Chapter 23-Modern Industry and Mass Politics 1870-1914 Rise of Mass Society-movement from diversity New Technologies and

nd Global Transformation-steel, electricity, chemicals Second Industrial Revolution-Era of progress and growth , technological advances in Medicine-improved health and personal hygiene agriculture crop planting, shipping, storing New Inventions Steel replaces iron-steel stronger, lighter, cheaper than iron o Largest steel producers-US and Germany Electricity-heat, light, motion-hydroelectric power o Light Bulb-Thomas Edison Factories always open Batteries and generators-allowed lighting of entire urban areas-power stations o Streetcars and subways Chemicals o Alkali (purification, steel manufacturing, detergent) and sulfuric acid-paper, soaps, textiles, fertilizers Communication o Telephone-Alexander Graham Bell o Radio waves-Guglielmo Marconi Internal combustion engine-automobile, airplane, ocean liners o Scope and Scale of Industry Growth of manufactured goods industry /growth of industrial production Wages increase Reduced prices as a result of cheaper transportation Agricultural nations (Spain, Portugal, Russia, Austria-Hungary) provided food and raw materials o Credit and Consumerism-change in economic consumption Mass Consumption-slow change to buying habits, societal divisions remained intact Urban department stores-offer luxury goods, practical Advertising-influencing a larger wealthier population Buying on credit-entice working class into the market o The Rise of Corporations Attempt to dominate an industry Vertical combination-control every step of production from raw materials to distribution Limited liability laws increased middle class investments in investments Government involvement common in big business o Global Economics

Development of a world economy Imports/exports Investments abroad Labor Politics and Mass Movements o Socialist Politics Workers form socialist political parties and unions to improve working conditions Based on the ideas of Marx and Engels-The Communist Manifesto Capitalism is the root of social problems Struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat Violent revolution leads to classless, equal society o German Social Democratic Party (Germany)-passed laws to improve working conditions; was the model Marxist party in the late 19th Century o Second International-socialist dedicate to confronting capitalism Revisionists-Marxists who rejected the idea of revolution and believed working within the political party system for reforms; Eduard Berstein-led revisionists in Germany Trade unions used strikes to bring work reforms 10 hour work days Saturdays off o Women-1800s legally inferior, economically dependent o By 1884-full rights of citizenship had been extended to all segments of society except women Womanhood Redefined Changes allowed women to own property Acceptable for women to take on jobs outside the home, working-class women The New Women More visible in society New jobs created by the Second Industrial Revolution o Low paid, white collar-Secretaries, clerks, typists o Government services-education, social work, and health Birth Control Demanded education and a job-Active life outside the home Rise of feminism o Same access to education and jobs men had Amaile Sieveking-became a nurse to become involved in the medical field Switzerland-First country to accept women to medical schools for training as doctors

Suffragists-1840s-150s-people who wanted the vote extended to all adults Viewed enfranchisement as symbol of full legal personhood Became militant British Movement Emmeline Pankhurst-founder Womens Social and Political Union Chained to lampposts, threw eggs, destroyed store windows, hunger strikes, suicide-Emily Wilding Davis Right to vote would be granted after WWI

Liberalism and Its Discontents o France Third Republic Collapse of Second Empire-Franco-Prussian War-transformed French society in the mid Nineteenth Century Constitution of 1875-created the Third Republic o President o Prime Minister-ran the state o Ministerial responsibility-PM is accountable to the elected legislative body not the executive o Two house legislature Senate-indirect elections Chamber of Deputies-Universal male suffrage Paris Commune Workers of Paris were greatest supporters The Dreyfus Affair Anti-Semitism-hostility and discrimination against Jews Jew have been persecuted throughout their entire existence Alfred Dreyfus was sentenced to life in prison for selling secrets even though evidence proved his innocence and guilt of a Catholic officer. Dreyfus was retried and freed after public outrage Anti-Semitism polarized Europe and made sweeping changes in France o Separation of church and state-hostilities of church and the army against the republic o Anti-Semitic wave continued Literature accusing Jews of aspiring to world domination Politicians elected on anti-Semitic platforms o Led to Zionist movement

Zionism End of the 19th Century-Anti-Semitic political parties begin forming in Germany and Austria-Hungary Pogroms-mass killings, were organized in Russia Thousands of Jews emigrated to the US and Palestine (1918) Zionist-worked to establish a Jewish homeland and state, led by Theodor Herzlwrote The State of the Jews Germany Constitution 1871 Created by Otto von Bismarck Reichstag-lower house of legislature-elected by universal male suffrage Government leaders reported to the emperor not the parliament-non democratic Attempt to avoid cries for democratic government o Led by conservatives-land owning aristocracy and big industrialists o Distract citizens by focusing on foreign policy and expansion German Social Democratic Party(Socialists)- quadrupled in size by 1881-year Bismarck resigned Why was socialism so dominant in Germany o Rapid industrialization o Large politically conscious working class o New parliamentarian constitution o Government hostile to organized labor o No liberal reforms Britain After 1918-Men over 21 and women over 30 hold the right to vote Political democracy established Social reforms created by Liberal party-benefits for sickness, unemployment, and injury Newly formed Labour Party threatened to take worker support away from the Liberals Russia-struggled to modernize Alexander III-policy of russification to unify all of Russias territory under the power of tsar, forced nationalism-attempt to compete with European nations Russification-extension of language and culture of Greater Russia over all Russian Empire Industrialization Expanding by 1900-became 4th largest producer of steel Created industrial working class, housing shortages, and unbearable living Created instability

o No middle class to raise or invest capital o Challenge to Russian military o Rise of socialism, liberalism o Rapid Urbanization o Outdated economic system prevented modernization of economy 1905 Revolution-Bloody Sunday o Factors leading to revolutions Socialism-Formation of socialist parties fueled rebellion and led to Revolution of 1905 Russia loss in the Russo-Japanese War Large group of workers march to the winter Palace in St. Petersburg to announce grievances to the Czar Nicholas II Czars troops fire into the crowds killing hundreds of people October Manifesto-Strikes following the massacre forced Nicholas to enact more civil liberties(individual rights), and create an elected legislative body known as the Duma, with veto powers Czar would eventually repel October Manifesto over the next two years and regain controlling with military o The Balkans Former possessions of the Ottoman Empire had gradually gained independence during the 19th Century-Greece, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 Opposed by Serbs who wanted to create a large Slavic state with B-H Russia supported Serbia, William II demanded recognition of A-H Universal Education o Before Second Industrial revolution education was for the wealth and upper middle classes o Government create state funded primary schools Age 6-12 required to attend Teacher training institutes created first female colleges Causes Demand for more knowledge works with higher skill sets As the franchise increased it was important to have informed voters Nurtured nationalism (patriotism) to create unity Effects Increased literacy-50% increase in the second half of the 19th Century More newspapers-sensationalism, detailed descriptions of crimes Science-Reason, science, progress still dominate science between 1870 -1914 o Charles Darwin-The Origin of the Species Developed the first modern theory of evolution Theory of evolution based on natural selection o Social Darwinism-miss application of Darwins theory

Herbert Spencer, British sociologist and evolutionist-first to use the phrase survival of the fittest Social progress comes from the struggle for survival German general Friedrich von Bernhardi-Biological necessity to remove the weak and unfit Houston Stewart Chamberlain-Briton, became a German citizen o Germans only successor to Aryan race (creators of Western culture) o Jews enemy of the Aryan race Rationality Pavlov-human condition and learned Developed classic conditioning-became a part of the psychological school of behaviorism learned response(salvation) to neutral stimuli(assistant) Freud Studied the human mind and human nature Mental disorders are a conflict between natural drives and cultural restraints People are influenced by past experiences, unaware Directed by repressed painful experiences beginning in childhood Psychoanalysis-remove repressed forces by examining psyche o Free association, talking, dream analysis o Release repressed feelings-healing can begin Led to the field of psychological therapy Nietzsche-German philosopher, exhaustive question of doctrine, challenged the foundations of Christianity Human beings must become supermen and transcend the bounds of cultural conformity

Culture o Leisure Time Increased wages and more time off allowed for entertainment to forget about their work lives Amusement parks-technology Team sports, public transportation-baseball o Innovation in Art-rebellion against traditional art styles, art should serve as art, not social progress(naturalism)-Modernism Paul Cezanne-Father of Modern Art Impressionism-France-first significant break from representational art Claude Monet-painted in nature, focus on light and interaction with objects Post-Impressionism Vincent van Gogh-art was spiritual experience, colors spoke its own language Photography-less emphasis on painting reality, more on expression

George Eastman-creator of the Kodak camera in 1888 Anyone could take a photo Cubism-Pablo Picasso-use of geometric designs to recreate reality Expressionism-use of distortion and exaggeration Self-Portrait, Study for Ermiten, Egon Schiele, 1912 Futurism- aggressive new art movement influenced by technology and the bustle of urban life, focus on the beauty of technology F.T. Marinetti-founder of Futurism-Italian poet-Futurist Manifesto