Final Report 1

Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore
Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Ideal Home Township

Bangalore-560098
Department of Electrical & Electronics

PROJECT REPORT (EE85) ON THREE PHASE PROTECTION MODULE FOR WINDMILL APPARATUS
SUBMITTED BY
DEEPTHI.T.P (1GA03EE018) NANCY.Y.A (1GA03EE027) VIMALA.J.D (1GA03EE060)
VISHWESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus
GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY (ISO 9001 CERTIFIED) Visveshwaraya Technological University Belgaum
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled THREE PHASE PROTECTION MODULE FOR WINDMILL APPARATUS is bonafide work carried out by DEEPTHI.T.P, NANCY.Y.A, VIMALA.J.D in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of bachelor of engineering in Electrical & Electronics Course of the Visveshwaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2006-07.It is certify that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessments have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for bachelor of engineering degree.
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Signature of Internal Guide Signature of HOD , Signature of Principal (G. Jayachitra) (COL. V. K. Rajan) (Dr. Narendra Vishwanath) Lecturer Head of the Department Principal Name of the Student 1. Deepthi. T. P 2. Nancy. Y. A 3. Vimala. J. D
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University Seat Number 1GA03EE018 1GA03EE027 1GA03EE060

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External Viva: Name of Examiners 1. 2.
Signature with date
DEDICATION
This Project work is dedicated to our Loving Parents and to all those who are striving to make our country a power to reckon.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We sincerely thank the Sr.DGM [HRD] BHEL, Bangalore Shri.H.L.Dutta.Prasad for providing us the opportunity to carry out our project in their establishment. We are sincerely grateful to Mr .G.Kalyana Sundaram ,Sr. Supritendent [HRD],BHEL and Mrs.MiniChhabra , Deputy Manager[HRD],BHEL, Bangalore for their guidance and encouragement. We express our deep sense of gratitude to our internal Guide Ms. Jayachitra Asst. Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, GAT and to our external guide Mr.Venkateshalu, Senior Engineer, Power Supply division, BHEL. We would like to thank BHEL for providing us the opportunity to conduct our project in their premises and also providing us with excellent working conditions conducive to us. We express our profound gratefulness to COL. V. G. Rajan, HOD, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, GAT for his valuable suggestions during the course of the project. We would also thank Dr. Narendra Viswanath, Principal, GAT and take this opportunity to acknowledge our heartfelt thanks for fostering such an excellent climate in the college, which made our endeavor fruitful. Lastly, we would like to thank all teaching and nonteaching staff of GAT and peers who directly or indirectly helped us.
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ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION
BHEL (BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED)

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India in the energy-related/infrastructure sector, today. BHEL was established more than 40 years ago, ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in India - a dream that has been more than realized with a well-recognized track record of performance. The company has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72 and paying dividends since 1976-77. BHEL manufactures over 180 products under 30 major product groups and caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation & Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy, etc. The wide network of BHEL's 14 manufacturing divisions, four Power Sector regional centers, over 100 project sites, eight service centers and 18 regional offices, enables the Company to promptly serve its customers and provide them with suitable products, systems and services -- efficiently and at competitive prices. The high level of quality & reliability of its products is due to the emphasis on design, engineering and manufacturing to international standards by acquiring and adapting some of the best technologies from leading companies in the world, together with technologies developed in its own R&D centers.
BHEL has acquired certifications to Quality Management Systems (ISO 9001), Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001) and Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems (OHSAS 18001) and is also well on its journey towards Total Quality Management.
BHEL has
Installed equipment for over 90,000 MW of power generation -- for Utilities, Captive and Industrial users. Supplied over 2,25,000 MVA transformer capacity and other equipment operating in Transmission & Distribution network up to 400 kV (AC & DC). Supplied over 25,000 Motors with Drive Control System to Power projects, Petrochemicals, Refineries, Steel, Aluminum, Fertilizer, Cement plants, etc. Supplied Traction electrics and AC/DC locos to power over 12,000 kms Railway network. Supplied over one million Valves to Power Plants and other Industries. BHEL's operations are organized around three business sectors, namely Power, Industry - including Transmission, Transportation, Telecommunication & Renewable Energy - and Overseas Business. This enables BHEL to have a strong customer orientation, to be sensitive to his needs and respond quickly to the changes in the market. BHEL's vision is to become a world-class engineering enterprise, committed to enhancing stakeholder value. The company is striving to give shape to its aspirations and fulfill the expectations of the country to become a global player.
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The greatest strength of BHEL is its highly skilled and committed 42,600 employees. Every employee is given an equal opportunity to develop himself and grow in his career. Continuous training and retraining, career planning, a positive work culture and participative style of management all these have engendered development of a committed and motivated workforce setting new benchmarks in terms of productivity, quality and responsiveness.
Product Profile Established in the late 50s, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is, today, a name to reckon with in the industrial world. It is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise of its kind in India and one of the leading international companies in the power field. BHEL offers over 180 products and provides systems and services to meet the needs of core sectors like: power, transmission, industry, transportation, oil & gas, nonconventional energy sources and telecommunication. A wide-spread network comprising 14 manufacturing divisions, 8 service centers, 4 power sector regional centers, 18 regional offices, besides a large number of project sites spread all over India and abroad, enables BHEL to be close to its customers and cater to their specialized needs with total solutions efficiently and economically. An ISO 9000 certification has given the
company international recognition for its commitment towards quality. With an export presence in more than 60 countries, BHEL is truly Indias industrial ambassador to the world.
Contents:
Chapter 1: Synopsis Chapter 2: Introduction to Protection System Chapter 3: Block Diagram Chapter 4: Circuit Diagram Description
Chapter 5: Rectification Chapter 6: Maximum and minimum voltage detection Chapter 7: Under voltage condition Chapter8: Unbalanced Condition Chapter9: Over voltage Condition Chapter10:Protection Chapter 11: Testing of the module Chapter 12: Conclusion Chapter 13:Bibliography
synopsis
ABSTRACT
Certain windmill apparatus like induction generator, electric drives and power output need to be controlled in a windmill. It is also required to provide stability to the wind generators. Page 9 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
DETAILS
A 3 phase protection module can be used for these purposes. A basic block diagram representing a system is given below. In this system the 3 phase AC input is passed through a rectifier to get DC output.The DC voltage corresponding to maximum and minimum of 3 phase input voltage is dynamically sensed. The unbalanced detection condition is given as Vmax/Vmin > 1.x.
=>Vmax > 1.x*Vmin , then there is an unbalanced condition.
The Vmin is multiplied with a value 1.x in a multiplier, where 0.25 < x < 0.45. The Vmax is compared with 1.x(Vmin) got from the multiplier in a comparator. An unbalance is detected if Vmax > 1.x(Vmin).The Vmax and an over voltage taken as reference is compared, and the voltage is unbalanced if Vmax > over voltage reference.. Similarly Vmin and an undervoltage is compared in a comparator and the condition of fault occurs when Vmin < undervoltage. The output of all the above comparators gives 0 on unbalance and 1 on balanced condition. All the three output is given to an AND gate which is enabled only when all the three inputs are high i.e 1.
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus This output(x) is given to n-switches (here n = 8).Another input to the switch is given as control enable(CE).This switch operates to connect the stand by capacitor banks to the load. The CE is enabled according to the requirement of the load. The switch is on only when both CE and the output(x) is high [1], and x is 1 only on balanced condition.
APPLICATIONS
A low pf is caused due to decrease in the load,the low pf is also due to improper maintanence and repairs. This low pf causes an undervoltage or overvoltage surges in the equipment which may spoil the apparatus of the windmill.
Therefore this change in voltages need to be checked and the apparatus protected against it. This paper presents modules which identifies the changes in voltage and helps protect the apparatus.
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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
A fault in electrical equipment is defined as a defect in its electrical circuit due to which current is diverted from the independent path. Faults are generally caused by breaking of conductors or failure of insulation. During faults the voltages of the three phases becomes unbalanced. The voltage of the power supply at the customers service entrance must be held substantially constant. Variations in supply voltage are determined in various respects. For example below normal voltage substantially reduce the light output from incandescent lamps. Above normal voltage reduces the life of the lamps.
In a three system it is required that the supply voltage remains in balanced condition, it is acceptable even if unbalance condition is within the desirable limits. These limits could vary depending on the type of load connected to the three phase system. Once unbalance exceeds this limit it is essential to isolate the load. This module is designed to detect unbalance, over voltage and under voltage in a three phase system. The unbalanced three phase supply causes negative sequence current to flow through the load windings, thereby causing damage to the load. Over voltages are likely to occur due to the over speeding of the source generating the three phase supply. Operation of loads on under voltage will generally cause over current and hence load is to be protected.
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THE NEED OF PROTECTION

An electrical power system should ensure the availability of Electrical energy without interruption to every load connected to the System. A power system may even consists of several 1000km of Distribution lines. The HV transmission lines carrying bulk power could Extend over 100km.Since all these lines are generally overhead lines, There are many more chances of their breakdown due to storms, falling Of external objects, damage to insulators etc. This results not only Mechanical damage but also electrical fault. One of the sources of trouble To continuous supply is the shunt fault or short circuit, which produces a Sudden and sometimes violent change in the system operation.
The Unbalenced Condition:

The voltage supplied to three phase load can be unbalanced due to any Of the following reasons: 1. Single phase loads on distribution service line. 2. Blown out fuse in power factor correcting plant. 3. Short circuit within or outside the motor phase failure by blown Fuse.
The unbalanced voltage itself may not be harmful but the negative Page 14 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Sequence current caused by unbalanced voltage results in rotating magnetic Field revolving in opposite direction. This field induces double frequency Induced current in rotor body and conductors giving rise to heat due to Copper losses. The rotor gets heated and the temperature of the winding May reach above safe limit. The unbalanced protection provided to a Motor should prevent prolonged unbalanced condition, but should not Disconnect the motor for the permissible unbalance of short duration. The Permissible leakage depends upon percentage unbalance and the ratio of Positive sequence impedence to negative sequence impedence.
Over voltage condition:

A short circuit may occur due to failure of insulation caused by 1. Over voltages due to switching. 2. Over voltages due to direct and indirect lighting strokes. 3. Bridging of conductors by birds. 4. Breakdown of insulation due to decrease of its dielectric strength. 5. Mechanical damage to equipment.
The over voltages occurring in a power system are essentially of two types: 1. Natural frequency over voltages. 2. Power frequency or dynamic over voltages.
Over voltages of fundamental harmonic frequency occurring during
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Conditions of changing or in the event of changing or in the event of asymmetrical disturbances are termed as Dynamic over voltages. The most severe dynamic over voltages occurs if the receiving end breaker opens Leaving the line energized from the generating end.
The dynamic over voltages are the prevailing consideration while Selection lightning arrestors and circuit breakers for high voltage transmission lines. The dynamic over voltages are influenced by various systems parameters and initial operating conditions.
Natural frequency over voltages also known as switching over voltages appear immediately after the occurrences of a fault. They last for a few cycles of power frequency and then the frequency range is 1000 to 10,000 cycles per second. They add to the fundamental frequency voltages.
Among dynamic over voltages, the most important and critical one is Dynamic over voltage due to load rejection. The dynamic over voltages are also generated due to energisation of transformers and lines and clearing of faults in parallel circuits. But dynamic over voltages due to these causes are less severe than those due to load rejection in the systems.
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Over voltage protection is recommended for all hydroelectric or gas turbine generators that are subjected to over speed and consequent over voltage on loss of load. This protection is often provided by the regulating equipment.
Under Voltages:
Voltages decay faster than frequency. The voltage decay affects voltage sensitive loads, slowing frequency decay and delaying the under frequency load shedding. Also, under frequency relays may not operate because of low voltages. Under voltage load shedding may be necessary.
Apparatus Protection:
Some of the protection sections of a power system consist of such apparatus as generator and transformers. Although the protection of transmission lines is one of the most important, difficult and interesting branches of the relay art, the protection of apparatus are also important. Faults occur less frequently in apparatus than on lines but the damage done to the apparatus when fault do occur therein usually takes much more time and money to repair than are required to repair the damage done by fault on lines. Indeed many faults on overhead lines if cleared rapidly cause practically no damage and on that account rapid re-closing of breakers are feasible. A fault in Generator or Transformer on the other hand always damages the apparatus to such an extent that it must be removed from service for inspection and repair. However the extent of damage can be minimized by Page 17 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus rapid fault clearing. Clearing of faults on apparatus is important not only to minimize the damage to the apparatus but also to lessen the disruption to power service from reduced voltage and instability.
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CHAPTER-2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
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BLOCK DIAGRAM 33kv

CONTROL SIGNAL ENABLE CIRCUIT
STC
3- PROTECTION MODULE
CAPACITOR STATIC SWITCHES
3- LOAD
CAPACITOR BANK
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Unbalance, over voltage and under voltage module is designed to control the voltage that is being fed to the three phase system. This module reiterates the effectiveness of IC based relay logic for static relaying schemes. This when used can prove to be an effective fault monitoring scheme and can be revolutionary step in power system protection engineering. Our module is connected across 3-phase supply. The module detects three faults namely Unbalance, Over voltage and Under voltage and sends commands to other external circuits. The operation of isolation and breaking is performed by other external circuit [shunt trip circuit]. Our module is designed to detect three conditions Unbalance, Over voltage and Under voltage if existing in the 415 volts, 50Hz three phase supply. The maximum and minimum limits are taken as 455volts and 270 volts respectively. Any voltage supply beyond these limits is detected and signal is given to the shunt trip circuit which disconnects the supply to the load.
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CHAPTER-3 CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
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CIRCUIT-1
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION
The block diagram shown gives a brief description of circuit operation.
The phase voltages V1, V2, V3 from the supply are given to the potential transformers T1, T2, T3 respectively. 1. The AC voltage reduction is handled with a step down transformer. The RMS AC input is reduced to potentials of 10 and 22V respectively. 2. The AC to DC voltage reduction is most effectively handled by a three phase bridge rectifier. However the output voltage from the rectifier varies drastically in every cycle, to smooth out this variation a filter is needed, shunt capacitor works as a efficient filter. 3. The DC voltages from the rectifiers are fed to respective voltage followers. The voltage follower just acts as a buffer amplifier because it allows the input voltage to be transferred as the output voltage. 4. The output from the voltage followers are given to the sensor circuit. The sensor circuit consists of diode that senses maximum and minimum voltages of the three voltages. The maximum and minimum voltages are given out of sensor circuit. 5. The three conditions namely Over voltage, Under voltage, Unbalance are to be detected. The above job is handled by a circuit consisting of multipliers and comparators.
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus 6. The minimum voltage and minimum reference voltage are compared using comparator A. If minimum voltage becomes less than minimum reference voltage it is considered as Under Voltage Condition. The comparator output is given to an LED display, which glows indicating Under Voltage Condition. 7. The minimum voltage Vmin is multiplied by the factor 1.3(it is the ratio of Vmax to Vmin and it usually varies between 1.3 to 1.5). The multiplied output and maximum voltage are compared using comparator B. If the maximum voltage is greater than multiplied minimum voltage then it is considered as Unbalance Condition. The comparator output is given to LED display that glows indicating Unbalance Condition. 8. The maximum voltage and maximum reference voltage are compared using comparator C, if the maximum voltage exceeds reference voltage it is considered as Over Voltage Condition. The comparator output is given to a LED display which glows indicating Over Voltage Condition. 9. The output of all these comparators are given to an OR gate. If any of these condition exist the output of OR gate goes high. The pulse from the OR gate goes to next capacitor switching circuits.. 10. The supply to all the ICs used in the module is given using a fixed voltage regulator of 15 volts.
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CHAPTER-4 RECTIFICATION
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RECTIFICATION
Transformers:
Transformers are used in AC systems for the measurement of current, voltage, power and energy. They are also used in connection with measurement of power factor frequency and for indication of synchronism.
The voltage transformers are used to step down the voltage level depending on the turn's ratio. The primary winding of a current transformer consists of a very few turns while the secondary winding consists of more number of turns. The number of turns of primary and secondary is determined by turns ratio V2/V1= N1/N2.
The potential transformers used in the circuit are a two secondary transformer. One of the transformer is rated 22V and 0.2VA and the other transformer is rated 10V and 12.2VA. Potential transformer finds application in protection circuits of power systems for the operation of over voltage.
The 22 Volts secondary of all the three transformers are connected in delta and are given to a three phase bridge rectifier.
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus The output of this rectifier is given to a fixed voltage regulator of 15 Volts which is used as a supply for all the ICs.
Diode:
The diode is a two terminal device which conducts current in one direction and any attempt to establish current in the opposite direction will act like an open circuit. Thus it acts as switch.
Rectification:
The process of changing alternating current to direct current is known as rectification. It is extensively used in charging batteries, supplying dc motors or magnetic couplings, in supply for arc lamps, electrochemical processor and the power supply sections of industrial equipment as well as in radio and television receivers at home.
To effect rectification, one of the following methods must be selected. 1. By rotating a converter i.e., an ac motor driving a dc generator. 2. By thermionic tube rectifiers. 3. By semiconductor rectifiers. Page 28 of 71 EEE,GAT
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Rectification by semiconductor devices offers several important advantages compared with rotating converters. For this, no foundation is required, the apparatus has no moving parts, maintenance is simpler operation is noiseless and without vibration.
Types of rectifiers: 1. Half Wave Rectifiers 2. Full Wave Rectifiers.
Half Wave Rectifiers:
In half wave rectifier a single diode is used which conducts in the first cycle. The efficiency of the half wave rectifier is 40.6% only. The ripple factor of the half wave rectifier is given by...
Effective value of the ac component of voltage Or current Ripple Factor = = Direct or average value of voltage or current [ V2crms - V2c]1/2 = Vc = 1.21
Full Wave Rectifier:

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Because of the low value of efficiency of rectification, low utility factor of the transformer and high percentage of ripple, the half wave rectifier is not used. So a full wave rectifier is used which conducts in both the cycles.
Types of Full Wave Rectifier:

1. Centre-Tap Rectifier 2. Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Center-Tap Rectifier:
The efficiency of centre-tap rectification can be calculated as
DC load power * 100 = AC load power + rectifier losses Neglecting rectifier losses Vc * Ic * 100 = Vcrms * Icrms Vc* Ic * 100 = 1.23 * Vc * Ic Page 30 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus = 81.3% The ripple factor is given as Ripple Factor = = [V2crms V2c]1/2 VC = 0.48
Advantages of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Over CentreTap Full Wave Rectifier:
1. The center-tap of the transformers secondary is eliminated. 2. It provides high voltage dc power with a fixed transformer voltage. The bridge produces twice the average load voltage produced by centre-tap full wave rectifier 3. The peak inverse voltage is one half that of centre-tap. Utilization factor of centre-tap is 0.67 and that of bridge is 0.81.
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Full Wave Rectifier:
The main advantage of the full wave bridge rectifier over the centre-tap full wave rectifier is that the reduction in peak inverse voltage per diode and the improved utilization factor of the supply transformer. The circuit diagram of the full wave bridge rectifier is shown
When the transformer secondary terminal a is positive with respect to b, current starts flowing from terminal a, through D1, the load resistance and the diode D4 to the terminal b. Again when b is positive with respect to a, conduction takes place from terminal b through D2, the load resistance and the diode D3 to the terminal a. So in each half cycle, the circuit provides a path for current flow in an alternative direction through the supply, but in the same direction through the load.
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Since the entire transformer is used in each half cycle, the total voltage of the secondary needs only be half as great as for the centre-tapped full wave rectifier for the same output voltage. This is desirable since the transformer may be smaller for a particular application both in voltage and VA rating.
The important factors can be calculated for this rectifier as
The Form Factor FF= Vcrms/ Vc = 1.11 The average load current Ic= Vc/ RL The RMS load current Icrms = Vcrms / RL = E/RL = 1.11* Vc/RL The average load power Pc = Vc * Ic
The total load power PT = Vcrms * Icrms = 1.23 * Vc * Ic
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus The RMS current through rectifier Ia = Icrms/2 = 0.785* Ic The RMS current through the transformer secondary Is = 2 * Ia = Icrms = 1.11 * Ic Since the current flows in both halves of the input cycle, the VA rating of the transformer is VA= EI = 1.11*Vc*1.11*Ic = 1.23 * Vc * Ic The utility factor of the transformer UF = Vc * Ic / EI = 1 / 1.23 = 0.81 Ripple Factor = = [Vc2 rms-V c2]1/2 Vc
= Vc [1.23-1]1/2 Vc = 0.48
The peak inverse voltage for this circuit is half as that of the centre-tapped circuit. This can be easily shown as when D1 conducts, the cathode of D2 attains the same potential of the transformer terminal a. that means that the whole of the transformers voltage is impressed in the reverse direction across D2 Page 34 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
So, PIV = 2 * E
Filter Circuits:
Although the rectifier circuits we have discussed to deliver an output voltage that always has the same polarity, this voltage is not suitable as dc supply because of the pulsation in amplitude or ripple of the output voltage. These pulsations must be smoothed out before the output voltage can be applied to the load. The required smoothing action is obtained by filter networks.
Filter circuit consists capacitor. We know that from basic electricity that capacitor opposes any change in the voltage applied across the terminals by storing up energy in an electrostatic field. Whenever the voltage tends to rise and converting this stored energy back into voltage or current flow whenever the voltage across terminals tends to fail. Thus if some of the energy of the rectifier Page 35 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus output pulsation could be stored in electric field of a capacitor, and capacitor would then be allowed to discharge between current pulses, the functions in the output voltage can be considerably reduced. This is exactly what happens when a capacitor is connected in parallel with the rectifier output and load.
Design:
Single phase bridge rectifier with c filter % Take C RL VODC = 2% = 1/43fRLC = 100f = 1.5K = Vm[1-1/4fRC]/2 = 6.83 Volts
Zener Diode:
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus In solid state rectifiers in which the impurity concentration in the semiconductor is very high, the breakdown in the reverse bias condition is controlled by zener breakdown. Under zener breakdown, the device current increases steeply while the voltage remains constant at the breakdown voltage. The devices like the zener diodes, maximum current is limited by the maximum power dissipation that can be allowed. In order to increase the maximum current capability, mounting of the device is to be designed perfectly to dissipate the power generated. It is possible to get the zener diodes with continuously varying voltage and current and zener diodes with breakdown voltage varying from 3V to 30V are available.
RC Combination:
The three line voltages are given to three voltage followers through the three RC combinations. The RC acts as integrator providing the necessary time delay to ensure that the input to the voltage follower is not a spike.
T C R R Page 37 of 71 EEE,GAT
= RC = 100f = T/C = 1/ (100 * 10) = 10K Dept of
Assume T = 1 sec
Voltage Follower:
The input signal from the rectifier output is to non inverting amplifiers. The inverting terminal is shorted to output terminal. The voltage follower provides a gain of unity with no polarity reversal. The output voltage follows the input voltage. An isolation exists between the input and the output. The voltage follower has high input impedence and a low output impedence, hence it is ideal for buffering of isolation between circuits. Vo= A * Vi Here A =1 So, Vo = Vi
Voltage Regulator:
The most important specification of a voltage regulator is the constant voltage at which current can be drawn, as the current in the devices increases, either the power dissipation in the device becomes excessive, leading to the destruction of the device or the device chance may change in such a way that the voltage is not constant as required. Therefore there is a maximum current up to which the device maintains the voltage constant. The change in voltage for a change of current between its extreme values, referred to as regulation. Regulation Page 38 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus is also indicated as a change in voltage to the difference between maximum and minimum value of current. The extent of change of regulation with temperature as well as the safe temperature range of operation is also maintained as specifications. Here the voltage regulator is supplied through a 3 phase rectifier. The rectifier gives 15V , this 15V is used to run all the ICs in the circuit.
CHAPTER-5
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VOLTAGE DETECTION
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VOLTAGE DETECTION
The voltage follower outputs is given to reverse biased diode combination of D1,D2,D3 as well as forward biased diode combination D4,D5,D6 as shown.
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Maximum Voltage Sensing:
The forward biased diodes d4,d5,d6 senses the maximum of three voltages i.e., Vmax.
Now consider the fig 2b for max voltage detection where V4,V5,V6 are voltages from the three voltage followers. Let V6 be the greater of these three voltages. Then the respective diode D6 is forward biased and diodes D5,D6 becomes reverse biased. The voltage V6 appears as the maximum voltage but minus the threshold voltage of the diode Vmax = Vmax V.
Minimum Voltage Sensing:
Consider the fig 2c for minimum voltage detection. Let V1, V2, V3 be the voltage sources connected to the diodes D1,D2 and D3 respectively. The current I flowing from 15V supply take a path in which the potential difference is maximum. Say if V1 is the least voltage source then current takes the path R1, D1,V1. Thus we can detect minimum voltage corresponding to minimum current in circuit. The minimum voltage appears in addition with threshold voltage of diode. Page 41 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Vmin = Vmin +V
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CHAPTER-6
UNDER VOLTAGE CONDITION
UNDER VOLTAGE CONDITION
Any supply voltage below 270 volts is considered to be under voltage and the condition is detected.
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus The minimum voltage is compared with minimum reference voltage. If Vmin becomes less than reference voltage then output of the comparator goes high indicating under voltage condition.
Multiplier 1:
In the above circuit LM324 is used to compensate for the minimum voltage diode drop.
Design:
Vo = A * V i A = [1+ Rf/R1] Vo = Vmin Vi = Vmin Set gain to be 2 Choose R = 100K A = [1+ Rf/100K] Rf = 100K Page 44 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Use pot 100K to get the required output
Comparator:
Comparator is a type of analog to digital converter. At any given time the Vo waveforms shows whether Vin is greater or less than Vref.
A fixed reference voltage Vref is applied to positive input and the other time varying signal voltage Vin is applied to negative input. Because of this arrangement the circuit is called as inverting comparator. Hence we can determine the minimum input voltage level required to saturate op-amp and is givrn by Vin(min)= Vsat/A Where A is a voltage gain.
When Vin < Vref , output voltage Vo is at +Vsat because voltage at negative input is lesser than that at positive input. When Vin > Vref , positive input becomes negative with respect to negative input and Vo goes Vsat. Thus Vo changes from one saturation level to another.
Comparator is sometimes also called as voltage level detector because for a desired value of Vref the voltage level of input Vin can be detected.
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CHAPTER-7 UNBALANCED CONDITION
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UNBALANCE CONDITION
Multiplier2:
It multiplies minimum voltage Vmin to get 1.3 to1.5 times of V min. The multiplication factor of 1.3 to 1.5 times can be got by varying potentiometer (1.3 to1.5 is the ratio of Vmax/Vmin and the ratio is set as per the consumer specification). In the figure shown above LM324 is used as a multiplier.
Design:
Vo A Vi Vo A
=A* V i = (1+R1/Rf) =Vmin =1.3 Vmin = (1+Rf/R1) =1.3
Rf / R1 =0.3 Take R =100k Rf =30K
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus So use Rf =50k pot
MULTIPLIER 3
Since maximum voltage[Vmax] is got from forward biased diode combination, there will be a drop in maximum voltage equal to diode threshold voltage drop. Hence maximum voltage is multiplied by a factor which compensates for the voltage drop and gives the actual maximum voltage.
Vmax=Vmax-V
Vo
= Vmax
Vo
=VI (R f/R1)-(1)
Vmax =Vi+ V
i.e., Vo = Vi+ V - (2)
Comparing (1) and (2)
Vi
=R f/R1=Vr
Take R=100K Page 49 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
R f =100K Vf/Vy
Use R f =100K pot
comparator
In the comparator used for detecting unbalance condition Vmin given as reference is compared with Vmax. If Vmax > 1.3 Vmin the comparator gives a high output.
Design :
Amount of hysterisis VH Assume VH =8Mv VH =R1 [Vomax-Vomin]
R1+R2 =R1 R1+R2 Vsat =700mV Take R1=10K 0.008=10K/(10K+R2)[0.7-(-0.70] R2 =1.74M Page 50 of 71 EEE,GAT [+Vsat-(-Vsat)]
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus So use R2=2.2 M
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CHAPTER-8 OVER VOLTAGE CONDITION
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OVER VOLTAGE CONDITION
Any supply voltage beyond 455 volts is considered to be over voltage and the condition is detected.
The maximum voltage V max is compared with maximum reference voltage. If Vmax becomes greater than maximum reference voltage then output of comparator goes high indicting over voltage condition.
Design
Diode drop compensation circuit (Multiplier 3) Vi Vo Vo Vmax i.e., Vo = Vmax = Vmax V = Vmax = Vi (1+R f /R1) --= Vi + V = Vi + V --(2) (1)
Comparing 1 and 2 Vi (R f /R1) = V
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Take R1 =100K Rf =100K x V / Vi
Use R f =100K pot
Comparator
Comparator compares max voltages Vmax with maximum reference voltage (7.5 Volts)
Design :
Amount of hysteris V H Assume V H =8M VH =R1/R1+R 2 [V omax -Vomin] =R 1/R 1+R [Vsat-(-Vsat)] Take R1 0.8 =10K =10K/(10K+R2)[0.7-(0.7)]
R2=1.74M So Use R2=2.2M
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CHAPTER-9 PROTECTION
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CIRCUIT-2
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PROTECTION
The output of all the three comparators are given to an OR gate. If any of these condition exist the output of OR gate goes high.
A 8 input Control Enable(CE) line sends the request to the NOR gate through a Schmitt trigger(LM324) for connecting of capacitor banks to increases PF.
SCHMITT TRIGGER
Comparator with positive feedback is known as Schmitt trigger or regerative Comparator. The non-inverting input is connected to a resistive voltage divider such a portion of the output voltage is fed back to the input. The input signal Vin is applied to the inverting input. The input signal Vin triggers(changes the state of) the output voltage Vo energy time it exceeds certain voltage levels called the upper threshold voltage Vutp and lower threshold voltage Vltp.
The feedback fraction is = (R2/R1+R2)
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus When the output voltage is positively saturated, the reference voltage applied to the noninverting input is Vutp= + Vsat= (R2/R1+R2)*(+Vsat)
When the output voltage is negatively saturated the reference voltage is Vltp= - Vsat= (R2/R1+R2)*(-Vsat)
The input voltage must now fall below Vltp before the device will switch from the maximum negative voltage back to the maximum positive voltage.
The output of Schmitt trigger is low if the CE line is high. On healthy condition the the output of the OR gate is low On enabled condition the output of Schmitt trigger is low. These form the two inputs of the NOR gate. When the input are low the outout of NOR gate is high.
This output is given through a zener diode. Now the transistor is biased. The transistor conducts and makes a closed psth. The octocoupler is connected to a capacitor switch which thus connects the capacitor banks to the load.
In our project it is used to increase the power factor of the induction motor in the wind mill. In the wind mill the motor runs as a generator with lagging power factor. The power factor is improved through capacitor banks. Page 58 of 71 EEE,GAT
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Power Factor:
The cosine of the angle between voltage and current in an ac circuit is known as power factor.
In an ac circuit, there is generally a phase difference between voltage and current. In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the applied voltage and the power factor is referred to as lagging. In a capacitive circuit the current leads the applied voltage and therefore, the power factor of the circuit is said to be leading. I cos V
I sin
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Consider an inductive circuit, which draws a current I from the supply mains lagging behind the supply voltage V by an angle , known as phase angle, the phase diagram is shown in the above fig...
The current can be resolved into two components, one along the voltage phasor and the other perpendicular to it. The component along the voltage phasor, I cos is called the in-phase or active component of current, and the one perpendicular to the voltage phasor, I sin is called the out of phase or wattless or reactive component of current.
If all these components are multiplied by voltage V, the product of voltage V and in-phase component of current I cos i.e. VI cos will represent the true power of the circuit in watts or KW, whereas the product of voltage V and the quaranture component of current I sin i.e. V I sin will represent the reactive power in VARs or kVARs and the product of voltage V and current I i.e. VI will represent the apparent power in voltamperes or kVA. Thus we get a power triangle as shown in the fig..
True Power (KW)
From the power triangle OAB shown in the above fig.. OA= kW component of power Page 60 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus AB= kVAR component of power Cos= OA/OB= kW/kVA, the ratio of true power and apparent power
Reactive power in kVAR= Apparent power * Sin = kVA sin = (kVA cos) * sin/ cos = kW tan i.e. smaller the reactive component of power, the smaller is the phase angle and the higher is the power factor.
For leading currents the triangle becomes reversed. This fact provides a key to the power factor improvement. If a device drawing leading reactive power is connected in parallel with the inductive load, then the lagging reactive power of the load will be partly neutralized, resulting in improvement of the power factor of the system.
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Disadvantages of Low Power Factor:
The current for a given load supplied at constant voltage will be higher at a lower power factor and lower at higher power factor. For example if load P is to be supplied at terminal voltage V and at power factor cos by a 3-phase balanced system then load current is given by
IL = P/ (3 V cos)
If P and V are constant, the load current I L is inversely proportional to power factor, cos i.e. lower the power factor, higher the current and vice-versa. The higher current due to poor power factor affects the system and results in following disadvantages. a) Rating of generators and transformers are proportional to their output current hence inversely proportional to power factor, therefore , large generators and transformers are required to deliver same load but at low power factor.
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Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus b) The cross-sectional area of the bus-bar and the contact surface of the switchgear is required to be enlarged for the same power to be delivered but at low power factor. c) For the same power to be transmitted but at low power factor, the transmission line or distributor or cable have to carry more current. The size of the conductor will have to be increased if current density in the line is to be kept constant. Thus more conductor material is required for transmission lines, distributors and cables to deliver the same load but at low power factor. d) Energy losses are proportional to the square of the current hence inversely proportional to the square of the power factor i.e. more energy losses incur at low power factor, which results in poor efficiency. e) Low lagging power factor results in large voltage drop in generators, transformers, transmission lines and distributors which results in poor regulation. Hence extra regulating equipment is required to keep the voltage drop within permissible limits. f) Low lagging power factor reduces the handling capacity of all the elements of the system.
Thus we see that the low power factor leads to a high capital cost for the alternators, switchgears, transformers, transmission lines, distributors and cables etc
Keeping in view the various drawbacks associated with the low power factor, the power suppliers insist on a power factor of 0.8 or above for industrial establishments. The power tariffs are devised to penalize the consumers with low lagging power factor and to encourage them to install power factor correction devices or equipment.
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Causes of Low Power Factor:
1. All ac motors and transformers operate at lagging power factor. The power factor falls with the decrease in load. For example an induction motor has a reasonable higher power of 0.85 at full load, 0.8 at 75%of full load , 0.7 at half-full load, 0.5 at 25% of full load and low as 0.1 on no load. 2. Arc lamps and electric discharge lamps operate at low lagging power factor. 3. Due to increased supply mains voltage, which usually occurs during low-load periods such as lunch hours, night hours etc, the magnetizing current of inductive reactances increase and power factor of the electrical plant as a whole comes down. 4. The power factor at which motor operates falls due to improper maintenance and repairs of motors. In repaired motors, less wire is sometimes used than originally wound motors, therefore, in such motors leakage of magnetic flux increases and power factor of the motor decreases. Page 64 of 71 EEE,GAT Dept of
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus In case of heavily worn-out bearings, the rotor may catch at the stator. Some metal is sometimes removed from the rotor by turning instead of replacing the defective bearings. In doing so, the length of air gap between stator and rotor increase due to which greater magnetizing current is required and, therefore power factor drops. 5. Industrial heating furnaces such as arc and induction furnaces operate on very lagging power factor.
These capacitor banks are protected from faults like over voltage, under voltage and unbalanced condition through this module.
CHAPTER-10 TESTING OF THE MODULE
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Testing of the module

Supply to the module was given from the three auto transformer. The voltage level of the transformer was raised from 0 to 415v. To check the Over voltage fault condition the voltage level of the autotransformer was raised up to 450 volts. At this point the red colored LED L3 designated for over voltage started glowing. To check the under voltage fault condition the voltage level of the autotransformer was lowered up to 270 volts. At this point the red colored LED L1 designated for under voltage started glowing.
To check the unbalanced condition autotransformer was brought back to zero and supply was removed. Then input to any one of the three transformers was removed. Again 415v is given from the autotransformer to the circuit. At this point the red colored LED L2 designated for unbalance voltage started glowing. Dept of Page 66 of 71 EEE,GAT
Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus Again the autotransformer was brought back to the initial position and the main supply was removed. The connection between the autotransformer and the circuit transformer is done again, and 415 volts is fed to the circuit. The port number 8 and 9 and also the channel which is to be enabled was joined at a common junction thus enabling the particular channel. The green colored LED representing that channel started working, indicating that the system is healthy.
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CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
This module can be used to monitor different systems like induction motors, synchronous drives and many other electrical systems in which unbalance is common. And often causes reduction in the operating efficiency. In our project it is used to increase the power factor of the induction motor in the wind mill. In the wind mill the motor runs as a generator with lagging power factor. The power factor is improved through capacitor banks. These capacitor banks are protected from faults like over voltage, under voltage and unbalanced condition through this module. This has been effectively installed for the protection of three ohase load in B.H.E.L.(E.Dn), Bangalore. This card reiterates the effectiveness of IC based relay logic for static relaying schemes. This when used with other compatible module can prove to be an effective fault monitoring scheme engineering. Thus it isolates not only the system which it protects, but also other systems connected to the faulty line.
Dept of
Bibliography
1. www.wikipedia.com 2. www.google.com 3. Operational Amplifier and Linear ICs by David A. Bell 4. Operational Amplifier and Linear ICs by Ramakant A. Gayakward 5. Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 6. Electronics Circuits by Millman & Halkieas
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Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore

Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Ideal Home Township

Department of Electrical & Electronics

DEEPTHI.T.P (1GA03EE018) NANCY.Y.A (1GA03EE027) VIMALA.J.D (1GA03EE060)

VISHWESHWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE

University Seat Number 1GA03EE018 1GA03EE027 1GA03EE060

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

External Viva: Name of Examiners 1. 2.

Signature with date

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

BHEL (BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED)

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

=>Vmax > 1.x*Vmin , then there is an unbalanced condition.

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

THE NEED OF PROTECTION

The Unbalenced Condition:

Over voltage condition:

Over voltages of fundamental harmonic frequency occurring during

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

CHAPTER-2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

BLOCK DIAGRAM 33kv

CAPACITOR STATIC SWITCHES

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

CHAPTER-3 CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

The block diagram shown gives a brief description of circuit operation.

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Types of rectifiers: 1. Half Wave Rectifiers 2. Full Wave Rectifiers.

Half Wave Rectifiers:

Full Wave Rectifier:

Types of Full Wave Rectifier:

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Full Wave Rectifier:

The important factors can be calculated for this rectifier as

The total load power PT = Vcrms * Icrms = 1.23 * Vc * Ic

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

= RC = 100f = T/C = 1/ (100 * 10) = 10K Dept of

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VOLTAGE DETECTION

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VOLTAGE DETECTION

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Maximum Voltage Sensing:

Minimum Voltage Sensing:

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

Three Phase Protection Module Of Windmill Apparatus

UNDER VOLTAGE CONDITION

UNDER VOLTAGE CONDITION