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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mitchell, D. (2005). Beware the Value-Added Tax. The Heritage Foundation: Leadership for America,
1852. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/bg1852.cfm

An 11-paged research paper containing evidences why the Value-Added Tax is a no-win
proposition for the United States of America. The author has expounded four adverse consequences of
VAT as well as six Assertions which he corrected at the same time. Talking points include the following:
real-world evidence indicates that the value-added tax, levied on the value-added to goods and services
as they pass through each stage of the production process, is a money machine for big government;
since the late 1960s, when Europe began to adopt VATs, its overall fiscal burden has climbed rapidly.
Government spending in European Union nations has ballooned, in some cases consuming more than 50
percent of economic output; VATs frequently lead to higher taxes on Income. Politicians seeking to
impose a VAT or to increase the rate of an existing VAT often simultaneously increase income tax rates
because they mistakenly think it is important to preserve the progressivity of the entire tax code; the only
condition that would make a VAT acceptable is complete repeal of all income taxes, including a
constitutional amendment that prohibits Congress from re-imposing taxes on any type of income. It
presented tables related to taxes percent of GDP.

Aning, J. (September 19, 2008). “Justice In Taxation”: Bishops back move to zap VAT. Philippine Daily
Inquirer. Retrieved from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080919-
161566/Bishops-back-move-to-zap-VAT

This article told story about the appeal lead by different civil society groups which were joined by
three Roman Catholic bishops namely Caloocan Bishop Deogracias Iniguez, Novaliches Bishop Antonio
Tobias and Manila Auxiliary Bishop Broderick Pabillo. It was a Communal Prayer and Action against VAT
in order to save the poor from further deprivation and a hope for the enlightenment of the government to
eliminate the controversial tax. Many people also joined and took part on the said event.
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Shaheen, F. (2007). International Tax Neutrality: reconsiderations. All Business: A D&B Company. Virginia
Tax Review Publication. Retrieved from www.allbusiness.com/trade-development/international-trade-
export/5525071-1.html+VAT+on+Saving-Consumption+Decision&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5

This article reconsiders the International Tax Neutrality. It argues about the residence-based
taxation as incompetent over source-based taxation to satisfy capital export neutrality. It also introduces
the idea of best satisfying capital export neutrality simply by source-based taxation that effectively cures
the distortions resulted by its imposition. The main idea of this paper is that various neutrality theories are
best and simultaneously satisfied by source-based taxation, not necessarily with globally harmonized tax
rates.

Somers, H. (1972). Regulated Public Goods. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved from
http://www.econ.ucla.edu/workingpapers/wp026.pdf

Regulated public goods by Harold M. Somers examined the problems that would be involved in
setting prices that fully reflect social costs and benefits, including externalities. It had presented some
problems such as the saving and consumption allocation of those who save which are affected by the
consumption goods which are available. This 22-pages research paper dealt with topics like Inadequacy
of Cost of Money, Limitations of Market for Regulated Goods, and many more.

List of Taxes in the Philippines. Kittelson & Carpo Consulting. Retrieved from
http://kittelsoncarpo.com/philippines-taxes

Aside from VAT, there are 10 more different taxes that are currently implemented in the
Philippines such as capital gains tax, donor's tax, income tax, expanded withholding tax, withholding tax
on government money payments, documentary stamp tax, estate tax percentage, tax withholding tax on
compensation, final withholding tax. Among all the 11 taxes mentioned, VAT greatly affects the majority of
the people here in our country since the burden of it chooses no specific persons; regardless whether
you’re rich or poor, as long as you purchase goods and services.

(April 18, 2008). Nograles vows to prioritize tax exemption bill. Sun Star. Retrieved
http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/man/2008/04/18/news/nograles.vows.to.prioritize.tax.exemption.bill.html
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Prospero Nograles favors the implementation of EVAT because he believes that this will be a
great help in raising government revenues for socio-economic and infrastructure programs designed to
sustain economic growth. The idea of completely scrapping the EVAT law could possibly cause a major
problem in the government. But the main point of this article is the prioritization of the passage of a bill
expanding the coverage of personal tax exemptions granted to employees in the private and public
sectors to lessen the effects of rising prices of food, goods and services.

(2008). Value-Added Tax. The Revenue Department. Retrieved from

http://www.rd.go.th/publish/6043.0.html

Value Added Tax (VAT) is an indirect tax imposed on the value added of each stage of production
and distribution. It has been implemented in Thailand since 1992 in replacement of former Business Tax.
Under this tax law, taxable goods means all types of property, tangible or intangible, whether they are
available for sales, for own use, or for any other purposes. It also includes any types of articles imported
into Thailand. Currently their tax rate is 7 percent.

(2008). Tax Philippines, Tax Consultant: Value-Added Tax, Income Tax, Withholding Tax, and Percentage
Tax. A. L. Pellas & Associates, Philippine CPA Firm. Retrieved from http://www.alpellas.com/philippine-
tax.html

The laws governing taxation in the Philippines are contained within the National Internal Revenue
Code. This code passed through a substantial revision with passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1997. This
law took effect on January 1, 1998. The Philippines has tax treaties with many countries, including the
United States, in order to minimize the effects of double taxation. There are several primary types of
taxation in the country, one of which is the VAT. The VAT is an indirect tax. While the obligation to collect
and remit rests with the seller, the cost of the tax may be passed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of
the goods, properties or services.

(2008). Value-Added Tax. Bureau of Internal Revenue Website. Retrieved from

http://www.bir.gov.ph/taxinfo/tax_vat.htm
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It has provided details about the Value-Added Tax. Description about VAT including who are
required to file VAT returns, Tax rates, VAT Declarations and VAT returns, and other matters are
discussed. It has also presented related revenue issuance such as RR No. 5-87 and RR No. 3-89 or the
regulations governing the imposition of 10% VAT on deposits for returnable containers. This article is
useful for those who need brief but detailed discussion about the said VAT.
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A RESEARCH ON THE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HOUSEHOLD LEISURE CONSUMPTION UNDER

THE BURDEN OF VALUE-ADDED TAX AMONG BREADWINNERS IN METRO MANILA

Submitted to:
Ms. Ailil Alvarez

Submitted by:
Carlos, Marco Roberto
Cruzada, Kristine
Maminta, Juan Marlo
Monfort, Kareen
Palo, Keren
Palomillo, Marielle
Valdez, Enica May
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