1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31

sending chip CC1100 as well as the SIMENS TC35 GSM module. The system software developed in C51 language has the ability of collecting, wireless receiving and sending data, and can send a piece of alarm short message to the users mobile phone when some dangerous condition has been detected. Security monitoring systems are popular in home automation, and Zigbee is a new industrial standard wireless sensor networks. This paper introduces an experimental home security monitoring and alarming system based on Zigbee technology, it is capable of monitoring door & window magnetic contact, smoke, gas leak, water flooding, providing simple controls such as turning off the valves, and sending the alarms to the residential area security network etc. The security alarming system is based on Zigbee chip MC13192 and low power consumption micro-controller MSP430F135. A description of the system architecture, circuit principle and the firmware flowchart is presented. The system uses a control key fob for activating and de-activating the alarm easily, supports Web interface so that user can access the system remotely to control, search or review the history record, and offers a LCD panel for simple configuration.

A REMOTE HOME SECURITY SYSTEM BASED ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK, ZIGBEE AND GSM TECHNOLOGY- A comparative survey report
ASHISH KR. , AMIT KR. , SANJEEV KR. ,PREM SOURABH, SHUBHANKAR KRISHNA

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

AbstractIn

this paper, a low-power

57 58 59

consumption remote home security alarm system developed by applying WSN and GSM technology is presented. It can de-

tect the theft, leaking of raw gas and fire, and send alarm message remotely. The hardware of this system includes the single chip C5081F310, wireless receiving and

60 61 Keywords-wireless sensor network; global 62 system for mobile communications; home 63 security system; short message I; Zigbee 64 65 66

67 68 69 70

INTRODUCTION

101 home security system presented in this pa102 per combines so many advantages of WSN 103 and GSM. Firstly, wherever the users are, 104 once some dangerous instance happens in 105 home, such as gas leaking or thief intrud106 ing, this system can send alarm short mes107 sage to the users through GSM network 108 immediately, informing people the possi109 ble dangerous circumstances in home. 110 Secondly, the wireless sensor network es111 tablished in home has the features of ease 112 establishment, without use of cable, and 113 low-power consumption. Intelligent home, 114 also known as the smart residential home, is

71 Safety is the most important requirement 72 of home for people. With the development 73 of IT technology, network and automatic 74 control technology, a remote home securi75 ty monitoring and alarming system be76 comes more and more practicable today. 77 By

combining

wireless

sensor

net-

78 work(WSN) and GSM technology, this 79 paper designs a low-power consumption 80 remote home security monitoring and

81 alarming system that can detect the theft, 115 moving towards the wireless remote control, 82 leaking of raw gas and fire, and send alarm 116 multi-media control, and high-speed data 83 message to the house owners mobile 117 transmission. The key technology of intelli84 phone .Wireless sensor network is com- 118 gent home is compatible to household control85 posed of a large amount of miniature self- 119 lers and it can also meet the transmission re86 organizing wireless sensor nodes. By 120 quirements through home networking . At pre87 combining three kinds of technology such 121 sent, lots of integrated transport network is 88 as sensor, micro mechatronics and wireless 89 communication, WSN can detect, collect 90 and deal with the object information in its 91 covering area, and send data to the observ122 based on comprehensive wiring technology , 123 limiting the system to special places, and 124 higher cost. Currently, researches on the wire125 less intelligent home security surveillance sys126 tem is becoming a hotspot due to its flexibility

92 er. In a word, WSN technology has the 127 and convenience. At present, the application of 93 advantages of wide covering area, able to 128 intelligent home wireless communication 94 remote monitoring, high monitoring preci- 129 technologies mainly include: IrDA infrared 95 sion, fast network 130 technology, Bluetooth and ZigBee technology, 96 establishment and reasonable cost . GSM 131 and so on . IrDA is a short distance for the 97 network has the advantages of mature 132 half-duplex point-to-point communication. 98 technology, wide covering area, long 133 Besides, its inconvenient and of high error 99 communication distance, and sound com100 munication effect and so on. The remote 134 rate, which make IrDA not applicable to the 135 family network communication. Bluetooth

136 technology is limited by network capacity and 172 based home wireless control center, one WSN 137 it costs much. So Bluetooth technology is not 173 center node module, and several data collect138 suitable for the home network with a large 174 ing nodes, GSM module, GSM network and 139 number of nodes. ZigBee technology has the 175 mobile phone. The WSN data collecting node 140 moderate transmission range and larger net- 176 modules are connected with pyroelectric infra141 work capacity. Here ZigBee technology is de- 177 red detector, temperature sensor, smoke detec142 veloped in the monitoring system. 143 144 145 146 147 Modular Design is throughout the system. Sys148 tem is built on the embedded system, and it 149 can monitor the important position through the 150 CMOS camera. Home state SMS and images 151 MMS are sent to specialized mobile phones. 152 Besides, household appliances can be remotely 153 controlled by SMS. ZigBee module connects 154 household appliances, the system motherboard 155 with smoke, temperature, gas sensors, forming 156 a wireless networking. The system mother157 board core controller is S3C44B0X-32 micro158 controller and mainly responsible for dealing 159 with the data. Through MMS modules and 160 ZigBee module it can send information and 178 tor and gas sensor separately. When the pyroe179 lectric infrared detector finds that some people 180 intrudes into the house abnormally; or when 181 the temperature sensor detects too high indoor 182 temperature and at the same time, the smoke 183 sensor detects overproof smoke concentration; 184 or when the gas sensor detects overproof. 185 combustible gas concentration, the sensors 186 will send encoded alarm signal to the home 187 control center through the wireless sensor 188 network established in home. Once the wire189 less control center receives alarm signal, it will 190 send alarm short message to the users through 191 the GSM module and GSM network immedi192 ately 193 194 195 196

1. System Architecture

161 instructions. And Expand access plate to 197 198 162 smoke, infrared, gas and other domestic secu- 199 163 rity state sensor. MMS module makes the sys- 200 201 164 tem controller send the family security status 202 165 information to mobile phone users. Users send 203 166 and receive text messages of instruction; 204 167 ZigBee module is responsible for the system 205 168 motherboard with the expansion of household 206 169 appliances between the board and cross207 170 linking of data. The system structure is illus208 171 trated in Fig.1. It is composed of the MCU-

2.SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SYSTEM HARDWARE

2.1 Wireless Sensor Network Node Modlue
The wireless sensor network in home of this system is composed of one center node module and several data collecting node modules, operating in point-to-multipoint communication mode. In different application, the formation of a WSN node is not always the same. In general, a WSN node includes four parts:

209 data collecting unit, data processing unit, 245 tween C8051F310 with CC1100 is showed in 210 wireless communication unit and power man- 246 Fig. 2. The SPI interface of CC1100 is to be 211 agement unit. 212 213 214 215 247 connected to the hardware SPI interface of 248 CPU. In general, GDO0 or GDO2 pin of 249 CC1100 can be connected to any pin of CPU. 250 But if an interrupt service program is to be 251 used to implement the function of data receivThe data collecting unit is com- 252 ing and transmitting or wireless wakeup, A/D conversion 253 GDO0 or GDO2 pin of CC1100 must becon-

216 posed of the sensors and

217 module. In this remote wireless home security 254 nected to the out interrupt pin of CPU. 218 system, some pyroelectric infrared detectors, 219 temperature sensors, smoke detectors and gas 220 sensors are used .The data processing unit is 221 responsible to save and deal with the data col222 lected by the sensors and received from other 223 nodes. In this system, the C8051F310 MCU 224 from Cygnal Corporation is chosen as the data 225 processing unit. The wireless communication 226 unit is often composed of the low power con- 255 227 sumption, short distance radio frequency (RF) 256 2.2 Chosen of GSM Modlue 228 transceiver. In this system, the wireless dual- 257 229 way chip CC1100 dedicated in wireless and 258 As the third generation GSM dual frequency 230 low power consumption application is chosen 259 module, TC35 GSM module has the following communication. 260 features: compact and low power consump232 C8051F310 MCU can control the main work- 261 tion; support dual frequency of GSM900 and 233 ing parameter of CC1100 and communicate 262 GSM1800; provide standard AT command 234 with CC1100 through SPI interface. The SPI 263 interface to users; provide fast, reliable and 235 standard interface include main output slave 264 safe transmission of data, voice, short message 231 to implement wireless 236 input (MOSI), main input slave output (MISO) 265 and fax . It is ideal for this system because of 237 and serial clock (CLK). The master CLK is 266 its high quality short message function. 238 synchronized with the slave CLK.CC1100 can 267 239 set the working mode, read and write cache 268 240 data and status register through SPI bus. The 241 RF chip is connected with MCU through SPI 269

3.DESIGN OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

242 interface to make a wireless communication 270 243 system that can control receiving and sending 271 The system software, which is developed with 244 function freely. The hardware connection be- 272 C51 programming language, has two main

273 modules, one for the WSN node communica- 310 274 tion, and one for the GSM communication. 276 munication 277 311 When the WSN center node module 275 3.1 Software Module for WSN Node Com- 312 receives abnormal data, it will drive TC35 313 GSM module to send alarm short message In the indoor wireless sensor network, the 314 through GSM network. TC35 GSM module

278 communication protocol is divided into three 315 supports standard AT command set. MCU 279 layers. The first layer is physical layer whose 316 control the operation of TC35 module by in280 function has been implemented by CC1100 317 putting different AT function commands 281 hardware itself. The second layer is network 318 through theserial port . Some GSM AT com282 layer. The second layer is network layer which 319 mands relevant to short message are listed . 283 applies TEEN (threshold sensitive energy effi- 320 The sending mode of short message depends 284 cient sensor network) protocol. The data will 321 on the interface supported by the short mes285 be transmitted through the wireless sensor 322 sage service center in the GSM network. Eu286 network only when the observed value chang- 323 ropean Telecommunications Standards Insti287 es suddenly. The third layer is application lay- 324 tute (ETSI) has defined three kinds of interface 288 er. In this layer, the systems application soft- 325 protocol for sending short message: Block 289 ware is divided into two modules, WSN data 326 mode, Text mode and PDU mode. Block mode 290 collecting node software module and WSN 327 requires the mobile phone manufacture to pro291 center node software module. The former, 328 vide driving support. Text mode doesnt sup292 running on the slave MCU of data collecting 329 port Chinese text . So at present, PDU mode 293 nodes, is responsible for collecting sensor data 330 has become the core of most mobile phone for 294 and wireless transmitting them. The latter, 331 their short message communication. It can 295 running on the master MCU of WSN center 332 provide more powerful functions than the oth296 node, is responsible for wireless receiving data 333 er modes. So, this system applies PDU mode 297 and judging whether its need to start the 334 to send alarming short message. 298 alarming process or not. If yes, it will drive 335 299 TC35 GSM module to send alarm short mes300 sage to users mobile phone. 301 302 ule is illustrated in Fig. 4. And the software 303 flow of data collecting node module is illus304 trated. 305 306 307 338 339 340 we set up a sample prototype sys341 tem in our lab room. As mentioned above, 342 choose C8051F310 MCU as the data pro336

4. SET UP A PROTOTYPE TEST SYSTEM AND

The software flow of center node mod- 337

308 3.2 Software Module for GSM Communi- 343 cessing unit of WSN center node module and 309 cation 344 data collecting node module. Here,

345 C8051F310 has a temperature sensor imbed- 381 such as Radio Frequency (RF) communica346 ded that can detect the in-room temperature. 382 tion. The size and cost constraints on these 347 After hardware connection, install the appro- 383 types of network result in corresponding con348 priate software developed with C51 on MCU- 384 straints being exerted on the resources such a 349 based indoor wireless control center. Then, we 385 energy, memory, computational speed and 350 can start the test with this prototype system by 386 bandwidth. a typical wireless sensor network. 351 changing the preset temperature threshold. 387 It consists of a Data Acquisition Network 352 When the actual in-room temperature exceeds 388 (DAN) and a Data Distribution Network 353 this preset temperature threshold, the control 389 (DDN). In the Data Acquisition Network, the 354 center will immediately trigger TC35 GSM 390 data collected by the sensor nodes are trans355 module to send an alarm short message to our 391 mitted, using RF channel, to the Base Station 356 mobile phone. Through the test process, this 392 Controller (BSC), which in turn is connected 357 prototype system operated successfully and 393 to the Management Centre using wired or 358 effectively with reliable and well communica- 394 wireless connection. Some pre-processing of 359 tion. 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 395 data is often done at the base station which, for 396 a small and simple sensor network, is general397 ly equipped with a microprocessor or micro398 controller. The entire network is monitored 399 and controlled by the Management Centre

5.WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

400 which is equipped with large storage capacity 401 and computational resources to undertake data 402 analysis and presentation. The Base Station 403 provides a gateway to the Data Distribution 404 Network. For distribution of data within the

For measuring and monitoring phys- 405 DDN, various kinds of transmission tech369 ical and non-physical activities in a remote 406 niques are used, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and 370 area, various types of wireless sensors are 407 Cellular networks (CDMA/GSM). Data may 371 generally grouped in a network . Apart from 408 be distributed to remote PCs/ Notebooks, 372 the sensors, the network may incorporate re- 409 handheld PDAs and cellular phones. Thus, to 373 peater hubs to extend the transmission range of 410 build and implement a sensor network, a de374 the retrieved data. The network may also in- 411 signer needs to consider several aspects which 375 corporate processing units to analyze the data. 412 are discussed in the following sub-sections. 376 The sensor networks employ small, low power 413 377 devices to do all the tasks. The sensors in the 414 5.1 Wi-Fi 378 network capture the activity and the collected 415 Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies IEEE 379 data is communicated to a remote monitoring 416 802.11x standard, which is a standard that uses 380 centre using wireless data transfer techniques 417 the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, to transmit and

418 receive the wireless data . WiFi is useful in 455 be specified in terms of message delay, bit 419 implementing ad-hoc wireless networks. 420 421 5.2 Bluetooth 456 error rates, packet loss, economic cost of 457 transmission, transmission power, etc. De458 pending on the QoS, the installation environ-

422 Bluetooth is an open standard for short-range, 459 ment, eco-nomic considerations, and the appli423 low power, and low-cost digital radio wireless 460 cation, one of several basic network topologies 424 communication. Bluetooth is now being used 461 such as star, ring bus or tree connection may 425 in a wide range of personal products and the 462 be used. A communication network consists of 426 technology is readily available in the market. 463 nodes, which in our case are sensors, each of 427 The blue tooth transceiver use unlicensed 2.4 464 which has computing power and can transmit 428 GHz frequency band, with a nominal band- 465 and receive messages over communication 429 width of 1 MHz for each channel. It offers an 466 links, wireless or cabled. 430 effective range of 10 meters (32 feet). Blue- 467 431 tooth can indeed be used in wireless sensor 468 432 network for short range applications. 433 434 5.3 ZigBee 469 470 5.5 Communication Protocols and Routing 471 In a wireless sensor network, one can imple-

435 Zigbee is a relatively new, wireless personal 472 ment different types of communication proto436 area network technology based on IEEE 473 cols and routing techniques. The protocol em437 802.15.4, with a transmission range of 100+ 474 ployed depends on the application in which the 438 meters . ZigBee based communication devices 475 sensor is meant to be used. A basic communi439 consume very little power and hence the bat- 476 cation pro-tocol consists of packets of data 440 tery life of 1000+ days is common. ZigBee has 477 which has a header for identification, data bits 441 enormous advantages compared to Bluetooth 478 and also some special frames to identify and 442 when used in wireless sensor networks. The 479 correct errors in transmission. When a sensor 443 reasons include more coverage area, less pow- 480 node desires to transmit a message, handshak444 er consumption, and secure networking. 481 ing protocols are implemented with the desti445 ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific 482 nation node to improve reliability and ulti446 and medical radio bands - 868 MHz in Europe, 483 mately the QoS of the wireless network. This 447 915 MHz in the USA and 2.4 GHz in most 484 hand shaking protocol makes the sensor node 448 other countries in the rest of the world. 449 450 5.4 Network Topology 485 to retransmit messages that were not properly 486 received. To use the extremely limited re487 sources effectively and efficiently, a new tech-

451 In any communication network, the message 488 nique called CodeBlue is implemented in 452 should be transmitted with a prescribed 489 wireless networks in order to cope up with the 453 throughput and reliability. This is usually 490 sensor nodes which have limited communica454 termed as Quality of Service (QoS). It can 491 tion and computation capabilities. The

492 CodeBlue integrates sensor nodes and other 529 source and destination. While software power 493 wireless devices in the network, thus perform- 530 management techniques can greatly decrease 494 ing various tasks, such as device discovery - 531 the power consumed by RF sensor nodes, 495 naming, routing, prioritization of critical data, 532 TDMA is especially useful for power conser496 security and tracking device locations. The 533 vation, since a node can power down between 497 inventors designed Code Blue for rapidly 534 its assigned time slots, waking up in time to 498 changing, critical care environments. It acts as 535 receive and transmit messages. 499 an Information Plane, letting various devices 536 500 detect each other, report events, and establish 537 5.7 Network Coverage 501 communication channels. For medical applica- 538 The coverage area of the sensor is defined as 502 tions, Code Blue is designed to scale across a 539 the effective range of the sensor connected to 503 wide range of network densities, ranging from 540 its sensor node. In a network, high coverage 504 sparse clinic and hospital deployments to very 541 makes it robust system and this can be exploit505 dense, ad hoc deployments at a mass casualty 542 ed to extend the network lifetime by switching 506 site. 507 543 redundant nodes to power-saving and sleep CodeBlue must also operate on a 544 modes.

508 range of wireless devices, from resource- 545 509 constrained motes to more 546 510 powerful PDA and PC-class systems. The 547 511 main advantage of this kind of structure is, it 548

6. System Testing and Experimental Data Analysis

512 incorporates a flexible naming scheme, robust 549 The system uses the moving target detection 513 publish and subscribe routing framework; au- 550 algorithm to achieve the targets of the surveil514 thentication and encryption provisions and 551 lance image processing and abnormal judg515 handoff. The other services the Code Blue 552 ment. Accounting for 7.5 background of the 516 provides to the network are location tracking, 553 small target the system can identify. The effec517 in-network filtering and aggregation. 518 519 5.6 Power Management 554 tive elimination of the system for environmen555 tal changes in light, change the background 556 small goals gradual movement caused by fac-

520 Since the wireless sensors are geographically 557 tors, such as system misjudgment. 521 distributed, often in remote sites, the lifetime 558 Figure 3 is the use of the system hard522 of the sensor nodes is important. Power gener- 559 ware and software for the intrusion detection 523 ation, power conservation and power man- 560 and testing experimental picture effect. 524 agement play very important roles in extend- 561 525 ing the lifetime of the motes. Most of the pow562 The results show that, without 526 er is consumed in the process of RF communi563 obstruction in the transmission distance less 527 cation since the required transmission power 564 than 60 m, the transmission of data packet loss 528 increases as the square of the distance between

565 rate is zero. The Test Data with No Obstruc566 tion is shown . It can fully meet the normal 567 home environment for the communication 568 needs, with a low power; therefore it is very

598 599

8.PROPOSED WORK

569 suitable for family use. If there are two cement 600 570 walls between two ZigBee modules in 30 m 601 571 distance, packet loss rate is only 1 percent. 602 572 And if there is one cement wall, the rate is ze- 603 573 ro, which can completely meet the requirement 604 574 of system design. 575 576 577 578 579 580 605 606 607

In this project automation of an entire building is controlled using zigbee. This is new standard designed for automation and control network.

The standard is aiming to be low cost,low power solutions for systems consisting of devices in house,factories and offices.

7. CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

608 609 610 611

In the transmitter section three sensors namely gas sensor,temperature sensor and PIR sensor are connected for sensing the gas leakage,excess temperature and human presence. The sensors connected detect the changes occuring in the environment.

The reported inventions on home 612 581 monitoring are based on different sensors, col- 613 582 lection of sensors data by a central processor, 583 comparison of activities with a standard pat584 tern and detection of unusual or abnormal 585 event. In many situations, the cameras are used 586 for security surveillance which may be appro614 615 616 617

When any changes are detected the microcontroller transmits the signal through zigbee which could be analyzed through the pc with help of a camera and also a message is sent to the user through GSM.

587 priate but in home monitoring applications the 618 588 privacy is not protected. The cost of the com- 619 589 plete system may be a critical factor for its 620 590 universal use. In future, the research should be 621 591 targeted to develop a low-cost system with the 622 592 sensors essential to monitor the elder people at 623 593 home. The time to detect any abnormal or un- 624 594 usual incident should be detected as fast as 595 possible and the message to the caregiver 596 should reach as quickly as practicable. 597 626 625

8.1 ZIGBEE:- ZigBee is the product of

dedicated to developing a

627 the ZigBee Alliance, an organization of 628 manufacturer

629 new networking technology for small,

630 ISM-band radios that could welcome even 663 for extending wireless networking to even 631 the simplest industrial and home end de- 664 the simplest of devices. 632 vices

into

wireless

connectivity.The 665 Range and obstruction issues avoid-

633 ZigBee specification was finalized in De- 666 ance 634 cember, 2004, and products supporting the 667 ZigBee routers double as input devices and 635 ZigBee standard are just now beginning to 668 repeaters to create a form of mesh net636 enter the market.ZigBee is designed as a 669 work. If two network points are unable to 637 low-cost, low-power, low-data rate wire- 670 communicate as intended, transmission is 638 less mesh technology. 639 671 dynamically routed from the blocked node

The ZigBee specification identifies 672 to a router with a clear path to the datas

640 three kinds of devices that incorporate 673 destination. This happens automatically, so 641 ZigBee radios,with

all three found in a 674 that communications continue even when a

675 link fails unexpectedly. The use of low-

642 typical ZigBee network .

643 a coordinator, which organizes the net- 676 cost routers can also extend the networks 644 work and maintains routing tables 677 effective reach; when the distance between

645 routers, which can talk to the coordina- 678 the base station and a remote node exceeds 646 tor, to other routers, and to reducedfunc- 679 the devices range, an intermediate node or 647 tion end devices 680 nodes can relay transmission, eliminating

648 reduced function end devices, which 681 the need for separate repeaters 649 can talk to routers and the coordinator, but 682 .Multi-source products 650 not to each other In all of its uses, ZigBee 683 As an open standard, ZigBee provides cus651 offers four inherent characteristics that 684 tomers with the ability to choose among 652 are highly beneficial. 653 Low cost 685 vendors. ZigBee Alliance working groups 686 define interoperability profiles to which

654 The typical ZigBee radio is extremely 687 ZigBee-certified devices must adhere, and 655 cost-effective. Chipset prices can be as low 688 certified radio will interoperate with any 656 as $12 each in quantities as few as 100 689 other ZigBee-certified radio adhering to 657 pieces (while the 802.15.4 and ZigBee 690 the same profile, promoting compatibility 658 stacks are typically included in this cost, 691 and the associated competition that allows 659 crystals and other discrete components are 692 the end users to choose the best device for 660 not). Design-in modules fall in the neigh- 693 each particular network node, regardless of 661 borhood of $25 in similar quantities. This 694 manufacturer. 662 pricing provides an economic justification 695 Low power consumption

696 Basic ZigBee radios operate at 1 mW RF 729 has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C 697 power, and can sleep when not involved in 730 in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate 698 transmission (higher RF power ZigBee 731 over a 55 to +150C temperature range, 699 radios for applications needing greater 732 while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to 700 range also provide the sleep function). As 733 +110C range (10with improved accu701 this makes battery-powered 734 racy). The LM35 series is available pack-

702 radios more practical than ever, wireless 735 aged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packag703 devices are free to be placed without pow- 736 es,

while theLM35C, LM35CA, and

704 er cable runs in addition to eliminating da- 737 LM35D are also available in the plastic 705 ta cable runs. 706 707 738 TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is 739 also available in an 8-lead surface mount 740 small outline package and a plastic TO-

8.2 TEMP SENSOR:- The LM35 se-

741 220 package. 742 Features

708 ries are precision integrated-circuit tem709 perature sensors, whose output voltage is

710 linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centi- 743 Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centi744 grade) 711 grade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an 712 advantage over linear temperature sensors 745 713 calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not re- 746 714 quired to subtract a large constant voltage 715 from its output to obtain convenient Centi716 grade scaling. The LM35 does not require 748 747

Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 14C typical for 1 mA

717 any external calibration or trimming to 749 718 provide typical accuracies of 14Cat 750 719 room temperature and 34C over a full 720 55 to +150Ctemperature range. Low 721 cost is assured by trimming and calibration 751 752

722 at the wafer level. The LM35s low output 753

723 impedance ,linear output, and precise in- 754 Low impedance output, 0.1 724 herent calibration make interfacing to 755 load 725 readout or control circuitry especially 726 easy. It can be used with single power 727 supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. 757 756

8.3 PIR SENSOR: -All PIR sensors

728 As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it 758 detect changes in infra-red radiation, in the

759 form of heat emitted by a number of bod- 796 760 ies including people, cars and, to a lesser 761 extent, dogs or other small animals. The 797

8.4 GAS SENSOR : -Infrared (IR) gas

762 bigger the body, the more infra-red radia- 798 detection is a well-developed measurement 763 tion is emitted and the easier it is for a PIR 799 technology. Infrared gas analyzers have a 764 sensor to detect. The field of view is the 800 reputation for being complicated, cumber 765 area in which changes in infra-red radia- 801 some ,and expensive. However, recent 766 tion can be detected. The field of view can 802 technical 768 size of the heat source. The construction of 804 sociated

advancements, including the

767 alter with changes in temperature and the 803 availability of powerful amplifiers and as-

electronic

components,

have

769 the PIR and the Fresnel Lens divide the 805 opened a new frontier for infrared gas 770 field of view intoa number of zones both 806 analysis. These advancements have result771 vertically and horizontally, as shown in the 807 ed from an increase in demand in the 772 diagram overleaf. 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 808 commercial sector, and these demands will 809 likely continue to nourish the advancement 810 of this technology. Gases to be detected

Each zone is constantly monitored by the sensor. When a person or other heat source enters any zone, the level of infra-red radiation in that zone increases. This change is detected and processed by the sensor, switching on the connected lighting and starting the in-built Time process. Providing the heat source (person) continues to move in the field of view, the PIR sensor will keep processing the changes in infra-red radiation and the lighting will stay on. If a person stands still in the field of view or moves out of the detection area, the sensor will not detect any changes in infra-red radiation between the zones and the lights will go out after the Time period is complete. In order for the sensor to most effectively detect changes in heat between zones, it is advisable to walk across the zones not up or along a zone. PIR sensors are passive devices, they do not emit or radiate any energy or beams

811 are often corrosive and reactive. With most 812 sensor types, the sensor itself is directly 813 exposed to the gas, often causing the sen814 sor to drift or die prematurely. The main 815 advantage of IR instruments is that the de816 tector does not directly interact with the 817 gas (or gases) to be detected. The major 818 functional components of the analyzer are 819 protected with optical parts. 820 In other words, gas molecules interact only 821 with a light beam. Only the sample cell 822 and related components are directly ex823 posed to the gas sample stream. These 824 components can be treated, making them 825 resistant to corrosion, and can be designed 826 such that they are easily removable for 827 maintenance or replacement. Today, many

828 IR instruments are available for a wide va- 860 Wave: Similar to a wave in the ocean, the 829 riety of applications. Many of them offer 861 electromagnetic radiation waves oscillate, 830 simple ,Hazardous Gas Monitors rugged, 862 one wave followed by another. There are 831 and reliable designs. In general, for toxic 863 both

electromagnetic

and

mechanical

832 and combustible gas monitoring applica- 864 waves, with mechanical waves having a 833 tions, IR instruments are among the most 865 much longer wavelength.. 834 user friendly and require the least amount 835 of maintenance. There is virtually an un866

836 limited number of applications for which 867 837 IR technology can be used. Gases whose 838 molecules consist of two or more dissimi868

8.5 MICROCONTROLLER:-

839 lar atoms absorb infrared radiation in a 869 In the microcontroller world some things 840 unique manner and are detectable using 870 are a bit tricky to do without some help. 841 infrared techniques. Infrared sensors are 871 This can be some code libraries that help 842 highly selective and offer a wide range of 872 us talk to an LCD display, or communicate 843 sensitivities, from parts per million levels 873 via some of the new serial protocols such 844 to 100 percent concentrations. This chapter 874 as one wire. Elektronika.ba has done some 845 provides general information, with a spe- 875 work to help everyone out who wants to 846 cial emphasis on instruments used for area 876 interface a microcontroller to a GSM 847 air quality and safety applications. 848 Principle of Operation 849 The infrared detection principle incorpo850 rates only a small portion of the very wide 851 electromagnetic spectrum. The portion 852 used is that which we can feel as heat. This 853 is the region close to the visible region of 854 the spectrum to which our eyes are sensi855 tive. Electromagnetic radiation travels at 856 close to 3 x 108 m/sec and has a wave-like 857 profile. Lets review the basic physics of 858 electromagnetic radiation by defining the 859 terminology involved with it. 877 phone. 878 "This device acts as interface between 879 your microcontroller project and a GSM 880 phone. It handles all modem data commu881 nication between the GSM phone and your 882 micro-project. The best thing is that it de883 codes PDU into TEXT on the fly! Its 884 based on PIC16F877A microcontroller 885 running on 16MHz at 5V. It has an 886 onboard level converter for serial commu887 nication with the gsm phone because PICs 888 UART RX input pin has a Schmitt trigger 889 triggering at 4,5 - 5V while the phone is 890 sending only approx. 3V from its TX pin.

891 It also has a zener diode at TX pin so it 924 access control data streams are now rou892 doesnt kill the phones network connec- 925 tinely transported digitally using standard 893 tion when talking to it. Firmware is 100% 926 Internet Protocol (IP). When this happens 894 written in MPASM assembler 895 927 over a metro-scale Wi-Fi network such as 928 Tropos, the result is affordable metro929 scale video security. The use of standard 930 IP technology allows customers and inte931 grators to assemble complex video security 932 solutions from readily available COTS 933 (commercial, off-the-shelf), best-of breed 934 components. This paper describes the con935 vergence of video, computer and network936 ing technologies, identifies the component 937 pieces, and discusses how they can be as938 sembled to deliver complete city-wide vid939 eo

8.6 CAMERA

896 Conventional CCTV video surveillance 897 has converged with PC and networking 898 technology to create dramati improvement 899 in features and functionality. Digital secu900 rity solutions can now deliver unprece901 dented price/performance on a scale that 902 was previously impossible. Wireless tech903 nology accelerates this trend by almost 904 totally removing the need for expensive 905 cabling, which can account for over 80% 906 of the cost of a surveillance installation in 907 an outdoor environment. This promise is 908 being delivered today by the expansion of 909 high throughput Wi-Fi wireless network-

security

applications

at

940 price/performance

level and speed-of-

941 deployment never before attainable. 942

910 ing from its in-building roots to outdoor 943 911 deployments, now available on a city-wide 944 912 scale.

CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents one solution for

945 establishing a lowpower consumption re-

913 Metro-scale Wi-Fi broadband data access, 946 mote home security alarm system. The 914 as pioneered and deployed by Tropos 947 system, based on WSN and GSM technol915 Networks using its patented metro-scale 948 ogy, can detect the theft, leaking of raw 916 mesh technology, is now enabling many 949 gas and fire, and send alarm message re917 applications that were previously impossi- 950 motely. The hardware of this system in918 ble. In the public safety sector, for exam- 951 cludes the single chipC5081F310, wireless 919 ple, applications such as virtual lineups, 952 receiving and sending chip CC1100 as 920 fingerprint analysis and access to detailed 953 well as the SIMENS TC35 GSM module. 921 mug-shots or floor plans are now being 954 The system software developed in C51 922 brought out of the station house and into 955 language has the ability of collecting, 923 the field where they are needed. Video and 956 wireless receiving and transmitting data,

957 and can send a piece of alarm short mes- 988 958 sage to the users mobile phone when 989 1. 2010 Second International Conference 959 some dangerous condition has been detect- 990 on Networks Security, Wireless Commu991 nications and Trusted Computing 960 ed. With the advantages of reliability, easy 961 usage, complement wireless, and low 992 962 power consumption, the system also has 993 994 963 practical value in other fields. 995 964 This paper presents the design and 996 965 completion of a ZigBee based smart home 997 998 966 security monitoring system, respectively, 967 from the system, hardware design, soft- 999 1000 968 ware design, experimental data analysis 1001 969 and other aspects of the ZigBee technolo1002 970 gy in the application of the system. ZigBee 1003 971 technology will be applied in the intelli- 1004

2.Li Wenzhong, Duan Chaoyu, C8051F Series MCU and Short Distance Wireless Data Communication, Beijing, Beijing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics Press, 2007, pp.188-190 3.International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application Workshops
Jun Hou, Chengdong Wu, Zhongjia Yuan, Jiyuan Tan, Qiaoqiao Wang, Yun Zhou

972 gent home to achieve a rapid rate, low- 1005 College of Information 1006 Science & Engineering, 973 cost, low-power wireless communication 1007 Northeastern University, Shenyang, 974 network. 1008 Liaoning, 110004, China 2008 IEEE DOI 975 Through connecting the traditional sen- 1009 1010 10.1109/IITA.Workshops.2008.223 976 sor alarm system and image monitoring 977 system, a new type of smart security sys- 1011 1012 978 tem is formed. Users can use the phone or 1013 979 PC to receive MMS information. Accord- 1014 1015 980 ing to the need, users can set the mobile 1016 981 phone to achieve a flexible and convenient 1017 982 home security monitoring. 983 984 985 986 987

4. 2009 Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuits,Communications and System: Anan Fang, Xiaoling Xu, Wenling Yang,Li Zhang Electronic Department of Information Engineering School Nan Chang University

1018 5. A Home Security Zigbee Network for 1019 Remote Monitoring Application 1020 Dechuan Chen, Meifang Wang 1021 School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi 1022 University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China 1023 6. Y. Zhao and Z. Ye: A Low Cost 1024 GSM/GPRS Based Wireless Home Securi1025 ty System , 2008 IEEE

REFERENCES:

1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031

7. 2010 Second International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing NSWCTC 2010 Table of Contents Volume - 2

1032 8.

Secure

- Way an Affordable Home

1033 Security System 1034 J. G. Vinson, D. L. Knight, and B. R. 1035 Mahafza 1036 KBM Enterprises, Inc.4825 Univer1037 sity Square Suite 2 1038 Huntsville, AL 35816 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055

9. Wireless Sensors for Home Monitoring - A Review Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay*, Anuroop Gaddam and Gourab S. Gupta
Institute of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Received: August 29, 2007; Accepted: September 21, 2007; Revised: November 2, 2007

10. The Wireless Sensor Network for Home-Care System Using ZigBee Mao-Cheng Huang, Jyun-Ciang Huang, Jing-Cyun You, Gwo-Jia Jong Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan, ROC

1056 11. Analysis of Remote Control Tech1057 niques Employed in Home Automation 1058 and Security Systems 1059 K. Balasubramanian and A. Cellatoglu 1060 12. ZigBee for wireless networking 1061 Johan Lnn 1062 Jonas Olsson 1063 15th March 2005 1064

1065 1066 1067

SUPERVISOR REMARKS ABOUT EXECUTION OF PROJECT WORK

NAME : MS. S.

1068 SUPERVISOR 1069 GOMATHI 1070 REMARKS : 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 SIGNATURE: 1078 1079