OVERVIEW

This section will describe:

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

methods of designing reinforced concrete structures to resist fires information on thermal and mechanical properties of concrete briefly composite steel-concrete structures

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-1

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-2

BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN FIRE

Concrete structures behave well in fires Concrete is non-combustible and has a low thermal conductivity Usually concrete remains in place during fires and protects the reinforcing steel Calculation of behaviour of concrete structures in fire depends on many factors:
applied loads on the structure elevated temperatures in the concrete and reinforcing mechanical properties of steel/concrete at high temp.
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-3

BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN FIRE

Under fire, temp. of steel and concrete increase in reinforced concrete structures, leading to high deformation and possible failure Different concrete types include lightweight concrete and high-strength concrete Observations have shown that failure of concrete buildings in real fires is usually due to the inability of other parts of the structure to absorb the large imposed thermal deformations causing shear or buckling failures of columns or walls
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-4

High-strength Concrete
Recently, interest in high-strength concrete has increased High-strength concrete contains additives which result in compressive strength of 50 - 120 MPa High-strength concrete shows a higher rate of strength loss than normal concrete at temp. up to 400C and explosive spalling Kodur (1997) reported fire tests on high-strength columns Tomasson (1998) gave design recommendations
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-5

Lightweight Concrete
Lightweight concrete is usually made with normal cement and some form of lightweight aggregate Lightweight concrete has good fire resistance due to low thermal conductivity compared with normal weight concrete

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-6

Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Steel-fibre reinforced concrete uses steel fibres added to the concrete mix (improved strength) Fibres are typically 25-40 mm long and 0.5 mm diameter with hooked ends to improve bonding Lie and Kodur (1996) described mechanical and thermal properties of steel-fibre reinforced concrete at elevated temp. The steel fibres presence increases the ultimate strain and improves the ductility of the concrete
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-7

Spalling
In concrete structures, design methods are often based on concrete remaining intact in fires This is not always valid due to spalling in fires Tests and real fires have shown that most normal concrete members do not show serious spalling The spalling phenomenon is not well understood because it is a function of many factors Spalling often occurs when water vapour is driven off from the cement paste during heating
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-8

Spalling
Tests have shown that spalling results from high moisture content concrete High-strength concrete is more susceptible to spalling than normal concrete A method of preventing spalling is to add fine polypropylene fibres to concrete mix (0.15-0.3%) The fibres melt during fire exposure, increasing the porosity in the concrete for vapour escape

Masonry
Concrete masonry consists of hollow concrete blocks mortared together (often used in walls) Concrete masonry blocks are often manufactured from lightweight concrete Unfilled unreinforced masonry has demonstrated excellent fire resistance Brick masonry also behaves well in fires Thermal bowing of tall unreinforced cantilever masonry walls can lead to collapse during a fire
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-10

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-9

Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed concrete means concrete structures stressed prior to applying external loads Two types: pre-tensioned and post-tensioned Pre-tensioned prestressed concrete is often used for precast components for flooring (flat panels) Post-tensioning is used within large components (beams or slabs) Full-scale fire tests have shown that bond failures of pre-tensioned tendons failed prematurely
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-11

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS
Verification Methods Generic Ratings

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-12

Verification Methods
The design for fire resistance requires that:
provided fire resistance > design fire severity

Generic Ratings
Very few proprietary ratings for concrete structures Generic ratings are often used Many codes list generic ratings for concrete members (min. sizes and concrete cover to steel) Some ratings distinguish between concrete types Information applies to standard fire exposure only Table below shows generic fire resistance ratings for reinforced concrete members (BSI, 1985) Min. thickness of floors/walls are based on the insulation criterion
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-14

Verification may be in:

time domain, temperature domain or strength domain

In time domain, compare fire resistance ratings with code-specified fire resistance (often used) In strength domain, compare load-bearing capacity with expected loads at time of fire In temp. domain, compare critical temp. with max. reached temp. in fires (not usually used)
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-13

Generic Ratings
Min. width (mm) and min. cover (mm) for generic fire resistance rating of reinforced concrete members
0.5 hours 1.0 hours 1.5 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Width Cover Width Cover Width Cover Width Cover Width Cover Width Cover Beams 80 20 120 30 150 40 200 50 240 70 280 80 Columns 150 20 200 25 250 30 300 35 400 35 450 35 Slabs 75 15 95 20 110 25 125 35 150 45 170 55 Walls 75 15 75 15 100 25 100 25 150 25 180 25

Generic Ratings
Appendix D gives generic approvals from 10 different sources from around the world Concrete structures show good fire resistance, thus many will meet the generic approvals with no increase in cover from normal temp. design Calculations may be useful for members which are thin or slender and members with little concrete cover to the reinforcing

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-15

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-16

CONCRETE AND REINFORCING TEMPERATURES

Fire Exposure Calculation Methods Thermal Properties Published Temperatures

Fire Exposure
To design concrete structures under fire, temp. of concrete and reinforcing steel must be known The fire exposure may be standard or real curve Design charts are available giving thermal gradients in beams, columns and slabs exposed to the standard fire It is better to use computer programs to calculate temperature gradients in concrete members exposed to realistic fires

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-17

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-18

Calculation Methods
Thermal calculations in reinforced or prestressed concrete members usually assume that:
heat transfer is a function of thermal properties of concrete alone temperature of the reinforcing is the same as the temperature of the surrounding concrete

Calculation Methods
For simple members of normal-weight concrete, empirical hand calculation methods are available Wickstrom proposed a method of calculating the temp., Tw, in a normal weight concrete slab exposed to a standard fire on its surface as: Tw = w Tf w = 1 - 0.0616 th-0.88 Tf is the fire temperature (C) th is the time (hours)
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-20

Different thermal conductivity is not a factor since most steel is parallel to the fire-exposed surfaces Only accurate way to calculate temperatures is to use a 2-D finite-element computer program
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-19

Calculation Methods
Temp. Tc (C) at any depth x (m) into the slab is: Tc = x w Tf x = 0.18 ln(th/x2) - 0.81 The method can be used for corners of beams where heat is conducted in 2 directions, using y calculated in the same way as x so that Tc is: Tc = [w (x + y 2 x y) + x y] Tf Wickstrom stated that these equations can be modified for other types of concrete
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-21

Thermal Properties
To calculate temp. in structural assemblies, thermal properties of materials must be known Concrete density depends on aggregate and mix design (typical concrete density of 2300 kg/m3) When heated to 100C, density of concrete reduces by up to 100 kg/m3 (water evaporation) Limestone aggregate concrete decomposes over 800C with a corresponding decrease in density Thermal conductivity of concrete varies with temperature in a broad range (see figure below)
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-22

Thermal Properties
Thermal conductivity of concrete

Thermal Properties
Values for design purposes in Eurocode:
1.6 W /m-K for siliceous concrete 1.3 W /m-K for limestone aggregate concrete 0.8 W /m-K for lightweight concrete

Specific heat of concrete varies in a broad range with temperatures (see Figure below) Peak between 100 and 200C allows for water being driven off during the heating process Values for design purposes in Eurocode:
1000 J/kg-K for siliceous/limestone aggregate concrete 840 J/kg-K for lightweight concrete
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-23 Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-24

Thermal Properties
Specific heat of concrete

Published Temperatures
There is good published information available on temperatures within concrete members exposed to the standard fire The availability of this information makes it much easier to design for standard fire exposure especially for the simple hand calculated design methods

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-25

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-26

Published Temperatures - Slabs

Figure below shows typical temp. in concrete slabs exposed to standard fire (Wade, 1991) For exposure to real fires, limited information is available (see Figure below, Wade 1994) Figure below shows progression of temp. vs. time at various depths within the slab (for a real fire) The greater the cover, the greater delay in reaching the peak temperature

Published Temperatures - Slabs

Temp. in concrete slabs exposed to the standard fire

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-27

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-28

Published Temperatures - Slabs

Peak temperatures in concrete slabs exposed to design fires

Published Temperatures - Slabs

Temperature-time curves inside concrete slabs exposed to design fires

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-29

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-30

Published Temperatures - Beams

Temperature contours in concrete beams exposed to standard fire

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

Components of Strain

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-31

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-32

Components of Strain
The deformation of concrete is described by the total strain as: = th(T) + (,T) + cr(,T,t) + tr(,T) th(T) is the thermal strain (,T) is the stress related strain cr(,T,t) is the creep strain tr(,T) is the transient strain

Components of Strain
Under heat and load, strains described above produce deformations as shown in Figure below For simple structures such as S.S. beams, only the stress-related strain needs to be considered For more complex systems, all strains must be considered (using structural analysis programs)

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-33

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-34

Thermal Strain
Approximate expressions for thermal elongation L/L of concrete from Eurocode are given by:
L/L = 18 x c for siliceous aggregate concrete L/L = 12 x 10-6 Tc for calcareous aggregate concrete L/L = 8 x 10-6 Tc for lightweight concrete 10-6 T

Creep Strain and Transient Strain

Creep strain and transient strain are linked Figure below shows measured creep strains under constant temperature and stress During heating, there are changes in moisture content and composition of concrete (transient)

where Tc is the concrete temperature

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-35

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-36

Creep Strain and Transient Strain

Creep in concrete one day after loading at 10% of the initial strength

Stress-related Strain
Stress-related strains (elastic and plastic) result from applied loads Figures below show:
typical stress-strain curves for concrete at elevated temperatures reduction in ultimate compressive strength with temp. for typical structural concrete

Ultimate compressive strength drops and strain at peak stress increases with increasing temp.

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-37

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-38

Stress-related Strain
Stress-strain relationships for concrete at elevated temperatures

Stress-related Strain
Reduction in compressive strength with temp.

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-39

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-40

Stress-related Strain Design values

The tensile strength of concrete is assumed to be zero at elevated temperatures Ultimate strength varies with temperature Simple expression is necessary for design purposes Figure below shows an example of compressive strength with temperature

Stress-related Strain Design values

Design values for reduction of compressive strength with temperature

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-41

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-42

Stress-related Strain Design values

The equations in the Figure are given by:
for normal weight concrete

Stress-related Strain Modulus of elasticity

The modulus of elasticity of concrete drops with increasing temperature Figure below shows an example of reduction in modulus of elasticity with equations given by: kE,T = 1.0 kE,T = (700 - T)/550 for T < 150C for T > 150C

kc,T = 1.0 kc,T = (910 - T)/560

for lightweight concrete

for T < 350C for T > 350C for T < 500C for T > 500C

kc,T = 1.0 kc,T = (1000 - T)/500

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-43

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-44

Stress-related Strain Modulus of elasticity

Design values for reduction of modulus of elasticity with temperature

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MEMBERS EXPOSED TO FIRE

The overall strategy for structural limit states design of fire-exposed concrete structures is:
(1) for S.S slabs or tee-beams exposed to fire from below, concrete in the compressive zone remains at normal temp., so the structural design needs only consider the effect of elevated temp. on yield strength of the reinforcing steel (simple hand calculations) (2) for continuous slabs or beams, some of fire-exposed surfaces are in compression, so simple calculation methods must consider effects of elevated temperature on the compressive strength of the concrete

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-45

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-46

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MEMBERS EXPOSED TO FIRE

(3) similar methods can be applied to fire-exposed concrete walls and columns, but these methods are less accurate because of deformations caused by nonuniform heating and the possibility of instability failures (4) For moment-resisting frames, or structural members affected by axial restraint or non-uniform heating, it is recommended to use computer programs for structural analysis under fire conditions

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MEMBERS EXPOSED TO FIRE

Eurocode gives three methods of design:
generic tabulated method simplified calculation method general calculation methods, which provide a realistic analysis of concrete structures exposed to fire

Complex structures should be designed using general calculation methods (computer program) Simplified method is useful for single members, using hand calculations (used for normal temp.) Temp. profile within the members is essential
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-48

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-47

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MEMBERS EXPOSED TO FIRE

For standard fire exposure, use design charts, Wickstrom's method or a computer calculation For S.S. slabs or beams, consider the reduction of steel strength only (ignore concrete in tension) For concrete in compression (e.g., columns or continuous beams or slabs), the effect of temp. on concrete strength is important No consensus on limiting temp. to use for design Most simple approach is to assign full strength to concrete < 500C and zero strength > 500C
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-49

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MEMBERS EXPOSED TO FIRE

This simple method is:
excellent for large members inaccurate for thin concrete members (temp. > 500C)

Another approach is to ignore concrete over 750C and assign a single strength to remaining concrete core based on its average temp. These simplified methods give similar results The first method is recommended (500C limit)

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-50

Member Design
Verification in the strength domain requires that: U*fire Rfire * U fire is the design force from applied loads (code) and Rfire is the load-bearing capacity U*fire may be axial force N*fire, bending moment M*fire or shear force V*fire Rfire may be calculated as axial force Nf, bending moment Mf or shear force Vf Calculations of Rfire are based on the mechanical properties of concrete/steel at elevated temp.
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-51

Member Design
Below is a description of design of members using the simple method with zero strength for concrete above 500C The design method uses normal assumptions for reinforced concrete design, assuming:
concrete has no tensile strength parabolic compressive stress block in the concrete can be approximated by an equivalent rectangle

The stress block is calculated assuming that the characteristic strength is 85% x crushing strength For beams/slabs, ignore compression reinforcing
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-52

Simply Supported Slabs/Beams

Simplest reinforced concrete members to design are S.S. slabs and tee beam (see Figures below) Design equation for members with moment M*fire: M*fire Mf The flexural capacity under fire conditions Mf is: Mf = As fy,T (d - af/2) As is the area of the reinforcing steel fy,T is the yield stress of reinforcing steel reduced for temperature (fy,T = ky,T fy)
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-53

Simply Supported Slabs/Beams

d is the effective depth of the cross section af is the depth of the rectangular stress block: af = (As fy,T) / (0.85 fc b) fc is the characteristic compressive strength of the concrete and b is the width of the slab/beam The calculations assume that temp. of concrete in the compressive zone is not high enough to cause any reduction in strength

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-54

Simply Supported Slabs/Beams

Simply supported slab exposed to fire

Simply Supported Slabs/Beams

Simply supported Tee-beam exposed to fire

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-55

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-56

Simply Supported Slabs/Beams

A S.S. beam with a non-composite slab (see Figure below) is slightly more affected by fire Depth of the rectangular stress block is: af = (As fy,T) / (0.85 fc bf) bf is the fire-reduced effective width of the beam

Simply Supported Slabs/Beams

S.S. non-composite beam exposed to fire

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-57

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-58

WORKED EXAMPLE 1
SIMPLY SUPPORTED REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB (Refer to Figure page 7-55) For a simply supported reinforced concrete slab with known span, load, geometry and reinforcing, check the flexural capacity after 60 minutes exposure to the standard fire. Use Wickstrom's formula to calculate the reinforcing temperature. Given information: Dead load (excluding self weight) G1 = 0.5 kN/m Live load Q = 2.5 kN/m Slab span L = 7.0 m
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-59

WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Slab thickness h = 200 mm Concrete density = 24 kN/m3 Concrete strength fc = 30 MPa Yield stress fy = 300 MPa Bars:
diameter Db = 16 mm spacing s = 125 mm bottom cover cv = 15 mm

Design a 1 m wide strip - b = 1000 mm Self weight G2 = h b = 4.8 kN/m Total dead load G = G1+G2 = 0.5+4.8 = 5.3 kN/m Steel area As = n r2 b/s = 1608 mm2
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-60

10

WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Effective depth d = h - cv - Db/2 = 177 mm Effective cover ce = cv + Db/2 = 23 mm = 0.023 m COLD CALCULATIONS (for a 1 m wide strip) Strength reduction factor = 0.85 Stress block depth a = Asfy/0.85fc b a = 1608x300/0.85x30x1000 = 18.9 mm Internal lever arm jd =d-a/2=177-18.9/2=168 mm Design load (cold) wc = 1.2G+1.6Q= 10.4 kN/m Bending moment M*cold = wcL2/8 = 10.4x7.02/8 = 63 kNm
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-61

WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Bending strength Mn = Asfy jd = 1608x300x168/106 = 81 kNm Mn = 69 kNm Mn > M*cold so design is OK. FIRE CALCULATIONS Revised strength reduction factor = 1.0 Design load (fire) wf = G1+G2+0.4Q = 6.3 kN/m Bending moment M*fire = wf L2/8 = 6.3x7.02/8 = 38.6 kNm
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-62

WORKED EXAMPLE 1
After 60 minutes of standard fire exposure t = 60 min (th = 1.0 hour) Fire temperature Tf = 20+345 log(8t+1) = 945C Surface temperature Tw = [1-0.0616 th-0.88] Tf Tw = [1-0.0616x1.0-0.88] x 945 = 887C Concrete temperature Tc =[0.18 In(th/ce2)-0.81] Tw Tc = [0.18 In(1.0/0.0232)-0.81] x 887 = 486C Steel temperature Ts = Tc = 486C Reduced yield stress fy,T = fy(720-Ts)/470=300(720-486)/470= 149 MPa
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-63

WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Stress block depth a = As fy,T / 0.85 fc b a = 1608x149/0.85x30x1000 = 9.4 mm Internal level arm jd = d-a/2 = 177-9.4/2 = 172 mm Bending strength Mnf = As fy,T jd = 1608x149x172/106 = 41.2 kNm Mnf = 1.0x41.2 = 41.2 kN.m Mnf > M*fire so design is OK.

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-64

Shear Strength
Shear is not usually a problem in fire-exposed concrete structures For shear design, Eurocode recommends using normal temp. design methods with mechanical properties reduced with temp. and the cross section reduced to the 500C contour

Continuous Slabs and Beams

Slabs or beams which are built into one or more supports usually have enhanced fire resistance because of moment redistribution If calculations show that the slab or beam can resist the fire as a simply supported member, no calculations for continuity are necessary

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-65

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-66

11

Continuous Slabs and Beams Negative flexural capacity

To allow for flexural continuity effects, need to calculate negative moment capacity at supports For a slab of uniform thickness, negative flexural capacity M-f at supports is (see Figure below) M-f = As fy,T (df - af/2) df is the effective depth of the slab af is the depth of the rectangular stress block: af = As fy,T / 0.85 fc b b = bf for a beam with its compression edge exposed to fire (see Figure below)
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-67

Continuous Slabs and Beams Negative flexural capacity

Support region of continuous slab exposed to fire

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-68

Continuous Slabs and Beams Negative flexural capacity

Support region of continuous beam exposed to fire

Continuous Slabs and Beams Negative flexural capacity

When compression region of a slab/beam is exposed to fire, it is important to ensure that the compression capacity is not reduced so low as to cause a sudden compression failure This can be ensured by checking that: (As fy,T) / (b df fc,T) < 0.30 This check is not necessary if there is significant longitudinal reinforcing in the compression zone

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-69

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-70

Axial Restraint
Axial restraint can have a significant influence on fire resistance of reinforced concrete members Hot concrete members tend to undergo larger horizontal displacements with lower vertical deflections (large horizontal restraint forces) Axial restraint is beneficial for reinforced or prestressed concrete slabs or beams The line of thrust must be below the compressive stress block to utilize the benefits of axial restraint

Axial Restraint PCA method for calculating restraint

The PCA method is the only method of assessing restraint without a computer analysis package The step-by-step guide to the PCA procedure is:
(1) Calculate the bending moment at mid-span under fire-reduced loads M*fire assuming S.S. behaviour (2) Calculate the flexural capacity at mid-span during fire M+f. If M+f > M*fire no continuity or restraint is necessary (3) Calculate the flexural capacity at the supports during fire M-f. If M+f + M-f > M*fire continuity is sufficient and no restraint is necessary. If member is not symmetrical, flexural capacity M-f should be average of the 2 ends
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-72

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-71

12

Axial Restraint PCA method for calculating restraint

(4) Estimate the mid-span deflection using = (L2 0) / (89000 yb) 0 is the mid-span deflection of the reference specimen, see Figure below, L is the heated length of member (mm), and yb is the distance from the neutral axis of the member to the extreme bottom fibre (mm) (5) Estimate the distance of the line of thrust from the top of the member dT (mm) at the supports
For built-in construction, assume that line of thrust is 0.1 h above the bottom of member where h is member overall depth For other support conditions, an independent estimate may be necessary
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-73

Axial Restraint PCA method for calculating restraint

Mid-span deflection of reference specimens

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-74

Axial Restraint PCA method for calculating restraint

(6) Calculate the magnitude of the required axial thrust T (kN) to prevent collapse as: T = 1000 (M*fire (M+f + M-f)) / (dT af/2 - ) af (mm) is the height of the rectangular compression stress block in the member, approximated by af a M*fire / M+f where a is af = (As fy,T) / (0.85 fc bf) (7) Calculate af more accurately, using af = (T + A+s f+y,T) / (0.85 fc,T bf) + + A s f y,T is the tensile strength of the bottom steel at midspan. Repeat steps (6) and (7) if necessary
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-75

Axial Restraint PCA method for calculating restraint

(8) Calculate the non-dimensional thrust parameter T/AE and the effective thickness z = A/s (mm) where A is the member cross-section area (mm2), E is the modulus of elasticity of concrete (usually about 25 GPa), and s is the heated perimeter of the member (mm) (9) Determine the strain parameter L/L, from Figure below, using T/AE and z. (Enter Figure with T/AE, pass through diagonal line at calculated value of z, and read-off L/L. Example shown by dashed line)

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-76

Axial Restraint PCA method for calculating restraint

Nomogram for thrust in concrete members

Axial Restraint PCA method for calculating restraint

(10) Calculate the maximum permitted displacement L/L (mm) by multiplying the strain parameter L/L by the heated length L (mm). (11) Determine independently whether the surrounding structure can withstand the thrust T with a displacement no greater than L. If so, the structure can withstand the fire.

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-77

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-78

13

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
AXIAL RESTRAINT Consider a reinforced concrete floor constructed from precast concrete tee-beams as shown in the Figure below. The slabs are simply supported over a span of 6.0 m, carrying a live load of 3.0 kPa. The dead load is 4.8 kPa (including the self weight). Calculate the restraint condition necessary to give a fire-resistance rating of 120 minutes.

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Beam for Worked Example 2

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-79

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-80

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Given information: Slab span L = 6.0 m Concrete strength fc = 25 MPa Overall depth h = 300 mm Steel strength fy = 350 MPa Web width bw = 200 mm Concrete MOE E = 25 GPa Overall width bf = 1200 mm Cross-sectional area A = 185000 mm2 Heated perimeter s = 1550 mm
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-81

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Load combinations: Dead load per metre G = 1.2x4.8 = 5.76 kN/m Live load per metre Q = 1.2x3.0 = 3.6 kN/m Load combination for cold conditions: wc = 1.2G+1.6Q = 12.7 kN/m Load combination for fire conditions: wf = G + 0.4Q = 7.20 kN/m Reinforcing: Number of bars n = 4
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-82

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Bar diameter Db = 16 mm Single bar area As1 = (Db/2)2 = 201 mm2 Total bar area As = n As1 = 804 mm2 Cover cv = 20 mm Effective depth d = h - cv - Db/2 = 272 mm

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Stress block depth a = As fy/0.85 fc bf a = 804x350/0.85x25x1200 = 11.0 mm Internal lever arm jd = d-a/2 = 272-11/2 = 266 mm Flexural strength Mc =As fy jd Mc =804x350x266/106 = 75.0 kNm Mc = 0.85x75.0 = 63.8 kNm Mc > M*cold so cold design is OK. FIRE CALCULATIONS Strength reduction factor = 1.0 Mid span bending moment M*fire = wfL2/8 = 7.2x6.02/8 = 32.4 kNm
7-83 Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-84

Effective cover ce = cv + Db/2 = 28 mm COLD CALCULATIONS Strength reduction factor = 0.85 Mid-span bending moment M*cold = wcL2/8 = 12.7x6.02/8 = 57.2 kNm
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures

14

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Steel bar temperature from the isotherms on Figure 7-31: Bar group (1) (corner bars) Ts1 = 830C Bar group (2) (corner bars) Ts2 = 640C Reduced yield strength
fy,T1 = 350 x (720-830)/470 = 0 MPa fy,T2 =350 x (720-640)/470 = 59.5 MPa

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Internal lever arm jdf = d-af/2 = 272-0.93/2 =271.5 mm Flexural strength Mf = Mf = Asfy,T jdf = 24x271.5/106 = 6.4 kNm Mf < M*fire so slab will fail unless restraint or continuity is provided. Provide axial restraint (numbers in brackets are steps from notes) (4) Estimate the mid-span deflection: Mid-span deflection of the reference specimen 0 = 65 mm (from Figure 7-74)
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-86

As fy,T = (2 As1 fy,T1+ 2 As2 fy,T2) = (2x201x0+2x201x59.5)/1000 = 23.9 kN Stress block depth af = As fy,T/0.85f'c bf af = 23.9x1000/(0.85x25x1200) = 0.93 mm

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-85

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Heated length L = 6000 mm Distance from neutral axis to extreme bottom fibre yb = 290 mm (assume that neutral axis is 10 mm from top of slab) Mid-span deflection = L2 0/89000 yb = 60002 x 65/(89000 x 290) = 90.7 mm Distance to line of thrust from top of beam dT = 0.9h = 280 mm (assume that the slab is built-in to the surrounding construction, thrust 0.1h from bottom.)

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
(6) Calculate the required thrust to prevent collapse T = 1000 (M*fire-Mf)/(dT-af/2-) T = 1000 (32.4-6.4)/(270-0.9/2-90.7) = 145 kN (7) Recalculate af af = (T+ As fy,T)/0.85 fc bf af =(14500+ 23700)/(0.85x25x1200) = 6.6 mm Recalculate T T = 1000 (32.4-16.1)/(270-6.6/2-90.7) = 148 kN (8) Non-dimensional thrust parameter T/AE = 147700/(185000x25000) = 32 x 10-6

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-87

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-88

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Shape parameter z = A/S = 185000/1550 = 119 mm Strain parameter L/L = 0.0065 (from Figure 7-77) Maximum permitted displacement L = 0.0065x6000 = 39 mm So, this slab will have a fire resistance of 120 min if the surrounding structure at each end is capable of resisting an axial thrust of 148 kN with an axial elongation of less than 39 mm.
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-89

Columns
Columns are more difficult to design than flexural members due to possible instability problems As a simple method, minimum dimensions and cover, as shown in Tables below, can be used The recommended conservative design approach is to use the simplified method assuming zero strength for all concrete above 500C

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-90

15

Columns
Minimum width (mm) and minimum cover (mm) for generic fire-resistance rating of reinforced concrete members
0.5 hours 1.0 hours 1.5 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Width Cover Width Cover Width Cover Width Cover Width Cover Width Cover Beams 80 20 120 30 150 40 200 50 240 70 280 80 Columns 150 20 200 25 250 30 300 35 400 35 450 35 Slabs 75 15 95 20 110 25 125 35 150 45 170 55 Walls 75 15 75 15 100 25 100 25 150 25 180 25

Columns
Generic fire-resistance ratings for concrete columns
Load ratio Width (mm) 150 150 180 200 240 300 0.2 Cover (mm) 10 10 10 40 50 50 Column exposed on more than one side 0.5 0.7 Width Cover Width Cover (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 150 10 150 10 180 10 200 10 210 10 240 35 250 40 280 40 320 50 360 50 400 50 450 50 Exposed on one side 0.7 Width Cover (mm) (mm) 100 10 120 10 140 10 160 45 200 60 300 60

30 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes 120 minutes 180 minutes 240 minutes

Width is the minimum dimension of the column and cover is the location of the centre line of the reinforcing relative to the outside of the column. Cover required for durability will control in some cases

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-91

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-92

Walls
Non-load-bearing concrete walls or partitions do not require structural design (provide thickness to meet insulation criterion) Previous Table shows some ratings Load-bearing walls are usually axial load-carrying members that should be designed as slender columns (using columns methods) The main difference is fire exposure, columns are often designed for exposure on all sides, but most walls are exposed to fire on one side only
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-93

COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION EXPOSED TO FIRE

Composite slabs Composite beams Composite columns

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-94

Composite slabs
Composite steel-concrete slabs are popular Fire behaviour of composite slabs is discussed under the three categories:
integrity insulation stability

Composite slabs - Integrity

Composite steel-concrete slabs generally have excellent integrity because there is no passage of flames or hot gases through the floor system

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-95

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-96

16

Composite slabs - Insulation

To meet the insulation criterion it is simply necessary to provide sufficient thickness of slab Generic and proprietary listings are available Calculation of temperatures has been discussed previously

Composite slabs - Stability

The strength of composite steel-concrete slabs is influenced by fire because steel sheeting acting as external reinforcing loses strength rapidly Composite slabs behave well in fire because of axial restraint and moment re-distribution

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-97

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-98

Composite beams
Hot-rolled steel beams Light steel joists

Composite beams Hot-rolled steel beams

Composite steel-concrete beams often consist of reinforced concrete slabs connected to a supporting hot-rolled structural steel beams The most common system is for composite steeldeck slabs to run over the top of the steel beams Composite beams act as tee-beams Structural calculation for fire is essentially the same procedure as in normal temp. conditions

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-99

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-100

Composite beams Light steel joists

A common system of composite construction uses open web or light I-gauge steel joists combined with concrete The fire resistance of this type of composite construction is very poor without joist protection Additional fire resistance can be provided with a fire resisting ceiling membrane or fire protection material sprayed onto the steel joists

Composite columns
The concrete filling has three beneficial effects:
it acts as a heat sink to slow the rise in temp. of steel it provides lateral stability to prevent local buckling of the column wall it carries some of axial load as steel strength reduces

NRC has carried out research on concrete filling in hollow steel columns exposed to standard fires using the column furnace Lie and Kodur developed a design formula that is used in National Building Code of Canada
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-102

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-101

17

Composite columns
The empirical equation gives fire resistance tr (min) of circular/square steel columns completely filled with concrete as: tr = (f (fc + 20) d2.5) / ((KL 1000) N) f is a factor from Table below fc is the strength of the filling concrete (MPa) d is the outside diameter/width of column (mm) L is the unsupported length of the column (mm) KL is the effective length of the column (mm) N is the applied load on the column (kN)
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-103

Composite columns
Value of factor f for fire resistance of concrete-filled steel columns
Filling concrete Plain concrete Bar-reinforced concrete Fibre-reinforced concrete Square columns 0.06 0.065 0.065 Circular columns 0.07 0.075 0.075

Note that tabulated values of f may be increased cumulatively as follows Tabulated values are for siliceous aggregate concrete For carbonate aggregate concrete, add 0.01. Bar-reinforced concrete values are for cover < 25 mm For cover 25 mm, add 0.005. Bar-reinforced concrete values are for reinforcing < 3% For reinforcing 3%, add 0.005
Winter 2003 Concrete Structures 7-104

Composite columns
This formula is valid for:
fire-resistance times up to 2 hours for plain concrete and 3 hours for reinforced concrete for column sizes from about 140 to 410 mm, except that bar reinforcing cannot be used in columns smaller than about 200 mm

WORKED EXAMPLE 3
Calculate the fire resistance of a circular steel column filled with concrete. Given information: Column length L = 4800 mm Effective length factor K = 0.67 (fixed-fixed end conditions) Axial load N = 1344 kN Concrete strength fc = 40 MPa (carbonate aggregate concrete)

Square columns with fibre-reinforced concrete can be as small as 100 mm

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-105

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-106

WORKED EXAMPLE 3
Column size HSS 324x6.4 Column diameter d = 324 mm Bar reinforcing 3% Cover 25 mm From Table 7-104, f = 0.095. From Eq. (7-103) the fire resistance is given by tf = f(fc + 20) d2.5/(KL-1000) N tf = 0.095 (40+20) 3242.5(0.67x4800-1000)1344 = 133 minutes

Winter 2003

Concrete Structures

7-107

18