BPE PP 0011 v1 2008

One SourceMany SolutionsOne Purpose
2008 SCR Users Group Conference

Copyright 2008 Babcock Power Inc. All rights reserved.
www.babcockpower.com
11/
Babcock Power Inc.
One Source Many Solutions One Purpose
How Does An SCR Work?
Presented by:
Bill Medeiros
Basic SCR Chemistry
NO
X
NH
3
N
2 H
2
O
4 NO + 4 NH
3
+ O
2
4 N
2
+ 6 H
2
O
7 N
2
+ 12 H
2
O
6 NO
2
+ 8 NH
3
Undesirable side reactions
SO
2
+ 1/2 O
2
NH
3
+ SO
3
+ H
2
O
SO
3
NH
4
HSO
4
Basic reaction equations
Typical coal flue gas
95% NO & 5% NO
2
2 NO
2
+ O
2
+ 4 NH
3
3 N
2
+ 6 H
2
O
Basic SCR Chemistry
SCR Reactor Configuration
High Dust
Low Dust
Tail End
High Dust Arrangement
SCR Reactor
Between
Hot ESP and
Air Heater
Low Dust Arrangement
Tail End Arrangement
In Duct Arrangement
SCR Configurations
SCR Bypass
OTAG Operation Only
Start Up
SCR Low Load Temperature Control (High Dust SCR)
Economizer Bypass
Bypass Damper Only
Bypass Damper and Backpressure Damper
Economizer Heat Transfer Surface Reduction
Water Bypass
In-Duct Gas Burners
Steam Bypass
Boiler Startup Bypass
Econ. Furn
Roof
& CP PSH
SSH
HPT
RH
#8 Htr. #7 Htr.
Flash Tank
Cond.
#6 Htr.
220
Valves
207
Valves
DEA
BFP
242
Valve
Static Mixers Delta Wings
Ammonia Flow Control
Adjusted based on testing

Ammonia Injection & Flue Gas Mixing
PLANT 3
Burner NOx Test 1
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
0 20 40 60 80 100
Width, ft.
N
O
x
,

p
p
m
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
Series5
Series6
Inlet variations of
flue gas
composition
Load and burner
group dependent
Mix prior to
ammonia injection
Mixing Prior to Ammonia Injection
Gas Flow
from Boiler
Large Particle Ash (LPA)
LPA Properties
Size >4.0 mm
Density 0.7 to 1.25 g/cc
Sphericity 0.7 to 0.99
Coefficient of Restitution 0.15 to 0.2
Screen Design Important
Pluggage
Erosion
LPA Screen Design
Design and Modeling
CFD Modeling
Industry Coated Screens
Experience From Past
Soot Blowers
Low Velocity
Low Pressure Loss
Catalyst - Types
Honeycomb
Corrugated
Plate
Catalyst Manufacture
Catalyst Vendors
Vendor Name Catalyst Type Fuel Type
Argillon (Siemens) Honeycomb Gas, Oil, Coal
Plate Coal High Dust
KWH Honeycomb Gas, Oil, Coal Low Dust, Coal High Dust
Cormetech Honeycomb Gas, Oil, Coal Low Dust, Coal High Dust
Haldor Topsoe Corrugated Gas, Oil, Coal Low Dust, Coal High Dust
Ceram Honeycomb Gas, Oil, Coal Low Dust, Coal High Dust
Nippon Shokubai Honeycomb Gas, Oil, Coal Low Dust, Coal High Dust
Hitz America Corrugated Gas, Oil Limited Coal Experience
Hitachi America Plate Gas, Oil, Coal Low Dust, Coal High Dust
Riley Standard Module
Catalyst Design Parameters
Fuels
Initial catalyst life (hours of initial operation)
Maximum ammonia slip
Flue-gas conditions
SO
2
to SO
3
conversion rate (initial final)
NO
x
reduction
Catalyst layout (module size and number of modules per layer)
Flue-gas distribution across top layer of catalyst
Geometry arrangement
Catalyst Pitch Selection
High dust honeycomb (bituminous)
7 mm pitch - 500 m
2
/m
3
High dust honeycomb (sub-bituminous)
8.2 mm pitch - 420 m
2
/m
3
Low dust
5.9 mm pitch - 580 m
2
/m
3
Plate
5.6 pitch - 350 m
2
/m
3
Catalyst Fuel Impact
Major Considerations
Sulfur content (ammonium salts)
Ash loading
Arsenic
CaO
Vanadium (pet coke, heavy oils)
Other trace elements
Catalyst Deactivation
Arsenic Effect on Catalyst Life
First noted in wet bottom 100% ash recycling boilers
Poisoning from As
2
O
3
(gaseous)
Reacts with CaO to form non-poisoning Ca
3
(AsO
4
)
2
(solid)
CaO addition proven in Europe and US
Additional effects
Increased ash loading
Lower SO
3
production in boiler
CaO Deactivation Mechanism
The deactivation is rate limited by CaO deposition
Step 1
CaO is caught on the
catalyst surface
Process is dependent on
availability and adhesion
of CaO
Rate controlling process for deactivation
Very slow concentration changes (~10
4
hours)
CaO
CaO
catalyst
surface
CaO
active sites
Fast reaction time (~10
1
hours)
Step 2
SO
3
bonding & diffusion
Process is function of mass
transfer and concentration
CaO
active sites
SO
3
catalyst
surface
Step 3
Diffusion and expansion CaO +
SO
3
CaSO
4
Reaction is a function of diffusion
rate and SO
3
concentration
CaO Deactivation Mechanism
CaSO
4
blocks active deNO
x
sites on catalyst surface
Reaction time (~10
1
hours)
Particle expansion of 14%
CaSO
4
active sites
catalyst
surface
Deactivation:
NH
3
& NOx cant reach masked active sites
CaSO
4
inactive sites
Step 4
Deactivation is a function of CaO
loading over time
active sites
catalyst
surface
Catalyst Minimum Continuous
Operating Temperature (T
mcot
)
Minimum operating temperature for SCR without
formation of ammonium salts
High partial pressure in catalyst pores
Dew point in pores >> Dew point in duct
T
mcot
= f(SO
3
,NH
3
,H
2
O)
Excess of NH
3
and H
2
O at catalyst inlet
SO
3
from boiler limiting factor
S in Fuel, T
mcot
Flow Model Objectives
NH
3
/NO
X
distribution @ 1
st
layer
Gas velocity distribution
Temperature distribution
Gas flow angle @ 1
st
layer
Dust distribution
System pressure loss
Air heater requirements
Influence testing
Catalyst Requirements
Flow Modeling Model Scales
Gas mixing and design 1:40 to 1:35
Larger scale (smaller model) allows for faster design
changes
Experience with transition between larger scale to
smaller scale to full scale
Dust layout 1:16 to 1:12
Necessary to satisfy the Barth number
SCR Flow Models
2
u
p
Eu
=
m m
gas
D
d
l
C Ba
b u
= Re
SCR Flow Model
Multiple Injection Points
SCR Dust
Model
Catalyst Cleaning
Steam Sootblowers
Requires controlled steam quality, dry steam
Rake type sootblower
Required for high ash concentration (> 20 g/Nm
3
)
Sonic Horns
Compressed air requirements typical of service air
Low air quantities required
Continuous operation
U.S. application and popularity increasing
Anhydrous Ammonia
Hazardous chemical
governed by codes
Aqueous Ammonia
Concentration based
codes, maybe changed in
future
Urea Based Ammonia
Safe storage, more
equipment and complex
Ammonia Systems
Ammonia System Safety Codes &
Standards
3 Levels of alarm and detection
35 ppm (Lights): Threshold Limit Value Short Term
Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) by the American
Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH)
50 ppm (Lights & Horns): OSHA 8 hour exposure limit
300 ppm (Lights, Horns, & E-Stop): Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) limit from the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) and OSHA
Ammonia Injection
Anhydrous
Vaporizers
Direct injection
Dilution air, 5% by volume
Aqueous
Vaporizers
Direct injection
Urea
Direct injection
Dilution air, 5% by volume
Ammonia System Anhydrous
99.5% NH
3
, 0.5% H
2
O
Method of vaporization
Flooded vaporizer with storage tank
Level controlled vaporizer
Direct injection
Dilution air
5% ammonia by volume (lower explosive limit 15%)
Typically 175 to 300F at duct injection location
Ammonia System Anhydrous Codes
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.111, Storage and Handling of
Anhydrous Ammonia
ANSI/CGA K61.1, Safety Requirements for the
Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia
ASME B31.3, Process Piping
Direct Injection Anhydrous
Ammonia System
Hot Water Coils
(Redundant)
Flow Control Valves
(Redundant)
Ammonia Pump
Dilution Air Header
Delta Wings
TM
3
-
5
%

N
H3
300F
Minimizes Tuning and Adjustment Requirements
Dilution Air Fans
(Redundant)
Equipment Selection
Storage Tanks
-28F to site maximum design temperature
250 psig design pressure minimum
Code ASME Section VIII vessel
Excess flow valves on all nozzles
Two methods of level indication
Equipment Selection
Transfer pumps
Seal-less pump design
Magnetic drive
Canned pump
Suction pipe design
Recirculation vs. injection rate
Equipment Selection
Piping / Valves
No copper, brass, or galvanized steel
Conforming to ASME B31.3, Process Piping
Minimum number of threaded connections
Hydrostatic relief required on all isolatable sections
Leak / pressure tests of system prior to service
All instrumentation suitable for anhydrous ammonia
Equipment Selection
Truck / Railcar Unloading
Snappy Joes and breakaways to protect ammonia
equipment
DOT Regulations to be followed
Railroad unloading procedures per ammonia / railroad
supplier
Truck unloading procedures per ammonia / truck
supplier
Ammonia System Aqueous
3 Common concentrations
9% Ammonia
19% Ammonia
29% Ammonia
No definitive codes or standards
Sound engineering practices need to be applied
Ammonia System Aqueous
Equipment Selection
Storage tanks
ASME Section VIII
API 610
Pumps same as anhydrous
Pipes and valves
Typical ASME B31.1 acceptable
Unloading by truck only
Dual Fluid Nozzle Injector
Ammonia System Urea
Multiple conversion technologies available
Typically delivered in dry or liquid form
Best stored on site as liquid
Good engineering practices need to be applied
Heat tracing critical
Urea quality issues
Urea Systems (Others)
FuelTech
Thermal breakdown of urea by gas
combustion
High gas use if ambient air is used
Catalyst in Place
Catalyst Staged
Catalyst Doors
Reactor Layer Detail
Domestic Shipment of Catalyst
Overseas Shipment Containers
(Honeycomb Catalyst)
Lifting Catalyst on Hoist
Catalyst in Position for Loading
Catalyst Module Being Pushed into
Reactor
Installation of Catalyst Module Seals
Requirements of NOx Measurement
Instrumentation for SCR Control
Provide inlet and outlet NO
x
measurement in ppm for the forward
feed with back trim ammonia injection control loop
Respond quickly to changes in the NO
x
values to reduce the risk of
over/under feeding ammonia to the process
The ability to service the instrument, including probe in flue gas duct
without removing boiler or SCR from service
Types of Available NOx Measurement
Instrumentation
Extractive, extractive systems draw flue gas at temperature from the
system in a heated sample line to the analyzer
Dilution Extractive, dilution extractive system draw flue gas from the
system and dilution the gas with air to lower the concentrations of
SO
3
, H
2
O, etc to eliminate the need for heated sample lines to
the analyzer
In Situ, in situ system place the measuring device directly in the flue
gas path
SCR Performance
11/
Units 1&2 Background
642 MW
G
CE balanced draft boilers
Eastern bituminous coal
High sulfur (3%)
Fuel oil burned at startup
U2A reagent
Routinely operate at minimum load of
33% MCR
Design Requirements
High NO
x
removal
92.5% NO
x
removal
0.045 lb/MBtu outlet
LPA Mitigation
LPA screen
Baffle and deflector plates
Minimum load of 33% MCR with 0.045 lb/MBtu outlet
Guarantees
Guarantees Values
Outlet NO
x
0.045 lb/MBtu
Ammonia slip 2 ppmvd
Pressure drop 8.4 iwg
SO
2
oxidation rate 0.50%
Ammonia consumption 1260 lb/h
SCR Design Parameters
Parameter Maximum Load Minimum Load
Boiler heat input, MBtu/h 5,800 2,400
Flue gas flow rate, lb/h 5,885,000 3,076,438
Inlet NO
x
, lb/MBtu
0.6 0.45
Outlet NO
x
, lb/MBtu
0.045 0.045
Economizer exit gas temperature,
o
F
700 495
SCR Design Features
Two four layer reactors per unit
Three initially installed layer and one future layer of catalyst
Inlet and outlet NO
x
analyzers
SCR inlet temperature control (per reactor)
Two double louver economizer bypass dampers
One single louver backpressure damper
Delta Wing
static mixers with six ammonia injectors

Six sonic horns per installed catalyst layer
SCR Design Features
CFD model
Performed to examine screen
location and pressure loss
Baffle location
LPA deflector plate
Identify lowest velocity zone
One LPA screen per reactor
No NO
x
components supplied screen
Hexagonal perforated plate
Low velocity
Minimize catalyst pluggage
SCR Temperature Control
Maintain SCR inlet temperature at all loads
Economizer bypass provides hot flue gas at low loads
Backpressure damper partially closes to force economizer
bypass
SCR Flow Modeling
Two model scales performed
Flow model
1:40 scale
Optimize mixing
Identify performance
parameters
Flow model photo courtesy of Ruscheweyh Consult and
Balcke Drr GmbH
SCR Dust Modeling
Dust model
1:15 scale
Verify flow model
Identify particulate
settlement
Measure ash
distribution at catalyst
inlet
Flow model photo courtesy of Ruscheweyh Consult and
Balcke Drr GmbH
SCR Results
Acceptance test results
Reactor 1A full load
42 test ports
NH
3
/NO
x
profile
Guarantee of 5% rms
Tested 1.8% rms at 93%
NO
x
removal
SCR Results
Acceptance test results
Reactor 1B full load
42 test ports
NH
3
/NO
x
profile
Guarantee of 5% rms
Tested 2.2% rms at 94.6%
NO
x
removal
SCR Results
Reactor 1A Reactor 1B Reactor 1A Reactor 1B
Reactor inlet temperature,
o
F
667 653 677 675
Inlet NO
x
, lb/MBtu
0.43 0.59 0.495 0.52
Outlet NO
x
, lb/MBtu
0.032 0.032 0.043 0.054
NO
x
removal, %
92.6 94.6 91.3 90.0
Ammonia slip, ppm 0.08 0.11 0.1 <0.1
Ammonia consumption, lb/h 482 657 N/A N/A
Pressure drop, iwg 7.1 7.4 N/A N/A
Parameter
Maximum Load Minimum Load
SCR Results
(Thirty Day Rolling Average)
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
June-07 August-07 September-
07
November-07 January-08 February-08 April-08
Date
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

N
O
x

R
a
t
e

(
l
b
/
m
m
B
t
u
)
SCR Achievements
High Removal Efficiency (> 92.5%)
Low Ammonia Slip (< 2 ppm)
Low SO
2
to SO
3
Conversion (< 0.5%)
Wide SCR Operating Range (33% to 100%)
Proven Long Term Operation
SCR Performance
Enhancements
11/
Improved Tuning
South Bay Unit 3
Chula Vista, CA
Boiler Manufacturer Riley Stoker
Generator Manufacturer
General Electric
Gross Generating Capacity
183 MW
Heat Input
2,145 MMBtu/hr
Operating Date
1964
Fuel
SCR NO
x
Control
Natural Gas and/or # 6 Oil
March 2001
South Bay Unit 3
SCR Arrangement
South Bay Unit 3 SCR
Initial Test Results Gas Fired
.91 [0.0104] 8.4 [0.0736] 59.6 Actual Low Load
10 [0.0105] 8.5 [0.1544] 125 Design Low Load
5.21 [0.0137] 11.1 [0.1784] 144.4 Actual Full Load
10 [0.0143] 11.6 [0.1544] 125 Design Full Load
NH
3
ppm
slip
Outlet NO
x
Inlet NO
x
ppmdv @ 3%O
2
[lbs/MMBtu]
Operating History
2001 Acceptance test
2004 Stack tests NH
3
slip exceeds California limits
NH
3
>> 10.5 ppm
Top to bottom outlet NO
x
gradient
Inspection: ammonia injection valve plugged
2004 SCR re-tuned NH
3
slip 2.2 ppm (high load)
Low load ammonia flow control difficult
2005 Enhanced control system installed
2005 Testing
Ammonia feed control at high/low load
Inlet/outlet NO
x
profiles
Flow Model Inlet NH
3
Profiles
E
c
o
n
o
m
iz
e
r
O
u
tle
t (W
e
s
t)
E
c
o
n
o
m
iz
e
r
O
u
tle
t (E
a
s
t)
Injection
Nozzle A
Injection
Nozzle B
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0
1000
2000
z [mm]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
n
0
1000
2000
z [mm]
0 bis 0.25
0.25 bis 0.5
0.5 bis 0.75
0.75 bis 1
1 bis 1.25
1.25 bis 1.5
1.5 bis 1.75
1.75 bis 2
2 bis 2.25
2.25 bis 2.5
2.5+
A: 100%, B: 100% A: 118%, B: 82%
Flow Model Inlet NH
3
Profiles
Single Nozzle Tests
E
co
nom
izer O
u
tlet
(W
est)
E
con
om
izer O
utlet
(E
ast)
Injection Nozzle A
Injection Nozzle B
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0
1000
2000
z [mm]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
n
0
1000
2000
z [mm]
0 bis 0.25
0.25 bis 0.5
0.5 bis 0.75
0.75 bis 1
1 bis 1.25
1.25 bis 1.5
1.5 bis 1.75
1.75 bis 2
2 bis 2.25
2.25 bis 2.5
2.5+
Nozzle A Nozzle B
Normalized Inlet Duct Ammonia Distribution
From Each Injection Nozzle
E
co
nom
izer O
u
tlet
(W
est)
E
con
om
izer O
utlet
(E
ast)
Injection Nozzle A
Injection Nozzle B
E
co
nom
izer O
u
tlet
(W
est)
E
con
om
izer O
utlet
(E
ast)
Injection Nozzle A
Injection Nozzle B
E
co
nom
izer O
u
tlet
(W
est)
E
con
om
izer O
utlet
(E
ast)
Injection Nozzle A
Injection Nozzle B
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0
1000
2000
z [mm]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
n
0
1000
2000
z [mm]
0 bis 0.25
0.25 bis 0.5
0.5 bis 0.75
0.75 bis 1
1 bis 1.25
1.25 bis 1.5
1.5 bis 1.75
1.75 bis 2
2 bis 2.25
2.25 bis 2.5
2.5+
Nozzle A Nozzle B
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0
1000
2000
z [mm]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
n
0
1000
2000
z [mm]
0 bis 0.25
0.25 bis 0.5
0.5 bis 0.75
0.75 bis 1
1 bis 1.25
1.25 bis 1.5
1.5 bis 1.75
1.75 bis 2
2 bis 2.25
2.25 bis 2.5
2.5+
Nozzle A Nozzle B
Outlet NOx Profiles*
June 2004
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Width
Flow Out of Page
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
f
t
)

W
e
s
t
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Width
Flow Out of Page
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
f
t
)

W
e
s
t
* Testing by FERCo
Test 1, 165 MW
Test 8, 158 MW
Avg NH
3
slip 2.2 ppm
SCR Control
NO
X
Measurement
R
e
a
c
t
o
r

O
u
t
l
e
t
SCR Outlet NOx Probe Locations
Option 2
Option 1
Economizer Outlet (East)
NOx Probe Location
Economizer Outlet (West)
NOx Probe Location
NOx / O2 Analyzer Shelter Location
(Adjacent to Existing CEMS Building)
R
e
a
c
t
o
r

O
u
t
l
e
t
Option 2
Option 1
Economizer Outlet (East)
NOx Probe Location
Economizer Outlet (West)
NOx Probe Location
NOx / O2 Analyzer Shelter Location
(Adjacent to Existing CEMS Building)
A-Side (east) B-Side (west)
A-Side (east) B-Side (west)
Ammonia Dual Range
Flow Control
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500
Ammonia Flow, lb/hr
V
a
l
v
e

P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,

%

o
p
e
n
High Flow Valve(1/2"w/Trim E, CV=0.5) High Flow Valve(1/2"w/Trim F, CV=0.32)
Low Flow Valve(1/2"w/Trim J, CV=0.05)
Full Load Oil
Full Load Gas
Low
Load
East
West
Purge
Outlet NO
x
Profiles*
July 2005
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Width (ft)
Flow Out Of Page
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
H
e
ig
h
t
(
f
t)

W
e
s
t

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Width (ft)
Flow Out Of Page
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
H
e
ig
h
t
(
ft
)

W
e
s
t

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Width (ft)
Flow Out Of Page
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
f
t
)

W
e
s
t
E
a
s
t
Manual Control
Automated Control
35 MW
107 MW
140 MW
* Testing by FERCo
Summary
Limited number of NH
3
injectors
Clearly defined influence fields for each
injector
Demonstrated improved performance with
automatic control of injector NH
3
flow
System Testing NH
3
/NO
x
Distribution
Calculated from inlet & outlet NO
x
grids
Calculate for every point on outlet
Formula:
Variation > 0 excess ammonia, < 0 excess NO
x
100 1
3
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
AVE OUTLET AVE INLET
POINT OUTLET AVE INLET
X
NOx NOx
NOx NOx
NO
NH
System Optimization Influence Testing
Insight into ammonia distribution
Aids in injector tuning
Influences can be simulated in the flow model for
comparison
System Optimization Influence Testing
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
304
299
305
304
268
321
333
339
312
305
346
371
399
390
373
449
424
422
460
480
518
518
496
508
510
540
531
521
515
514
545
532
527
520
520
557
548
544
539
537
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
310
298
308
308
271
329
332
341
307
312
356
366
394
383
377
446
417
425
450
475
516
504
502
499
513
539
526
502
519
522
549
530
531
526
525
563
547
547
547
547
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
420
422
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
452
454
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
470
0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Valve 1
Valve 2
Optimization Technique
=
=
N
j
j ij i
X K B
1
=
=
M
i
i
avg
M
B
AMM
1
=
=
=
(
(
(
(
=
M
i
M
j
j
avg
i
i
M
i
i
M
A
AMM
A
B
ABS D
1
1
1

= =
=
M
i
i
N
j
j
A X
1 1
Linear constrained optimization

technique to minimize
=
M
i
i
D
1
Optimized Distribution Tuning
Simulated in flow model
Has been used to manually tune SCR
Patent pending on automated tuning
Retrofit Low Load Operation
Operational Issues
610 MW unit
Daily operation down to <350 MW
Minimum catalyst operating temperature 570
o
F
Turning off ammonia flow at 440 MW
Non-compliance to 30 day rolling average
Initial Findings
Significant temperature stratification in catalyst inlet face
Lack of mixing between economizer outlet and bypass flow
Insufficient economizer bypass flow to achieve desired catalyst
operating temperature
Possible solutions
Better mixing of economizer and economizer bypass flows
Increased bypass flow
Backpressure damper
Raising feedwater temperature
Thank You

BPE PP 0011 v1 2008

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One SourceMany SolutionsOne Purpose

2008 SCR Users Group Conference

Adjusted based on testing

static mixers with six ammonia injectors

Linear constrained optimization

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