TunAhmadshah Abdullah Oil & Gas Academy Supported by School of Engineering & Informative Technology University Malaysia Sabah,

Malaysia

NAME IC NO LECTURER TOPIC TASK BATCH YEAR

: MUHAMMAD ZULFADHLI BIN SITAR 8802321-12-5571 : MR.D.V.VISWACHEDA : PC HARDWARE :1 :6 : 2012

INDEX

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Introduction

3 4 45 6 7-8 9 10 11-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

What is a Computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) Motherboard CPU Socket Random Access Memory ( RAM) AGP Slot( Graphic Card) Hard Disk Drive( HDD) CD-Drive Floppy Disk Drive Power Supply(350W < 550W) IDE cable Serial SATA cable Computer Monitor Computer Keyboard & Mouse Reference

Introduction
To understand the peripherals of inside a computer and its functions to increase our knowledge and understand during this era of electronics, sciences and technology. To be able to enhance the system performance of a computer bit by bit until it could suppress ones expectation

Computers play an important role in how an individual works and live. Even the smallest organizations have computers to help them operate more efficiently, and many individuals use computers at home for educational, communication, entertainment, business, virtual activities and etc. We shall gain knowledge on the basics of computer hardware and software. Not forgetting maintaining computer status and also learning about computer applications through education and exploring various technology issues that are related to computers such as security, privacy and ethics.

What is a Computer? Computer is a device that accepts data as input, processes data, store data, and produces output. An electronic machine operating under the control of instruction stored in its own memory

What is inside the Computer?

1. Power supply 2. Motherboard 3. RAM( Random Access Memory) 4. AGP Card( Graphic Card) 5. HDD ( Hard Disk) 6. CD-Drive 7. Floppy Drive 8. IDE/Sata/Ata Cables

1. LCD Monitor

2. Keyboard

3. Mouse

Computer Hardware (CPU)Central Processing Unit

Processors are part of the retail package that comes with the heat sink and fan.The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the just processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and it is the primary element that carries out the computer's functions.This standardization trend began during the era of a discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers which has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers. Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines.

Motherboard

A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in modern computers and holds all of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is usually alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board. The important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. The chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of a motherboard.

Modern motherboards include, minimum:

Sockets in which one or more microprocessors may be installed Slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed A chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and peripheral buses Non-volatile memory chips containing the system's firmware or BIOS A clock generator which produces a system clock signal which synchronizes various components Slots for expansion cards Power connectors, which receives electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and even expansion cards.

CPU Sockets
A CPU socket or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (central processing unit). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides several functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement, reducing cost, and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets that are often found in most desktop and server computers are based on the Intel x86 architecture of the motherboard. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed. Generally, with a newer AMD microprocessor, you need only select a motherboard that supports the CPU and not be concerned with the chipset.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Random-access memoryalso known as RAM, is a form of computer data storage that takes the form of integrate circuits allowing stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random). "Random" refers to the idea that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.Generally, modern types of general RAM are stored as data in either the state of a flip-flop, as in SRAM which is static RAM, or as a charge in a capacitor also known as a transistor gate, as in DRAM (dynamic RAM), EPROM, EEPROM and Flash. Some types have circuitry to detect and or correct random faults called memory errors in the stored data, using parity bits or error correction codes. RAM of the read-only type, ROM, instead uses a metal mask to permanently enable or disable selected transistors, instead of storing a

charge in them. Of special consideration are SIMM and DIMM memory modules. SRAM and DRAM are volatile. Other forms of computer storage such as magnetic tapes and disk have been used as persistent storage in old fashion computers. Many new products instead of relying on flash memory to maintain data when not in use, such as PDAs or small music players. Certain PC, such as many rugged computers and notebooks, has also replaced magnetic disks with flash drives. With flash memory, only the NOR type is capable of true random access, which allows direct code execution, and is therefore often used instead of ROM. The lower cost of NAND type is commonly used for bulk storage in memory cards and solid-state drives.

Accelerated Graphic Port (Graphic Slot)

The Accelerated Graphics Port is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.A video card, video adapter, graphicsaccelerator card, display adapter or graphics card is an expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display. Most video cards offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, video capture, TV-tuner adapter, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors. Other modern
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high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A hard disk drive is a non-volatile storage device for digital data. It features one or more rotating rigid platters on a motor-driven spindle within a metal case. Data is encoded magnetically by read or write heads that float on a cushion of air above the platters. Hard Drive Disks record data by magnetizing ferromagnetic material directionally, to represent either a 0 or a 1 binary digit. They read the data back by detecting the magnetization of the material. A typical HDD design consists of a spindle that holds one or more flat circular disks called platters, onto which the data is recorded. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually aluminum alloy or glass, and are coated with a thin layer of magnetic material, typically 1020 nm in thickness for reference, standard copy paper is 0.070.18 millimeter (70,000180,000 nm) thick with an outer layer of carbon for protection. Older disks used iron (III) oxide as the magnetic material, but current disks use a cobalt-based

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alloy. A cross section of the magnetic surface in action. In this case the binary data is encoded using frequency modulation.

The platters are spun at very high speeds. Information is written to a platter as it rotates past devices called read-and-write heads that operate very close over the magnetic surface. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material immediately under it. In modern drives there is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm or access arm moves the heads on an arc roughly radically across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins.

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CD-Drive

In computing, an optical disc drive or also known as ODD is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders. Recorders are sometimes called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, HD DVDs and Blue-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.
Optical disc drives are an integral part of stand-alone consumer appliances such as CD players, DVD players and DVD recorders. They are also very commonly used in computers to read software and consumer media distributed in disc form, and to record discs for archival and data exchange. Optical drives along with flash memory have mostly displaced floppy disk drives and magnetic tape drives for this purpose because of the low cost of optical media and the near-ubiquity of optical drives in computers and consumer entertainment hardware.

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Floppy Disk Drive

A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is composed of a disk that is thin, flexible or floppy magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk
drive or also known as FDD, the initials of which should not be confused with "fixed disk drive", which is another term for a (non-removable) type of hard disk drive. Invented by the American information technology company IBM, floppy disks in 8 inch, 5 inch and 3 inch forms enjoyed nearly three decades as a popular and ubiquitous form of data storage and exchange, from the mid-1970s to the late 1990s. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with legacy industrial computer equipment, they have now been superseded by USB flash drives, external hard disk drives, CDs, DVDs, and memory cards.

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Power Supply (350W < 550W)

A power supply unit also known as PSU is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer. More specifically, a power supply unit is typically designed to convert general purpose alternating current AC (electric power) from the mains to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits. The most common computer power supplies are built to conform to the ATX form factor. This enables different power supplies to be interchangeable with

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IDE Cable

Parallel ATA (PATA) is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disks, solid-state drives, floppy drives, and CD-ROM drives in computers. The standard is maintained by X3/INCITS committee. It uses the underlying AT Attachment (ATA) and AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) standards. The current Parallel ATA standard is the result of a long history of incremental technical development, which began with the original AT Attachment interface, developed for use in early PC AT equipment. The ATA interface itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital's original Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface. As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations exist, including abbreviations such as IDE which are still in common informal use. After the market introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the original ATA was retroactively renamed Parallel ATA. Parallel ATA only allows cable lengths up to 18 in (457 mm). Because of this length limit the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface. For many years ATA provided the most common and the

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least expensive interface for this application. By the beginning of 2007, it had largely been replaced by Serial ATA (SATA) in new systems

Serial ATA Cables

Serial ATA, SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA was designed to replace the older ATA (AT Attachment) standard also known as EIDE. It is able to use the same low level commands, but serial ATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, the parallel ATA used 16 data conductors each operating at a much lower speed. SATA offers several compelling advantages over the older parallel ATA (PATA) interface that reduced cable-bulk and cost (reduced from 80 wires to seven), faster and more efficient data transfer, and hot swapping.

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Computer Monitor

A monitor, display or sometimes called a visual display unit is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD), while older monitors use a cathode ray tube (CRT).

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Keyboard & Optical Mouse

A keyboard is an input device, partially modeled after the typewriter keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. After punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teletype-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.
A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or computer commands. In normal usage, the keyboard is used to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other program. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine.

1) Optical Mouse
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An optical mouse uses a light-emitting diode and photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, unlike wheeled mice which use a set of one rolling ball and two chopper wheels for motion detection.

REFERENCE

1. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia 2. Build Your PC Custom by Tony Kau 3. Flickers.com 4. Google

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