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TRIAL EXAMINATION 2012 BIOLOGY PAPER 1 (One hour and forty five-minutes)

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

TRIAL EXAMINATION Instructions to candidates:

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

There are fifty questions in this paper. For each question, four suggested answers are given. Choose one correct answer and indicate it on multiple-choice answer sheet provided.

Read the instructions on the multiple-choice answer sheet very carefully.

Answer all questions. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers.

This question paper consists of 11 printed pages SMKTAR .. Pn. Vickneswary VN (Guru Penyedia Soalan & Ketua Bidang Sains & Matematik) 1 . En. Chong Kean Choon ( Penolong Kanan Tingkatan Enam)

Which one of the following compounds is a carbohydrate? A B C D C3H8O3 C5H10O5 C6H12O2 CH3CH2CH2COOH

Both DNA and RNA A B C D Contain phosphate groups Are single stranded molecules Have the same five carbon sugar Contain the same four nucleotides

The concentration of potassium ions in a red blood cell is much higher than it is in the surrounding blood plasma, yet potassium ions continue to move into the cell. The process by which potassium ions move into the cell is called A B C D Osmosis Active transport Simple diffusion Facillitated diffusion

Membranes are found as part of all of the following subcellular structures except the A B C D Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum

The conformation of a protein molecule depends on several different types of bonds and group interactions. Which of these remain intact when a protein is denatured? A B C D Ionic bonds Peptide bonds Hydrogen bonds Hydrophobic interactions

Which one of the following statements is true A B C D An enzyme acts only once and is then destroyed The activity of enzymes is independent of temperature and pH Enzymes provide the activation energy necessary to initiate a reaction Enzymes lose some or all of their normal activity if their three dimensional structure is disrupted

A parent molecule of DNA containing only radioactive nitrogen 15N is placed in an environment containing only 14N. After four replications, how many DNA molecules would still contain some 15N? A B C D 2 4 6 8

The first step in photosynthesis is the A B C D Formation of ATP Addition of CO2 to a five carbon sugar Splitting of water into H and O components Energizing of an electron of chlorophyll by a photon of light

Which of the following occurs in noncyclic but not in cyclic photophosphorylation? A B C D Flow of electrons Synthesis of reduced NADP Absorption of light by chlorophyll Synthesis of ATP through a H+ ion gradient

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In the dark reactions of photosynthesis A B C D Water is split Oxygen is produces ATP is synthesized. Phosphoglyceraldehyde is synthesized

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When a muscle cell is metabolizing glucose in the complete absence of molecular oxygen, which one of the following substances is not produced? A B C D Pyruvic acid Acetyl coenzyme A Phosphoglyceraldehyde Adenosine triphosphate

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Which one of the following statements concerning glycolysis is false? A B C D Phosphorylation occurs during the process Oxygen is not required for the process to occur The end products are carbon dioxide and water It proceeds in a step-by-step series of chemical reactions, each catalyzed by an enzyme

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If two acetyl coenzyme A molecules are fed into the Krebs cycle, how many reduced NAD molecules are produced? A B C D 3 6 12 32

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Autotrophic organisms A B C D Must digest their nutrients before taking them into the cell Require complex organic molecules already synthesized by other organisms Synthesize their own organic materials from inorganic materials in the environment Require no external energy source since they synthesize their own high energy compounds

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When the guard cells are turgid A B C D absisic acid is present in cells the osmotic pressure in cells is high water has diffused out of cell by osmosis cells have a relatively low concentration of potassium ions

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Which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common? A B C D They are exposed to air Exchange surfaces are moist They are enclosed in a special chamber They are maintained at a constant temperature

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Which of the following mechanisms could raise water to the greatest height in the xylem vessels of a tall tree? A B C D Mass flow Root pressure Cytoplasmic streamimg Transpirational pull and cohesion

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The driving force that moves blood in veins back to the heart is A B C D Active transport Beating of the heart Closing of one-way valves Skeletal muscle contraction

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The production of urine by the cells of the mammalian kidney requires energy, which is used mainly to A B C D Actively pump water into the urine Filter the blood into Bowmans capsule Actively reabsorb solutes from the urine Actively reabsorb water water from the loop of Henle

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The vertebrate liver carries out all of the following functions except A B C D Secretion of bile Metabolism of amino acids Removal of urea from the blood Regulation of blood glucose level

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The term homeostasis is best defined as A B C D Adaptation to a harsh environment Maintenance of constant body temperature The maintenance of a constant internal environment The maintenance of constant salt concentration in the body

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Which of the following statements most accurately describes what is happening during nerve repolarization. A B C D K+ ions are flowing into the cell Na+ ions are flowing into the cell K+ ions are flowing out of the cell Na+ ions are flowing out of the cell

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Which one of the following statements is false concerning the axon in a resting stage? A B C D The membrane is relatively impermeable to sodium ion Potassium ions are in higher concentration inside the axon than outside The membrane has a positive charge on the outside and a negative charge on the inside The membrane is highly permeable to large negatively charged organic ions and allows them tom leak out

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All of the following are functions of the sympathetic nervous system except A B C D Erection of hairs on the skin Dilation of intestinal capillaries Acceleration of the rate of heartbeat Decrease of peristalsis of the digestive tract

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Plant hormones, in contrast to most animal hormones A B C D Are required in large amounts Are not produced in specialized glands Do not coordinate activities of the organism Always stimulate and never inhibit various processes

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A polypeptide hormone affects muscle but not liver cells. The most likely reason is that A B C D Liver cells do not make cAMP Liver cells do not contain enzymes Liver cells lack a receptor for that hormone Liver cells do not have adenylate cyclase in their plasma membrane

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The memory cells of the immune system A B C D Are produced by the thymus Produce circulating antibodies Are nonspecific, each reacts to a variety of antigens Are responsible for response upon second exposure to an antigen

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A clone of activated B lymphocytes may give rise to all of the following except A B C D T cells Plasma cells Memory cells Circulating antibodies

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In plants, the gametophyte generation is produced by A B C D Mitosis of sporophyte cells Haploid spores that divide by mitosis The formation of four gametes by meiosis Fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell

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The endosperm of a flowering plant is triploid because A B C D Two male nuclei fuse with one female nucleus Two polar nuclei fuse with one sperm nucleus One normal gamete fuse with a diploid gamete Two synergid nuclei fuse with one sperm nucleus

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In most embryos, the archenteron A B C D Is filled with mesoderm Is formed by invagination Eventually forms the neural tube Usually disappears during gastrulation

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Which one of the following sets of structures is derived primarily from mesoderm? A B C D Eye, brain, spinal cord Blood, skeleton, muscle Epidermis, hair, fingernails Lining of gut, lining of lungs, liver

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Identify the organ in an insect that produces the juvenile hormone. A B C D Thoraxic gland Corpus allatum gland Neurosecretory cells Corpus cardiacum gland

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Select the correct statement regarding the growth of human brain, sex organs and the whole body. A B C D The organs' growth is allometric. The organs' growth is isometric. Growth of every organ is unlimited. Every organ growth has a sigmoid growth curve.

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Cystic fibrosis is inherited as a simple recessive. Suppose a woman who carries the trait marries a normal man who does not carry it. What percent of their children would be expected to have the disease? A B C D 0% 25% 33% 50%

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Among white human beings, when individuals with straight hair mate with those with curly hair, wavy-haired children are produced. If two individuals with wavy hair mate, what phenotypes and ratios would you predict among their offspring? A B C D 3 curly: 1 wavy 3 wavy: 1 straight 1 curly: 1 wavy: 1 straight 1 straight: 1 curly: 2 wavy

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Knowledge of the blood-type genotypes of a certain couple leads us to say that if they were to have many children, the ratios of the childrens blood types would be expected to approximate type A and type B. It follows that the blood types of the couple are A B C D AB and O AB and A AB and B AB and AB

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The exchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes is called A B C D Duplication Polyploidy Transformation Translocation

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Identify the sequence that is the most serious when the triplet code ATTGCC is changed. A B C D ATTGCA ATCGCC ATTTGCC ATTTCCCGCC

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Identity the process that causes aneuploidy. A B C D Segregation Crossing over Recombination Non-disjunction

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Calculate the gene frequency of the recessive allele in a population, if 6 babies out of 2400 born suffer from a recessive disease of colon impasse? A B C D 0.5 0.05 0.25 0.40

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Select the reason that most clearly explains why certain mutant genes cannot be eliminated from the gene pool. A B C D mutant genes are recessive and are carried by heterozygous individuals. mutant genes have potential value for the survival of future generations. genetic drift causes the mutant genes to spread throughout a population. mutant genes are dominant and are carried both by homozygous and heterozygous individuals

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Identify the assumption based on which works the Hardy-Weinberg law. A B C D Small population, no mutation, random mating. Large population, no mutation, random mating. Large population, no mutation, non-random mating. Small population, mutation occurs, random mating.

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In the lactose operon system in E.coli, the repressor is A B C D Lactose A protein A short length of DNA A product of a structural gene locus

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The sugar lactose induces synthesis of the enzyme lactase. What happens when an E.coli cell runs out of lactose? A B C D Repressor binds to the operator Repressor binds to the promoter RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter RNA polymerase attaches to the repressor

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A plasmid is A B C D A virus that infects bacteria A portion of a bacteriophage A fragment of bacterial chromosome Self-replicating nonchromosomal circle of DNA

A genetic engineer prepares DNA fragments from two species and mixes them together. Two of the 47 many fragments are shown below. Which one of the following statements is correct? ------------------------------------------------------------ATGC A B C D No sticky ends were produced The two fragments shown above will join by complementary base pairing The two fragments were prepared by two different restriction endonucleases A single restriction endonuclease was used to cut at different locations in the two types of DNA TTCC--------------------------------------------------------------

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Two plants which belong to different families must also belong to different A B C D orders genus classes phylum

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In which one of the following ways do viruses resemble cellular organisms? Viruses A B C D Divide by mitosis Can undergo mutation Exhibit aerobic respiration Have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum

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Which one of the following is not typical of insects? A B C D Compound eyes Pincer like chelicerae One pair of antennae Body divided into a head, thorax and abdomen

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ANSWER SCHEME 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B A B A B D A D B D 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 B C B C B B D D C C 21` 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 C C D B B C D A B B 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 B B B A A D A D C D 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 B A B B A D C B B B

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1 Name: .
TRIAL EXAMINATION 2012 BIOLOGY PAPER 2 (Two and a half hours)

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN TRIAL EXAMINATION Instructions to candidates: Answer all the questions in Section A in the spaces provided. Answer any four questions from Section B. For this section, write your answers on the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper. Answers should be illustrated by large, clearly labeled diagrams wherever suitable. Answers may be written in either Malay or English. Arrange your answers in numerical order and tie the answer sheets. For examiners use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

This question paper consists of 10 printed pages SMKTAR .. Pn. Vickneswary VN (Guru Penyedia Soalan) En. Chong Kean Choon (Penolong Kanan Tingkatan 6)

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Section A [40 marks] Answer all the questions in this section.

1. The diagram below is of a plant cell as seen under an electron microscope.

(a) Name the structures AD. A............................................................. B............................................................. C............................................................. D............................................................. [2] (b) State concisely how each of the following structures would be involved in the process of protein synthesis. Mitochondria ................................................................. .................................................................. ..................................................................

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Ribosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................. ..................................................................

Endoplasmic reticulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................. ..................................................................

Golgi body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................. .................................................................. [4] (d) Name the carbohydrates in the cell above which are found: (i) in the cell wall; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) as a storage compound in the cell; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (iii) as a component of ribosomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [2]

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2. Diagram shows the regular organization of thick and thin filaments in a striated muscle.

a) i.

State the theory used to describe muscle contraction. ................................................................................................................. [1]

ii.

State what happens to the following areas during muscle contraction A band: ............................................................................................................. H zone: ............................................................................................................. I band: ............................................................................................................. [2]

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b) The actin filament is made up of actin protein, tropomyosin and troponin, whereas the myosin filaments are made up of myosin heads and tails. Each named structure has a specific function during muscle contraction. Explain the function of the following structures during muscle contraction i. Calcium ions .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... ii. Troponin .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... iii. Tropomyosin .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... iv. Myosin head .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... [4]

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3. The diagram below shows an outline of the stages involved in aerobic respiration

(a) Name A, B, C and D. A............................................................. B............................................................. C............................................................. D............................................................. [3]

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(b) Identify all the steps involved in glycolysis by drawing a box around them on the diagram. [1] (c) Precisely where do the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur in a mammalian cell? Krebs cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electron transport chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [2] (d) (i) Indicate, by writing a letter E on the diagram, where ATP is used in respiration. [1] (ii) Indicate, by writing ATP on the diagram, the two stages, not including the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced during respiration. [1] (iii) Indicate on the diagram, using the correct names, where other respiratory substrates from the breakdown products of lipids enter the aerobic respiration pathway. [2] (e) Describe what happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions in mammalian cells. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [3]

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4. The diagram shows the bodys response to an invading pathogen.

Pathogen enters body

Pathogen invades cells and multiplies

It destroys different types of cells

Destroys pathogen

Has special receptors which attach to antigens

Special cells in the blood

Secrete antibodies

Destroys pathogen

Patient recovers

a) Suggest the type of pathogen described in the diagram. Explain your choice. . [2] b) i. Name the special cells in the blood involved in this response.

[1]

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ii.

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Where else in the body would these cells be found?

[1] iii. Name the two different types of cells which are produced by the special cells in the blood. 1.. 2.. [2] c) Explain the importance of memory cells in the response to an infection. [3] d) Old people are offered vaccination against influenza. Suggest why a different vaccine is given to these people each year. [3]

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Section B [60 marks] Answer any four questions in this section

5. a) Differentiate between types of enzyme inhibitors. [8] b) Describe the role of DNA in protein synthesis. [7] 6. a) Explain the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the nephron. [8] b) Describe the adaptive features of xerophytic plants that enable them to live in their habitat [7] 7. a) With the aid of a diagram, describe the events that are involved in the development of a fertilized egg upto an embryo with three germ layers. [10] b) Outline the role of hormones during complete metamorphosis of a butterfly. [5] 8. a) Name the three main requirements for the germination of seeds and explain why each is necessary. [9] b) Describe how food reserves are mobilised during germination. [6] 9. a) Deletion of a base from a DNA molecule is usually more severe as compared to substitution of a base with another base. Explain this statement. [5] b) Sickle cell anaemia and Downs Syndrome are caused by mutation. For each disorder explain the type of mutation involved. [10] 10. Describe the steps in gene cloning by using plasmid as a vector. [15]

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ANSWER SCHEME 1.a) A- cell wall B- chloroplast C- pit D- vacuole/ cell sap b)

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- generates energy/ ATP - used during Mitochondria translation to synthesise mRNA transcription to synthesise protein transcription to synthesise tRNA- amino acid complex. contain P site and A site for binding of activated tRNAamino acid complex Ribosomes bind mRNA between small and large subunit coordinate the codon of mRNA with the anticodon of tRNA to synthesise protein Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body translation of mRNA into a protein transports protein synthesized by ribosome modifies the protein by adding functional groups forms transport vesicles containing the modified protein receives modified protein from transport vesicle on the cic end modifies, sorts and repackages proteins into enzymes forms secretory vesicles containing enzymes

c) i. - cellulose ii. - starch iii. pentose sugar/ ribose

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2. a) i. sliding filament theory ii. A band- same length H zone- smaller I band smaller b) Calcium ions Troponin -

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bind to troponin bind to myosin head and activate ATPase troponin attached with Calcium displaces

tropomysosin Tropomyosin Displaced tropomyosin exposes myosin binding site on actin protein Myosin head Mysosin head attached with Calcium ion becomes cocked/ has high energy configuration Binds to the actin to form cross bridge

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3.a) A- carbon dioxide B- acetyl coenzyme A C- oxygen D- water b) & d)

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(b) E

(d)i (d)iii (d)ii. ATP glycerol

(d)iii Fatty acid

(d)ii. ATP

c)

Krebs cycle- matrix of mitochondria ETC- inner membrane /cristae of mitochondria

e)

- NADH oxidises to become NAD+ and release 2H - the 2H reduces pyruvate - into lactic acid

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4. a) virus

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- only virus requires a host cell to multiply - only virus is non-specific where it can infect different type of cells b)i. ii. iii. c) leucocytes lymphatic system @ tissue fluid B lymphocytes & T lymphocytes memory cells recognize antigen that have previously infected the body - the cells are able to immediately initiate an immune response - by producing specific antibodies and killer T cells - providing the body with immunity against the antigen d) - influenza is a viral disease - the virus frequently mutates - so memory cells from previous infections will be unable to recognize the new virus - people cannot develop an immunity towards influenza - different vaccine enables them to be immune to the new versions of the virus

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1. a) Differentiate between types of enzyme inhibitors. COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR P1 Structure of inhibitor is similar to the structure of a normal substrate molecule P3 Inhibitor competes with substrate for the enzymes active site P4 Inhibitor does not compete for the active site of the enzyme instead it binds to an allosteric site/ disulphide bridge on the enzyme P5 When inhibitor binds to the active site, no biochemical reaction occurs so the rate of reaction reduces P6 When inhibitor binds to the active site/ disulphide bridge it causes the active site of the enzyme to change shape. So the enzyme is unable to form an enzyme-substrate complex and the rate of reaction reduces P7 The rate of reaction (Vm) remains constant, whereas the substrate concentration to maintain Vm (Km) increases in the presence of an inhibitor P9 The inhibition is reversible when substrate concentration is increased P10 The inhibition is reversible only if the inhibitor leaves the allosteric site. The inhibition is irreversible when the inhibitor binds to the disulphide bridges [8] P8 The rate of reaction (Vm) reduces but substrate concentration to maintain Vm (Km) remains unchanged P2 NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR Structure of inhibitor is different compared to the normal substrate

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b) Describe the role of DNA in protein synthesis. [7] P1. DNA contains the genetic code P2. DNA provides the template for transcription P3. The genetic code in DNA is transcribed (copied) onto an mRNA P4. RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter located at the beginning of a gene on the DNA P5. The polymerase unwinds the DNA double helix by splitting the hydrogen bonds between the double strands P6. Free nucleotides in the nucleoplasm will then pair with the exposed nucleotides on the 3 5 DNA strand

P7. Cytosine will pair with guanine and vise versa, thymine will pair with adenine and uracil of RNA will pair with adenine of DNA P8. Transcription continues until a terminating sequence like ATT, ATC @ ACT appears P9. RNA polymerase leaves the DNA, and the double strands become a helix again P10. The transcribed genetic information on mRNA will then be translated

by a tRNA at the ribosomes to synthesize a protein

2. a) Explain the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the nephron. [8] P1. P2. P3. P4. P5. P6. P7. The mechanism occurs at the Loop of Henle Mechanism involves optimal absorption of water into the peritubular capillaries Descending limb is permeable to water, impermeable to NaCl Water from the glomerular filtrate in the descending limb leaves the tubule into the interstitial space osmotically The interstitial space has high osmotic concentration due to the secretion of Na+ at the ascending limb NaCl which remains in the tubule causes the osmotic concentration of the filtration within the tubule to increase The osmotic concentration at the loop tip is at its highest osmotic concentration

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P8. P9. P10. P11. P12.

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Thin ascending limb is permeable to NaCl, impermeable to water The thin ascending limb releases NaCl into the interstitial space leading to increase in the osmotic concentration of the interstitial space Thick ascending limb is impermeable to both water and NaCl so it secretes Cl- actively To balance the ions, Na+ shifts out of the tubule passively Water remains within the tubule to form urine

b) Describe the adaptive features of xerophytic plants that enable them to live in their habitat [7] P1. Xerophytic plants survive in arid conditions (desserts & artic regions) where they have difficulty to obtain sufficient water Plants have twisted stems to P2 P3 achieve smaller surface area Thick & succulent stems Has parencyma cells with high P4 P5 osmotic pressure Leaves modified into thorns for smaller surface area P6 Shallow & widely spread roots Stomata are sunken, less, as crypt P7 like depression or only on lower leaf surface To ensures stoma closes during day P8 Dark reaction of photosynthesis is by CAM pathway so water loss by transpiration in daytime is minimised So that reproduction is Independent of water This helps plants reduce water loss via transpiration For water storage To absorb more water by osmosis

To reduce water loss by transpiration To absorb water over a large area from soil surface To reduce water loss by transpiration

P9

Vegetative reproduction

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Leaves with thick cuticle & P10 lignification

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Since wax is impermeable to water it helps minimise water loss Otherwise photosynthesis by leaf would cause stomata to open and so water loss will increase

Stems carry out photosynthesis P11 since they have chlorenchyma cells

3. a) With the aid of a diagram, describe the events that are involved in the development of a fertilized egg upto an embryo with three germ layers. [10] P1. Zygote will undergo cleavage P2. Zygote will do rapid mitotic cell divisions without intervening growth periods P3. Repeated division by mitosis forms a solid multicellular ball called morulla P4. The morulla cells move to the side of the ball P5. Forming a liquid filled cavity in the centre (blastocoels) P6. The structure is called a blastula P7. The blastula undergoes gastrulation P8. Invagination occurs at the vegetal pole P9. The blastocoel shrinks and a new cavity called archenteron is formed P10. The blastula is now two-layered with an

ectoderm & endoderm

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P11.

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The cells on the posterior proliferate and

migrate to form the third layer that is mesoderm P12. This three-layered structure is called a

gastrula P13. Various regions of the three germ layers

develop into the basis of organs

b) Outline the role of hormones during complete metamorphosis of a butterfly. [5] P1. As a larva, high levels Juvenile hormone levels inhibit ecdysone P2. So ecdysis of the larvae skin occurs as the larva grows in size P3. After some time levels of JH reduces to almost equal ecdysone P4. This stimulates formation of pupa skin P5. As a pupa JH level becomes nil and ecdysone is now uninhibited P6. Ecdysone stimulates transcription & translation of genes for adult structure formation

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4. a) Name the three main requirements for the germination of seeds and explain why each is necessary. [9] Main requirements for the germination of seeds Water P1. Water diffuses into seed micropyle to help cells expand and soften seed coat for germination P2. Water stimulates the embryo to synthesise giberellin which activates hydrolytic enzymes at aleurone layer P3. Water helps transport hydrolytic enzymes to cotyledon, products of hydrolysis to seed embryo P4. Water is involved in the hydrolysis reactions of food storage breakdown P5. Water is involved in vacuolisation process that enables cell elongation for plumule and radicle growth Temperature P6. Most seeds require optimal temperature (wheat 1-35 C @ Corn 5-45 C) for biochemical reactions to occur in the embryo P7. Some seeds require extremely high temperatures to stimulate gibberellin synthesis which then helps seeds germinate after a forest fire P8. Some seeds require long cold periods to stimulate gibberellin synthesis so as to germinate after winter and during spring Oxygen P9. Oxygen is only necessary once the testa ruptures to carry out aerobiosis to generate energy Light P10. Exposure to sunlight is necessary for small seeds to Why each is necessary

ensure that the seed is close enough to the soil surface for easy germination

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[6]

b) Describe how food reserves are mobilised during germination. P1. Food reserves such as starch, proteins & lipids P2. are stored at the cotyledon/ endosperm P3. Hydrolytic enzymes at the aleurone layer P4. become activated by gibberellin

P5. These enzymes hydrolyse starch into glucose, protein into amin o acids and lipids into glycerol and fatty acids P6. These nutrients are transported/ translocated by water to the developing embryo P7. The Embryo uses the nutrients for energy synthesis, construction of new cells or enzyme synthesis

5. a) Deletion of a base from a DNA molecule is usually more severe as compared to substitution of a base with another base. Explain this statement. [5]

P1. Deletion leads to a frame shift mutation P2. The whole genetic code from the place of mutation is altered P3. A new DNA sequence will be transcribed and translated into a totally different protein.

P4. Substitution leads to a point mutation P5. Only the genetic code at the point of mutation is altered P6. The DNA sequence will be transcribed and translated into a slightly different protein

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b) Sickle cell anaemia and Downs Syndrome are caused by mutation. For each disorder explain the type of mutation involved. Sickle cell anemia (5m) P1. Gene mutation/ gene substituition mutation P2. The sixth genetic code for the synthesis of -globulin in P1. Chromosomal mutation/ [10]

Downs syndrome (5m)

Aneuploidy/ Trisomy P2. Chromosome number is not

an exact multiple of the haploid set.

haemoglobin is CTT P3. But during mutation the nitrogen base T is substituted with A so the triplet code is now CAT P3. This mutation is due to nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during Anaphase of either meiosis I or II P4. During transcription & translation glutamic acid (triplet code CTT) is replaced with valine (triplet code CAT) P5. An acidic & negatively charged amino acid is replaced with a hydrophobic amino acid P6. This causes the biconcave structure of the RBC to become distorted into a sickle shape. P7. The sickle cell carries less O 2, gets stuck in capillaries, P5. When this gamete is fertilized by a normal gamete containing 23 chromosomes/ 1 chromosome 21 P6. A zygote with 47 P4. A gamete with 24

chromosomes/ 2 chromosomes 21 will be formed

chromososmes/ 3 chromosome 21 will be formed P7. The child will be retarded

obstructs blood flow & is easily destroyed by phagocytes

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[15]

6. Describe the steps in gene cloning by using plasmid as a vector.

P1. isolate both the gene to be cloned and the plasmid from E.coli that is to be used as the vector P2. Select a vector that contains a restriction site as well as antibiotic resistance site P3. mix the gene and plasmid with a restriction enzyme such as ECoR1 P4. the enzyme cuts the DNA and plasmid at the bond between G and A along the sequence GAATTC/ palindromic sequence P5. sticky ends will form on both the DNA and plasmid P6. when both the cut DNA & plasmid are mixed together, the sticky ends complement each other P7. and bind with hydrogen bonds according to complementary base pairing P8. DNA ligase is added to this mixture so that phosphodiester bonds form between the DNA and plasmid P9. and an rplasmid is constructed P10. P11. The rplasmid is mixed with E.coli and Ca2+ so that the cell membrane becomes competent/ more porous

and enables the rplasmid to be taken up P12. P13. a transgenic bacteria is produced The bacteria is cultured in a complete medium added with

penicillin P14. Only bacteria that have transformed with the rplasmid will survive

since they contain the penicillin resistant site

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