lator to produce a single IF frequency.

A second type both single- and dual-conversion receivers, there are

of receiver uses dual conuersion.In this receiver, the
incoming RF' signal is converted to one IF frequency,
and then mixed with a second local oscillator to pro-
duce a second (lower) IF frequency.
While 455 Kllz is a common IF frequency found in
many other IF frequencies used. In general, the !!
frequency can be inything from 455 K}.lz to L2
MHz and just about any frequency in between.
For this reason, the CB42 provides a fully adjustable
IF generator providing 375 KHz - 12MHz.

IF
SINGLECONVERSION
Measure
AGC Voltage

Measure
Frequency

Inject
Inlect
IF
RF

MeasureFrequency
or RF Voltage
Iniect
Audio

u
Test
.{- Crystals

F ig: 1 }-Ty pical Single-ConuersionAM receiuer.

A typical single conversion receiver is shown in the
block diagram in Fig. 15 . The incoming RF signal is
amplified-in the RF implifier. This amplifier usually
consists of a single tuned amplifier stage. The result-
ing amplified signal is fed to the mixer stage where a
local oicillator signal is present whose frequency is
offset from the incoming signal's frequency by an
amount equal to the IF frequencY.
The local oscillator may be operated at a higher or
lower frequency than the incoming signal's fre-
quency. The result is an output signal containing both
the sum and difference frequency of the two input
signals. This signal is fed into additional stages that
are tuned to the difference frequency or the IF
frequency.
The local oscillator is usually crystal controlled
(although FCC rules do not require crystal controlled
receiver operation). The locat oscillator may use a sin-
gle crystal for each channel (46 crystals-23 for trans-
mit and 23 for receive), frequency synthesis (requir-
ing fewer crystals, such as 14 for both transmit and
receive), or phase-lockedloop operation (one crystal
for boih transmit and receive). These types of oscil-
lators will be described later.
The IF signal is then passed through several stagesof
tuned amplification, and then fed to a diode detector,
and finally to the audio amplifier.
A portion of the IF signal is passedthrough the AGC
detector diode and converted to a DC reference vol-
tage. This AGC voltage is fed to the RF and IF stages
to control their gain so different signal levels have
approximately the same output level. This same AGC
signal may be fed to a meter circuit ("S" Meter) to
indicate relative signal strength. It may also be used
to control the squelch circuit.
The squelch circuit is an adjustable sensitivity con-
trol. It is set to allow an audio output only if the
input sigtral exceeds a certain level. The squelch cir-
cuit may be controlled by the AGC voltage (which is
proportional to the input signal) or the output of the
audio detector. A certam level of input signal causes
the squelch circuit to pass the audio signal, and a
lower level of signal causes the audio to be cut off.

2L