Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the present simple or the present continuous. 1 At the moment Linda (work) as a motorcycle courier. 2 Tom often (not go) to the Cyber caf. 3 Excuse me. you (know) how to get to Church Street? 4 What you (listen to)? 5 Juan (work) for the Iberia airline. Hes a pilot. 6 In the summer, the sun (rise) at five oclock in the morning. 7 I (not like) my gym. I (not get) fit fast enough! 8 Tom and I (go) to the beach this weekend. 2 Complete the text. Use the correct form of the present simple or present continuous. Its the year 2100. Ben 1 (be) a computer programmer and he 2 (live) on the moon. Every day at 18.00 he 3 (finish) work at the space station and 4 (go) to the Matrix caf. Its 18.30 and Ben 5 (look out) of the caf window at the space cars flying by. Every day he 6 (watch) the same space cars, but today is different. Ben 7 (not sit) alone. There 8 (be) a girl at his table. She
Gerunds and infinitives We use gerunds after prepositions (e.g. without, before) and after certain verbs (e.g. enjoy, cant stand, afraid of). She left without saying goodbye. He enjoys going rollerblading at the weekend. We use infinitives after certain verbs (e.g. want, hope, offer). Paul offered to repair Sues bike. After some verbs (e.g. like, love, hate, prefer, start, continue) we can use either the gerund or infinitive with no change in meaning. I like playing tennis. I like to play tennis.
1 Rewrite the sentences using gerunds. Tim cycled into town. He didnt stop. Tim cycled into town without stopping. 1 Rachel lost the race. She was very angry. Rachel was angry about 2 We didnt go to the cinema, we watched a video at home. Instead of .. ... 3 Ivan passed his driving test because he practised every weekend. By .. 4 Gillian read the newspaper then she phoned her friend. Before . . 5 They left the disco and went for a coffee. After . . 6 Jake has split up with his girlfriend. Hes upset. Jake is upset about ... . . 2 Choose the correct forms. 1 Tony wants to go / going travelling before he goes to university.
2 He promised to buy / buying her a diamond ring for their anniversary. 3 Have you ever considered studying / to study abroad? 4 He agreed to buy / buying the motorbike for 2,000. 5 John has been a farmer for twenty years. Hes used to getting up / get up early. 6 Its cold today. You shouldnt go out without wearing / to wear your coat. 3 Complete the story with gerunds or infinitives. A haunted house When I was a child I used to spend my holidays at my aunt and uncles old country house. One summer I remember 1 (have) a strange experience. It was a hot afternoon, and my cousins suggested 2 (play) hide-and-seek. But instead of 3 (go) outside, we decided that we 4 (play) in the attic. After we 5 (turn off) all the lights, we all hid in different places. I managed 6 (hide) behind an old sofa. Then something odd happened. In the darkness we heard footsteps come into the room. The footsteps seemed 7 (walk) towards the sofa. I wanted 8 (move), but I couldnt. I expected something terrible 9 (happen). Then suddenly the footsteps stopped and the door slammed shut. After 10 (wait) for a few seconds, we jumped up and ran downstairs without 11 (stop). We told my aunt and uncle, but they refused 12 (believe) us. Mysteriously the house burned down a year later. The fire started in the attic.
USED TO El uso de 'used to' en ingls Se usa used to + verbo para hablar de hbitos ya pasados y para hablar de estados pasados. Ejemplos: Hbito: I used to play the guitar. Significa que antes tocabas la guitarra pero ya no. Estado: I used to live in London. Significa que antes vivas en Londres pero ya no. Ejemplos Negativa: Hbito: I didnt use to play the guitar. CUIDADO SE OMITE LA D DE USED PORQUE EL PASADO LO LLEVA EL AUXILIAR TO BE USED TO / TO GET USED TO Ambos refieren al presente y van seguidos de un gerundio. To be used to: estar acostumbrado hacer algo. To get used to: acostumbrarse a hacer algo. To be used to - estar acostumbrado a We were used to the sunny weather of the coast. Estbamos acostumbrados al clima soleado de la costa. Joan is used to dealing with children. Joan est acostumbrada a tratar con nios. Mr. Jones wasn't used to all that luxury. El seor Jones no estaba acostumbrado a todo ese lujo. They must be used to their noisy neighbours. Deben de estar acostumbrados a sus vecinos ruidosos. I am not used to travelling by plane. No estoy acostumbrado a viajar en avin. To get used to - acostumbrarse a (si sigue verbo, es un gerundio) value="file=/audio/resources/miscelaneoustopics/be-get-used-to.02.mp3" /> </object> People get used to new technologies. La gente se acostumbra a las nuevas tecnologas. Paul never got used to living in the country. Paul nunca se acostumbr a vivir en el campo.
I was getting used to working with Michael. Me estaba acostumbrando a trabajar con Michael. We had got used to having you around. Nos habamos acostumbrado a tenerte por aqu. I will never get used to getting up early. Nunca me voy a acostumbrar a levantarme temprano. 1.-Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets a.-There usednt to nineteenth century. b.-I am used to shift. c.-I used to (be) computers in the (work)on the night (work) on the night shift. (speak) in (wear) contact
d.-She had to get used to public e.-She would get used to lenses if she tried to.
f.-They couldnt get used to (live) in a flat thats why they moved to a small house in the country. g.-They used to (commute)every day but now they walk to work . h.-We used to school. i.-I am not used to j.-She used to begosantao (read)a lot of books at (wear)make-up. (bite)her nails.
UNIT 3
Grammar
Present Perfect Simple Vs Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Simple Vs Past Perfect Continuous
5 (be) in over fifteen films and he 6 (work) with stars such as Robert De Niro and Johnny Depp. Leonardo 7 (be) born in Los Angeles in 1974. After appearing in TV shows, he 8 (get) his first film role in Critters 3, then he starred in Romeo and Juliet. But it 9 (not be) until Titanic that he 10 (become) a world-famous teen idol. It was then that Leonardo 11 (begin) to appear on magazine covers around the world. Since Titanic, Leonardo 12 (be) very busy. He 13 (already / make) three more films and 14 (just / start) work on another. 4 Write questions about Leonardo. Use the present perfect simple or the past simple. 1 How old / when / first appear / on TV? 2 ever / meet / Robert De Niro? 3 How long / be / an actor? 4 famous / before Titanic? 5 How many / films / make / since Titanic? Present perfect continuous Present perfect continuous Affirmative: we use have/has + been + the -ing form of the verb. Hes been writing letters all morning. Negative: we use havent/hasnt + been + the -ing form of the verb. We havent been reading much lately. Interrogative: we put have/has before the subject + been + the -ing form of the verb. You look hot! Have you been running? 1 Complete the conversations with the correct form of the present perfect continuous. 1 How long he (play) that computer game? Since ten oclock this morning! 2 You look dirty! I (repair) my motorbike. 3 Frank has got a black eye.
Present perfect simple and past simple Present perfect simple We use the present perfect simple: to talk about an experience in somebodys life. (We dont say when it happened.) Hes had a mobile phone for a long time. with for and since to talk about an action that started in the past and continues to the present. Tims known Kate since he was ten. with just, yet and already for a past action with a result in the present. Ive just bought a new mountain bike. Past simple We use the past simple to talk about a finished action that happened at a definite time in the past. We saw John at the weekend. 1 Choose the correct words. 1 Theyve already / yet visited Venice. 2 Have you ever / never seen a ghost? 3 Has she finished work just / yet? 4 Theyve been married for / since October. 5 Lucy has worked in the circus since / for she was a child. 6 David has just / yet got back from holiday. 2 Complete the newspaper extracts. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or the past simple. Last night a massive tidal wave 1 (hit) the coast of Mexico. Over 5,000 people 2 (already / lose) their homes. Yesterday a girl 3 (hand in) a briefcase containing 100,000 to the police. The girl found the briefcase at Euston railway station. The cost of living in Britain 4 (rise) again. Last year prices in British supermarkets 5 (increase) by more than five per cent. 3 Complete the text. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or the past simple. 1 you (ever / dream) of being a film star? Leonardo DiCaprio was only five years old when he 2. (star) in his first TV show, and just thirteen when he 3 (appear) in his first film. Since then he 4 (not stop) working. He
he (fight) again? 4 Why is she crying? She (watch) a sad film. 5 Mary looks tired. Yes. She (revise) all night for her exams. 6 Ive been here since one oclock. What you (do)? I (look for) you! Present perfect simple We use the present perfect simple to emphasize: the result of an activity (not the activity itself). Weve written ten letters today. how many times an activity happens. Ive read this book three times. Present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous to emphasize: the process of an activity. Weve been writing letters since breakfast. how long an activity continues. Ive been reading all morning. 2 Choose the correct tenses. 1 Steven Spielberg has directed / has been directing over twenty films since 1980. 2 He has worked on / has been working on a new film since January. 3 John Galliano has designed / has been designing clothes for a long time. 4 He has designed / has been designing two new collections since last summer. 5 Lonely Planet have published / have been publishing two new travel guides this month. 6 They have published / have been publishing travel guides for years. 3 Complete the text. Use the correct form of the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous. Ever since he was a teenager Alex Whitestone 1 (want) to travel. This year he decided to do it. Alex gave up his job as a journalist in July, and since then he 2 (travel) around the world. So far he 3 (visit) four different countries. At the moment Alex is in Bangkok, in Thailand. He 4 (already / be) there for five days. I 5 (never / be) to Asia before, so it was my first stop, he explains. So 6 he (buy) any souvenirs yet? Not yet, says Alex. And what about the food? Its great! I 7 (eat) a lot of rice and fish, he says. During his travels Alex 8 (meet) many other tourists. I 9 (made) some new friends, he says, and we 10 (exchange) advice about where to go and what to see. I 11
Relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses Use We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about the person or thing in the main clause. The extra information is not essential. Robbie Williams Millennium, which is one of his most successful singles, was released in 1999. Form In non-defining relative clauses we put a comma before and after the main clause. We use the relative pronouns who, which, whose, where and when in non-defining relative clauses. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted. Mark Smith, who lives next door to us, plays in a band. 1 Combine the sentences. Use who, which, whose, where or when. Ivan is very good-looking. (Hes Helens brother.) Ivan, who is Helens brother, is very goodlooking. 1 The book is about a murder on the Nile. (It was written by Agatha Christie.) 2 The diamond necklace has been found by the police. (It was stolen last week.) 3 Steven Spielberg lives in Hollywood. (He is a famous film director.) 4 My friend Isabel wants to do media studies. (Her father is a TV presenter.) 5 The new club plays great music. (Jamie works there.) 6 My holiday in Ibiza was wonderful. (I first met Jenny then.) 7 The new band is very good. (It was formed last year.) Defining relative clauses Use
First, second and third conditionals First conditional We use the first conditional to talk about situations that are possible or likely to happen. If he finishes his homework, hell go to the cinema. Second conditional We use the second conditional to talk about situations which are imaginary or unlikely to happen. If I met Leonardo DiCaprio, Id ask him for his autograph. Third conditional We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary or hypothetical situations in the past. If she had got up earlier, she wouldnt have missed the train. 1 Match the two parts of the sentences. 1 If she had more time, 2 If she has the new Star Wars game, 3 If I was rich, 4 He would have phoned the police 5 If he had a motorbike, 6 If she had watched the tennis match, 7 If I find the letter, a hed ride it to school. b shell let you play it. c Id buy a sports car. d she would have known the result. e Ill tell you. f shed learn another language. g if hed seen the robbery. 2 Read the text. Then complete the sentences in the first, second or third conditional. Use the correct form of the verbs. Andrew Chances mother was horrified when she received her sons Internet shopping bill. Thirteenyear-old Andrew had spent nearly 1 million on eMall, an American Internet shopping site. Andrew used his parents password to get into the site. He then bought a Rolls Royce, a Van Gogh painting and an antique bed. Im in big trouble, the worried teenager said yesterday. 1 If Andrews parents (not buy) him the computer, he wouldnt have shopped on the Internet. 2 Andrew would make more friends if he (spend) less time on the Internet. 3 If his parents (find out) earlier, Andrew would have spent less money.
The passive
The passive (present simple, past simple and will)
Use We use the passive when we dont know who or what does the action, or when it isnt important. After the car accident, Peter was arrested. The space shuttle will be launched on 4th July. We use the active when we know who or what does the action, and its important. After the car accident, the police arrested Peter. NASA will launch the space shuttle on 4th July. Form We use the correct tense of the verb be + past participle. These computers are made in Japan. The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell. The crime will be investigated by the police.
1 Underline the passive verbs. Then rewrite the sentences in the active.
A valuable painting was stolen from the Louvre last night. Someone stole a valuable painting from the Louvre last night. 1 The World Cup is watched by millions of football fans. Millions of football fans 2 The film premiere will be attended by lots of stars. Lots of stars 3 The first movie camera was invented by William Dickson in 1891. William Dickson 4 The new Virgin Megastore will be opened by Robbie Williams. Robbie Williams
UNIT 7
Grammar
Reported Speech
Change the following sentences into reported speech: 1.It isnt so foggy today as it was yesterday, I remarked. 2. Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun, she said. 3. Im going away tomorrow, mother, he said. 4. Ive been in London for a month but so far I havent had time to visit he Tower, said Tim 5. We have moved into our new flat. We dont like it nearly so much as our last one, said my aunt. 6. If I press my ear against the wall, I can hear what the people in the next flat are saying, he said. 7. The advertisement said, If you answer the questions correctly you may win 100. 8. My new house is supposed to be haunted, but so far I havent seen any ghosts, she said. 9. I dont think your father likes me, said the young wife. 10. If you saw my father, youd recognize him at once, she said to me. 11. What happened to one of the men?, said Mr. Budd. 12. Who is going to buy his racehorses?, asked someone. 13. How much does a return ticket to Bath cost?, Mrs. Jones asked. 14. When has the timetable changed?, I asked. 15.Is a return ticket cheaper than two singles?, said my aunt. 16. Do puppies travel free?, said a dog owner. 17. Can I bring my dog into the compartment with me?, she asked. 18. Did you play for your school team?, said Bill. 19. Would you like to join our drama group?, Ann said. 20. Were you interested in acting? she went on.
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