-6m2/s) flows with a mean velocity of 0.2m/s inside a 1.25 cm diameter tube which is electrically heated at the wall at a uniform rate of 2.45W/mK. The heat transfer is taking place in the fully developed region. Calculate the temperature difference between the tube wall surface and the mean flow temperature. 26. Define energy thickness? 27. What is the dimensional analysis? 28. Buckingham theorem?

29. What is the physical significance of Navier stokes equation? 30. Define hydraulic diameter. 31. What are the dimensionless numbers used in forced convection? 6. Cylinder cans of 200 mm length and 90 mm dia are to be cooled from an initial temperature of 20oC by exposing them to atmospheric air at a temperature of 1oc and a pressure of 1 bar .Find the cooling rates when the cans are kept in (i) horizontal position (ii) vertical position. 32. Define thermal boundary layer thickness 33. Derive the formula for Grashof number? 34. What are the types of convection? 35. What is the Film temperature? 36. Define the Drag force. 7. Air at 20oC and at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plates are 280 mm wide and at 56oC calculate the following at x=280mm:(i) Boundary layer thickness (ii) Local frication coefficient (iii) Average friction coefficient (iv) Thickness of the thermal boundary layer (v) Local convective heat transfer coefficient (vi) Average convective heat transfer coefficient (vii) Rate of heat transfer by convection (viii) Total drag force on the plate. 37. Briefly explain the effect of turbulence on boundary layers. 38. Mention the various factors influence the natural convection heat transfer. 39. Sketch boundary layer development in a circular pipe.

8. (i)A cylindrical body of 300 mm diameter and 1.6m height is maintained at a constant temperature of 365oC.Find the amount of heat generated by the body per hour if Cp=0.96KJ/kgoC;=1.025kg/m3=1/298k-1;=15.06*e-6;=0.0892W/moC.Assume that Nu=0.12(Gr.Pr)1/3 . (ii)A nuclear reactor with its constructed of parallel vertical plates 2.2 m high and 1.4wide has been designed on free convection heating of liquid Bismuth is 340oC Calculate the maximum possible heat dissipation from both sides of each plate, The properties of Bismuth at film temperature are Cp=150.7KJ/kgoC; =1000kg/m3; =3.12 kg/mh; =15.06*e-6; =13.02 W/moC.Assume that Nu=0.12(Gr.Pr)1/3 . 40. State the condition under which the vertical cylinder can be treated as vertical plate for the calculation of natural convection heat transfer. 41. Why the analytical solution of a natural convection heat transfer problem is more difficult than that of a forced convection problem. 42. Define the Grashof Number. 43. 44. Mention the various dimensionless parameters used in natural convection heat transfer. 45. What do you mean by Reynolds analogy? Mention its limitation? 9. Air at 400 K and 1atm pressure flows at a speed of 1.5m/s over a flat plate of 2m long. The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 300oK.If the plate has a width of 0.5 m, Estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer from the air stream to the plate .Also estimate the drag force acting on the plate. 46. What do you mean by critical Reynolds number? 47. What do you mean by colburn analogy? 48. Mention the most commonly used tube arrangements in tube banks. 49. Define longitudinal pitch in tube banks. 50. Define transverse pitch in tube banks. 10. Cylinder cans of 150mm length and 65mm diameter are to be cooled from an initial temperature of 20oC by placing them in a cooler containing air at a temperature of 1oC and a pressure of 1bar.Dertermine the cooling rates when the cans are keep in air. 51. Briefly explain fully developed flow. 52. Define thermally fully developed flow.

53. Define diagonal pitch in tube banks 11. (i).A steam pipe 10 cm OD runs horizontally in a room at 23oC. Take outside temperature of pipe as 165oC. Determine the heat loss per unit length of the pipe. Pipe surface temperature reduces to 80oC with 1.5 cm insulation. What is the reduction in heat loss? 54. Define Grashoff number and mention its significance. 55. Define Rayleigh number and mention its significance. 56. Define the Stanton number. 12. (i)A large vertical plate 5m high is maintained at 100oC and exposed to air at 30oC; calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient. ii) Write down the momentum equation for a steady, two dimensional flow of an incompressible, constant property Newtonian fluid in the rectangular coordinate system and mention the physical significance. 57. Define average heat transfer coefficient. State Newton's law of cooling. 58. Give some limitations of Dimensional analysis. 59. Define Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids.

13. (i) Atmospheric air at 275 K and a free stream velocity of 20 m/s flows over a flat plate 1.5m long that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 325 K. calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over the region where the boundary layer is laminar, the average heat transfer coefficient over the entire length of the plate and the total heat transfer rate from the plate to the air over the length 1.5 m and the width 1m. Assume transition occurs at Rec =2*105 (ii) Sketch the boundary layer development of a flow over a flat plate and explain the Significance of the boundary layer. 60. Define Prandtl number and mention its significance. 61. Define Nusselt number and mention its significance. 62. Mention the application of Von Karman momentum equation. 63. Define local heat transfer coefficient.

14. Nitrogen at a pressure of 0.1atm flows over a flat plate with a free stream velocity of 8m/sec.The temperature of the gas is -20OC.The plate temperature is 20O C. Determine the length for the flow to turn turbulent .Assume 5x105 as critical Reynolds number.Also determine the thickness of thermal and velocity boundary layers and the average convection coefficient for a plate length of 0.3m.Properyties are to be found at film temperature.

64. Explain clearly the difference between natural convection heat transfer and forced convection heat transfer? 65. Define thermal boundary layer thickness 66. Derive the formula for Grashof number? 67. What are the types of convection? 68. What is the Film temperature? 69. Define the Drag force. 15. Air at 1 atm with a temperature of 500 OC flows over a flat plate 0.2m long and 0.1m wide. The Reynolds number is 40,0000(flow is along the 0.2m side).Determine the heat transfer from the plate at 100 OC to air at 50 OC.If the average velocity of flow is doubled and the pressure is increased to 5 atm. Determine the percentage change. The properties of air are read from the tables and integrated for film temperature of 75 OC. 70. Define bulk temperature. 71. Define film temperature. 72. Define Reynolds number and mention its significance. 73. Define eddy diffusivity for momentum. 74. Define eddy diffusivity for heat transfer. 16. Derive the integral momentum equation for the boundary layer over a flat plate. 75. Write down the momentum equation for a steady, two dimensional flow of an incompressible, constant property Newtonian fluid in the rectangular coordinate system and mention the physical significance of each term. 76. An electrically heated plated dissipates heat by convection at a rate of 8000w/m2 into the ambient air at 25c.If the surface of the hot

plate is at 125c,calculate the heat transfer coefficient between the plate and the air. 77. Mention some of the factors which influence the convective heat transfer coefficient. 78. What are the different methods used to determine the heat transfer coefficient in forced convection? 17. Sodium potassium alloy (25% +75%) at 300 OC flows OC over a 20cm long plate element at 500 OC with a free stream velocity of 0.6m/s. The width of plate element is 0.1m. Determine the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness and also the displacement and momentum thickness. Determine also the local and average value of coefficient of friction and convection coefficient. Define Prandtl number and mention its significance. 79. Define Nusselt number and mention its significance. 80. Mention the application of Von Karman momentum equation. 81. Define local heat transfer coefficient. 18. Air at -10 OC flows over a flat plate at 10 OC with a free stream velocity of 10m/s, the Length of the plate being 3.1m.Determine the average value of friction co-efficient and convection co-efficient taking into account the laminar length and compare the values with those obtained assuming turbulent flow throughout. 82. Write the equation average heat transfer co efficient in the combination of laminar and turbulent flow. 83. List the dimensionless numbers. 84. What are the types of Boundary layer? 85. Briefly explain Moodys diagram. 86. Compare the thickness of thermal boundary layer with velocity layer for various values of Prandlt numbers. 87. Give the comparison between laminar boundary layer and turbulent boundary layer. 19. Engine oil flows over a sphere of 4cm diameter with a velocity of 0.31m/sec.The oil is at 40 OC and the ball is at 8O OC Determine the value of convection co-efficient. 88. Define convection 89. State the mechanism of convective heat transfer

90. What are the types of convection heat transfer? 91. Briefly explain forced convection. 92. Briefly explain free convection. 20. A vertical plate pipe 80 mm diameter and 2m height is maintained at a constant temperature of 120oC. The pipe surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30oC, find heat loss by natural convection. 93. Differentiate between Natural & Forced convection. 94. Sketch, temperature and velocity profiles in free convection on a vertical wall. 95. Give examples for free convection. 96. Explain clearly the difference between natural convection heat transfer and forced convection heat transfer. 97. Draw the velocity and temperature profiles for free convection on a hot vertical plate