ROOTSTOCK-SCIO RELATIO SHIP

ROOTSTOCK-SCIO RELATIO SHIP

Subash Dahal Department of Horticulture Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

April, 2013 Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal

TABLE OF CO TE TS CO TE TS 1. I TRODUCTIO 1.1. Types of rootstocks: 1.2. Characteristics of good rootstocks 1.3. Major effects of rootstock on scion cultivars 2. ROOTSTOCKS OF APPLE 2.1. Series of Clonal Rootstocks 2.2. Effects of Apple Rootstocks on Scion Cultivars 3. ROOTSTOCKS OF PEAR 3.1. Major effects of pear rootstocks on the scion cultivars 4 ROOTSTOCKS OF CITRUS 5. CO CLUSIO ACK OWLEDGEME T REFERE CES Page o. 1 2 3 3 4 4 6 9 9 12 14 14

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1. I TRODUCTIO Controlled perpetuation of plants is known as plant propagation. Plant propagation can be broadly classified in two types: sexual and asexual. In sexual propagation, the fusion of male and female gametes gives rise to a new plant, whereas in asexual propagation which is also known as vegetative propagation, the development of new plants takes place without the fusion of male and female gametes, that is, the new plant develops from vegetative plant parts. Various techniques of asexual propagation are adopted in plant propagation, such as: grafting, budding, layering, cutting, etc. So far cutting and layering are concerned; the new plants are developed on their own root system, but in grafting and budding on the others root system. It means that in these two techniques (grafting and budding), two plant parts are joined to form new plants; the one which forms the root system is known as rootstock and the one forming the shoot system is known as scion. Plant propagation is both a science and an art. The science of plant propagation requires knowledge of plant physiology, nursery cultural practices, and characteristics of the particular plant that you want to grow. The art of plant propagation cannot be taught in a book or classroom, however, because it consists of specific technical skills that must be acquired through innate ability or experience and often requires a certain feel. The interactions (relationships) between these two plant parts (rootstock and scion) are of much significance in the commercial fruit growing industry. According to (Hartmann et al., 2002), combining two different plants (genotypes) into one plant by grafting or budding can produce growth patterns that are different from those that would have occurred if each component part had been grown separately. Some of these effects are of major importance in horticulture and, while others are detrimental and should be avoided. These altered characteristics may result from (a) specific characteristics of the graft partners not found in the other, for example, resistant to certain diseases, insects or nematodes or tolerance to certain adverse environmental and soil conditions; (b) interactions between the rootstock and the scion that alter size, growth, productivity, fruit quality or other horticultural attributes; and (c) incompatibility reactions. In practice, it may be difficult to separate which of the three kinds of influencing factors dominant in any given graft combination growing in a particular environment. Long-term results depend on the rootstock scion combination, environment (climate, edaphic factors such as soil), propagation, and Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal 1

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production management; this affects yield, quality and plant form and the economics of production. Thus, rootstocks provide growers with a useful tool to manipulate the vigor and performance of orchard trees. Effects on tree size, precocity, fruit production and maturity are achieved through complex interrelationships between the roots and canopy of the plant. Rootstocks directly affect the ability of plants to take up water and nutrients. They are also able to significantly alter the pattern of canopy development and functions such as photosynthesis. 1.1. Types of rootstocks: Rootstocks are of different types depending on their multiplication methods or raising methods. They are: 1.1.1. Seedling rootstocks: Seedling rootstocks are those developed from germinated seeds, have certain advantages. Production of seedlings is relatively simple and economical and is well adapted to mass propagation methods. Most seedlings plants do not retain viruses occurring in the parent plants (although some viruses are seed transmitted). In some instances (e.g. plum rootstocks), the root system developed by seedlings tends to grow deeper and to be more firmly anchored than rootstocks grown from cuttings. However, seedling rootstocks have disadvantage of genetic variation, which may lead to variability in the growth and performance of the scion of the grafted plants. Such variation is most likely to occur if the seed is obtained from unknown, unselected sources. The seed source plants may be unusually heterozygous or may have been cross pollinated with related species. Within the same species, some seed sources produce much better rootstock plants than others. With careful testing, individual plants in a species could be selected to be a mother tree seed source, or the start of the clonal rootstock. Variability among seedling rootstocks can be reduced by careful selection of the parental seed source regarding its identity, and by its protection from cross pollination. Variation can be reduced if all nursery trees of the same age are dug from the nursery row at one time, and small or obviously offtype seedlings or budded trees are discarded. In most nurseries, the young trees are graded by size; all those of the same grade are sold together. The practice of retaining slow growing seedlings or budded trees for an additional years growth is undesirable as it tends to perpetuate variability. Many fruit orchards, if grown on uniform seedling rootstocks, show no more variability resulting from the rootstocks used than from unavoidable environmental differences in the orchard, principally soil variability (Hartmann et al., 2002).

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1.1.2. Clonal rootstocks: Rootstocks, which are propagated vegetatively, are called clonal rootstocks. Each clonal individual plant is genetically the same as all the other plants in the clone and can be expected to have identical growth characteristics in a given environment (Hartmann et al., 2002). Propagation by vegetative means avoids genetic variations resulting in true to type progenies. In carrying out budding and grafting, two plant parts are required namely rootstock and scion. However, using, clonal rootstocks in budding and grafting, multifarious effects can be observed/obtained due to interaction of rootstocks and scion cultivars. Clonal rootstocks can be raised from micro-propagation in apple, apricot, almonds, chestnuts, cherries etc. Clonal rootstocks are desirable not only to produce uniformity but equally important to preserve their special characteristics and the specific influences they have on scion cultivars, such as disease resistance, dwarfing characteristics, growth, or flowering habit. 1.2. Characteristics of good rootstocks Once the rootstocks are used and orchard is raised by heavy investment, it is not possible to change without incurring serious losses (Rajput and Haribabu, 1995). As rootstocks have its effect on many aspects of plant growth and development, they are generally used to combat market and field problems like tree life, adverse conditions (soil, disease, and climate), fruit quality, and crop maturity, yield and so on. For every rootstock to be utilized in propagation, it should possess the following characteristics: Should exhibit a high degree of compatibility with scion cultivars and give maximum productive life to the trees. Should be well adapted to the agro-climatic conditions of the particular locality like frost, cold and heat. Should be resistant to diseases and pests prevalent in the concerned area. Should be tolerant to adverse soil conditions like salt and drought. Must exhibit favorable and positive influence on the performance, bearing and quality of scion variety. Should possess good nursery characteristics like germination, high degree of polyembryony, ability to attend graft-able size in a short period and free from excessive branching. 1.3. Major effects of rootstock on scion cultivars Stature of the tree (dwarfing, medium, vigorous) Fruiting (size, quality, time of maturity of fruit, yield) 3

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Cold hardiness Disease resistance Tolerance to adverse soil condition Nutrient uptake

These major effects of rootstocks are being exploited in a beneficial manner in the fruit industry. However, the knowledge of specific rootstock effects on specific scion cultivars is of utmost importance to get maximum benefits from the enterprises. This study is mainly focused on the effects of rootstocks on the scion cultivars of major fruit trees which are grown commercially in Nepal. The main objective of this study is to know about the effects of rootstocks on the scions of commercially important varieties of major fruits so that they can be exploited to increase production of such fruits. The study is solely based on the review of relevant available materials. 2. ROOTSTOCKS OF APPLE All successful apple rootstocks, either seedling or clonal, are of genus Malus, although the apple can grow and even come into bearing on pear roots. In early days, French Crab seedlings (M. sylvestris) were widely used in the USA as

rootstocks. Some of the Asiatic species of apples are apomictic and breed true from seeds even when pollinated by other species. These apomictic species have been used as rootstocks for commercial apple cultivars with the hope that they might be of value in controlling tree growth, age of fruiting. M. hupehensis, M. toringoides, M. sargenti and M. sikkimensis are apomictic (Mitra, 1991). 2.1. Series of Clonal Rootstocks: The clonal apple rootstocks that are used all over the world have traditionally originated in Europe (PSCAS, 2004). (Mitra, 1991) enumerated numerous series of clonal rootstocks, namely: i. Malling (M) series: developed by East Malling Research Station, Malling. These may be; a. Dwarfing: M 9, M 27, and M 20. b. Semi dwarfing: M 2, M 7, M 26. c. Vigorous: M 12, M 25. Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal 4

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d. Most vigorous: M 16. ii. Malling Merton (MM) series: in 1928, two institutes in England (John Inns Horticultural Institute, Merton and East Malling Research Station, Malling) had a joint venture to develop wooly aphid resistant apple rootstocks like MM 106, MM 109 etc. iii. EMLA series: Developed by East Malling Long Ashton Research Station in England and is virus free one. iv. Polish (P) series: Developed in Poland e. g. P 1, P 2, P 16, P 18, and P 22 etc. P 18 have considerable resistant to collar rot disease but susceptible to fire blight, whereas P 22 has dwarfing effect on scion variety. v. Budagovsky (Bud) series: These selections have been developed with the primary objective of winter hardiness. All of them have been able to withstand the severe Russian winter. These are developed at the Michurin College of Horticulture. Some of the rootstocks are Bud 9, Bud 67-490 and Bud 57-491. vi. Ottawa series: These are the outcome of Canadian researchers and are cold hardy, e. g. O 3 and O 8 etc. vii. viii. MAC series: Developed by Michigan State University, USA. e. g. MAC 9. Others clonal rootstocks: a. Alnarp-2 (A 2): Originated in Sweden, well anchored and has a good tree form. b. Robusta No. 5: Winter hardy and vigorous one. c. Bemali: Cross rootstocks developed in Sweden. It is dwarfing as M 26 and has advantage of easy propagation. d. Pollintz 80 (Pi 80): Cross between paradise and Doucin, highly productive and easily propagated. e. Jork 9 (J 9): Developed in Germany, selected from open-pollinated M 9 seedlings. f. Northern spy: It is resistant to wooly aphid and is traditional rootstocks of many countries. It is used in breeding programs. g. Novole: It is a Geneva selection from a set of open-pollinated seedling of Malus prunifolia from Japan. h. Vineland series: These are recently developed rootstocks. Vineland-1 (V 1) has extremely dwarfing characteristics (PSCAS, 2004). In Nepal, as stated by (Ranjit and Shrestha, 1998) clonal rootstocks such as M, MM and Edi Mayal are not available in all the horticultural farms and private nurseries. They also reported that most of the horticultural farms have tried to maintain the collected apple rootstock germplasm of which some Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal 5

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of the important M and MM series have been lost from horticulture farms of Kirtipur. Seedling rootstocks are the major apple rootstocks used in Nepal. Recommended rootstocks of apple in Nepal are Crab apple and Malling Series (Shrestha, 1998). 2.2. Effects of Apple Rootstocks on Scion Cultivars 2.2.1. Tree vigor/tree size As described by (PSCAS, 2004) rootstocks to control tree size have been used in apple production for over 2,000 years. The built in size controlling mechanism of the rootstocks affords a relatively cheap and permanent method of controlling trees within a predetermined size (Mitra, 1991). (Ananda, 1993) gave details about the influence of rootstocks on the scion cultivars according to their vigor potentiality; seedling and clonal rootstocks of apple are classified as very vigorous (5m height), vigorous (4m height), semi-dwarf (3m height), dwarf (2m height) and very dwarf (<2m height). (Ananda, 1993) have also stated that the stomata distribution as an index for predicting the growth potential of apple rootstock has revealed that it was high in the vigorous rootstocks like M 25, MM 104 and MM 111 and low in the dwarfing cultivars like M 9. In general, the trees are more vigorous on MM series clones than on M clones. M 7 rootstocks both as inter-stock and rootstock produced smaller trees with minimum tree volume and scion girth. Fig.1 shows the relative size of apple trees on different rootstocks. The rootstocks effects varied widely with different cultivars. The greater suitability of M 9 and M 26 for standard cultivars and of MM 106 and MM 111 for spur type cultivars was confirmed (Strada and Fidegheli, 1998). Similarly, MM 106 and M 9 interstocks dwarfed the trees 37, 40 and 40 % respectively. Highest growth was observed on plants on MM 111 rootstocks (Cepoiu and Marval, 1988). In an experiment carried out by (Lockard, 1974) rootstocks MM 106 and M 9 dwarfed the trees by 37 % and 40 %, respectively.

M9 M.27

M.7, M.26 MM.106

M4

M2 MM 111

M5, M9/M16, M25 MM109

M1, M16, MM104, Robusta-5, Alnarp-2, Seedling

Fig.1: Approx. relative size of apple trees on different rootstocks. (Source: Hartmann et al., 2002) Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal 6

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Effects of different apple rootstocks on vigor of scion cultivars can further be displayed by following table in detail. Table1. Effects of Apple Rootstocks on Scion Vigor Very vigorous Alnarp 2 Antonovka Novele M1 M 13 MM 111 O 11 MAC 4 MAC 24 MAC 5 Robusta 5 M2 M4 MM 106 MM 111 Bud 54-118 Bud 57-490 P18 O1 O2 Anis KSC 11 M7 M 26 Bud 9 P1 P 16 O3 Bemali Northern Spy KSC 28 MAC-1 J9 (Source: Mitra et al., 1991) Westwood (1988) reported that M 27 is half the size of trees on M 9 and dwarfing stocks M 27, M 9, M 26, M 27 needs staking or trellis wire support particularly in early years. Their poor anchorage was due to brittle nature of roots rather than being shallow rooted. The height and spread of Empire apple on M 26, M 9/M 106, M 9/MM 111, M 27/MM 106 and M 27/MM 111 were similar and greater than those on M 9 or M 27. One important benefit of using dwarfing rootstock is its utilization in high density planting (HDP). (Om and Pathak, 1983) found that cultivars on Crab C also attained larger plant volume than on M 2 and MM 793. Red Delicious Jonathan and Rymer when grafted on M 13 attend maximum girth, highest plant height, larger spread and higher plant volume. (Chandal and Chauhan, 1992) reported that Starking Delicious on MM 111 rootstock had higher stomata resistance and maximum transpiration rate whereas the minimum stomata resistance and maximum transpiration rate was recorded on M 25 rootstocks. Similarly, the trees on Bud 490 were larger than on Ottawa 8 and smaller than on Ottawa 11 but were less efficient than those on Ottawa 8 and on other dwarfing rootstocks like M 8, M 9, M 26, and Ottawa 3 (Mitra, 1991). M8 M9 M 20 P2 P 22 MAC 9 1-47-1(NCPI) KSC 26 OAR I M 27 Bud 54-146 Bud 57-491 MAC 39 Semi vigorous Semi dwarf Dwarf Very dwarf

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In the context of Nepal the study carried out with M series, rootstocks in Mustang revealed that M 26 included most dwarfing, highest yield and lowest wooly aphid infestation on Royal Delicious group of apple. (Gautam and Dhakal, 1994) have also mentioned that M 1, M 2, M 3, M 4, M 7, M 9, M 26, M 27, M 104, MM 106, MM 111 are dwarfing rootstock. 2.2.2. Precocity and flowering If the tree can be dwarfed by artificial means of an rootstock, the size of the trees can be controlled and they can be forced to be early, producing better crops (Kanwar, 1995) M. robusta and M. rajek induced greatest fruiting precocity with 80 % of the tree bearing fruits in the year after grafting. Flowering of the seedlings was hastened on M 9 and retarded on M 16 rootstock, irrespective of the influence of rootstock or interstock growth. Even the very unprecocious Northern Spy begins flowering by the fourth year on M9, when properly trained (Mitra et al., 1991). Visser (1973) reported that M. sikkimminsis and M. hypenhensis seedlings used as rootstock reduced growth and retard flowering. One of the most striking attributes of M 9 is its capacity to induce early fruiting (precocity) in scion cultivars (Mitra et al., 1991). Table- 2: Effect of Apple Rootstocks on Fruit Bearing Age (Source: Parker, 1993). ROOTSTOCKS Seedling MM 111 MM 106 M 7a M 26 MARK M9 FRUIT BEARI G AGE (Yrs.) 6-10 4-6 3-4 3-4 2-4 2-3 2-3

The spur characteristics of Starkspur Supreme were measured on nine rootstocks: M 7 EMLA, M 9 EMLA, M 26 EMLA, M 27 EMLA, M 9, MAC 9, MAC 29, and OAR 1 and Ottawa 3. Spur leaf number and spur leaf area were both high with vigorous rootstocks, whereas, spur density was low. The rootstocks MAC 9 and M 9 EMLA had the highest yield efficiencies (Warrington et. al., 1990). According to Denby (1982), Harold Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Spartan, McIntosh, Tydemans Red and Quinte apples were compared over a 12 year period on M 9, M 26 and M 7 rootstocks on variable soil at Summerland. Harold Red Delicious performed well on M 7, poorly on M 26 and M 9. Golden Delicious was precocious and productive on all rootstocks with fairly uniform performance on M 7 and M 26, but was extremely variable on M 9. Spartan trees were precocious, productive and Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal 8

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uniform on M 7 but variable on M 27 and of poor habit on M 9. McIntosh performed best on M 7, being variable on M 26 and M 9. Tydemans Red and Quinte lacked precocity and productivity on all three rootstocks. 2.2.3. Fruit yield and Quality In a fourteen year test, the dwarfing stocks generally were more efficient than seedling in a number of cases; the more vigorous clonal rootstocks (M 5, M 2, M 1, and M 16) also were more efficient than seedlings during the last five years (Westwood, 1988). The spur type delicious strain produced more fruit per tree than non-spur strain like Red King Delicious with M 7 and MM 106 but not with M 26 rootstocks. Golden Delicious produced more fruit per tree than gold spur on all three stocks. Highest yield of spurred strains (by 16 years data assessment) were with MM 106 stocks. It is generally accepted that clonal stocks are efficient producers than seedlings stocks. Similarly, yield of trees on MAC 9, MM 106, EMLA 9, virus free M 9, PAJAM 1 and virus free PAJAM 2 rootstock were 9.3, 9, 6.7, 8.2, 6.5, and 7.8 kg/tree from (Maillard and Hermann, 1990). 2.2.4. Winter hardiness Apple rootstocks show winter hardiness in the order MM 8 > Bud 490 > Ottawa 3 > Polish 1 with hardiness around 120C. Rootstocks of intermediate hardiness included MM 26, Kentville stock clone 3, Mitsusba Kaido, MM 111, EMLA 25 and Beautiful Arcade seedlings (Vasilchenko and Vasychenko, 1988). Tender rootstocks are EMLA 7, Alnarp 2, Black MAC, MAC 4, Antonovka, and EMLA 2. Trunk hardiness was greatest in Alnarp 2, M 26, Beautiful Arcade seedlings and O 3; the least hardy were EMLA 7 and MM 106. Budagovsky series, designated as either Bud or B are developed in Soviet Union for winter hardiness (PSCAS, 2004). 3. ROOTSTOCKS OF PEAR In contrast to apple rootstocks, which are all Malus pumila, pear rootstocks may be of several different species of Prunus, and a few are even in a different genus. For this reason, more problems of graft incompatibility and fruit quality exist with pear. In the past, the propagation by cuttings in majority of fruit trees was not successful making it imperative to resort to grafting and budding and in that case, the seed of commercial cultivars was used for raising the rootstock. Since such seedling rootstock does not impart any specific capability to the scion and efficient techniques of propagation through cuttings have developed, there is general trend in modern fruit culture toward growing cultivars on their own roots (Rathore, 1991). Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal 9

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However, the stress conditions of climate and soil, incidence of pests and diseases and demands of high-density culture coupled with the availability of all types of genotypes in pear to combat these problems make the use of rootstock in pear cultivation indispensable. A perusal of the available literature shows that rootstocks for pear have been used in Nepal without assessing their performances except for Quince (Pyrus collerana) for crown gall. There is also little evidence to support the use of quince as an important rootstock in Nepal. Despite the lack of research findings, experience has shown that Mayal pear is extensively used as rootstocks for the oriental pear (Asia Sand Pear) in Nepal (Khatiwada and Ghale, 1998). The recommended pear rootstocks in Nepal are Mayal seedlings and Quince (Shrestha, 1998). 3.1. Major effects of pear rootstocks on the scion cultivars: 3.1.1. Tree vigor The need of dwarfing rootstocks for high density planting in pear is realized by commercial fruit growers, but satisfaction has not been achieved yet.

Hawthorn

E.M. Quince A OHF51

OHF34 OHF40 OHF69 OHF87

OHF9 OHF217 OH220 OHF220 OHF267 OHF361

OHF18 OHF97 OHF112 OHF136 OHF340

Old Home P.betulaefolia OHF198

Fig. 2: Approximate relative size of pear cultivars on a number of clonal and seedling rootstocks. (Source: Westwood, 1988).

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3.1.2. Yields and quality In a number of rootstock trials, high yield, efficiency has been obtained in various cultivars: quince, Old Home X Farmingdale and P. betulaefolia rootstocks. Being vigorous, P. betulaefolia is a particularly good rootstock for less vigorous scions such as Seckel and not for Anjou. The fruits of both Bartlett and Anjou were higher in soluble solids than ever all others rootstocks among various quince rootstocks, EMA induced the lowest fruit acidity. Generally, high soluble solids and acidity increase the fruit quality. Rootstocks exert more influence on acidity and firmness than on soluble solids (Westwood, 1988). Yield efficiency is good on quince rootstock and on OH X F51 in highdensity hedgerows. The use of Old Home as a compatible interstem for quince has consistently resulted in higher yield than when Hardy is used (Westwood, 1988). Of the vigorous rootstock, P. calleryana induces early yield more than seedlings P. communis. Clonal OH X F rootstocks, however, were selected for their high-yielding potential, so they are better than unselected seedlings of the species. P. betulaefolia appears to be too vigorous for Anjou and usually the yield efficiency is low. Yet, P. betulaefolia is outstanding as a stock for Seckel and some other weak-growing cultivars (Westwood, 1988). Two fruit disorders related to rootstocks are hard end, caused by P. usseuriensis and P. pyrifolia and cork spot of Anjou, caused by P. betulaefolia stock (Westwood, 1988). Fruit quality is generally good on quince, P. communis, P. caleryana, and P. betulaefolia (Westwood, 1988). In 6-year-old trees, the yields of Cv. Gute Luise on 3-quince rootstock were in the order of Quince A < Provence < Adams in the 7th year the order was Quince A < Adams < Provence. In William clones, P 415 an SP 1469, yields on the Quince rootstocks were in the order Adams < Quince A< Province, while for the Williams clone P 1740 the order was Quince A < Province < Adams (Keepel, 1987). Similarly, in an experiment conducted in pear cultivars Docteur Jules Guyot and Williams yielded more in the Pyrus rootstock OHF 333 than on the Cydonia rootstock Provence BA 29. Cultivars Bartlett and Harvest Queen yielded highest when it is grafted with hybrid rootstock OH X F 87 and OH X F 69 (Kappel and Quamme, 1988). Westwood (1970) reported that in general, Pyrus ussuriensis, P. pyrifolia resulted in small, rootstock P. communis, P. calleryana, intermediate and large P. betulaefolia was resistant. 3.1.3. Pest and disease resistant The new disease called pear decline has eliminate susceptible P. ussuriensis and P. pyrifolia stocks. Pear decline is an induced scion/rootstock incompatibility caused by a mycoplasma transmitted to the tees by pear psylla insects. The pathogen migrates through the phloem downwards to the union. If the rootstock is susceptible, the phloem just below the union is killed effectively girdling the trunk. Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal 11

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Seedlings stocks appear variable in their tolerance to decline except those of P. betulaefolia which all seem resistant. P. betulaefolia is the rootstock resistant to fire blight (Rathore, 1991). 3.1.4. Compatibility Quince and pear often are incompatible and must be double worked with a compatible interstem. Old Home is better as an interstem than Hardy, which was used for many years. The following list of cultivars indicates compatibility with quince. Compatible Anjou Comice Packhams Triumph Gorham Flemish Beauty Maxine Old Home Hardy Incompatible Bartlett Bosc Winter Nellis Eldorado Clapp Favorite Forelle Farmingdale Seckel

As far as other effects of rootstock in case of pear are concerned, its effect on anchorage, suckering ability is to be mentioned. Trees on quince roots need support for best performance. The root system is much branched and fibrous, but large roots are brittle and tend to break under the weight of crop and wind. Similarly, in suckering ability, many good pear stocks tend to sucker profusely and they include Old Home, some clonal OH X F, quince, imported French, P. faurieri, and to some extent, domesticated seedlings. Several OH X F clones that tend not to sucker have been selected (Rathore, 1991). 4. ROOTSTOCKS OF CITRUS The rootstock may be grown from seed, rooted cuttings or layers. An ideal rootstock should be of fast growing in the nursery, having higher compatibility, long living, bearing numerous seeds in the fruits and having higher percentage of nucellar seedling (Paudyal, 2003). Among numerous citrus rootstocks used in the world, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliate), sour orange (Citrus aurantium), rough lemon (C. jambhiri) and Rangpur lime (C. limonia) etc. are most commonly used. A very sharp knife is used to make a vertical cut in a smooth area of the rootstock about 2.5-3.5 cm (1.0-1.5 inches) long through the bark, deeply enough into the wood to be certain the bark has been completely cut. A horizontal cut about 1 cm (0.5 inch) long is made through the bark at the top (T) or bottom (inverted T) of the vertical cut, again cutting completely through the bark. At the finish of Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal 12

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this cross cut, the knife blade is turned slightly upward and given a slight twist to open the bark at the T. The point of the knife can be used to lift the bark along the vertical cut if necessary. The rough lemon was the most vigorous grower of all rootstocks studied. This was manifested in both shoots and root growth. Trior-citrange and trifoliate orange were the least vigorous of all rootstocks. The rest of the rootstocks were intermediate in vigor with Blackman sweet orange ranking second to rough lemon. Blackman sweet orange rootstock was a more vigorous grower in comparison with standard sour orange. Cleopatra mandarin and trifoliate orange had the largest root systems in relation to their tops as reflected in their least top to root ratios when compared to other rootstocks (Abbadi, 1969). Plants on Jambheri and Trifoliate orange rootstock produced better growth, yield and survival (Misra et al., 1995).

Fig: 3 Characteristics of different citrus rootstocks. (Source: www.sunraysianurseries.com.au)

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Fig: 4 Characteristics of different citrus rootstocks. (Source: www.sunraysianurseries.com.au) 8. CO CLUSIO Rootstocks are the underground parts that give rise to root system and also exhibit unexpected effects in the growth and development of the scion variety. Rootstocks are beyond doubt, have manifold profits in plant perpetuation to exploit their enormous effects on the scion variety. Once the orchard is established, there is little possibility to reestablish it so it is worthwhile to consider the effects of rootstock to the scion variety. Mainly, apple rootstocks have been described in detail by various workers that demand its use in the country like Nepal where rootstocks use is not in farmers field. Here the need arises to use it. In western countries, there are numerous studies regarding the effects of rootstocks to the scion wood. Furthermore, rootstocks are to be used to increase yield, to impart pest and disease resistance, to avoid other problems like salinity and low storability. There is immense scope for increasing production and productivity in many plants by exploiting such effects of rootstocks on scion cultivars. ACK OWLEDGEME T I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Associate Professor Ms. Kalyani Mishra for her valuable suggestions and guidelines to prepare this term paper.

Prepared by: Subash Dahal, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Nepal

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