VOCABULARY NOTIONS AND EXERCISES

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I. Find the full forms of the following 1. Ad 2. Cable 3. Math 4. Lab 5. Gym 6. Champ 7. Movie 8. Vet 9. Fan 10. Prefab 11. Phone 12. Bus 13. Bike 14. Flu II. Translate the following Romanian words and phrases by using compound nouns 1. Cutremur de pamant 2. Masina de spalat 3. Tunsoare 4. Picup 5. Apa potabila 6. Revarsat de zori 7. Stranger de mana 8. Zbor de noapte 9. Cap sec 10. Urbanism 11. Pata de sange 12. Camuflaj 13. Centura de siguranta 14. Cocosat 15. Trecator

Plural of nouns pronounciation. Remember: The s ending is pronounced /s/ after voiceless consonants, /z/ after voiced consonants and after vowels, and /iz/ after hissing consonants.

VOCABULARY NOTIONS AND EXERCISES

III.

Translate into Romanian the words below and practice their plural:

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Book books Pencil pencils (buks) (penslz) Boy boys (boiz) remark pen thought Dog Ant Day haircut mirror tip bottle sink cinema pot egg Mouth Pill Belief Ray Bus stop Team

Class classes (cla:siz)

bus Bandage piece box dose boss Judge Buzz Lash Peach

Remember: Nouns ending in f/-fe form their plural in fs/-fes ( the first category) or ves (the second category) or both (the third category). IV. Give the plural form of the following nouns and noun groups into the respective three categories (mention between brackets to which of the three categories it belongs to): Example: Half halves (2nd categ) 1. Cuff 2. Wolf 3. Belief 4. Leaf 5. Scarf 6. Chief 7. Cliff 8. Shelf 9. Dwarf 10. Self 11. Thief 12. Safe

VOCABULARY NOTIONS AND EXERCISES

13. Gulf 14. Proof 15. Loaf 16. Wife Page | 317. Roof 18. Handkerchief 19. Knife V. a) write the singular of: 2. Countries 4. Enemies 6. Skies 8. Skis 10. Doves 12. Halves 14. Shoes 16. Kangaroos 18. Toes 20. Potatoes

1. Allies 3. Alleys 5. Dresses 7. Houses 9. Taxes 11. Buzzes 13. Pies 15. Eyes 17. Valves 19. Porches

b) write the plural of: 1. Potato 3. hero 5. echo 7. buffalo 9. Negro 2. Radio 4. cargo 6. tango 8. concerto 10. volcano

WORD ORDER in declarative statements Word order is very important in English; but it is not complicated, and can be reduced to a few basic rules or principles. 1.1 In a normal (declarative) sentence, the subject of a sentence comes directly in front of the

VOCABULARY NOTIONS AND EXERCISES

verb. The direct object (when there is one) comes directly after it: Examples: The man wrote a letter. People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones. The president laughed. Page | 4 1.2. Note that by the subject, we mean not just a single word, but the subject noun or pronoun plus adjectives or descriptive phrases that go with it. The rest of the sentence - i.e. the part that is not the subject - is called the predicate. Example: People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones. 1.3. If a sentence has any other parts to it - indirect objects,adverbs or adverb phrases - these usually come in specific places: 1.3.1 The position of the indirect object The indirect object follows the direct object when it is formed with the preposition to: The indirect object comes in front of the direct object if to is omitted Example: The doctor gave some medicine to the child. or: The doctor gave the child some medicine. 1.3.2. The position of adverbs or adverb phrases These can come in three possible places: a) Before the subject (Notably with common adverbs or adverb phrases) Example: Yesterday the man wrote a letter. b) After the object (Virtually any adverb or adverb phrase can be placed here) Example: The man wrote a letter on his computer in the train. c) In the middle of the verb group. (Notably with short common adverbs) Example: The man has already written his letter 1.4 In standard English, nothing usually comes between the subject and the verb, or between the verb and the object. There are a few exceptions. The most important of these are adverbs of frequency and indirect objects without to. Example: The man often wrote his mother a letter. I sometimes give my dog a bone.

If you always apply these few simple rules, you will not make too many word order problems in English.

VOCABULARY NOTIONS AND EXERCISES

The examples above are deliberately simple - but the rules can be applied even to complex sentences, with subordinate and coordinated clauses. Example:
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The director, [who often told his staff (to work harder),] never left the office before [he had checked his e-mail.] 2 Exceptions Of course, there are exceptions to many rules, and writers and speakers sometimes use different or unusual word order for special effects. But if we concentrate on the exceptions, we may forget the main principles, and the question of word order may start to seem very complex! So here are just a few examples: you should realise that they exist, but not try to use them unless either they are essential in the context, or else you have fully mastered normal word order patterns. (Don't try to run before you can walk!)

A few examples: Never before had I seen such a magnificent exhibition. (After never or never before, subject and verb can be - and usually are - inverted. Do not invert when never follows the subject !). Hardly had I left the house, than it started to rain. (When a sentence starts with hardly, subject and verb must be inverted.). Had I known, I'd never have gone there. (Inversion occurs in unfulfilled hypothetical conditional structures when if is omitted) The book that you gave me I'd read already. (The long object, The book that you gave me, is placed at the start of the sentence for reasons of style: this unusual sentence structure is not necessary, just stylistic).

VI. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Arrange the words to make affirmative sentences. like / I / you French / I / speak hates / pigeons / he they / song / a / sing sell / flowers / we

VOCABULARY NOTIONS AND EXERCISES

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6. you / see / me / can 7. buy / milk / he / wants to 8. feed / you / my / cat / can 9. sister / has / my / got / a dog 10. must / the book / read / you VII. Arrange the words to make affirmative sentences. Place time expressions at the end of the sentences. 1. go / now / home / will / I 2. give / the present / tomorrow / we / him / will 3. her / met / last night / at / we / the station 4. was / last week / he / in hospital 5. in Greece / spend / I / will / next year / my holiday 6. must / at five o'clock / leave / we / the house 7. the library / take / I / the book / will / today / to 8. my mum / breakfast / in the morning / made 9. tonight / want / to the cinema / to go / we 10. wrote / last week / they / at school / a test

VOCABULARY NOTIONS AND EXERCISES

Word order in English questions

This really is so simple.... Almost all questions use the same structure.
Page | 7 All you need to do is to remember this simple and common English phrase:

How do you do?

The structure of almost every simple question in English is based on this same model: (Question word if there is one) Auxiliary or modal + subject + main verb + (plus the rest of the sentence). Examples Where did Jane Austen live? Did Arnold Schwarzenegger learn English quickly? How quickly did Arnold Schwarzenegger learn English ? Has the bank sent us an invoice yet? How many books have you read this year ? Is the new secretary being given her own laptop ? Can the new secretary be given her own laptop ? How quickly can the new secretary be given her own laptop ? Is the new secretary nice ? Important: take care ! In the interrogative, as in the negative, English verbs are ALWAYS made up of at least two elements, an auxiliary and the root verb. In the interrogative there is only one exception to this rule, and that is certain tenses of the verb to be. For all other verbs - including to have - tenses that are formed with a single verb in an affirmative statement (i.e. the present simple and the simple past) are formed in the interrogative by the addition of the auxiliary do. Comparison between statements and questions with single-word tenses : He had a good time. > Did he have a good time? NOT Had he a good time? He lives in new York. > Does he live in new York? NOT Lives he in New York?

VOCABULARY NOTIONS AND EXERCISES

Exceptions: Certain adverbs, notably short adverbs of frequency or time, can and indeed sometimes must be placed between the auxiliary and the root verb, as in statements. In questions, these adverbs are placed between the subject and the root verb. Page | 8 Has that French company yet sent us their order ? Can the new secretary soon be given a bigger desk ? What sort of hats do the ladies usually wear?