Introduction to Calculus

Phoebe Chloe F. Ramos

Introduction to Calculus

April 17, 2012

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

1 / 11

Applications

A company that manufactures computers has established that, on the average, anew employee can assemble N (t ) components per day after t days of on-the-job training, as given by N (t ) = 50t t +4 t 0.

Sketch a graph of N , 0 t 100, including any vertical or horizontal asymptotes. What does N (t ) approach as t increases without bound?

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

2 / 11

Break-even and prot-loss analysis

Any manufacturing company has costs C and revenues R . R<C R=C R>C loss break-even prot

Costs (xed costs) : overhead, product design, setup and promotion (variable costs) : dependent on the number of items produced at a certain cost per item

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

3 / 11

Break-even and prot-loss analysis

Any manufacturing company has costs C and revenues R . R<C R=C R>C loss break-even prot

Costs (xed costs) : overhead, product design, setup and promotion (variable costs) : dependent on the number of items produced at a certain cost per item

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

3 / 11

Break-even and prot-loss analysis

Any manufacturing company has costs C and revenues R . R<C R=C R>C loss break-even prot

Costs (xed costs) : overhead, product design, setup and promotion (variable costs) : dependent on the number of items produced at a certain cost per item

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

3 / 11

Break-even and prot-loss analysis

Any manufacturing company has costs C and revenues R . R<C R=C R>C loss break-even prot

Costs (xed costs) : overhead, product design, setup and promotion (variable costs) : dependent on the number of items produced at a certain cost per item

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

3 / 11

Break-even and prot-loss analysis

Any manufacturing company has costs C and revenues R . R<C R=C R>C loss break-even prot

Costs (xed costs) : overhead, product design, setup and promotion (variable costs) : dependent on the number of items produced at a certain cost per item

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

3 / 11

Break-even and prot-loss analysis

Any manufacturing company has costs C and revenues R . R<C R=C R>C loss break-even prot

Costs (xed costs) : overhead, product design, setup and promotion (variable costs) : dependent on the number of items produced at a certain cost per item

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

3 / 11

Cost Function C = (xed cost) + (variable costs) = a + bx Price-Demand Function p = m nx x is the number of items that can be sold per item Revenue Function R = (number of items sold) (price per item) = xp Prot Function P =R C

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

4 / 11

Cost Function C = (xed cost) + (variable costs) = a + bx Price-Demand Function p = m nx x is the number of items that can be sold per item Revenue Function R = (number of items sold) (price per item) = xp Prot Function P =R C

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

4 / 11

Example
Break-even analysis The research department in a company that manufactures AM/FM clock radios established the price-demand, cost and revenue functions: p (x ) = 50 1.25x C (x ) = 160 + 10x R (x ) = xp (x ) where x is in thousand dollars of units and C (x ) and R (x ) are in thousand of dollars. All three functions have domain 1 x 40.

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

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Example
(A) Graph the cost function and the revenue function. (B) Determine when R = C , R < C and R > C to the nearest unit. (C) Determine the maximum revenue (to the nearest thousand dollars) and the output (to the nearest unit) that produces the maximum revenue. What is the wholesale price of the radio at this output?

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

6 / 11

Example
(A) Graph the cost function and the revenue function. (B) Determine when R = C , R < C and R > C to the nearest unit. (C) Determine the maximum revenue (to the nearest thousand dollars) and the output (to the nearest unit) that produces the maximum revenue. What is the wholesale price of the radio at this output?

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

6 / 11

Example
One leukemic cell injected into a healthy mouse will divide into 2 cells in about 1/2 day. At the end of the dy these 2 cells divide into 4. This doubling continues until 1 billion cells are formed; then the animal dies with leukemic cells in every part of the body. (A) Write an equation that will give the number N of leukemic cells at the end of t days. (B) When, to the nearest day, will the mouse die?

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

7 / 11

Limit of a Function and Limit Theorems

Denition
Let f be a function dened at every number in some open interval containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. The limit of f (x ) as x approaches a is L, written as
x c

lim f (x ) = L

if given any > 0, however small, there exists a > 0 such that if 0 < |x c | < then |f (x ) L| < .

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

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Denition
(informal) We write
x c

lim = L

or

f (x ) L as x c

if the functional value f (x ) is close to the single real number L whenever x is close, but not equal, to c (on either side of c ). Note: The existence of a limit at c ahs nothing to do with the value of the function at c . In fact, c may not even be in the domain of f . However, the function must be dened on both sides of c .

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

9 / 11

Properties of Limits
Theorem
Let f and g be two functions and assume that
x c

lim f (x ) = L

x c

lim g (x ) = M

where L and M are real numbers (both limits exists). Then

x c x c

lim k = k lim x = c

for any constant k

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

10 / 11

Properties of Limits
Theorem
Let f and g be two functions and assume that
x c

lim f (x ) = L

x c

lim g (x ) = M

where L and M are real numbers (both limits exists). Then

x c

lim k = k lim x = c

for any constant k

x c

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

10 / 11

Theorem
x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) + g (x )] = lim f (x ) + lim g (x ) = L + M.

x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M. lim k f (x ) = k L for any constant k lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M
x c x c

x c

f (x ) L = x c = , M = 0. g (x ) lim g (x ) M x c n limx c f (x ) = n lim f (x ) = n L L > 0 for n even. lim

x c

lim f (x )

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

11 / 11

Theorem
x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) + g (x )] = lim f (x ) + lim g (x ) = L + M.

x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M. lim k f (x ) = k L for any constant k lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M
x c x c

x c

f (x ) L = x c = , M = 0. g (x ) lim g (x ) M x c n limx c f (x ) = n lim f (x ) = n L L > 0 for n even. lim

x c

lim f (x )

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

11 / 11

Theorem
x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) + g (x )] = lim f (x ) + lim g (x ) = L + M.

x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M. lim k f (x ) = k L for any constant k lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M
x c x c

x c

f (x ) L = x c = , M = 0. g (x ) lim g (x ) M x c n limx c f (x ) = n lim f (x ) = n L L > 0 for n even. lim

x c

lim f (x )

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

11 / 11

Theorem
x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) + g (x )] = lim f (x ) + lim g (x ) = L + M.

x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M. lim k f (x ) = k L for any constant k lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M
x c x c

x c

x c

f (x ) L = x c = , M = 0. g (x ) lim g (x ) M x c n limx c f (x ) = n lim f (x ) = n L L > 0 for n even. lim

x c

lim f (x )

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

11 / 11

Theorem
x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) + g (x )] = lim f (x ) + lim g (x ) = L + M.

x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M. lim k f (x ) = k L for any constant k lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M
x c x c

x c

x c

f (x ) L = x c = , M = 0. g (x ) lim g (x ) M x c n limx c f (x ) = n lim f (x ) = n L L > 0 for n even. lim

x c

lim f (x )

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

11 / 11

Theorem
x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) + g (x )] = lim f (x ) + lim g (x ) = L + M.

x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M. lim k f (x ) = k L for any constant k lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M
x c x c

x c

f (x ) L = x c = , M = 0. g (x ) lim g (x ) M x c n limx c f (x ) = n lim f (x ) = n L L > 0 for n even.

x c

lim f (x )

lim

x c

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

11 / 11

Theorem
x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) + g (x )] = lim f (x ) + lim g (x ) = L + M.

x c x c x c x c

lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M. lim k f (x ) = k L for any constant k lim [f (x ) g (x )] = lim f (x ) lim g (x ) = L M
x c x c

x c

f (x ) L = x c = , M = 0. g (x ) lim g (x ) M x c n limx c f (x ) = n lim f (x ) = n L L > 0 for n even.

x c

lim f (x )

lim

x c

(UP Baguio)

Masters Thesis Defense

April 17, 2012

11 / 11